Indra Budi Prasetyawan

A Lecturer and Faculty Member of

Study Program of Oceanography
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences
Diponegoro University [2004-present]

Educational Background
Undergraduate Degree in Oceanography
Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Master Degree in Ocean Engineering

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Postgraduate Certificate in Ocean Mapping

- Ocean Engineering

Ocean Mapping

University of New Hampshire, United States of America

HYDRODYNAMICS

CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Basic Equation
Motions of Fluid Elements
The Continuity Equation
Inertia Forces
Applied Forces
Momentum Equation
Turbulence
Intr. To Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics

Silabus Ringkas
Membahas review prinsip dan konsep dasar fluida, gerak
elemen fluida, prinsip kontinuitas, gaya-gaya inertia, gayagaya yang bekerja, persamaan momentum : persamaan
Euler dan Navier-Stokes, pengantar turbulensi, dan
pengantar dinamika fluida geofisika.
Tujuan memberikan pemahaman tentang kinematika dan
dinamika fluida, berbagai ragam kinematika dan gaya-gaya
yang bekerja dalam gerak fluida, serta persamaan
pengaturnya. Selain itu diberikan pula pemahaman
awal(pengantar) tentang turbulensi dan dinamika gerak
dalam skala planeter.

References
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

Le Mehaute,B.,(1976): An Introduction to Hydrodynamics

and Water Waves., Springer Verlag, 315 hal.
Cusman-Roisin, B., (1994): Introduction to Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics., Prentice Hall, 320 hal.
Sharpe, G.J., (1992): Solving Problem in Fluid Dynamics.,
Longman Scientific & Technical., 342 hal.
Raisinghania, M.D., (2003): Fluid Dynamics (With
Hydrodynamics)., S. Chand & Co. Ltd., Ram Nagar, New
Delhi., 996 hal.
Cengel, Y.A., and J.M. Cimbala., (2006): Fluid Mechanics;
Fundamentals and Applications., McGraw-Hill Inter.Ed., 956
hal.

Definition
The science which deals with the motion of liquid in
macroscopic sense

Essentially a field which is regarded as applied

mathematics because it deals with the mathematical
treatment of basic equations for a fluid continuum
obtained on purely Newtonian basis

Hydrodynamics is also the foundation of

hydraulics and oceanography.

The physical concept of hydrodynamics is center

point of hydrodynamics lecture for understanding
the physical phenomenon by the mathematical
formulation.

Basic Concept
Studies of theoretical fluid mechanics are based on the
concept of an elementary mass or particle of fluid. This
particles may be considered as a corpus (kumpulan)
alienum ( a foreign body in the mechanics of continuum).
An aid toward the understanding of physical meaning
of differential equations governing the fluid motion

Particle of fluid is called material point

The elementary fluid particle is assumed to be
homogeneous, isotropic and continuous in the
macroscopic

The molecular pattern and Brownian motions within the

particle, a subject deals with in the kinematics theory of
fluid are not taken into account

The laws of fluid mechanics are obtained by integration of

laws governing the behavior of a fluid particle along a line
or throughout an area or a volume

Studies in hydrodynamics may be divided into two

different parts.
Establishing the general differential equations which
govern the motion of an elementary particle of fluid
Study of different mathematical methods used to
integrated these basic differential equation.

Relations between fluid particles :

The fluid particles may be deformed and each
particle may have a particular motion which differ
quite markedly from motion of others particles
The forces exerted (ditekan) between fluid particles
are the pressure forces and the friction force
The friction forces per unit area in given direction,
called the shear stress , is assumed to be either
zero (ideal or perfect fluid), or proportional to the
coefficient of viscosity .

Newtonion & Hydrodynamics

Hydrodynamics is primarily concerned with a Newtonion
fluid

Newtons First Law :

Every body continues in its state of rest or
uniform motion via straight line unless it is
compelled by an external force to change that
state.

Newtons Second Law:

The rate of change of momentum is proportional
to the applied force and the place in direction in
which the force acts:

d mV
dt

Fluid Characteristic
A Fluid is soft and easily deformed

The fluid molecules are spaced further a part and

intermolecular forces are smaller than solid, and they
(molecules) have more freedom of movement
Liquid can be easily deformed but not easily compressed

Gases (air, O2, etc) have even greater molecular

spacing and freedom of motion with negligible cohesive
intermolecular force and as a consequence are easily
deformed (and compressed)

The different between solids and fluids can be explained

qualitatively on basis of molecular structure, a more
specific distinction is based on how they deform under
the action of an external load

A Fluid is defined as substance that deforms

continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any
magnitude.(shearing stress, force per unit area, is
created whenever a tangential force acts on surface).
Solid or metal: usually a very small deformation but not
continuously deform

Continuum Concept
The Fluid is treated as a continuum (CONTINUUM
CONCEPT)

In a case where the spacing between (air) molecules

becomes large, the continuum concept is no longer
acceptable

A fluid is defined as any substance deforming

continuously when subjected to a shear regardless of
how small the shear stress may be
(see the picture below !!)

mn
n
n

n 0

2
1
3

is constant

 In a continuum, the physical variable at a point in

space is the averaged value of the variable in a small
sphere.
How good is the assumption?

3x1010 molecules of air

10-3cm

Fluid particle
Elementary mass of fluid is assumed to be either infinity
small or small enough that all parts of the element can
be considered to have the same velocity of translation
and the same density
(Volume of air) = 10-9 cm3, contains = 3 x 1010 molecules

Studies of theoretical fluid mechanic are based on the

concept of an elementary mass or particle of fluid