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0.20 mm
0.20 mm
0.20 mm
0.05 mm
0.01 mm + 10%
0.015 mm + 5%
0.25 D
0.50 D
1.00 D
0.25 D
0.37 D
0.50 D
5
Tolerance
Refractive index
0.005
Water content
2%
Oxygen permeability
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
Air Optix
Purevision Acuvue
Material
(USAN)
Air Optix
Acuvue
Biofinity
Avaira
PremiO
Acuvue
Definitive
Advance
galyfilcon A lotrafilcon
B
OASYS
senofilcon
A
comfilcon
A
enfilcon
A
asmofilcon
A
TruEye
narafilcon
A
efrofilcon
A
Clariti 1
Dailies
SilO
Day
filcon II 3
Total 1
delefilcon
A
Wet
lucifilcon
A
Year
1999
Manufacturer Alcon Vision
Care
1999
Bausch &
Lomb
2003
J&J Vision
Care
2004
Alcon
Vision
Care
2005
J&J Vision
Care
2006
Cooper
vision
2009
Cooper
vision
2007
Menicon
2009
2008
J&J Vision Contamac
Care
2011
Sauflon
2012
Alcon
Vision
Care
2013
Paragon
Vision
Science
Dk
140
99
60
110
103
128
100
129
100
60
60
140
60
Central
Thickness
@3.00 D
(mm)
Dk/t (barrer/
cm)
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.085
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.08
175
110
86
138
147
160
125
161
125
75
86
156
50
EWC (%)
24
36
47
33
38
48
46
40
46
74
58
32
65
Ionic
(FDA group)
Surface
Treatment
No (I)
Yes (III)
No(I)
No(I)
No(I)
No(I)
No(I)
No(I)
No(I)
No(II)
No(II)
No(I)
No(II)
Plasma
oxydation
No
No
No
Plasma
oxidation
No
No
No
disclosed
No
No
1.1
0.43
Plasma
No
polymerization
1.2
0.72
0.8
0.5
0.91
0.66
0.35
0.5
0.7
0.443
0.028
0.361
0.024
0.057
0.018
0.207
0.014
95
65
78
68
Plasma
polymerizaTion
Elastic modu- 1.4
lus (MPa)
Friction
0.394
coefficient
Contact
80
Angle()
Sources: manufacturer information; - Ross G et al.[10]; Tighe B.[11]; Roba et al. [12]; Jacob J. [13]; Karlgard et al.[6]; Tighe B.[14]
FDA: Food & Drug Administration; USAN: United States Adopted Names Council; EWC: equilibrium water content; Dk: oxygen permeability in barrers 10 11 (cm2/sec)[mL O2(STP)/(mL x mmHg)]; Dk/t= barrer/cm;
Pa: pascal; MPa: megapascal; 1Pa = 1 N/m2; 1 kPpa = 103 N/m2 1 MPa = 106 N/m2 = 100 N/cm2 = 145 psi
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
SOFTLENS MATERIAL
A contact lens polymer is a complex structure that consists of high molecular weight entities
crosslinked in a three-dimensional amorphous network. If we can imagine polymer molecules
as pieces of string loosely entangled, their interaction and entanglement governs polymers
physical properties. The first step in the manufacture of contact lens is the polymerization of
the material. Polymerization is the process by which monomers are combined in the presence
of crosslinkers and initiators in order to create a stable structure. In Si-Hy materials the main
chain contains siloxane derivates such as:
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane (TRIS)
tris-(trimethylsiloxysilyl) propylvinylcarbamate (TPVC)
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
buttons would be very unpredictable. Annealing also prevents other effects that are sometimes
seen in finished lenses, such as fluting of lens edges or rolling up of lenses like a cigarette
when hydrated. When a soft contact lens is lathed, it is done so in the dry state. This means
that a smaller, steeper lens of greater power is made so that when it is hydrated, it swells to
the required dimensions and powers.
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
high speed cutting and polishing. The process (in particular the generation of heat) places a
lower limit on the glass transition temperature of the polymers used. For example, if the glass
transition temperature of a material were very low, the buttons would be soft at room
temperature and consequently very difficult to lathe. It is equally important that the material
is not too brittle, this would lead to cracking and breaking of the lenses during the process.
d.
f.
2.
Cast Molding
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
a.
Insert manufacturer
Tooling is again the key to successful contact lens fabrication using this manufacturing
method. For cast moulding, both a male and a female insert need to be made as well as the
auxiliary insert housings. The female cast (formed by the female insert) creates the front
surface of the final contact lens and the male mould (formed by the male insert) creates the
back surface of the final lens. Relatively few male inserts are made since a particular lens will
usually only be available with a limited number of BOZR options. However, hundreds of
female inserts are made. It is by changing the female insert that different powers of lenses
will ultimately be obtained. It is by changing the female insert that different powers of lenses
will ultimately be obtained because this changes their front surface radii and overall thickness
profile.
b.
Cast Manufacturer
Typically, hundreds of casts are made every hour. The material that the casts are made
from is integral to the manufacturing process. In the past, manufacturers have had problems
with the dimensional stability of casts. This manifests itself in a low yield of lenses at the
correct specification for a particular batch. It is vital, therefore, that the chemical structure of
the polymer used is carefully selected. The Ciba Vision Lightstream production method
uses glass moulds. The design of the casts is critical to the final form of the lens. The cast
design will determine not only the surface curvatures, optical quality and the diameter of the
lens, but also the edge design of the final lens. The reproducibility of a particular lens,
particularly the edge quality, is directly related to the cast design. The patent literature is full
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
of patents which describe different designs for cast manufacture, all using slightly different
techniques for forming the edges of a lens.
c.
d.
a)
SILICONE
MATERIAL
b)
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
Fig 5. (a) Spin casting silicone hydrogel (b) Silicone hydrogel Polymerization
2.
MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION
1.
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
Fig 7. PEG Coating (a) after 1 hour deposition (b) after 2 hour deposition
3.
BSA Adsorption
The BSA adsorption of silicone hydrogel before and after PEG deposition by MAPLE
technique was measured by using BCA assay. It can be found in figure 8 that after PEG
deposition, the protein adsorption of silicone decreased to approximately one third compared
to pure silicone gel. This result shows that PEG thin film has significant effect to enhance
BSA resistance of the substrates. This indicates that the PEG layer has a significant effect on
improving the resilience of silicone hydrogel BSA, because the protein deposits on the lens
surface increase the adhesion of bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Butrus,1990).
Fig 8. BSA Adsorption (1) silicone hydrogel (b) silicone hydrogel- PEG
4.
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS
The stress and strain produced in order to understand the Stress-Strain curves of
different samples and their Youngs modulus (E)
E (MPa)
Silicone-PEG
0.69
DESIGN PROJECT
Start
Material
Preparation
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
AS
SOFTLENS
Manufacturing
ANTI MICROBIAL
Characterization
AFM
Packaging
Finish
Mekanik (Tensile
Strength)
BSA
FTIR
SILICONE
MATERIAL
HYDROGEL-PEG
ANTI MICROBIAL
AS
SOFTLENS