In the case of an aircraft in level flight this "downwash"

causes the aircraft to behave as though it were flying

through a downdraft. In the case of a sail, it is as though
the sailboat had experienced an unfavorable wind shift - a
"header".
The lift at a given station acts perpendicular to the local
flow angle, and this change in the local angle of attack
causes the lift vector to tilt backward, resulting in a force
component that is parallel to the free stream wind.
This acts to slow the vehicle down, and is called, "lift
induced drag," or simply, "induced drag." This induced
drag varies with the square of the lift, and is in addition to
the drag caused by the influence of the boundary layer.
Lifing line theory assumes that the wake trails straight
back from the trailing edge. The calculations are done at
a fictious plane far downstream, and the results are
related to back to the location of the lifting surface.
Many significant effects are not included in this theory.
For example, real wakes roll up into two large trailing
vortices, and this wake rollup is not modeled. The
freestream wind is also considered to be uniform in this
version.
Lifting line theory is not capable of handling planforms
with sweep or rake. For such planforms, the lift
distribution along the span will be the same, but the
planform shape and twist distribution required to achieve it
will be different.
However, lifting line theory has been found to give results
which match experimental results to an accuracy which is
sufficient for many practical engineering applications. For
example, most aircraft designed before the Korean War
were based on this theo
The current version of this spreadsheet is also restricted
to a single wing or sail surface, although a sloop rig (main
and jib) could be considered to be one surface and the
jib/main interaction handled as a slotted airfoil problem.
In this case, the twist distribution will have to be changed
or reinterpreted in the light of the combined geometry.

Lifting line theory is a linear theory. Nonlinear effects,

such as stall, are not modeled. This limits its applicablility
to low to moderate angles of attack, say 10 degrees or
less.

At very low speeds, the gravity forces are large compared to

the pressures exerted by the hydrofoil, and the water's surface
acts like a solid surface, and the same kind of virtual image is
used. This is the "zero Froude number" condition.
The high speed free surface condition acts as though the
surface were located half way between the wings of a biplane,
with the one wing formed by the hydrofoil, and the other a
virtual wing.
The geometry of this virtual wing is the same as the virtual
image used for the solid surface, but the lift is directed in the
opposite direction. This enforces the condition that the
pressure at the surface is constant.
This is the "infinite Froude number condition. For hydrofoils
operating at approximately one chord length in depth, this is
good approximation for Froude numbers greater than four.

At any given station, the nondimensional lift per unit span is

given by the lift coefficient, Cl, times the chord. Since the lift is
established by the downwash, the optimal planform shape
(chord) will depend on the twist distribution along the span.
When a uniform downwash distribution is applied to a planar
wing far from the ground, the result is the elliptical lift
distribution and an elliptical planform shape. However, for any
other condition, the optimum is not elliptical.
In the case of sail rigs, the right height is generally restricted
by the stability of the boat. A tapered downwash distribution is
best for this case because it results in a greater span for the
same moment.
Once the optimum planform is found for one condition, it still
remains to see how it operates in other conditions. And the
designer will also want to know what the effect will be of
modifying the shape for practical construction.
Both these capabilities are included in this workbook. The
"Design" sheet is used when the downwash distribution is to
be specified and the shape computed. The "Analysis" sheet is
used when the planform shape is known and the lift, drag, and
downwash.

Airfoil characteristics are given for each end, and are linearly
interpolated along the span. These consist of the angle or
attack at which the airfoil produces zero lift, and the slope of
the lift curve.
If desired, a maximum lift coefficient can be supplied as well
(also interpolated linearly along the span). This is used for
reference, and any excursions above this value noted in the
Constraints section.
For the planform design problem, the loading on the wing or
sail is specified by the downwash distribution. For
convenience, this is given as an angle, in degrees, at the head
and foot, and linearly interpolated in between to give the
optimal conditions.
The wind speed is only used to calculate the dynamic
pressure, qbar, and thus the dimensional forces. The
nondimensional coefficients are not affected by the choice of
wind speed or fluid density.
Although English units are shown in the labels, any consistent
set of units may be used.

The surface type is used to model ground effects or free

surface effects, and should be set to 1 or -1, as indicated. A
value of 0 may also be used to indicate no surface effects.

Automatic calculation has been turned off to speed up the

input process. Once the input values are entered, press F9 to
recalculate the results.

The twist at the head and foot have been placed in the
Results section, because they are currently calculated
automatically so as to produce a constant lift coefficient
across the span. These formulae can be replaced if a
different twist is to be used.
All of the cells except the input and twist values are locked to
prevent being inadvertently changed. Protection can be
removed by selecting the Tools/Protection/Unprotect menu
option.

The airfoil characteristics are specified in the same way as on

the Design sheet. The aerodynamic loading is provided by
specifying the angle of attack in this case. The downwash is a
result to be calcuated for this problem.
The big difference in the Analysis sheet input is that the chord
distribution is an input. A straight tapered planform can be
specified by replacing the formula in cell I11 with: "=
$G11*$D$14 + (1-$G11)*$D$15" and filling down.
As before, once the input values are entered, press F9 to
recalculate the results. These are plotted in the sheets
following the Analysis sheet, and the results from the Design
sheet are shown for comparison.

Single Wing Planform Design

This spreadsheet calculates the induced drag and lift distribution of a single wing (sail), given some basic geometry and the downwash distribution
along the span. The spreadsheet also calculates the angle of attack and the chord distribution which provides the calculated lift distribution.

Input

Constraints

Geometry
Luff Height (vetical, foot to head), ft
Lateral Offset of Head, ft
Lateral Offset of Foot, ft
Gap Between Foot and Surface, ft
Area, ft^2

Height
Yhead
Yfoot
Gap
Area

Geometry
Minimum Chord, ft

Min_chord

#MACRO?

Airfoil
Actual Max Lift Coefficient
Actual Min Lift Coefficient
Sum Error^2 of Cl>Cl_max

Cl_max
Cl_min
E2_Clmax

#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Airfoil
Zero Lift Angle of Attack @ Head, deg
Zero Lift Angle of Attack @ Foot, deg
Lift Curve Slope @ Head, /deg
Lift Curve Slope @ Foot, /deg
Max Lift Coefficient @ Head
Max Lift Coefficient @ Foot

alpha0_head
0
alpha0_foot
0
a_head
0.1096622711
a_foot
0.1096622711
Cl_max_head
1
Cl_max_foot
1

Wind and Loading

Downwash Angle @ Head, deg
Downwash Angle @ Foot, deg
Wind Speed, ft/sec
Air Density, slug/ft^3

Whead
Wfoot
V_fps
rho

Surface Type
1 = Solid surface (0 Froude number) Surf_factor
0 = None
-1 = Free surface (infinite Froude number)

15
0
0
0
49

3
3
20
0.002378

Note: Automatic calculation has been turned off.

Press F9 to update results.

View Looking Upstream

Sail or Wing

Z
Whead

Yhead

Lift Distribution

Downwash
Distribution
Height
Wfoot

Yfoot
Gap

Surface

Wfoot
Yfoot

Surface

Gap

nwash distribution
distribution.

Results
Geometry
Luff Length, ft
Twist @ Foot, deg
Twist @ Head, deg
Aspect Ratio
Mean Chord

Length
twist_head
twist_foot
AR
cbar

Planform
Angle of Attack, deg
Range of Lift Coefficients (max-min)
Lift coefficient
Induced Drag Coefficient
Oswald Efficiency Factor
Lift Curve Slope
Lift/Drag Ratio
Lateral Center of Effort, ft
Vertical Center of Effort, ft

Alpha
Cl_range
CL
CDi
e
a3D
CL/CDi
Yce
Zce

#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Forces
Total Lift, lb
Induced Drag, lb
Total Moment, ft-lb
Horizontal Force, lb
Vertical Force, lb
Moment Due to Horizontal Force, ft-lb

Lift
Drag
Moment
Fy
Fz
Mxy

#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

15
0
0
4.591836735
3.266666667

Span Distributions
Index Span. Dist.
I, ,j
Si
0
1
0.02312
2 0.2072256
3 0.57090351
4 1.10519877
5 1.79695526
6 2.62913964
7 3.58126076
8 4.62987426
9 5.74915977
10 6.91155678
11 8.08844322
12 9.25084023
13 10.3701257
14 11.4187392
15 12.3708604
16 13.2030447
17 13.8948012
18 14.4290965
19 14.7927744
20
14.97688

Chord, ft
chord
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Nondim. Lift
Cl*c/cbar
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Lift Coefficient
Cl
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Moment Due toVertical Force, ft-lb

Dynamic Pressure, lb/ft^2

Mxz
qbar

#MACRO?
0.4756

Working

Storage

Matrix Size i
20
Geometry
I, ,j
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

j
20

etaj
0
0.006156
0.024472
0.054497
0.095492
0.146447
0.206107
0.273005
0.345492
0.421783
0.5
0.578217
0.654508
0.726995
0.793893
0.853553
0.904508
0.945503
0.975528
0.993844
1

Alpha_Rad
Area_c
Error in CL (iterate on

20

etai
0.001541
0.013815
0.03806
0.07368
0.119797
0.175276
0.238751
0.308658
0.383277
0.46077
0.53923
0.616723
0.691342
0.761249
0.824724
0.880203
0.92632
0.96194
0.986185
0.998459

Yj
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Zj
0
0.092337
0.367076
0.817451
1.432373
2.196699
3.091611
4.095071
5.182373
6.326742
7.5
8.673258
9.817627
10.90493
11.90839
12.8033
13.56763
14.18255
14.63292
14.90766
15

###
###
###

Yi

Zi

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.02312
0.207226
0.570904
1.105199
1.796955
2.62914
3.581261
4.629874
5.74916
6.911557
8.088443
9.25084
10.37013
11.41874
12.37086
13.20304
13.8948
14.4291
14.79277
14.97688

M
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dYi

dZi
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.092337
0.274739
0.450375
0.614921
0.764327
0.894911
1.003461
1.087301
1.144369
1.173258
1.173258
1.144369
1.087301
1.003461
0.894911
0.764327
0.614921
0.450375
0.274739
0.092337

dSi
0.092337
0.274739
0.450375
0.614921
0.764327
0.894911
1.003461
1.087301
1.144369
1.173258
1.173258
1.144369
1.087301
1.003461
0.894911
0.764327
0.614921
0.450375
0.274739
0.092337

Aero param
Cl_Maxi a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185

alpha0

twist

Treffz
Plane
Wi

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472
0.10472

Results
gamma
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dLift/qbar dDrag/qbardMom/qbardA
dLift
dDrag
dMom
dA
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dFz/qbar
dFz
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dFy/qbar
dFy
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dMxz/qbar dMxy/qbar dCl_max_erCl*ds*c

dMxz
dMxy
dCl_max_error
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

C/Length
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

Wdeg
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Lift Distribution
12

Nondimensional Lift per Unit Length, Cl*c/cbar

10

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance Along Panel, eta

0.8

0.9

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance Along Panel, eta

0.8

0.9

Planform Shape

0.5

Nondimensional Chord, c/Length

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance Along Panel, eta

0.8

0.9

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance Along Panel, eta

0.8

0.9

Local Lift Coefficient Distribution

12

10

Section Lift Coefficient, Cl

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance Along Panel, eta

0.8

0.9

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance Along Panel, eta

0.8

0.9

Single Wing Planform Analysis

This spreadsheet calculates the induced drag and lift distribution of a single wing (or sail), given the geometry of the planform and its apparent wind.
along the span. The spreadsheet also calculates the angle of attack and the chord distribution which provides the calculated lift distribution.

Input
Geometry
Luff Height (vetical, foot to head), ft
Lateral Offset of Head, ft
Lateral Offset of Foot, ft
Gap Between Foot and Surface, ft
Twist @ Head, deg
Twist @ Foot, deg
Optional input variable 1
Optional input variable 2
Optional input variable 3
Optional input variable 4

Height_a
Yhead_a
Yfoot_a
Gap_a
twist_head_a
twist_foot_a
Chead
Cfoot

15
0
0
0
0
0
1.866667
4.666667

Airfoil
Zero Lift Angle of Attack @ Head, deg
Zero Lift Angle of Attack @ Foot, deg
Lift Curve Slope @ Head, /deg
Lift Curve Slope @ Foot, /deg
Max Lift Coefficient @ Head
Max Lift Coefficient @ Foot

alpha0_head_a
0
alpha0_foot_a
0
a_head_a
0.109662
a_foot_a
0.109662
Cl_max_head_a
1
Cl_max_foot_a
1

Wind and Loading

Angle of Attack, deg
Wind Speed, fps
Air Density, slug/ft^3

Alpha_a
V_fps_a
rho_a

###
20
0.002378

Planform Shape
Index
I, ,j
Eta_a
0
1 0.001541
2 0.013815
3 0.03806
4 0.07368
5 0.119797
6 0.175276
7 0.238751
8 0.308658
9 0.383277
10 0.46077
11 0.53923
12 0.616723
13 0.691342
14 0.761249
15 0.824724
16 0.880203
17 0.92632
18 0.96194
19 0.986185
20 0.998459

Span. Dist. Chord, ft

Si_a
chord_a
0.02312
0.2072256
0.5709035
1.1051988
1.7969553
2.6291396
3.5812608
4.6298743
5.7491598
6.9115568
8.0884432
9.2508402
10.370126
11.418739
12.37086
13.203045
13.894801
14.429096
14.792774
14.97688

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

Surface Type
1 = Solid surface (0 Froude number) Surf_factor_a
0 = None
-1 = Free surface (infinite Froude number)

Note: Put your formulas or values in the chord

distribution, using the optional input variables.

of the planform and its apparent wind.

the calculated lift distribution.

Constraints

Results

Airfoil
Actual Max Lift Coefficient
Actual Min Lift Coefficient
Sum Error^2 of Cl>Cl_max

Geometry
Luff Length, ft
Area, ft^2
Aspect Ratio
Mean Chord

Length_a
Area_a
AR_a
cbar_a

15
###
###
###

Planform
Lift coefficient
Induced Drag Coefficient
Oswald Efficiency Factor
Range of Lift Coefficients (max-min)
Lift Curve Slope
Lift/Drag Ratio
Lateral Center of Effort, ft
Vertical Center of Effort, ft

CL_a
CDi_a
e_a
Cl_range_a
a3D_a
CL/Cdi
Yce_a
Zce_a

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

Forces
Total Lift, lb
Induced Drag, lb
Total Moment, ft-lb
Horizontal Force, lb
Vertical Force, lb
Moment Due to Horizontal Force, ft-lb
Moment Due toVertical Force, ft-lb

Lift_a
Drag_a
Moment_a
Fy_a
Fz_a
Mxy_a
Mxz_a

###
###
###
###
###
###
###

Cl_max
Cl_min
E2_Clmax

#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Note: Automatic calculation has been turned off.

Press F9 to update results.

View Looking Upstream

Sail or Wing

Z
Whead

Yhead

Lift Distribution

Downwash
Distribution
Height
Wfoot
Yfoot
Gap

Surface

Span Distributions
Index
Span. Dist.
I, ,j
Eta_a Si
0
1 0.0015
0.02312
2 0.0138 0.2072256
3 0.0381 0.5709035
4 0.0737 1.1051988
5 0.1198 1.7969553
6 0.1753 2.6291396
7 0.2388 3.5812608
8 0.3087 4.6298743
9 0.3833 5.7491598
10 0.4608 6.9115568
11 0.5392 8.0884432
12 0.6167 9.2508402
13 0.6913 10.370126
14 0.7612 11.418739
15 0.8247 12.37086
16 0.8802 13.203045
17 0.9263 13.894801
18 0.9619 14.429096
19 0.9862 14.792774
20 0.9985 14.97688

Height
Wfoot
Yfoot
Gap

Surface

Dynamic Pressure, lb/ft^2

qbar_a

0.4756

Downwash Nondim. Lift Lift Coefficient

Wi
Cl*c/cbar
Cl
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?
#MACRO?

Matrix Sizei
20

j
20

Geometry
I, j
Chord/Len Yj_a
0
1
###
2
###
3
###
4
###
5
###
6
###
7
###
8
###
9
###
10
###
11
###
12
###
13
###
14
###
15
###
16
###
17
###
18
###
19
###
20
###
21

20

Alpha_rad_a
###

Zj_a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0.092337
0.367076
0.817451
1.432373
2.196699
3.091611
4.095071
5.182373
6.326742
7.5
8.673258
9.817627
10.90493
11.90839
12.8033
13.56763
14.18255
14.63292
14.90766
15

Yi_a

Zi_a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.02312
0.207226
0.570904
1.105199
1.796955
2.62914
3.581261
4.629874
5.74916
6.911557
8.088443
9.25084
10.37013
11.41874
12.37086
13.20304
13.8948
14.4291
14.79277
14.97688

dYi_a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

M_a

IpM_a

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

InvM_a

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

dZi_a
0.092337
0.274739
0.450375
0.614921
0.764327
0.894911
1.003461
1.087301
1.144369
1.173258
1.173258
1.144369
1.087301
1.003461
0.894911
0.764327
0.614921
0.450375
0.274739
0.092337

dSi_a
0.092337
0.274739
0.450375
0.614921
0.764327
0.894911
1.003461
1.087301
1.144369
1.173258
1.173258
1.144369
1.087301
1.003461
0.894911
0.764327
0.614921
0.450375
0.274739
0.092337

Aero param
dA_a
Cl_Maxi_a a_a
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185
6.283185

Results
Known_a gamma_a Wi_a

alpha0_a twist_a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dLift_a
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dDrag_a
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

dFz/qbar
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

###
###
###

dFy/qbar dMxz/qbar dMxy/qbar dCl_max_error

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

Planform Shape

Nondimensional Chord Distribution, c/Length

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

1.2

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

1.2

Lift Distribution
12

Nondimensional Lift Distribution, Cl*c/cbar

10

Analysis
Design

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

0.7

0.8

0.9

Lift Coefficient Distribution

12

10

Section Lift Coefficient, Cl

Design
Analysis

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

0.7

0.8

0.9

Downwash Distribution
3.5

Downwash Angle, w, deg

2.5

2
Analysis
Design
1.5

0.5

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.5

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Nondimensional Spanwise Distance, eta

0.7

0.8

0.9