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AIRCRAFT
NOVEMBER 1981
History Technologies
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AIAA 81-0491R
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EROELASTICITY, and in particular flutter, has influenced evolution aircraft since earliest days
of flight. This paper presents a glimpse of problems arising in
these areas they were attacked aviation's pioneers
their successors about mid-1950s. emphasis
is on tracing some conceptual developments relating to the
understanding prevention flutter including some
lessons learned along way.
Because it must be light, an airplane necessarily deforms
appreciably under load. Such deformations change the
distribution aerodynamic load, which turn changes
deformations; interacting feedback process lead
to flutter, a self-excited oscillation, often destructive, wherein
energy is absorbed from the airstream. Flutter is a complex
phenomenon that must general completely eliminated
design prevented from occurring within flight envelope.
The initiation of flutter depends directly on the stiffness, and
only indirectly strength airplane, analogous
depending on the slope of the lift curve rather than on the
maximum lift. This implies that the airplane must be treated
rigid body elastic structure. Despite fact
that the subject is an old one, this requires for a modern
airplane a large effort in many areas, including ground
vibration testing, use of dynamically scaled wind-tunnel
models, theoretical analysis, flight flutter testing.
aim of this paper is to give a short history of aircraft flutter,
with emphasis conceptual developments, from
early days flight about mid-1950s.
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After long career research scientist manager, Garrick retired from NACA/NASA
1972. remains active Distinguished Research Associate Langley. author numerous
publications in areas of aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, and aeromechanics, has served on many advisory
councils, lectured extensively. Garrick served year second Hunsaker Professor
Aeronautical Engineering MIT. 1976 AIAA Karman Lecture dealt with topic:
"AeroelasticityFrontiers Beyond." Among awards NASA Exceptional Service Award,
the Langley Scientific Achievement Award, and the AIAA Sylvanus A. Reed Award. He is a Fellow of
the AIAA.
Wilmer Reed from 1972 1980 Head Aeroelasticity Branch which operates
Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, national facility dedicated exclusively research
development field aeroelasticity. Notably, this facility used United States development of practically all its military aircraft, commercial transports, and launch vehicles. At present, Mr.
Reed Chief Scientist, Loads Aeroe'.asticity Division, NASA Langley Research Center. joined
NACA/NASA in 1948 and holds Bachelor and Master degrees in Aeronautical Engineering from Auburn
University University Virginia. professional experience includes research aeroelasticity,
wind loads structures, damping devices, wind tunnel testing techniques. received NASA
Exceptional Service Medal in 1979, holds several U.S. Patents, is a member of Tau Beta Pi, and an
Associate Fellow of the AIAA.
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Presented as Paper 81-0491 at the AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS 22nd Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Atlanta, Ga.,
April 6-8, 1981; submitted April 1981; revision received July 1981. This paper declared work U.S. Government therefore
the public domain.
EDITOR'S NOTE: This manuscript invited History Technologies paper part AIAA's 50th Anniversary celebration.
meant to be a comprehensive survey of the field. It represents solely the authors' own reconstruction of events at the time and is based upon their
own experiences.
898
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NOVEMBER 1981
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
AX4+BX3+CX2+DX+E=0
ROUTH'S DISCRIMINANT
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Subcommittee describes in 1925 five incidences of wingaileron flutter on two similar single seater biplane designs, the
Gloster Grebe and the Gloster Gamecock. Flutter of about 15
cycles/s is described as having the appearance of a "blurr" to
the pilot and as a "hovering hawk" to a ground observer. The
remedy chosen move aileron interplane connecting
strut close to the center of mass and to reduce the unbalanced
area near the tip (Fig. 7). It is of special interest that the
Subcommittee stated that "similar flutter experiences have
been reported both in Holland and in the U.S."
After three years intensive work, mainly described
unpublished documents, remarkably comprehensive
monograph Frazer Duncan14
published in 1929, often referred to by British workers as
"The Flutter Bible." It made use of simplified wind tunnel
models identify study phenomena, gave wellconsidered cautiously detailed design recommendations,15
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thin airfoils (Max Munk had published his thin airfoil theory
some months earlier, while H. Glauert gave an alternative
formulation a year later). Birnbaum was able to extend his
approach to the harmonically oscillating airfoil in uniform
motion.17 made concept oscillating
vorticity distribution bound over the airfoil and free floating
in the wake, the total circulation being zero by Kelvin's
theorem conservation vorticity. expressing free
vorticity terms bound vorticity, obtained
tegral equation which yielded the pressure in terms of the
known normal velocity airfoil surface. series
pansion pressure introduced terms nondimensional frequency, reduced frequency co (the
frequency times chord divided velocity), each term
of which automatically satisfied the Kutta condition by the
vanishing of the loading at the trailing edge. The numerical
values, however, did not converge well beyond about
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AND
I.E
902
NOVEMBER 1981
903
Type of flutter
Airplane
YC-14 (General Aviation)Transport
C-26A (Douglas) Transport
XO-43 (Douglas) Observation
YO-27 (General Aviation) Observation
YO-27 (General Aviation) Observation
F-24 (Fairchild) Civil
F-24 (Fairchild) Civil
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YB-9A (Boeing) Bomber
XV-7 (Douglas) Bomber
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One of the timely publications of the prewar period (1938)
was a unique textbook by Frazer, Duncan, and Collar49 on
matrices their applications, spiced with several flutter
examples. By this time the simple binary and ternary cases
were needing expansion to include many additional structural
degrees freedom. 1941, Loring50 gave prize paper
outlining a general approach to the flutter problem that made
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During World rapid changes took place airplane
development. trend toward higher speeds toward allmetal aircraft persisted. Fighter aircraft and long-range
bombers of diverse configurations, of low and high aspect
ratios, carried external armament, tip tanks, and other appendages. tip-tank flutter problem, example, occurred
P-80 airplane. Flutter problems occurred field
due to appendages or battle damage which could cause loss of
balance weights reduced stiffness.
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J. AIRCRAFT
AND
I.E
908
NOVEMBER 1981
909
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Type of flutter
No.
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AIRCRAFT
Acknowledgments
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Concluding Remarks
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References
to
be
for
ofthe
inthe
and
on
the
of
for
H.
to
of
to
forhe
inthe
are
The
NOVEMBER 1981
56
63
(in
No.
of
R&M
"Onthe
on
on
R&M
67
at
7,
4,
McCarty, J.F. Jr. and Halfman, R.L., "The Design and Testing
of Supersonic Flutter Models," Journal Aeronautical Sciences,
Vol.23, June 1956, 530.
and
of
72
of
Air
Zurich, 1936.
of
at
p.
5,
and
ofthe
of
inthe
64
R&M
fur
ausdem
J.,
R&M
for
of
95.
ofthe
on
ofthe
"On
39
Garrick, I.E., Some Fourier Transforms Theory
Nonstationary Flows," Proceedings Fifth International
Congress Applied Mechanics, Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 1938,
590-593.
40
von Karman, Th. and Sears, W.R., "Airfoil Theory for NonUniform Motion," Journal Aeronautical Sciences, Vol.
1938.
41
Sears, W.R., "Operational Methods on the Theory of Airfoils in
Nonuniform Motion," Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 230,
July 1940, p.
42
Walker, P.B., "Growth Circulation about Wing
Apparatus Measuring Fluid Motion," 1402, 1931.
43
Farren, W.S., "The Reaction on a Wing Whose Angle of Attack
is Changing Rapidly," 1648, 1935.
^Studer, "Experimental Investigation Wing Flutter"
German), Mitteilungen Institut Aerodynamik, ETH,
and
in
on
62
Jones, W.P., "Aerodynamic Forces Wings Non-uniform
Motion," R&M 2117, 1945.
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