1Was Nelson Mandela

A. In 1652 the Dutch settlers arrived in South Africa, some of the earliest European

once called a terrorist?

colonialism in the world. These colonists have been in South Africa for so long they they
developed their own language, Afrikaans, still spoken by millions of people. They became
known as the "Boers," which means farmers.

2. What is South

C. Mandela was always clear that he didn't want to end apartheid just because it was

Africa?

horrible and racist, although it was, but because his ultimate goal was, as he said at his
1964 trial, "a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony
and with equal opportunities."

3. Who are the Boers?

D.South Africa is a country at the southern tip of Africa with a complicated history, one in
which race has played a tremendously important role.

4. Britain also ruled in

B. Apartheid, from the Afrikaans word for "apartness," was a system of laws that enforced

South Africa. When

deep racial segregation and empowered whites over other races, especially blacks. It was

was the country

enacted in 1948 and lasted until 1994. Blacks, though the vast majority of South Africans,

released from British

were not just barred from voting or holding office, but were denied citizenship in their

rule?

own country. They were forced to live physically apart, in "homelands" and "townships,"
some of which resembled remote suburbs but which often appeared as vast camps.

5. What was

E. People have been arguing for decades over whether the Nelson Mandela of the 1940s,

apartheid?

'50s and '60s is best described as a political leader, a freedom-fighter or a terrorist. Almost
no one calls him a "terrorist" anymore, of course, but some people did for a long time
especially in the United States.

6. Mandela was

F. After World War II, as the British started closing down their empire, South African

fighting against

whites who'd been in the country for centuries pushed for and gradually won complete

apartheid. Was the

independence. They preserved their complete dominance of the country's government and

fight peaceful?

institutions.

7. Was Mandelas

G. No way, not at all. Mandela advocated violent resistance against the apartheid

ultimate goal ending

government. In 1961, after the Sharpeville killing, a 42-year-old Mandela helped found a

apartheid?

paramilitary group, which committed sabotage against state buildings and infrastructure.
He explained at his 1964 trial that peaceful efforts had failed; "only then did we decide to
answer violence with violence.

8. How did rugby help

H. Mandela came into office knowing that a national racial reconciliation would be crucial

Mandela in trying to

for the country's future. Whites and blacks would have to accept one another as equals and

reconcile the countrys

fellow citizens.One way Mandela did this was by turning to the Springboks - the countrys

black and white

national rugby team, which were mostly white and very popular among white South

population?

Africans, and holding them up as something that all South Africans should be proud of. He
went to games, wore the team jersey and urged black South Africans to support them. It
was a way of signaling black acceptance of the former white oppressors as new equals; it
was also a way of turning something that had long been associated with white South
Africa and making it simply South African, an identity without race.

Key:
1. E
2.D
3.A
4.F
5.B
6.G
7.C
8.H