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?
1. , . -
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HTTP:
drum.warwick.ac.uk/
www.aquila.com/chris.plasch/compose/compose.htm
www.city.ac.uk/~cb170/music.html
www.computersandmusic.com/
www.harmony-central.com/Synth/
www.hornet.org
www.hyperreal.org/machines/
www.ids.net/~marshall/xg.htm
www.ntonyx.com
www.sseyo.com/index.html
www.synthzone.com/
- Music, Compose, Synth, Synthesis, Harmony,
Wavetable, .

, ,
FAQ.
FAQ FReq 2:5000/14@FidoNet
MUSCRFAQ. FAQ ftp://spider.nrcde.ru/pub/text/tech/emtcfaqs.zip
FAQ http://spider.nrcde.ru. FIDO fileecho
XHRDDOCS.

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MP3 (MPEG-1 Layer III) - MP3 Pro. MP3.
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Alternative Country
Alternative General
Brit Pop

Mod
Shoegazer

Experimental/Post Rock
Grunge
Indie

Indie Pop/Lo Fi

Leftfield
New Wave
Power Pop
Punk

Emo
Folk Punk

Garage
Hardcore Punk
Pop Punk
Skate Punk
Surf Punk
Ska
Blues

Acoustic Blues
Blues Rock
Blues Vocals
Electric Blues
General Blues
Jump Blues
Spiritual Blues

Classical

Christian Blues

Baroque
Chamber Music
Classical General
Contemporary
Crossover
Electronic Classical
Experimental Classical
Guitar
Medieval
Minimalist
Opera
Percussion
Piano
Renaissance
Romantic
Solo Instruments
Strings
Symphonic
Vocals

Choral
Ensembles

Woodwinds
Comedy

General Comedy
Parodies
Political Humor
Satire

Country

Bluegrass

New Grass

Country Blues
Country General
New Country
Spiritual Country

Christian Country

Traditional Country
Western Swing
Easy listening

Crooners/Vocals
Lounge
Love Songs
Mood Music
Musicals/Broadway
New Age
Soft Rock
Spiritual Easy Listening

Electronic

Ambient

Abstract

Breakbeat/Breaks

Big Beat (Chemical beat)


Funky Breaks

Dance

Club
Euro Dance
Hard Dance

Down Tempo

Dub
Illbient
Trip Hop

Drums'N'Bass

Atmospheric
DarkSide
Jump-Up
Intelligent
Liquid Funk
Hard Step
Tu-Step
Jungle
Tech Step

Electronic Cover Songs


Electronica

Progressive Electronica
Symphonic Electronica

Experimental

Minimal

House

Deep House
Filtered/Disco House
Hard House
Pumping House
Latin House

Progressive House
Tribal
Vocal House
Industrial Electronic
Techno

Acid
Detroit
Electro
Gabber
Happy Hardcore
IDM
Intelligent Techno
Rave/Old Skool

Trance

Goa
Hard Trance
Melodic Trance
Progressive Trance
Psychodelic trance

Gothic

UK Garage

Two Step

Gothic Rock

Proto Gothic Rock (Postpunk)


Gothic Rock (early)
Apocalyptic Folk
Gothic Rock (modern)

Gothic Ethereal
Gothic electornic

Gothic Ethereal
Synth Gothic
Dark Ambient
Dark Electro
EBM (Electronic Body Music)

Synth Gothic
Gothic Folk (European Folk)
Gothic Metal
Hip hop/Rap

Alternative Hip Hop


Bass
Beats
Dirty South
East Coast
Freestyles
Hardcore Rap
Hip Hop
Horrorcore
New School

Techno Gothic

Old School
Rap
Shout Outs
Spiritual Rap

Christian Rap

West Coast
Turntablism
Industrial

Percussion Industrial
Improve Industrial
Ambient

Classic Ambient
Industrial Ambient
Dark Ambient/Noise
Isolationism
Black Ambient
Pagan Ambient

Noise

Power Electronics (Rhytm'N'Noise)


Japanoise

Musique Concrete
Electronic Body Music (EBM)
Power Noise
Aggro-Industrial
Gothic Industrial

Darkwave
Dark Folk

Jazz

Acid Jazz
Bebop
Bossa Nova
General Jazz
Jazz Fusion
Jazz Vocals
Latin Jazz
Smooth Jazz
Standards
Swing/Big Band
Traditional Jazz

Latin

Bolero
Cuban
General Latin
Mambo
Mariachi
Merengue
Pop/Balada

Ranchero
Regional Mexicado
Rock En Espanol
Salsa
South/Central American
Tejano
Tex/Mex
Tropical
Metal

Alternative Metal
Ambient Metal
Black Metal

Symphonic Black Metal


True Black Metal
Atmospheric Black Metal
Celtic Black Metal
Post (-Cyber / -Industrial / -Techno) Black Metal
Death Black Metal
Gothic Black Metal
Horror Black Meta
Blackcore
Pagan Black Metal
Viking Black Metal

Death Metal

Progressive Death Metal


Melodic Death Metal
Brutal Death Metal
Industrial Death Metal
Death Trash Metal
Symphonic Death Metal
Technical Death Metal

Doom/Stoner Metal

Doom Death Metal


Gothic Doom Metal
Sludge Doom Metal
Stoner Rock
Cyber Doom Metal

Gore Metal
Dark Metal
Folk Metal
Cyber Metal
Celtic Metal
Ethno Metal

Technical Ethno Metal

Experimental Metal
Grindcore

Noise Grindcore
Gore Grindcore

Porno Grindcore
Cyber Grindcore
Mince Grindcore
Crust Punk
Hair Metal
Heavy Metal
Industrial Metal

Industrial Death Metal


Industrial Post Rock

Instrumental Metal
Metalcore
Nu-Metal
Power Metal
Progressive Metal
Rapcore
Pagan Metal

Slavonic Pagan Metal


Scandinavian Pagan Metal

Spiritual Metal
Thrash Metal

Modern Thrash Metal


Heavy Thrash Metal

Russian Folk Metal


Speed Metal
Viking Metal
Pop & Rock

Rock

Classic Rock
Progressive Rock
Psychodelic Rock
Art rock
Rock'n'Roll
Rockability
Rock'n'Roll
Hard rock

Beat

Mersey beat

Pop
Jazz Rock
Seasonal/Holiday
Urbon/R&B

Contemporary Urban
Funk
Gospel
Rhythm & Blues
Soul

Jazz soul
Rock soul

World / Folk

Folk
Reggae

Dancehall Reggae
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Roots Reggae

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Fader - . .
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Resonance - . .
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Sample - .. .
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