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Conventional vs.
Unconventional Resources
Unconventional Resources
Conventional:
High-permeability reservoirs that can be
Unconventional
Low permeability reservoirs
Immature source rocks
Production of adsorbed hydrocarbons
Heavy oil that will not flow naturally
Hydrocarbons in weird forms
Approach to exploration
permeability
4/20/2016
Insufficient Infrastructure
Pipeline Expansions and Reconfigurations
LNG Import to Export Conversions
Time
10
6200
Million Metric Tons CO2e
6000
5800
5600
5400
5200
5000
4800
4600
4400
4200
Year
Source US-DOE, EIA, February 2016
4/20/2016
Bakken Shale
(oil)
Tan= active
Brown= shale
basin
Utica
Marcellus
Barnett Shale
Eagleford
http://www.unconventionalenergyresources.com/
14
http://www.unconventionalenergyresources.com/
15
Marcellus
100
200
http://www.unconventionalenergyresources.com/
17
4/20/2016
Economic Problems:
Unconventional Resources
Cost of Drilling ($4 million for Marcellus
wells)
Pipe and casing cost
Completion
Environmental Restrictions
Estimation of Reserves
Gas Price
1 Well
22
51 Wells
4/20/2016
187 Wells
2,594 Wells
9,856 Wells
637 Wells
6,936 Wells
11,789 Wells
4/20/2016
13,079 Wells
Estimation of Reserves
Jenkins 2009
Marcellus, Barnett
and Eagleford are
not all the same
Depositional Environments:
Black Shale
Oxic Environment
Sub-Oxic Environment
Anoxic Environment
- No oxygen present
-Anerobic bacteria use sulfates
as an oxidant
-Process is very slow
Need a low amount of sediment input, low circulation and a high amount of
organic input in order for a stratiphied water column to develop
http://blacksea-education.ru/images/map.jpg
4/20/2016
Depositional Model:
Marcellus Shale
Depositional Model:
During Middle and Upper Devonian
NE
SW
Harrell Shale
Subsidence
Tully Limestone
SW
OM
OM
OM
Oxic Conditions
SW
OM
OM
OM
OM
NE
SW
Oxic Conditions
OM
OM
Mahantango Siliciclastics
Harrell Shale
Marcellus Shale
Tully Limestone
Onondaga
Limestone
Onondaga Limestone
Shale
Marker Shale Marker
Paleo
Structure
???
Paleo
Structure
???
?
NE
Erosion ?
OM
? Non-Deposition ?
Onondaga Limestone
OM
OM
Anoxic Conditions
Marcellus Shale
Onondaga Limestone
OM
Anoxic Conditions
NE
Anoxic Conditions
Oxic Conditions
OM
OM
OM
Local
Local highs
highs
and lows
lows
and
?
Erosion
?
Local highs
and lows
Harrell Shale
Mahantango Siliciclastics
Local highs
and lows
Mahantango Black Shale Bed
Subsidence continues
Organic matter extends across the study area, however more organic matter
Subsidence
?
Paleo Structure ???
Purcell Limestone
Lower Marcellus Shale
Harrell Shale
Marcellus Shale
Purcell Limestone
Lower Marcellus Shale
Onondaga Limestone
Onondaga Limestone Shale Marker
Surface to Sub-Surface
GR
Density
PE
Deep Resistivity
GeoChem
TOC data is essential
Thermal maturity
Log Data
3D Seismic
Marcellus Shale
Marcellus Shale
4/20/2016
Clay type
Th/U Ratio
Oxidizing
Th/K Ratio
Illite-Pink
Smectite-Green
4/20/2016
Shale conposition
CI = 5ft
Oil
Utica
Gas
1,000
5,000
Rileyetal.2006
latemiddletoearlyupperOrdovician
1,000to5,000belowMarcellus
Organicrichmarl(shaley limestone)
UticaPointPleasant sourcerockforlowerPaleozoicpetroleum
system
4/20/2016
S
UpperUtica
MiddleUtica
Organic
Trenton
LowerUtica
Both models
close fit
LogR model on
well by well basin
Resistivity varies
with LOM
Organic-rich
depocenter
broadens
Highest organics
to southeast
Thermal Maturity
determines oil
content
Best Production
from Condensate
Belt
Oil is too viscous
to be produced
Ohio
PA
Ohio
PA
West Virginia
Zainhovsky , 2012
10
4/20/2016
Black Shale
Dolomitic siltstone
Black Shale
2011 map
11