2-

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2012

 681.3.068+800.92PHP
32.973.26-018.1
89

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89

PHP / . . , . . .
2- ., . . .: -, 2012. 400 .: .
ISBN 978-5-9775-0445-4
PHP,
Web-. , . PHP 5
.
. PHP- Web Apache MySQL, ,
AJAX, jQuery. HTTP-, ReWrite, PHP.
Web-, , Flash PDF, .
Web-
681.3.068+800.92PHP
32.973.26-018.1

:

.
.

30.09.11.
70 1001/16. . . . . 32,25.
1500 .
"-", 190005, -, ., 29.
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77.99.60.953..005770.05.09 26.05.2009 .
.

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199034, -, 9 , 12

ISBN 978-5-9775-0445-4

. ., . ., 2011
, "-", 2011

............................................................................................................................ 9
....................................................................................................................... 10
............................................................................................................................... 10

1. Web- Apache, PHP

MySQL ............................................................................................................. 11
1.1. , PHP- ............................................................................ 11
1.2. PHP .................................. 12
1.3. ........................................................................................................ 12
1.3.1. PHP ........................................................................................................ 13
1.3.2. Apache .................................................................................................... 13
1.3.3. MySQL ................................................................................................... 14
1.4. Web- Apache ............................................................................................ 14
1.5. ............................................................................................ 19
1.6. Web- Apache ................................................. 22
1.7. Apache ........................................................................... 24
1.8. PHP ....................................................................................................................... 24
1.9. , Web- ............................................................ 29
1.10. MySQL .................................................................................................... 30
1.11. MySQL .............................................................................. 35
1.12. MySQL ............................................................................... 42
1.13. MySQL ..................................................................... 43
1.14. my.ini ......................................................................................... 44
1.15. PHP MySQL .................................................................................................. 48
1.16. mysql ............................................................................ 50
1.17. ................................................................................................. 53

2. ......................................................... 55
2.1. PHP .......................................................................................................................................... 55
2.1.1. php.ini ........................................................... 55
2.1.2. PHP ................................................................................................ 56
2.1.3. ............................................................................................ 59
2.1.4. PHP- ................................................................................. 64
2.1.5. ............................................................................................... 66

2.1.6. ....................................................................................... 67
2.1.7. ................................................................................................ 67
2.1.8. ....................................................................................................... 68
2.1.9. ............................................................... 74
2.1.10. ......................................................................................................... 78
2.1.11. .......................................................................................................... 79
2.1.12. ........................................................................................ 79
2.1.13. ....................................................................................................... 80
2.1.14. ....................................................................................... 81
2.1.15. php.ini Apache ..................................................... 81
2.1.16. PHP .......................................................... 83
2.1.17. PHP ........................................................................ 86
2.1.18. ..................................................................... 89
2.2. Apache ..................................................................................................................................... 92
2.2.1. .htaccess ............................................................................ 92
2.2.2. ......................................................................... 93
2.2.3. ........................................................................................... 95
2.2.4. PHP- HTML- .................................................................... 98
2.2.5. Web- Apache .................................................................... 98
2.2.6. ........................................................................................................... 100
2.2.7. ....................................................................................... 101
2.2.8. ............................................................................................. 103
2.2.9. ............................................................................................... 103
2.2.10. URL- ................................................................................ 105
2.3. MySQL .................................................................................................................................. 116
2.3.1. mysql............................................................................................ 116
2.3.2. ......................................................................... 120
2.3.3. MySQL ..................................................................................... 121
2.3.4. .............................................................. 122
2.3.5. ......................... 127
2.3.6. ............................................................... 128
2.3.7. .................................................... 128
2.3.8. phpMyAdmin............................................................................................ 131

3. ........................................................................................................ 133
3.1. ................................................................................................................. 134
3.1.1. array() .................................................................................................. 134
3.1.2. ................................................................... 136
3.1.3. : ........................................................................ 137
3.1.4. ....................................................... 137
3.1.5. ............................................................................................. 141
3.2. .................................................................................................... 142
3.3. ........................................................................................ 145
3.4. ? ..................................................................................................... 147
3.5. ? ....................................................................................... 147
3.6. ?................................................................... 148
3.7. ? ........................................................................... 149
3.8. ................................................................................................... 151
3.9. ................................................................................................... 152

3.10. ........................................................................................... 152

3.11. .............................................................................................................. 154
3.12. .................................................................... 157
3.13. ..................................................................... 159
3.14. ........................................................ 159
3.15. ......................................................................................................... 162
3.16. .......................................................................................... 170
3.17. ................................................................................................ 173
3.18. $_GET...................................................................................... 174
3.19. ................................................................................................... 178
3.20. $_POST.................................................................................... 181
3.21. . $_FILES................................... 182
3.22. ................................................................... 186
3.23. Cookie. $_COOKIE ................................................................. 188
3.24. Cookie ? ....................................................................... 191
3.25. . $_SESSION ................................................................ 192
3.26. . $_SERVER .............................................................. 195
3.26.1. $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] ........................................................ 196
3.26.2. $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ................................................................ 196
3.26.3. $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'] ......................................... 197
3.26.4. $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] ..................................................................... 198
3.26.5. $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] ............................................................. 198
3.26.6. $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] ...................................................... 199
3.26.7. $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] .............................................................. 199
3.26.8. $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] ........................................................ 200
3.26.9. $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] ............................................................... 200
3.26.10. $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] .................................................... 201
3.26.11. $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] ............................................................ 201
3.26.12. $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] ..................................................................... 202
3.26.13. $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] .............................................................. 202

4. ....................................................................................... 203
4.1. .................................................................................................................. 203
4.2. ....................................................................... 208
4.3. , .......................................................... 209
4.4. .............................................................................................. 210
4.5. ...................................................................................................................... 217
4.6. ........................................................................................................................ 220
4.7. ...................................................................................................... 221
4.8. ................................................................. 222
4.9. .................................................................................................... 225
4.10. ................................................................ 227
4.11. ........................................................................... 229
4.12. ............................................................................................... 230
4.13. ................................................................... 231
4.14. .............................................................................................................................. 233
4.15. ...................................................................... 234
4.16. ........................................................................................ 238
4.17. .................................................... 240

4.18. ......................................................................... 241

4.19. , ............................................................. 242

5. ................................................................................ 243
5.1. ................................................................................................. 243
5.2. .................................................................................................................. 244
5.3. HTTP- .............................................................................................. 248
5.4. ............................................................. 252
5.5. CURL ................................................................................................................ 252
5.6. ............................................................................................... 259
5.7. Yandex ................................................................................................. 260
5.8. Google .................................................................................................. 261
5.9. .................................................................................. 262
5.10. POST ..................................................................................... 266
5.11. ............................................................................................................. 269
5.12. ................................................................................. 272
5.13. cookie .................................................................................................................. 273
5.14. IP- ..................................................................... 276
5.15. IP- ..................................................................... 278
5.16. IP- .............................................................................. 278
5.17. ....................................................................................... 281
5.18. ........................................................................................... 282
5.19. .......................................................... 285

6. MySQL ...................................................................................... 288

6.1. SQL ...................................................................................................................... 288
6.2. , ........................................................ 289
6.3. , .................................................................. 291
6.4. . INSERT................................................................... 295
6.5. ............................................................................................ 297
6.6. . SELECT ............................................................................. 298
6.6.1. . AS ..................................................... 298
6.6.2. . WHERE.......................................................... 299
6.6.3. . ORDER BY ................................................. 300
6.6.4. ....................................................................... 301
6.6.5. . LIMIT ...................................................... 301
6.7. . UPDATE ........................................................................... 302
6.8. . DELETE ............................................................................... 303

7. MySQL ........................................................................ 305

7.1. ............................................................................. 305
7.2. ............................................................................................................................. 307
7.3. MySQL .................................................................................................................. 310
7.3.1. MySQL ........................................................................................................... 310
7.3.2. ................................................................................. 311
7.3.3. ............................................... 312
7.3.4. ........................................................................................... 313
7.3.5. ............................................................................................... 313
7.3.6. ................................................................................ 315
7.3.7. IP- ........................................................................... 316

7.4. ....................................................................................... 317

7.5. ............................................................................................................. 318
7.6. , .................................................... 322
7.6.1. IN .................................................................................................... 322
7.6.2. ANY ................................................................................................. 324
7.6.3. ALL ................................................................................................. 325
7.7. . HAVING ................................................................. 326
7.8. SELECT ................................................................................... 328
7.9. .................................................................................. 330
7.10. DELETE .................................................................................... 331
7.11. ................................................................................... 333

8. PHP MySQL .............................................................................................. 335

8.1. .............................................................................. 335
8.2. ............................................................................................................. 338
8.3. SQL- ................................................................................................. 339
8.4. .......................................................................................... 341
8.5. ................................................................................................ 348
8.6. . SQL-............................................................................. 350

9. PHP AJAX.................................................................................................. 357

9.1. AJAX .................................................................................................................... 357
9.2. jQuery ................................................................................................................... 358
9.3. .............................................................................................................. 360
9.4. ................................................................................ 362
9.5. .................................................................................... 366
9.6. AJAX- ......................................................................................... 367
9.7. POST ....................................................................................... 372
9.8. ............................................................................................ 377
9.9. ....................................................................................... 380

10. PHP ........................................................ 383

10.1. ................................................................................................................................. 383
10.2. ...................................................................................................................... 385
10.3. ................................................................................................ 386
10.4. ........................................................................................ 387
10.5. ................................................................................................ 389

.................................................................................................................. 391
.............................................................................................. 392


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, PHP 5/6, ).
, , . ,
Web-
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10

IT-
SoftTime, :
http://www.softtime.ru ;
http://www.softtime.org ;
http://www.softtime.info ;
http://www.softtime.biz .

,
PHP- http://www.softtime.ru/forum/.
http://www.softtime.org/forum/.
, PHP, , Web-,
. Web-, , . http://www.softtime.ru/
php5/index.php.

"-",
.
, , SoftTime.

Web- Apache,
PHP MySQL
, , .
Web-.

1.1. , PHP-
PHP . Web .
.
Web- HTML-
Web-, HTTP ,
. ,
PHP, Web- Apache.
PHP CGI-, , Web-,
PHP- . , PHP-
, . ,
.

. Web- Apache PHP
MySQL.
PHP, Web- Apache, MySQL-
UNIX- , . , UNIX.

12

, -.

1.2.
PHP
PHP, , Web-, , ,
Web-. Web, ,
, , . Web- , . ,
, Web- ,
. ,
. ,
PHP, Web- Apache MySQL, Denwer, http://www.denwer.ru/.

http://
www.softtime.ru/article/index.php?id_page=9. httpd.conf ( Apache) php.ini ( PHP). http://www.softtime.ru/forum/index.php?id_forum=5.

1.3.
(. 1.1).
1.1. PHP, Apache MySQL

Web-

PHP

http://www.php.net

Web- Apache

http://www.apache.org

MySQL

http://dev.mysql.com

, ,
.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

13

1.3.1. PHP
http://www.php.net,
downloads, http://www.php.net/
downloads.php. PHP
Complete Source Code, .
Windows Binaries, http://windows.php.net/download/.
Which version do I choose?
Visual Studio 6 Visual Studio 9. Web- Apache
VC6.

VC9 Web- Windows IIS.

Non Thread Safe Thread Safe. Thread Safe

PHP , Non Thread Safe
CGI-. , PHP (Thread Safe).
(Installer), PHP.
, PHP. ; . ,
(Russian Federation).
.

http://www.php.net PHP, .
documentation (http://www.php.net/docs.php) downloads
(http://www.php.net/download-docs.php). , .
Windows chm-,
.

1.3.2. Apache
, Web- Apache. http://www.apache.org, Download (http://www.
apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi).
HTTP- FTP-, Web- Apache.
, Apache httpd,
UNIX-. , :
httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz Linux,

14

httpd-2.2.15-win32-x86-openssl-0.9.8m-r2.msi

x86 Windows (win32) c SSL (openssl-0.9.8m-r2)

Apache (httpd) 2.2.15 .

Apache Windows
http://www.sai.msu.su/apache/httpd/binaries/win32/.

1.3.3. MySQL
MySQL http://dev.mysql.com/
downloads/.
MySQL:
MySQL 5.1 MySQL;
MySQL 5.5 , .
, - ,
(Generally Available Release) .
( Windows),
. Windows ( 32- 64- ):
MSI Installer Essentials ,
;
MSI Installer MySQL, ;
ZIP Archive MySQL .
MSI Installer ,
Windows-. .
MySQL
MySQL-,
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/gui-tools/5.0.html.

1.4. Web- Apache

Apache Windows . , Apache. ,
, .
Microsoft Visual
Studio. ,
.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

15

httpd__win32_*_.msi
Microsoft Installer (. 1.1). ,
Next, (. 1.2).

. 1.1. Web- Apache

. 1.2.

16

Apache , (. 1.3).

. 1.3.

, . 1.4, :
, .
,
localhost. ,
IP- 127.0.0.1 Apache- httpd.conf
IP- 0.0.0.0, .
,
(80 8080).

localhost IP- 127.0.0.1, . IP- 127.0.0.1
(. . 1.5).

HTTP 80, ,
, 8080. 8080 , 80 Web- (, Skype).
(. 1.5): Typical Custom, .
(. 1.6) ,

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

17

C:\Program Files\Apache Group. , ,

, C:\www\Apache2.2 (. 1.7).

. 1.4.

. 1.5.

18

. 1.6. Web-

. 1.7. Web-

, Install .
, Windows Apache.
ApachMonitor.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

19

ApachMonitor , .
, bin Apache.

, http://localhost.
"It works!" (. 1.8).

. 1.8. Web- Apache

1.5.
Web- Apache ,
. ,
HTML- PHP-. ,
HTML- PHP- ,
.
Web- IP-,
, . , http://localhost DNS- http://site.dev, http://project.dev . .
RU ( )
http://site.ru http://project.ru, ,
.
IP- 127.0.0.1,
Windows Vista Windows 7 IP- - . IP- 127.0.0.2.
C:/Windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts.
, IP- ( 1.1).

20
1.1. hosts
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

(C) (Microsoft Corp.), 1993-1999

HOSTS, Microsoft TCP/IP Windows.
IP- .
. IP-
,
. IP- .
,
(, ),
'#'.
:
102.54.94.97
38.25.63.10

127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1

rhino.acme.com
x.acme.com

#
# x

site.dev
www.site.dev
project.dev
www.project.dev

host . Apache,
.

www , IP- Apache ,
.

, Web- Apache,
conf, . httpd.conf. , #, .
1.2 , Include.
httpdvhosts.conf, extra.
1.2. httpd.conf
# Virtual hosts
Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

21

httpd-vhosts.conf .
NameVirtualHost , IP- :
NameVirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80

IP- , Apache. ,
Web- , 80
8080. :
http://localhost:8080/index.html, , 80.

<VirtualHost>,
( 1.3).
1.3. <VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
ServerAdmin kuznetsov@softtime.ru
DocumentRoot D:/data
ServerName site.dev
ServerAlias www.site.dev
ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
</VirtualHost>

,
NameVirtualHost. 1.3 ServerAdmin
.
Web- .
DocumentRoot
. D:\data\,
http://site.dev/.

,
.

ServerName , . ServerAlias ,
, www.
ErrorLog CustomLog (log-),
Web- Apache .
, httpd.conf <Directory /> 1.4.

22
1.4. , <Directory />
<Directory />
Options All
AllowOverride All
Order deny,allow
</Directory>

, Web-
(. . 1.61.7).

D:\data\ index.html ( 1.5).
1.5. index.html
index.html www.site.dev

,
http://www.site.dev, , . 1.9.

. 1.9. www.site.dev

1.6.
Web- Apache
80 (. . 1.4),
Apache .
| | | | . , . 1.10, Apache2.2. , .
Windows
. ,
(. 1.10), (. 1.11) .

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

. 1.10. Windows

. 1.11. Web- Apache

23

24

1.7. Apache
Windows , Apache
:
Apache k start ();
Apache k restart ();
Apache k stop Apache k shutdown ().

bin Apache (C:\www\

Apache2.2\bin\). k
Apache. Apache k install Apache k uninstall Apache2.2.
Apache help
Apache.

, | | | . D:,
cd, , cd C:\www\Apache2.2\bin.

Apache -t Apache
.
"Syntax OK". , , :
Syntax error on line 57 of C:/www/Apache2.2/conf/ httpd.conf:
ServerRoot takes one argument, Common directory of server-related files.

Apache2.2 , , Web- NET:

NET START Apache2.2 ;
NET STOP Apache2.2 .

1.8. PHP
php--win32-installer.msi
Microsoft Installer (. 1.12).
, Next, (. 1.13). PHP (. 1.14).
, Web ,
Apache 2.2.x Module (. 1.15). Web- Apache (. 1.16).

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

. 1.12. PHP

. 1.13.

25

26

. 1.14. PHP

. 1.15.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

27

. 1.16. ,
Web- Apache

, (. 1.17).
.

, , PHP,
PHP php.ini.

, Install PHP
httpd.conf. , , , 1.6.

, UNIX, /, \.

1.6. PHP httpd.conf

AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
PHPIniDir "C:/Program Files/PHP/"
LoadModule php5_module "C:/Program Files/PHP/php5apache2_2.dll"

28

. 1.17.

AddType php PHP. php ,

PHP-,
. PHPIniDir PHP php.ini, LoadModule
PHP Web- Apache 2.2.
. , , , http://site.dev/, http://sive.dev/
index.php. index.html.
, index.php,
httpd.conf DirectoryIndex 1.7.

httpd.conf .

1.7.
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.htm

DirectoryIndex , , index.htm, index.php3, index.phtml . .

PHP- PHP- index.php ( 1.8).

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

29

1.8. PHP-
<?php
phpinfo();
?>

phpinfo() PHP. PHP

Web-, , . 1.18.

. 1.18. phpinfo()

, , phpinfo(),
php.ini. Loaded
Configuration File. , ,
, PHP (, ).

MySQL ,
http://www.softtime.ru/forum/index.php?id_forum=5.

1.9. ,
Web-
, ,

30

Web- . (
) , Web-

.
php.ini, , 1.9.
1.9. php.ini
[PHP_BZ2]
extension=php_bz2.dll
[PHP_CURL]
extension=php_curl.dll
[PHP_GD2]
extension=php_gd2.dll
[PHP_IMAP]
extension=php_imap.dll
[PHP_MBSTRING]
extension=php_mbstring.dll
[PHP_MYSQL]
extension=php_mysql.dll
[PHP_MYSQLI]
extension=php_mysqli.dll
[PHP_OPENSSL]
extension=php_openssl.dll
[PHP_PDO_MYSQL]
extension=php_pdo_mysql.dll
[PHP_PDO_ODBC]
extension=php_pdo_odbc.dll
[PHP_SOCKETS]
extension=php_sockets.dll

Web- , , . ,
,
. ,
.

php.ini 2.

1.10. MySQL
Windows
. , . 1.19.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

31

. 1.19.

MySQL Firewall,
, , MySQL .
MySQL , Firewall
3306 ( , ).

Next,
, . 1.20, :
Typical ();
Complete ();
Custom ().

, , .
Custom Next (. 1.21)
. , , . ,
This feature will be installed on local hard drive.
MySQL, .
, ,
. 1.21, , Change.

C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\.

32

. 1.20. MySQL

. 1.21.

, ,
:\MySQL\. Change, :\MySQL\ (. 1.22).
MySQL , .
, -

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

33

. , mysql
. MySQL,
:\mysql\data\mysql mysql. , , .

. 1.22. , MySQL-

. 1.23.

34

. 1.24.

, . 1.23. Install (. 1.24).

(. 1.25). , .

. 1.25. http://www.mysql.com

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

35

1.11. MySQL
MySQL .
, , , | | MySQL | MySQL
Server 5.1 | MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard. ,
.
(. 1.26). Next
(. 1.27), :
Detailed Configuration ();
Standard Configuration ().

. 1.26. MySQL MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard

(Detailed
Configuration). Next MySQL (. 1.28) :
Developer Machine ( );
Server Machine ();
Dedicated MySQL Server Machine ( ).

,
. ,
. . MySQL ,
. , , MySQL, , , Web-
. MySQL, .

36

. 1.27.

. 1.28. MySQL

, . 1.29, , . .

MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard :\MySQL5\my.ini, .

. 1.29 , , :
MyISAM InnoDB. ,
MyISAM ,

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

37

, InnoDB , . , MyISAM
InnoDB. InnoDB , . MyISAM.
, , , . 1.30.

. 1.29.

. 1.30. InnoDB

38

(. 1.31) ,
. ( ) ,
20, 500 , .

. 1.31.

200, ,
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,
.
,
. . , ,
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,
.

(. 1.32) ,
MySQL- ( 3306). MySQL, , . . 3306 MySQL.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

39

, MySQL-
MySQL, , , MySQL-.

(. 1.33).
cp1251, Windows-.

. 1.32. , MySQL

. 1.33. MySQL-

40

Windows MySQL ,
mysqld.exe
.
, . 1.34, .
Install As Windows Service , Service Name. ,
MySQL- , MySQL 5, . Launch the
MySQL Server automatic
, ,
.
. ,
.
Include Bin Directory in Windows PATH C:\MySQL\bin PATH,
.

. 1.34. MySQL-

(. 1.35) .
MySQL ,
Modify Security Settings
. root ( ).
Create An Anonymous Account . , .

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

41

. 1.35.

MySQL- MySQL Server Instance

Configuration Wizard . 1.36.

. 1.36. MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard

Execute
C:\MySQL\my.ini MySQL.

MySQL ,
http://www.softtime.ru/forum/index.php?id_forum=3.

42

1.12. MySQL
MySQL ,
MySQL.
, | |
MySQL | MySQL Server 5.1 | MySQL Command Line Client.
, . 1.37.
<Enter>. mysql>,
:
SELECT VERSION();

. 1.37. MySQL Command Line Client

,
5.1.37-community (. 1.38).

EXIT.

MySQL cp1251, Windows-1251, MySQL Command Line

Client . my.ini, MySQL. MySQL . 1.10
1.11, C:\MySQL\my.ini.

my.ini . 1.14.

MySQL Command Line Client,

my.ini ,
default-character-set [mysqld]
[mysql] [client].

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

43

. 1.38. SELECT VERSION()

1.13.
MySQL
MySQL, Apache (. . 1.6), , , |
| | | . MySQL ,
(. . 1.34). , .
MySQL (. 1.39).
, .

. 1.39.

44

. . :
Windows , ,
. , .

, MySQL- , mysqld.exe
.

1.14. my.ini
MySQL , .
. MySQL
ps -Af ,
. ,
. , --defaults-file 1.10 MySQL, my.ini
C:\mysql5\my.ini.

MySQL- ,
--standalone, , , .

1.10. --defaults-file
C:\mysql\bin\mysqld.exe --defaults-file="C:\mysql5\my.ini" --standalone

MySQL ,
. ,
MySQL --verbose --help. , . , --user
-u.
, my.ini,
. my.ini ,
, .
, my.ini
, . .
. # ;,
. .

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

45

Windows ini ( C:\Windows\

C:\mysql5\), cnf ( C:).
UNIX- ,
, cnf.
MySQL, , mysql, SQL mysqldump . ., , MySQL. , [_]. ,
, , .
. 1.2 .
1.2. my.ini my.cnf

[mysqld]

MySQL

[server]

MySQL

[mysqld-4.0]

MySQL 4.0

[mysqld-4.1]

MySQL 4.1

[mysqld-5.0]

MySQL 5.0

[mysqld-5.1]

MySQL 5.1

[mysqld_safe]

mysqld_safe

[safe_mysqld]

mysqld_safe

[mysql.server]

mysql.server

[mysqld_multi]

mysqld_multi

[client]

[mysql]

mysql

[mysqldump]

SQL- mysqldump

[mysqlhotcopy]

[mysqld]
, , , ,
.
[client]
. , (,

46

),
,
.
1.11 my.ini,
Windows.
1.11. my.ini
# MySQL-
[mysqld]
# TCP/IP, MySQL-, 3306
# ,
port=3306
# MySQL-, ,
# ,
basedir="C:/mysql5/"
# ,
# , . .
# basedir
datadir="C:/mysql5/Data/"
#
# Windows-1251,
#
# latin1 ( )
default-character-set=cp1251
# ,
key_buffer_size = 128M
# ,
max_allowed_packet = 8M
# ,
query_cache_size = 64M
#
max_connections = 200

# MySQL
[client]
# IP- , ,
# IP- ,
# ,
# , Apache 80 ( 8080), MySQL, , 3306
port=3306

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

47

# MySQL-
[mysqld]
# TCP/IP, MySQL-, 3306
# ,
port=3306
# MySQL-, ,
# ,
basedir="C:/MySQL/"
# ,
datadir="C:/Documents and Settings/All Users/Application Data/MySQL/MySQL
Server 5.1/Data/"
#
# Windows-1251,
#
# latin1 ( )
default-character-set=cp1251
# MySQL
# ,
# , ,
# ,
# .
#
default-storage-engine=MYISAM
# ,
key_buffer_size = 128M
# ,
max_allowed_packet = 8M
# ,
query_cache_size = 64M
#
max_connections = 200

my.ini, 1.11,
. .

48

1.15. PHP MySQL

Web- Apache, MySQL-
PHP, PHP MySQL. PHP , MySQL,
. PHP
MySQL:
php_mysql ;
php_mysqli - .

, php.ini , 1.12.
, .
1.12. MySQL-
...
extension=php_mysql.dll
extension=php_mysqli.dll
...

Web- Apache. php_mysql.dll php_mysqli.dll libmysql.dll , PHP. Web-

Apache
php.ini,
libmysql.dll .
, , C:\Windows\system32.
php_mysql 1.13. PHP
MySQL, MySQL-.
1.13. php_mysql
<?php
// MySQL
$dblocation = "localhost";
//
$dbname = "test";
//
$dbuser = "root";
//
$dbpasswd = "";
//
$dbcnx = mysql_connect($dblocation, $dbuser, $dbpasswd);

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

49

if (!$dbcnx) {
exit( "<p> ,
.</p>" );
}
//
if (! mysql_select_db($dbname, $dbcnx) ) {
exit( "<p> ,
.</p>" );
}
// SQL-
$query = "SELECT VERSION()";
$res = mysql_query($query);
//
if(!$res) exit(" ".mysql_error());
//
echo mysql_result($res, 0);
?>

php_mysqli 1.14. ,
MySQL-.
1.14. php_mysqli
<?php
// MySQL
$dblocation = "localhost";
//
$dbname = "test";
//
$dbuser = "root";
//
$dbpasswd = "";
// mysqli,
//
$mysqli = new mysqli($dblocation, $dbuser, $dbpasswd, $dbname);
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) exit(" ");
//
echo $mysqli->server_info;
//
$mysqli->close();
?>

50

1.16.
mysql
MySQL , . MySQL
Web-, PHP-, ,
, .
MySQL. mysql, . 1.12 MySQL-.
MySQL.
: | | MySQL | MySQL Server 5.1 | MySQL Command Line
Client.
mysql MySQL Command Line Client - . , , MySQL (, mysqldump,
SQL-), . , : | | |
. , . 1.40.

, .
,
.

. 1.40.

bin
MySQL. :
cd C:\mysql5\bin

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

51

:
C:\mysql5\bin>

MySQL , cd , , D:. ,
,
bin, cd.

, bin, .
, , . , dir.
bin ,
MySQL C:\Program Files.
mysql.
.
, . bin ( . 1.40 C:/mysql/bin), OK
.
C:\mysql\bin.
mysql ,
C:\mysql\bin PATH.
bin .

UNIX- /bin,
/usr/sbin, PATH . - MySQL , , PATH.

,
: ,
, . . . 1.41 %SystemRoot% , Windows.
,
. PATH, ,
.
Windows
, , : | |
| . , . 1.42.

52

. 1.41.

. 1.42.

 Web- Apache, PHP MySQL

53

,
, . 1.43.
PATH
bin MySQL.
PATH ( ). PATH .

. 1.43.

1.17.
. MySQL
cp866 (DOS), .
chcp, , . ,
Windows-1251, :
chcp 1251

. Lucida
Console.

54

, , MySQL-
latin1, .
, , ,
MySQL- SQL-,
1.15.
1.15.
SET NAMES cp1251;

, , PHP-. 1.16 MySQL.
1.16. MySQL
<?php
// MySQL
$dblocation = "localhost";
//
$dbname = "test";
//
$dbuser = "root";
//
$dbpasswd = "";
//
$dbcnx = mysql_connect($dblocation, $dbuser, $dbpasswd);
if (!$dbcnx) {
exit( "<p> ,
.</p>" );
}
//
if (! mysql_select_db($dbname, $dbcnx) ) {
exit( "<p> ,
.</p>" );
}
//
@mysql_query("SET NAMES cp1251");
?>

, Web-, PHP, Web- Apache
MySQL.

2.1. PHP
2.1.1. php.ini
php.ini . , , [PHP], ,
:
directive = value

directive , value . ,
(;),
.
value. . ,
none.
php.ini [PHP], , : (
[MySQL] [PostgresSQL]) , (,
[Date] [Session], ).
PHP Web- , php.ini Web-.
PHP CGI-,
.
PHP
:

56

, PHPIniDir httpd.conf

Web- Apache ( , Apache 2.2);

, PHPRC ( PHP 5.2);
( Web-);
C:\Windows\ Windows -

.
PHP- Web-, php.ini -c, :
php.exe -c C:/PHP/php.ini D:/scripts/file.php

[PHP].

2.1.2. PHP
. 2.1 . , .
2.1.

engine

(On) (Off) PHP- Web- Apache

short_open_tag

(On) (Off)
<? <?php

asp_tags

(On) (Off) ASP- <%

%> <?php ?>. PHP 6

precision

, , ,
printf(), sprintf()

output_buffering

(On) (Off) .
, ,

engine On, Off , PHP- Web-. PHP-

HTML- ,
(. 2.1).
short_open_tag asp_tags ,
PHP-. short_open_tag,
<?, (On). , PHP- XML-, <?xml ?>.

57

. 2.1. PHP-

asp_tags, ASP <% %>, .

PHP 6, ASP-
asp_tags .
precision ,
. 2.1 , .

precision , .

2.1.
<?php
echo 10.23456;
echo "<br />";
echo 10.23456E+20;
?>

precision 4, :
10.23
1.023E+21

precision , :
10.23456
1.023456E+21

output_buffering, , . PHP-

58

, .
, , , ,
HTTP-, . output_buffering 2.2.
2.2. HTTP-
<?php
echo "hello world!";
session_start();
?>

HTTP- (, SID- cookies,

HTTP- Set-Cookie).
(. 2.2).

. 2.2. HTTP-

(output_buffering = On) php.ini,

, HTTP- ,
(. 2.3).
On output_buffering
, , . "hello world!"
12 , output_buffering 12
2.2 , 12
.

59

. 2.3. HTTP-

2.1.3.
Web- . : . Web-. PHP
, .
PHP UNIX-
. UNIX ,
, ( ). : , .
:
;
;
.
:
r ;
w / ;
x , -

( ).
: rwxr--r--. ,
, ,
. UNIX- .
4, 2, 1.
: 6 (4 + 2)
, 7 (4 + 2 + 1)
. 0755 ,
(rwx),
(r-x).

60

,
( ). safe_mode_gid
: On,
.
, file_get_contents(), put_get_contents(),
fopen(), fwrite(), fread(), include, include_once, require
require_once. ,
(
PEAR PHP-).
, safe_mode_include_dir: ,
,
.
PHP- , ,
system(), exec(), shell_exec() (. 2.4).

. 2.4.

,
, , . safe_mode_exec_
dir , .
, ( Web-)
.
Web- , (, PHP) .
GET-. GET-, Web-
QUERY_STRING GET-.
PHP
$_SERVER $_GET. -

61

, PHP-, ,
(. 2.5).

,
, .

. 2.5. PHP Apache

, , safe_mode_allowed_env_vars.
, PHP_:
safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = PHP_

safe_mode_protected_env_vars
,
safe_mode_allowed_env_vars ( ).
. 2.2 , PHP.
2.2.

safe_mode

(On) (Off) , PHP

safe_mode_gid

:
-

safe_mode_include_dir

, ,

62

2.2 ()

safe_mode_exec_dir

system(), exe() . .

safe_mode_allowed_env_vars

,
PHP- . ,

safe_mode_protected_env_vars

,
safe_mode_allowed_env_vars

. dir ( Windows) ls -l ( Linux).
shell_exec(),
( 2.3).
2.3.
<?php
$text = shell_exec("dir");
echo "<pre>";
echo htmlspecialchars(convert_cyr_string($text, 'd', 'w'));
echo "</pre>";
?>

, echo shell_exec("dir") . ,
<br /> , <pre> </pre>. , cp866 (DOS). convert_cyr_string(). dir
<DIR>, . htmlspecialchars()
, <DIR>.
. 2.6 .
php.ini safe_mode, 2.3 ,
shell_exec()
(. 2.7).

63

. 2.6. dir

. 2.7.

PHP ,
, (. 2.3).
2.3.

open_basedir

, PHP-

disable_functions

disable_classes

64

open_basedir ,
PHP-
( ). . ,
open_basedir = "D:/main/pro"

"D:/main/pro" D:/main/pro/,
D:/main/projects/ D:/main/progress/.
pro, "D:/main/pro/".

open_basedir Web-,
PHP ,
(. . 2.1.15).

disable_functions , . ,
set_time_limit() putenv():
disable_functions

= "set_time_limit,putenv"

2.1.4. PHP-
PHP , PHP- (. 2.4).
2.4. PHP-

highlight_string($code
[, $return])

PHP- $code
. $return
true,

highlight_file($filename
[, $return])

PHP- $filename, .
$return true,

test.php,
( 2.4).
2.4. test.php
<?php
if (!$flag)
{
//
echo "Hello";

65

$var = 1;
}
else echo "";
?>

2.5 highlight_file(), test.php .

2.5. highlight_file()
<?php
highlight_file("test.php");
?>

. 2.8 2.5.

. 2.8. highlight_file() PHP-

( HTML-),
true,
( 2.6).
2.6. highlight_file()
<?php
$code = highlight_file("test.php", true);
//
...
//
echo $code;
?>

66

,
: ,
, , . .
php.ini , . 2.5.

highlight.bg , PHP 6.0.

2.5. PHP-

highlight.string

, (#DD0000)

highlight.comment

, (#FF9900)

highlight.keyword

, (#007700)

highlight.bg

, (#FFFFFF)

highlight.default

PHP-,
(#0000BB)

highlight.html

HTML-, (#000000)

HTML-, . . span
<span style="color: #0000BB">$var = 1;</span>

#RRBBGG,
(R), (B) (G) ( 0 255).
, HTML: red, blue . .

2.1.5.
. ,
. 2.6,
.

clearstatcache() .

2.6.

realpath_cache_size

, 16

realpath_cache_ttl

, 120

67

2.1.6.

(. 2.7).
2.7.

ignore_user_abort

(On),

expose_php

(On) (Off) ,
PHP HTTP-

2.1.7.
, .
, .

. 2.8 . ,
.

2.8.

max_execution_time

( ), . 0, . 30

max_input_time

( ), GET-, POST- . 1, 60

memory_limit

30
, max_execution_time. , , (. 2.9).
, memory_limit. , .


GDLib.

68

. 2.9.

. 2.10.

. 2.10 ,
.

2.1.8.

PHP. . 2.9 .
2.9.

error_reporting

display_errors

(On) (Off)

display_startup_errors

(On) (Off) .

log_errors

(On) (Off) , error_log

log_errors_max_len

,
. 0

69
2.9 ()

ignore_repeated_errors

(On) (Off) ( ,
)

track_errors

(On), $php_errormsg

error_log

. .
syslog,
syslog UNIX Windows

, . ,
.
, php.ini 2.7.
2.7.
;
error_reporting = E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
;
display_errors = On
;
log_errors = On
; 1
log_errors_max_len = 1024
;
error_log = "D:/php.log"

, , ,
php.log; error_log syslog,
( 2.8).
2.8.
;
error_reporting = E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
;
display_errors = On
;
log_errors = On
; 1
log_errors_max_len = 1024
;
error_log = syslog

70

: | | | | . PHP (. 2.11).
(. 2.12).

. 2.11.

. 2.12.

71

error_reporting.
, PHP .
. . -
, , =, (Notice). 2.9
$user, .
2.9. $user
<?php
echo $user;
?>

$user
"Notice: Undefined variable: user" (": ") (. 2.13).

. 2.13. ,

, PHP. PHP
error_reporting php.ini.
PHP : ,
, , . . . 2.10 ,
PHP , php.ini, .

72

2.10.

E_ERROR

, .

E_WARNING

E_PARSE

E_NOTICE

.
, ,

E_CORE_ERROR

16

,
PHP

E_CORE_WARNING

32

(),
PHP

E_COMPILE_ERROR

64

, PHP

E_COMPILE_WARNING

128

(), PHP

E_USER_ERROR

256

,
trigger_error()

E_USER_WARNING

512

()
, trigger_error()

E_USER_NOTICE

1024

,
trigger_error()

E_STRICT

2048

,
PHP-

E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR

4096

,
, set_error_handler(). ,
E_ERROR

E_ALL

8191

2.10 php.ini,
PHP (E_ALL), (E_NOTICE).

. 2.10 ,
, . . .

2.10. php.ini
<?php
...
error_reporting
...
?>

E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE

73

|, ~, !,
^ &.

error_reporting PHP .
Web-
, :
error_reporting([$level])

$level, PHP. ( ).
2.11 error_reporting()
PHP.
2.11. error_reporting()
<?php
error_reporting (E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE)
?>

php.ini , , , , ( 2.12).
2.12. ,
<?php
//
error1();
?>

E_ERROR,
, . 2.14.

. 2.14.

74

2.1.9.
,
, , , . . 2.11 .

PHP 6 , register_globals, register_
long_arrays magic_quotes_gpc.

2.11.

arg_separator.output

URL, PHP.
HTML &, XHTML
&amp;

arg_separator.input

, URL.
-, &, . .
PHP GET- POST-
$_GET $_POST

register_globals

(On) (Off) ,
GET- POST-, cookies

variables_order

register_globals.
EGPCS: , GET-, POST-, cookies Web-
( $_SERVER)

request_order

$_REQUEST
.
, $_REQUEST
. , GP: GET-,
POST-

register_long_arrays

(On) (Off) ,

register_argc_argv

(On) (Off) $argv $argc, .

PHP , .
Web-

auto_globals_jit

(On), $_SERVER .
(Off) $_SERVER
, , .
auto_globals_jit ,
register_globals, register_long_arrays
register_argc_argv

75
2.11 ()

post_max_size

POST-,
PHP-

magic_quotes_gpc

(On) (Off) " "

magic_quotes_runtime

(On) (Off) " "

, (, , system())

magic_quotes_sybase

(On) (Off) " " Sybase: '

'', \'

auto_prepend_file

, PHP-. , include

auto_append_file

,
PHP-. ,
include. exit(),

default_mimetype

MIME- HTTP- Content-Type. "text/html"

default_charset

HTTP- Content-Type.
HTTP-,

register_globals GET/POST-, cookies .

GET- id : index.php?id=17.
, 2.13.
2.13. GET-
<?php
echo $_GET['id'];
?>

register_globals On, GET $id ( 2.14).

2.14. GET- id register_globals
<?php
echo $id;
?>

76

, PHP- - . 2.15 ,
$access 1, , 0, .
2.15.
<?php
if ($_POST['name'] == "name" && $_POST['pass'] == "pass")
{
$access = 1;
}
if ($access)
{
//
}
?>

2.15 GET- POST- access , , , , . ,

,
$access , , , . ,
PHP 6, register_globals php.ini.
magic_quotes_gpc,
" ". , , SQL SQL- ,
. - : ( Sysbase) '
\', ''.
. PHP-
, "
" . get_magic_
quotes_gpc(), TRUE, , FALSE . 2.16 .

mysql_escape_string() mysql .

77

2.16.
magic_quotes_gpc
<?php
...
if (!get_magic_quotes_gpc())
{
// " "
$_POST['name'] = mysql_escape_string($_POST['name']);
$_POST['pass'] = mysql_escape_string($_POST['pass']);
}
...
?>

2.16, " " , if

, . PHP 5.3,
magic_quotes_gpc php.ini, get_magic_quotes_gpc()
FALSE.
auto_prepend_file auto_append_
file, PHP-
PHP-.
PHP-: php_start.php ( 2.17) php_end.php ( 2.18), "Start PHP" "End PHP".

, auto_prepend_file auto_append_file, , , , . .

2.17. php_start.php
<?php
echo "Start PHP<br />";
?>
2.18. php_end.php
<?php
echo "End PHP<br />";
?>

auto_prepend_file php_start.php, auto_append_file php_end.php:

auto_prepend_file = D:/php_start.php
auto_append_file = D:/php_end.php

78

, include-
( 2.19).
2.19. index.php
<?php
echo "Contents<br />";
?>

2.19 . 2.15.

. 2.15. 2.19

php_end.php , PHP
. , ,
exit(), php_end.php .

2.1.10.
, , file Web- (. 2.12).
2.12.

file_uploads

(On) (Off) HTTP

( file)

upload_tmp_dir

upload_max_filesize

79

2.1.11.
, ,
(. 2.13).
2.13.

allow_url_fopen

(On) (Off)
( http://)

allow_url_include

(On) (Off)
include require ( http://)

from

FTP-. e-mail

user_agent

USER_AGENT, PHP
URL ,

default_socket_timeout

2.1.12.
PHP . , . . 2.14 .
2.14.

extension_dir

extension

, extension

, PHP 5, . , MySQL
(GDLib),
php.ini.
extension. ( #) .
MySQL :
extension=php_mysql.dll

80

(php_mcrypt.dll) , C:\Windows\system32. C:\php, .

, :
extension_dir = "C:\Program Files\PHP\ext"

2.1.13.
[Session] php.ini ,
. . 2.15
.
2.15.

session.save_handler

,
files (
).
( )

session.save_path

session.use_cookies

(On) (Off) cookies

SID. , SID GET-

session.cookie_secure

(On), cookies SID

(https://, HTTP
SSL-)

session.use_only_cookies

(On), PHP cookies

SID, GET-

session.name

,
session_name()

session.auto_start

(On) (Off)
PHP-.
session_start()

session.cookie_lifetime

cookies SID. 0, cookies,

session.cookie_path

ookie SID , /, , ookie

session.cookie_domain

cookies

session.serialize_handler

. php, , serialize()

81
2.15 ()

session.gc_probability

" " . session.gc_probability/session.gc_divisor.

1

session.gc_divisor

" " . session.gc_probability/session.gc_divisor.

100

session.gc_maxlifetime

, "
". 1440

2.1.14.
[Date]
(. 2.16).

. 2.16 date_sunrise(), date_sunset()
date_sun_info().

2.16.

date.timezone

date.default_latitude

date.default_longitude

date.sunrise_zenith

(90 )
date_sunrise()

date.sunset_zenith

(90 )
date_sunset()

2.1.15. php.ini Apache

php.ini. , php.ini ,
,
. php.ini httpd.conf
.htaccess.

82

php.ini httpd.conf .htaccess, , AllowOverride

<Directory /> Options All ( 2.20).
2.20. AllowOverride httpd.conf
<Directory />
Options All
AllowOverride All
Order deny,allow
</Directory>

http.conf Web Apache, .htaccess ( ).

PHP httpd.conf .htaccess :
php_admin_value php.ini;
php_admin_flag php.ini (. . ,

On Off);
php_value php.ini;
php_flag php.ini (. . , -

On Off);
php_admin_value php_admin_flag php_value php_flag httpd.conf. , , .htaccess. php_value
php_flag , .
2.21 open_basedir
"/www". , PHP /www,
, , .
2.21. PHP /www
<Directory /www>
php_admin_value open_basedir /www
</Directory>

, open_basedir , ,
, PHP,
( 2.22).

83

2.22.
#
<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
ServerAdmin suport@domain1.ru
DocumentRoot "/www/domain1/"
ServerName domain1.ru
php_admin_value open_basedir "/www/domain1/"
ErrorLog "/www/domain1/logs/domain1-error.log"
CustomLog "/www/domain1/logs/domain1-access.log" common
</VirtualHost>
#
<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
ServerAdmin suport@domain2.ru
DocumentRoot "/www/domain2/"
ServerName domain2.ru
php_admin_value open_basedir "/www/domain2/"
ErrorLog "/www/domain1/logs/domain2-error.log"
CustomLog "/www/domain1/logs/domain2-access.log" common
</VirtualHost>

.htaccess php_value
php_flag. .htaccess , httpd.conf,
. .htaccess,
, , FTP- .
2.23 register_long_arrays,
,
auto_prepend_file, PHP- include.utils.php.

auto_prepend_file
.

2.23. .htaccess
php_flag register_long_arrays on
php_value auto_prepend_file /www/domain/include/include.utils.php

2.1.16. PHP
, Apache
php.ini, PHP- . PHP -

84

, PHP
(. 2.17).
2.17. PHP

ini_set($varname, $newvalue)

$varname $newvalue.
.
, FALSE

ini_get($varname)

$varname

ini_get_all($extension)

$extension

ini_restore($varname)

$varname,
, php.ini

2.24
PHP.
2.24. PHP
<?php
// post_max_size
echo ini_get("post_max_size");
// post_max_size
ini_set("post_max_size", "32M");
//
ini_restore("post_max_size");
?>

, (. . 2.1.3),
php_admin_value httpd.conf (. . 2.1.15).
, , PHP
(. 2.18).
2.18.

memory_get_usage()

php_sapi_name()

PHP Web-. PHP CGI-, "cgi",

"apache"

85
2.18 ()

php_uname([$mode])

, PHP. $mode , uname

phpinfo()

PHP, ,
PHP-

phpversion([$extension])

PHP. , $extension

memory_get_usage(),
, ,
memory_limit, .

. 2.16. phpinfo()

86

php_uname() ,
PHP-.
:
's' ;
'n' ;
'r' PHP;
'v' ;
'm' , , i386;
'a' .

2.25 phpinfo(), PHP

.
2.25. phpinfo()
<?php
phpinfo();
?>

phpinfo() . 2.16.

2.1.17. PHP
PHP Web-,
, , ,
. .
UNIX-
, , PHP- #! ( 2.26).

# PHP ( shell-) , #! ( bang line, hash-bang shebang) .
, UNIX- : Perl, , PHP Python.
Web-, . UNIX-
, ,
. .
#!/usr/bin/php #!/usr/bin/sh #!/usr/bin/perl. , /usr/bin bang line
.

87

2.26. PHP-
#!/usr/bin/php
<?php
// PHP-
?>

Windows #! ,
.
.
, php PHP. PHP- . (. 2.17).

. 2.17.

. .
C:\PHP\php.exe (. 2.18).

PHP : php.exe, php-cgi.exe phpwin.exe. php-cgi.exe Web-, -

88

PHP-, PHP . php.exe , , . php-win.exe

PHP- .
, PHP- ,
.

. 2.18.

PHP-
CLI, . 2.19. PHP-
<Enter> .
,
index.php, C:\
hello, "Hello world!" ( 2.27).
2.27. index.php
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("C:/hello","w");
//
fwrite($fd, "Hello world!");
//
fclose($fd);
?>

89

. 2.19. PHP- PHP

,
<Enter> index.php
C:\ hello.

2.1.18.
UNIX cron,
. PHP-.
Windows XP , UNIX- .
Web-
Windows, UNIX
cron.
cron Windows http://
www.nncron.ru/download.shtml. cron
nnCron, Windows-, nnCron LITE
,
crontab. nnCron LITE, . . cron.tab UNIX-

90

cron -. http://www.nncron.ru/
download.shtml
cron.tab nnCron.
cron, . UNIX
chmod.
UNIX :
;
;
.
:
r ;
w / ;
x , -

( ).
, : rwxr--r--. UNIX-
. 4, 2, 1. , 6 (4 + 2) , 7
(4 + 2 + 1) . 0755 , (rwx), (r-x). index.php rwxr-xr-x (0755), :
chmod 755 index.php

PHP, , ,
, 2.28.
2.28.
<?php
chmod("index.php", 0755);
?>

PHP- Windows, php PHP-, . . . 2.1.17.

cron.tab.

nnCron Windows, cron.tab
C:\Program Files\cron.tab, UNIX cron.tab , , \etc. (

91

cron.tab UNIX .)

cron.tab .
cron.tab- , #. :
_ _

059;
023;
_ 131;
112;
_ 07 (0 7 );
, , , d:/mail/
reserve.php.

* , ,
0 23 * * * d:/main/reserve.php

d:/main/reserve.php 23:00. .
0 0,8,16 * * * d:/main/cleanup.php

d:/main/cleanup.php 0:00, 8:00 16:00.

,
, . . 0 0, 8, 16 * * * d:/main/cleanup.php .

0,30 18-23 * * * /home/root/check.php

/home/root/check.php 18:00 23:00.

0/10 * * * * /home/root/log.php

/home/root/log.php 10 .
.

- . , ,
- .

92

2.2. Apache
2.2.1. .htaccess
Apache .htaccess Web-
.
, httpd.conf,
.htaccess. , , AccessFileName,
.htaccess ( 2.29).
2.29. AccessFileName httpd.conf
AccessFileName .htaccess

.htaccess ,
, Files, , .ht ( 2.30), .
2.30. , .ht
<Files ~ "^\.ht">
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
Satisfy All
</Files>

.htaccess.
AllowOverride, ,
.htaccess. , <Directory /> .
AllowOverride
: All, None, AuthConfig, FileInfo, Indexes, Limit, Options. , ( 2.31).
2.31.
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks Indexes MultiViews
AllowOverride AuthConfig FileInfo Indexes Limit Options
</Directory>

93

All , .htaccess, None, , .

AllowOverride .htaccess ,
. 2.19.
2.19. AllowOverride

AuthConfig

.htaccess ( AuthDBMGroupFile,
AuthDBMUserFile, AuthGroupFile, AuthName, AuthType, AuthUserFile Require)

FileInfo

.htaccess , (AddEncoding, AddLanguage, AddType,

DefaultType, ErrorDocument LanguagePriority)

Indexes

.htaccess , (AddDescription, AddIcon,

AddiconByEncoding, AddIconByType, DefaultIcon, DirectoryIndex,
FancyIndexing, HeaderName, IndexIgnore, IndexOptions RenameName)

Limit

.htaccess , (Allow, Deny Order)

Options

.htaccess , (Option XBitHack)

2.2.2.
, META- , Apache , ISO-8859-1.
HTTP-:
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1

, , , cp1251 (. 2.20).

. 2.20.

94

, . 2.20, .htaccess
AddDefaultCharset, ( 2.32).
2.32.
AddDefaultCharset Windows-1251

cp1251
(Windows-1251),
META- (. 2.21).

. 2.21.

AddDefaultCharset . 2.20.
2.20. , AddDefaultCharset

ISO-8859-1

ISO-8859-15

Windows-1252

CP850

CP866

(DOS)

Windows-1251

(Windows)

KOI8-R

(UNIX)

UTF-8

8- Unicode

UTF-7

7- Unicode

UCS-2

16- Unicode

95

2.2.3.
, , http://localhost/,
http://localhost/index.php, Web- Apache DirectoryIndex ( 2.33).
2.33. DirectoryIndex
DirectoryIndex index.html index.php

Web- Apache , DirectoryIndex, . , ? 403 (. 2.22).

. 2.22. ,

Web- Apache,
Options Indexes MultiViews
, ,
(. 2.23).
, , .htaccess.

,
AllowOverride httpd.conf Indexes.

HeaderName ReadmeName ,
HTML- . , up.html down.html,
2.34 2.35.

96

. 2.23.

2.34. up.html
<h3 style="color: red"> </h3>

2.35. down.html
<h3 style="color: red"> </h3>

,
. 2.24.
, .htaccess index , 2.36.
2.36.
AddDefaultCharset Windows-1251
HeaderName up.html
ReadmeName down.html

, . 2.24, down.html up.html, , .

.
IndexIgnore.
.htaccess , 2.37,
down.html up.html.

. 2.24.

. 2.25.
.htaccess

97

98

2.37.
AddDefaultCharset Windows-1251
HeaderName up.html
ReadmeName down.html
IndexIgnore up.html down.html

.htaccess 2.37
. 2.25.

2.2.4. PHP- HTML-

PHP- HTML- , , HTML-,
PHP. , . .
, HTML-
. HTML- PHP.
HTML- .htaccess ,
2.38, HTML- PHP- ,
php.
2.38. PHP- HTML-
RemoveHandler .html .htm
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .htm .html .phtml

2.2.5. Web- Apache

Web- HTTP HTTP/1.1. ,
:
100199 .
, .
;
200299 .
, , , , ;
300399 . ,
, ( , );
400499 . ,
;

99

500599 . ,

( , -
.htaccess).
HTTP- 4xx 5xx,
. . 2.26
Internet Explorer 404 .

. 2.26. HTTP- 404

, ,
, .
,
, . ErrorDocument, HTTP-, , .
,
( 2.39).

ErrorDocument .htaccess AllowOverride FileInfo.

2.39. ErrorDocument
ErrorDocument 404 " , , %s"
ErrorDocument 403 /errors/403.html
ErrorDocument 401 http://www.mysite.ru/index.php

,
( HTTP- 401).

100

2.2.6.
Redirect,
, ,
, . .htaccess 2.40 http://localhost/index.php
http://www.softtime.ru/index.php.

, , ,
HTTP- 3xx.

2.40. Redirect
Redirect / http://www.softtime.ru/

Redirect HTTP- 302: . HTTP- . 2.21, Redirect.

2.21. Redirect

HTTP-

Permanent

301

HTTP- ,

Temp

302

HTTP- ,
( )

See other

303

HTTP- ,

Gone

410

HTTP- ,

, ,
, Permanent ( 2.41).
2.41. Permanent
Redirect Permanent / http://www.softtime.org/

HTTP ( 2.42).
2.42. HTTP- (3xx)
Redirect 301 / http://www.softtime.org/

2.41 2.42 . HTTP-

301 302 ,

101

.htaccess RedirectTemp RedirectPermanent,

Redirect Temp Permanent.

2.2.7.
, ,
, , .

allow deny . .htaccess
httpd.conf deny allow, order:
order deny,allow

(deny) ,
(allow).
:
order allow,deny

2.43 .htaccess,
IP- 127.0.0.1.
2.43. IP- 127.0.0.1
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from 127.0.0.1

order deny
allow. deny from all
IP-. IP- 127.0.0.1 allow from 127.0.0.1.
,
: IP- .htaccess
127.0.0.1 127.0.0.2. HTTP- 403 (. 2.27).
, , IP-, , 2.44.
2.44. IP- 127.0.0.1
deny from 127.0.0.1

IP- IP-,
IP- ( 2.45).

102

. 2.27.

2.45. 127.0.0.1127.0.0.255
deny from 127.0.0

, .
2.45 2.46 .
2.46.
deny from 127.0.0.1/255.255.255.0

, CIDR- ( 2.47).
2.47. CIDR-
deny from 127.0.0.1/24

, , , 2.48.
2.48.
deny from all

, , , PHP, - , . . .htaccess
.

103

2.2.8.
.
,
, txt. <Files> ( 2.49).
2.49. <Files>
<Files "*.txt">
deny from all
</Files>

<Files> . ,
config.php .htaccess, 2.50.
2.50. config.php
<Files "config.php">
deny from all
</Files>

. 2.51 2.50.
2.51.
<Files ~"*.php$">
deny from all
</Files>

2.2.9.
.
, .htaccess, .htpasswd
. .htpasswd htpasswd, bin Web- pache.

.htpasswd .
, , , .ht, , .

104

-c, MD5 -m. , . . -cm ( 2.52).

2.52. .htpasswd
htpasswd -cm .htpasswd user

user
.htpasswd. password
, -b ( 2.53).
2.53. .htpasswd
htpasswd -cmb .htpasswd user password

2.53 :
user:$apr1$8U2.....$Jehmbz8MGSSzxKQZxHUEs/

.
.htpasswd ,
-c , . . .
, ,
.htaccess , 2.54.

.htpasswd .htaccess .
. , .

2.54. .htaccess
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Password Access"
AuthUserFile ////.htpasswd
require valid-user

, .htaccess .htpasswd, (. 2.28).

,
, . <Files> ( 2.55).

105

. 2.28.

2.55.
<Files "*.zip">
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Password Access"
AuthUserFile ////.htpasswd
require valid-user
</Files>

2.2.10. URL-
Web- Apache
. : , . CGI (http://site.dev?category=news&year=2011&month=12&day=27&page=1)
,
, ,
(http://site.dev/news/2011/12/27/).
, GET-
mod_rewrite.

2.2.10.1. mod_rewrite
Apache . ,
, .
mod_rewrite, URL-.
httpd.conf (#) :
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so

106

Options <Directory /> :

Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews

.htaccess
URL.

2.2.10.2. GET-
, URL http://localhost/
index.php?id=1, http://localhost/1/. .htaccess
, 2.56.

, http://localhost/index.php?id=1,
http://localhost/index.php, : http://localhost/1/. . ,
mod_rewrite "" .

2.56.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^([0-9]+) /index.php?id=$1

http://localhost/1/ http://localhost/54/
http://localhost/index.php?id=1
http://localhost/index.php?id=54 . . ,
index.php ( 2.57).
2.57. index.php
<?php
echo $_GET['id'];
?>

, 2.57. RewriteEngine (On) , . . ( , mod_rewrite Web-). mod_rewrite, .

, RewriteEngine On , mod_rewrite,

107

(
5xx ).
RewriteBase ,
. 2.57
URL .
RewriteRule .
,
, Web- .
, .
$1
. , http://localhost/nnn/, id:
http://localhost/index.php?id=nnn. $2 ,
$3 . .
, ,
(. 2.22).

-, .
,
. . " ". ,

http://www.softtime.ru/forum/index.php?id_forum=6.

2.22.

[0-9]

0 9

[A-Z]

[0-9A-Z]

, ,

\b

\w

\s

(, ,
. .)

\t

108

2.22 ()

\n

\r

\077

\x9f

1 0

{n}

{n,}

{n,m}

n m

^ , . ,
2.56 http://localhost/abc/14/,
^ ( 2.58),
id
14.
2.58.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ([0-9]+) /index.php?id=$1

, 2.59
, , , http://localhost/
abc/256/14/ http://localhost/index.php?id=256.
id .
$, , . ,
http://localhost/abc/256/14 2.59 http://localhost/index.php?id=14.
id .
2.59.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ([0-9]+)/$ /index.php?id=$1

109

.
, :
[abc]

, : a, b, c.
, , , , .
, . :
[a-z]

, , , ,
.
, :
[0-9]

[0123456789]

.
, .
, ?, + *,
:
? , ;
* , 0;
+ .

. :
xy{2} , x yy;
xy{2,} , x y (

);
xy{2,6} , x y.

, ,
:
x(yz){2,6} , x -

yz;

110

x(yz)* , x -

yz.
|
.
abc|

, abc .
, . . , , "ru", "com" "net":
ru|com|net

.htaccess RewriteRule,
.

2.2.10.3. 2006/07/20
http://localhost/2006/
07/20/ http://localhost/index.php?year=2006&month=07&day=20. , ,
. .htaccess ( 2.60).

, 2.60 RewriteRule , .htaccess .
.

2.60. YYYY/MM/DD GET-

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{1,2})/([0-9]{1,2})/$
/index.php?year=$1&month=$2&day=$3

2.60
index.php ( 2.61).
2.61. index.php
<?php
echo " ".$_GET['year']."<br>";
echo " ".$_GET['month']."<br>";
echo " ".$_GET['day']."<br>";
?>

111

2.61, ,
RewriteRule, ,
$1, $2 $3. , ,
[0-9]{4} , . . , http://localhost/2006/07/20/ http://
localhost/06/07/20/. [0-9]{1,2} , . . http://localhost/2006/07/20/ http://localhost/2006/7/20/
.

2.2.10.4. -
. 2.22 , .
,
? .
http://localhost/index.html/,
http://localhost/index.php.
, 2.62.
2.62.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.html /index.php

2.2.10.5. RewriteRule
RewriteRule , .
, , [R]. ,
, , [L,R]. ,
.htaccess 2.62 2.63,
index.php index.html
index.php.
2.63. [R]
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.html /index.php [R]

RewriteRule . 2.23.
: , , [R], , , [redirect].

112

2.23. RewriteRule

C | chain

, .
,
, ,
, C,

E=var:value | env=var:value

GET- var value

F | forbidden

,
403 (HTTP Forbidden)

G | gone

,
410 (HTTP Gone)

L | last

, ,
RewriteRule,

N | next

RewriteRule.
, .
,

NC | nocase

NS | nosubreq

P | proxy

QSA | qsappend

(,
=)

R [=HTTP-] | redirect

, , . HTTP , 302 (Move Temporarily)

S=n | skip=n

, n

T=MIME-type |

MIME-

2.2.10.6.
GET-
.
http://site.dev/catalog.php
http://site.dev/catalog.php?id_catalog=12
http://site.dev/catalog.php?id_catalog=12&id_position=366

113

.
12.
366 12. :
http://site.dev/catalog/
http://site.dev/catalog/12/
http://site.dev/catalog/12/366/

,
[L],
.
, . . mod_rewrite . 2.64
.
2.64. RewriteRule
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^catalog/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/
/catalog.php?id_catalog=$1&id_position=$2 [L]
RewriteRule ^catalog/([0-9]+)/ /catalog.php?id_catalog=$1 [L]
RewriteRule ^catalog/ /catalog.php?id_catalog=$1 [L]

2.2.10.7. mod_rewrite
mod_rewrite . ,
. <VirtualHost> ( 2.65),
( 1 9, 9
).
2.65. mod_rewrite
<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
...
RewriteLog logs/rewrite.log
RewriteLogLevel 9
...
</VirtualHost>

2.2.10.8. . RewriteCond
RewriteRule ,

114

RewriteCond. , http://site.dev/news/54/ http://site.dev/news.php?id=54 ( 2.66).

2.66.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^news/([0-9]+)/$ news.php?id=$1 [L]

GET-.
, , . GET- page, http://site.dev/news/54/?page=2.
GET- ,
. , , . 2.2.10.6,
, CGI- ?page=2.
RewriteRule
, . . GET-
. RewriteCond ,
%{_} ( 2.67).
2.67. GET-
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} page=([0-9]*)
RewriteRule ^news/([0-9]+)/ /news.php?id=$1&page=%1 [L]
RewriteRule ^news/([0-9]+)/$ news.php?id=$1 [L]

RewriteRule, RewriteCond,
, RewriteCond.
RewriteRule RewriteCond,
.
2.67 RewriteCond
QUERY_STRING, Web- Apache
. GET- page, ,
RewriteRule. RewriteRule RewriteCond, %1, %2,
, . .

115

. 2.24 . PHP- $_SERVER.

2.24.
Web- Apache

HTTP_USER_AGENT

(, ) ,

HTTP_REFERER

HTTP_COOKIE

Cookie-, ,
HTTP- Set-Cookie

HTTP_HOST

, .
, HTTP Host , ,

HTTP_ACCEPT

DOCUMENT_ROOT

, ,

SERVER_NAME

, , HTTP_HOST

SERVER_ADDR

IP-

REMOTE_ADDR

IP-

REQUEST_METHOD

HTTP-, (
, GET, POST HEAD)

REQUEST_FILENAME

QUERY_STRING

,
GET-

2.2.10.9.
,
.
. RewriteCond ,
, RewriteRule
.
2.68 RewriteCond (!-f) (!-d), ,
RewriteRule.

116
2.68.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule new/(.*) new/index.php?run=$1 [L]

2.68,
RewriteCond -f ( ) -d ( ),
!.

2.2.10.10.
, , , .
, .
.

, , , .ru,
, , softtime.ru.

, site.dev/news news.site.dev,
site.dev/company company.site.dev. RewriteRule
RewriteCond. 2.69 news.test.dev test.dev/news/.

, DNS. SERVER_NAME ,
.

2.69.
RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} ^news.test.dev$
RewriteRule index.php news/index.php [L]

2.3. MySQL
2.3.1. mysql
. 1.16 MySQL-
mysql.

117

mysql
.
root, ,
.
:
mysql u root

. 2.29. mysql>, .

. 2.29. mysql> mysql

user
hello CREATE USER, 2.70. mysql>,
. 2.30.
2.70. user
CREATE USER user IDENTIFIED BY 'hello';

mysql . mysql exit quit

(. 2.30).
mysql u user
(. 2.31). user, .
-p, .
.

118

. 2.30. user hello

. 2.31.

, :
mysql uuser phello
mysql u user phello

p , . . .
, p . mysql
Enter password:, (. 2.32).
SQL- (exit, quit, use) . , . 2.33 SQL-,
MySQL .

119

. 2.32.

MySQL 5.0,
, //, DELIMITER //, --delimiter=name.

. 2.33.

,
, , , mysql>,
.
, . , . ,
( ), mysql
. (1 row in set )
.
. 2.71 .

120
2.71.

SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
select version(), current_date;
SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;

,
<Enter> ,
mysql . mysql> ->
(. 2.33). , mysql , , . mysql , , (")
(') (. 2.34).

. 2.34. ,

. 2.34, mysql> ">. ,

'>. , \c.
,
< > < > ( );
<Esc>.

2.3.2.
,
root, ,
2.72.

121

2.72.
SET PASSWORD FOR user = PASSWORD('password')

root, --skip-granttables ( my.ini skip-granttables [mysqld]),

( mysql) . SET PASSWORD - , root.
MySQL
--skip-grant-tables.

mysqladmin, mysqladmin -u root password "password".

2.3.3. MySQL
,
'username'@'host', username , host ,
username MySQL. ,
'root'@'127.0.0.1' 'wet'@'62.78.56.34' ,
root , , wet
IP- 62.78.56.34.
MySQL , , .

%, root@127.0.0.1.

IP- 127.0.0.1 ,
, SQL-.
IP- 127.0.0.1 localhost, IP- , 'root'@'127.0.0.1' :
'root'@'localhost'.

IP- - , 'softtime.ru',
'root'@'softtime.ru'
, , root, , softtime.ru.
127.0.0.1 62.78.56.34
'wet' MySQL 158.0.55.62,
: 'wet'@'127.0.0.1', 'wet'@'62.78.56.34'

122
'wet'@'158.0.55.62'.

,
, . %. , 'wet'@'%' 'wet' MySQL . % ,
'wet'@'%.softtime.ru' MySQL
softtime.ru. 'wet'@'62.78.56.%'
'wet' , IP-
62.78.56.0 62.78.56.255.
host %, , 'wet'@'%' 'wet' .

2.3.4.
CREATE USER , , . . MySQL, , ,
.
GRANT REVOKE: GRANT
, REVOKE . , GRANT, , .
REVOKE DROP USER.
GRANT , 2.73.
2.73. GRANT
GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'wet'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'pass';

2.73 wet pass.

MySQL (localhost)
(ALL) (*.*). , ALL.

GRANT , ,
60 .
16 .

'wet'@'localhost'
REVOKE, 2.74.

123

2.74. REVOKE
REVOKE ALL ON *.* FROM 'wet'@'localhost';

ALL, (
GRANT OPTION ),
, . 2.25.
2.25. ,
GRANT REVOKE

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

GRANT OPTION, WITH GRANT OPTION

ALTER

ALTER TABLE

ALTER ROUTINE

CREATE

CREATE TABLE

CREATE ROUTINE

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES

CREATE USER

CREATE USER, DROP USER, RENAME USER REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES

CREATE VIEW

CREATE VIEW

DELETE

DELETE

DROP

DROP TABLE

EVENT

EXECUTE

FILE

SELECT...INTO OUTFILE LOAD DATA INFILE

INDEX

, , CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX

INSERT

INSERT

LOCK TABLES

LOCK TABLES UNLOCK TABLES.
SELECT

PROCESS

SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST

REFERENCES

RELOAD

FLUSH
,

REPLICATION CLIENT

124

2.25 ()

REPLICATION SLAVE

SELECT

SELECT

SHOW DATABASES

MySQL
SHOW DATABASES

SHOW VIEW

SHOW CREATE VIEW

SHUTDOWN

mysqladmin
shutdown

SUPER

CHANGE MASTER, KILL, PURGE MASTER LOGS SET GLOBAL

TRIGGER

UPDATE

UPDATE

USAGE

" "

GRANT OPTION

, GRANT REVOKE

. editor
, , , , 2.75.
2.75. editor
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE ON *.* TO editor;

,
,
INSERT UPDATE ( 2.76). DELETE
SELECT, .
2.76. INSERT UPDATE
GRANT INSERT, UPDATE ON *.* TO program;

, , 2.77.
2.77.
GRANT ALL ON *.* TO superuser;
GRANT GRANT OPTION ON *.* TO superuser;

125

, . . ALL
. 2.25
( 2.78).
2.78. ALL GRANT OPTION
GRANT ALL, GRANT OPTION ON *.* TO superuser;
ERROR 1064: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '
GRANT OPTION ON *.* TO superuser' at line 1

ON GRANT ,
, . 2.26.
2.26.
ON

ON *.*

ON *

USE,
ON *.*,
, GRANT

ON db.*

db

ON db.tbl

tbl db

ON db.tbl

tbl db.
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE

EXECUTION, FILE, PROCESS, RELOAD, REPLICATION CLIENT, REPLICATION SLAVE,

SHOW DATABASES, SHUTDOWN SUPER
. : SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, GRANT OPTION, INDEX ALTER. GRANT ALL,
. GRANT ALL ON db.* , FILE RELOAD.
2.79 editor (test).
2.79.
GRANT ALL ON test.* TO editor;

126

, IDENTIFIED BY , .

,
SHOW DATABASES, SHOW DATABASES.
. 2.80 , manager
user test.
2.80.
GRANT ALL ON test.user TO manager;

, SHOW TABLES.
% _,
, LIKE, . .
. , _ , , , . , list_user GRANT
, 2.81.
2.81. _
GRANT ALL ON 'list\_user'.* TO 'wet'@'localhost';

GRANT OPTION
.
, SQL
WITH GRANT OPTION, . WITH GRANT OPTION ( 2.82).
2.82. WITH GRANT OPTION
GRANT ALL ON test.* TO 'wet'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

2.82 wet
GRANT ALL test . wet . , ,

127

GRANT OPTION, , .
GRANT OPTION, . . , , , .
REVOKE ( 2.83). GRANT ,
TO FROM, IDENTIFIED BY, REQUIRE
WITH GRANT OPTION .
2.83. REVOKE
REVOKE DELETE, UPDATE ON shop.* FROM 'wet'@'localhost';

, REVOKE ,
, DROP USER.

SHOW GRANTS ( 2.84). ,
, .
2.84. SHOW GRANTS
SHOW GRANTS;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |

2.84, 'root'@'localhost' ,
DROP USER.

2.3.5.

WITH GRANT GRANT OPTION
, , . MAX_CONNECTIONS_
PER_HOUR, MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR, MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS . 2.85 wet
shop, 10 MySQL 1000 , 200
UPDATE, 3 .

128

2.85.
GRANT ALL ON shop.* TO 'wet'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'pass'
WITH MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR 10
MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 1000
MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR 200
MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 3;

0 ( ), , .

2.3.6.
C:/Documents and Settings/All Users/Application Data/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/Data/. C , , , D.
C , .
MySQL
(. 1.13).
C:/Documents and Settings/All Users/Application Data/MySQL/MySQL Server
5.1/Data/ , , D:/mysql. my.ini [mysqld], datadir ( 2.86).
2.86. my.ini
...
[mysqld]
...
datadir="D:/mysql/"
...

my.ini MySQL- . MySQL mysql , . .
.

2.3.7.


. : SQL-.

129

2.3.7.1.
MyISAM ( MySQL) ,
.

.

,
, , :
frm , , , . .;
MYD (
MYData);
MYI ( MYIndex).

,
, MySQL-
.
, . FLUSH TABLES ( 2.87).
2.87.
FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;

, , .
,
UNLOCK TABLES ( 2.88).
2.88.
UNLOCK TABLES;

MySQL
mysqlhotcopy. ,
: base
/to/new/path ( 2.89).
2.89. mysqlhotcopy
mysqlhotcopy base /to/new/path

130

2.3.7.2. SQL-
, MySQL
, , ,
. SQL-. SQL- SQL-, .
SQL- mysqldump.
, base,
, 2.90.
2.90. base
:\mysql\bin> mysqldump u root base > base.sql

2.91, mysqldump
u. ,
-p. base, . ( ),
( 2.90 base.sql). >. > >>,
,
.
--databases ( B)
, ( 2.91).
2.91.
:\mysql5\bin> mysqldump u root -B base mysql > base_mysql.sql

, 2.91, base
mysql base_mysql.sql.
MySQL-, --all-databases A ( 2.92).
2.92. MySQL-
mysqldump u root --all-databases > all_databases.sql

SQL- mysql ( 2.93).

131

2.93. mysql
mysql u root test < base.sql

2.93 base.sql
mysql, base test.
SQL- , . SOURCE,
, SQL- ( 2.94).

SOURCE SQL-
bin. .

2.94. SOURCE
mysql> SOURCE base.sql;

2.3.8. phpMyAdmin
MySQL Web- phpMyAdmin.

phpMyAdmin Web http://www.phpmyadmin.net/.

phpMyAdmin
config.inc.php $cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'],
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['user'], $cfg['Servers'][$i]['password']
. ""
, MySQL.
"localhost".
$cfg['PmaAbsoluteUri'] phpMyAdmin:
Web- ,
phpMyAdmin,
http://localhost/phpMyAdmin.
phpMyAdmin
MySQL, :
.
,
.

config.inc.php PHP-, . $i. phpMyAdmin
, $cfg['Servers'][0], $cfg['Servers'][1] . .

132

MySQL 4.1,

phpMyAdmin . cp1251, $cfg['DefaultLang'] $cfg['DefaultCharset']:
$cfg['DefaultLang'] = 'ru-win1251';
$cfg['DefaultCharset'] = 'windows-1251';

SQL- phpMyAdmin MySQL 4.1 UTF8. ,

$cfg['AllowAnywhereRecoding'] true:
$cfg['AllowAnywhereRecoding'] = true;

. . . PHP , PHP
, .
, .
3.1 $arr ,
"Hello", "world".
3.1.
<?php
// $arr
$arr[] = "Hello";
$arr[] = "world";
//
echo $arr[1]; // world
?>

, . $arr[0] , $arr[1] . .
, , . PHP .
, . 3.2
$arr ,
first, second.

134
3.2.
<?php
// $arr
$arr['first'] = "Hello";
$arr['second'] = "world";
//
echo $arr[1]; // world
?>

, .

3.1.
PHP , , .
, . , PHP.

3.1.1. array()
.
array(),
. 3.3 $arr,
, 0 2.
3.3. array()
<?php
$arr
echo
echo
echo
?>

= array("Hello ", "world", "!");

$arr[0]; // Hello
$arr[1]; // world
$arr[2]; // !

3.3 echo. $arr

"Array". print_r(). 3.4
$arr.
print_r() HTML- <pre> </pre>,
.

135

3.4. print_r()
<?php
$arr = array("Hello ", "world", "!");
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.4
$arr:
Array
(
[0] => Hello
[1] => world
[2] => !
)

3.3 3.4, , , C- . ,
. array()
=>. 3.5
$arr 10, 11 12.
3.5.
<?php
$arr = array(10 => "Hello ", "world", "!");
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.5
$arr:
Array
(
[10] => Hello
[11] => world
[12] => !
)

$arr 3.5 09 13 , (. .

136

, NULL). php.ini
(Notice),
.

,
( 3.6).
3.6.
<?php
$arr = array(10 => "Hello ", 9 => "world", 8 => "!");
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.6
$arr:
Array
(
[10] => Hello
[9] => world
[8] => !
)

3.1.2.

( 3.7).
3.7.
<?php
$arr[10] = "Hello ";
$arr[11] = "world";
$arr[12] = "!";
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.7 3.5. ,
( 3.8).

137

3.8.
<?php
$arr[] = "Hello ";
$arr[] = "world";
$arr[] = "!";
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.1.3. :
(. . int, float, string boolean) array.
, 0 , ( 3.9).
3.9.
<?php
$var = "Hello world";
$arr = (array) $var;
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.9
$arr:
Array
(
[0] => Hello world
)

3.1.4.
array(), , . . 3.1.
3.1.

array([...])

138

3.1 ()

array_fill ($start_index,
$num, $value)

, $num ,
$value.
$start_index

range($low, $high [, $step])

$low $high
$step

explode($delimiter,
$str [, $limit])

, $str,
, $delimiter.
$limit

,
array_fill(), :
array_fill($start_index, $num, $value)

, $num ,
$value. $start_index ( 3.10).
3.10. array_fill()
<?php
//
$arr = array_fill(5, 6, "Hello world!");
//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.10 :
Array
(
[5] => Hello world!
[6] => Hello world!
[7] => Hello world!
[8] => Hello world!
[9] => Hello world!
[10] => Hello world!
)

range(),
:
range($low, $high [, $step])

139

$low , $high . $step , . 3.11 6 ,

0 5.
3.11. range()
<?php
$arr = range(0, 5);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.11 :
Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

0
1
2
3
4
5

, , ,
range() ( 3.12).

range() .

3.12. range()
<?php
$arr = range(0, 1, 0.2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.12 :
Array
(
[0] => 0
[1] => 0.2

140
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

=>
=>
=>
=>

0.4
0.6
0.8
1

. explode(), :
explode($delimiter, $str [, $limit])

,
$str, , $delimiter.
$limit
. () . explode() 3.13.

,
implode().

3.13. explode()
<?php
$str = " e-mail";
$arr = explode(" ", $str);
echo "<pre>";
print_r ($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.13 :
Array
(
[0] =>
[1] =>
[2] => e-mail
)

3.13 $str $arr

. explode() , , ,
", " "\r\n".
, , , ,
, explode() .

141

3.1.5.
, . ,
array(). 3.14
$ship.
3.14.
<?php
$ship = array(
" " => array("","",""),
" " => array("","",""),
" " => array("","-","")
);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($ship);
echo "</pre>";
?>

:
Array
(
[ ] => Array
(
[0] =>
[1] =>
[2] =>
)
[ ] => Array
(
[0] =>
[1] =>
[2] =>
)
[ ] => Array
(
[0] =>
[1] => -
[2] =>
)
)

3 3, . .
, . , , . .

142

,
$ship[' '][0] "".

3.2.
, print_r() ( 3.15).
3.15. print_r()
<?php
$arr = array(1, 2, 3);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

, .
, for while. foreach.
for :
for(begin; condition; body)
{
;
}

begin ( )
, . , ,
. , . -
(condition) , -
, condition (TRUE), ,
(FALSE). - ,
. body .
3.16 for.
3.16. for
<?php
$number = array("1", "2", "3");
for($i=0; $i < count($number); $i++)

143

{
echo $number[$i];
}
?>

3.16 : 123.
count()
(. . 3.3),
. 3.16 $number
3.
foreach,
:
foreach($array as [$key =>] $value)
{
;
}

$array ,
$key, $value. ( 3.17).

foreach ,
.

3.17. foreach
<?php
$number = array("first" => "1",
"second" => "2",
"third" => "3");
foreach($number as $index => $val) echo "$index = $val <br>";
?>

3.17 :
first = 1
second = 2
third = 3

$index ( 3.18).
3.18. foreach
<?php
$number = array("first" => "1",
"second" => "2",
"third" => "3");

144
foreach($number as $val)
{
echo $val; // 123
}
?>

foreach,
( 3.19).
3.19.
<?php
$ship = array(
" " => array("","",""),
" " => array("","",""),
" " => array("","-","")
);
foreach($ship as $key => $type)
{
//
echo "<b>$key</b><br>";
foreach($type as $ship)
{
//
echo "<li>$ship</li><br>";
}
}
?>

3.19 . 3.1.

. 3.1.

145

3.3.
.
count()
. , , . 3.2.
3.2.

count ($array [, $mode])

$array. $mode
COUNT_RECURSIVE, ,

sizeof()

count()

array_count_values ($input)

,
, $input

count(), :
count ($array [, $mode])

$array. 3.20 .
3.20. count()
<?php
$car = array("",
"",
"",
"");
echo count($car); // 4
?>

, ( 3.21).
3.21. count()
<?php
$arr = array(
array(1, 2, 3, 4),
array(5, 6, 7, 8)
);

146
echo count($arr);
// 2
echo count($arr[0]); // 4
?>

2, . . 2 array(1, 2, 3, 4) array(5, 6, 7, 8). array(1, 2, 3, 4), , count().

, ( ), $mode
COUNT_RECURSIVE ( 3.22).
3.22.
<?php
$arr = array(
array(1, 2, 3, 4),
array(5, 6, 7, 8)
);
echo count($arr, COUNT_RECURSIVE); // 10
?>

array_count_values(), :
array_count_values ($array)

, , $array ( 3.23).

$array ,
.

3.23. array_count_values()
<?php
$array = array (1, "hello", 1, "world", "hello");
$new = array_count_values ($array);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($new);
echo "</pre>";
?>

147

3.23
$new:
Array
(
[1] => 2
[hello] => 2
[world] => 1
)

3.4. ?
PHP , .
, : . , , ( ), FALSE.
, , is_array() ( 3.24).
3.24. is_array()
<?php
$arr = array(1, 2, 3);
if(is_array($arr)) echo " <br />";
else echo " <br />";
if(is_array($arr[0])) echo " <br />";
else echo " <br />";
?>

3.5. ?
, . . , , isset() ( 3.25).
3.25. isset()
<?php
$arr = array(5 => 1, 2, 3);

148
for($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++)
{
if(isset($arr[$i])) echo " \$arr[$i] <br>";
else echo " \$arr[$i] <br>";
}
?>

3.25 :

$arr[0]
$arr[1]
$arr[2]
$arr[3]
$arr[4]
$arr[5]
$arr[6]
$arr[7]
$arr[8]
$arr[9]

3.6.
?
, ,
. foreach (. . 3.2),
array_keys(), :
array_keys($arr [, $search_value [, $strict]])

$arr.
$search_value, ,
$search_value. $strict TRUE, $search_value
===, ==. 3.26 .
3.26. array_keys()
<?php
//
$arr = array(0 => 100, "color" => "red");
//
$key = array_keys($arr);

149

//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($key);
echo "</pre>";
?>

:
Array
(
[0] => 0
[1] => color
)

3.27 $search_value. "blue",

array_keys() .
3.27. "blue"
<?php
//
$arr = array("blue", "red", "green", "blue", "blue");
//
$key = array_keys($arr, "blue");
//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($key);
echo "</pre>";
?>

:
Array
(
[0] => 0
[1] => 3
[2] => 4
)

3.7. ?
isset()
, ,
.

150

in_array()
:
in_array($value, $arr [, $strict])

, $value $arr,
TRUE, , FALSE . $strict TRUE, $search_value === (. .
, ),
( 3.28).
3.28.
<?php
$number = array(0.57, '21.5', 40.52);
if (in_array(21.5, $number)) echo " 21.5 ";
else echo " ";
?>

:
21.5

, '21.5' , . . , $number. .
===,
== $strict TRUE ( 3.29).
3.29.
<?php
$number = array(0.57, '21.5', 40.52);
if (in_array(21.5, $number, true)) echo " 21.5 ";
else echo " ";
?>

, . . ,
in_array() (float), (string). 21.5 , (. . ):
if (in_array('21.5', $number, true))

151

3.8.
: .
.
. 3.3.
3.3.

array_key_exists ($key, $arr)

TRUE, $arr $key,

FALSE

array_search($value, $arr
[,$strict])

$value $arr , , ,
FALSE. $strict
TRUE,
$value ===,
==

array_key_exists(), :
array_key_exists ($key, $arr)

TRUE, $key $arr ( 3.30).

3.30.
<?php
$arr = arr("first_numb" => 1, "second_numb" => 2);
if (array_key_exists("first_numb", $arr) echo "";
?>

array_search(), :
array_search ($value, $arr [, $strict])

$value $arr , , , FALSE. $strict TRUE,

$value ===,
==. 3.31.

152

3.31. array_search()
<?php
$array = array(0 => 'blue', 1 => 'red', 2 => 'green', 3 => 'red');
$key = array_search('green', $array); // $key = 2;
$key = array_search('red', $array);
// $key = 1;
?>

3.9.
array_sum()
:
array_sum($arr)

. array_sum() 3.32.
3.32. array_sum()
<?php
$arr = array(1,2,3,4,5);
$sum = array_sum($arr);
echo $sum; // 15
?>

3.10.

rand(), .
rand() :
rand ([$min, $max]);

$min $max , . rand()

, 0,
( 3.33).
3.33.
<?php
//
$arr = array(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
//
$index = rand(0, count($arr) 1);

153

//
echo $arr[$index];
?>

, 3.25, ,
0 . array_rand() (. 3.4), $arr.
:
array_rand ($arr [, $num_req])

$arr. $num_req
, $arr, $num_req 1,
$arr ( 3.34).
3.4.

array_rand ($arr [, $num_req]) )

. $num_req ,
$arr, $num_req 1,
$arr

shuffle ($arr) )

$arr

3.34. array_rand()
<?php
//
$arr = array("", "", "", "", "");
$rand_keys = array_rand($arr, 2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($rand_keys);
echo "</pre>";
?>

shuffle() (. 3.4), :
shuffle ($array)

3.35 .

154
3.35. shuffle()
<?php
$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
shuffle($arr);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

shuffle() :
Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

7
9
8
1
3
10
2
4
5
6

3.11.
+, ,
( 3.36).

+, +=.

3.36. +
<?php
$fst = array(1 => "one", 2 => "two");
$snd = array(3 => "three", 4 => "four");
$sum = $fst + $snd;
echo "<pre>";
print_r($sum);
echo "</pre>";
?>

155

3.36
$sum:
Array
(
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>

one
two
three
four

, ( 3.37).
3.37.

<?php
$fst = array("one", "two");
$snd = array("three", "four", "five");
$sum = $fst + $snd;
echo "<pre>";
print_r($sum);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.37
$sum:
Array
(
[0] => one
[1] => two
[2] => five
)

,
+ (. 3.5).
3.5.

array_merge ($array1 [, $array2

[, ...]]) )

$array1, $array2, ...

array_merge_recursive ($array1
[,$array2, [, ...]]) )

$array1, $array2, ...

3.38 array_merge().

156

array_merge() .

3.38. array_merge()
<?php
$fst = array("one", "two");
$snd = array("three", "four", "five");
$sum = array_merge($fst, $snd);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($sum);
echo "</pre>";
?>

$sum:
Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

one
two
three
four
five

PHP array_merge_recursive()),
array_merge() + ( 3.39).
3.39. array_merge_recursive()
<?php
$ar1 = array("color" => array ("favorite" => "red"), 5);
$ar2 = array(10, "color" => array ("favorite" => "green", "blue"));
$sum = array_merge_recursive ($ar1, $ar2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($sum);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.39
$sum:
Array
(
[color] => Array

157
(
[favorite] => Array
(
[0] => red
[1] => green
)
[0] => blue

)
[0] => 5
[1] => 10
)

3.12.

, ,
.
, PHP
array_walk(), :
array_walk ($arr, $funcname [, $userdata])

$funcname $arr. $userdata

.
: , $userdata. . $funcname ,
, , ,
@ array_walk().
. , , ( 3.40).

array_walk() array_walk_recursive(), .

3.40. array_walk()
<?php
$name = array ("m"=>"maksim", "i"=>"igor", "s"=>"sergey");
function print_array ($item, $key)
{
echo "$key=>$item<br>\n";
}

158

/* print_array
$name */
array_walk ($name, 'print_array');
?>

:
m => maksim
i => igor
s => sergey

array_map())
. :
array_map ($callback, $arr1 [, ...])

$callback , . , , , array_map(). 3.41

$arr $cub, $arr.
3.41.
<?php
//
//
function cube($n)
{
return $n*$n*$n;
}
//
$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
//
$cub = array_map("cube", $arr);
//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($cub);
echo "</pre>";
?>

:
Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => 8

159

[2] => 27
[3] => 64
[4] => 125
)

3.13.

, , . array_unique()), :
array_unique ($array)

3.42 .
3.42.
<?php
$input = array("a" => "green", "red", "b" => "green", "blue", "red");
$result = array_unique($input);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($result);
echo "</pre>";
?>

$result:
Array
(
[a] => green
[0] => red
[1] => blue
)

3.14.

, ,
( 3.43).
3.43. ,
<?php
// , ,
function get_date($time)

160

{
return array(date("Y", $time), date("m", $time), date("d", $time));
}
//
$arr = get_date(time());
// $arr
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "<pre>";
?>

get_date()
UNIXSTAMP, date() (,
) . , 3.43 $arr:
Array
(
[0] => 2010
[1] => 05
[2] => 12
)

, , ,
. PHP list(). 3.44 get_date() $year, $month $day, , .
3.44. list()
<?php
// , ,
function get_date($time)
{
return array(date("Y", $time), date("m", $time), date("d", $time));
}
//
list($year, $month, $day) = get_date(time());
echo " $year<br />";
// 2010
echo " $month<br />"; // 05
echo " $day<br />";
// 12
?>

, list() , . 3.45

161

get_date(), . list()
$year, $month $day , .
3.45. list()
<?php
// , ,
function get_date($time)
{
return array("year" => date("Y", $time),
"month" => date("m", $time),
"day"
=> date("d", $time));
}
//
list($year, $month, $day) = get_date(time());
echo " $year<br />";
// Notice: Undefined offset
echo " $month<br />"; // Notice: Undefined offset
echo " $day<br />";
// Notice: Undefined offset
?>

list() ,

list() . , ,
, . , ,
( 3.46).
3.46.
<?php
// , ,
function get_date($time)
{
return array(date("Y", $time), date("m", $time), date("d", $time));
}
//
list(, $month) = get_date(time());
echo " $month<br />"; // 05
?>

162

3.15.
PHP
(. 3.6).
3.6.

sort ($array [, $sort_flags]) )

$array .
$sort_flags :
SORT_REGULAR ;
SORT_NUMERIC ;
SORT_STRING ;
SORT_LOCALE_STRING ,

rsort ($array [, $sort_flags])

$array

asort ($array [, $sort_flags])

$array
-

arsort ($array [, $sort_flags] )

$array -

natsort ($array)

"" $array,

natcasesort ($array)

"" $array,

ksort ($array [, $sort_flags])

$array
-

krsort ($array [, $sort_flags])

$array
-

usort ($array, $cmp_function)

$array $cmp_function

uasort ($array, $cmp_function)

$array $cmp_function -

uksort ($array, $cmp_function)

$array

$cmp_function -

array_multisort ($ar1 [, $arg

[, ... [, ...]]])

sort() $arr :
sort($arr [, $sort_flags])

163

$sort_flags , ( ). :
SORT_REGULAR ;
SORT_NUMERIC ;
SORT_STRING ;
SORT_LOCALE_STRING ,

.
3.47 sort().
3.47.
<?php
$number = array("2", "1", "4", "3","5"); //
echo " : <br>";
for($i=0; $i < count($number); $i++)
{
echo "$number[$i] ";
}
sort($number); //
echo "<br> : <br>";
for($i = 0; $i < count($number); $i++)
{
echo "$number[$i] ";
}
?>

:
:
2 1 4 3 5
:
1 2 3 4 5

.
--. ,
:
array("one",
"two",
"abs",
"three",
"uic",
"for",
"five"),

164

sort :
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

abs
five
for
one
three
two
uic

rsort() :
rsort ($arr [, $sort_flags])

sort(). 3.48 rsort().

3.48.
<?php
$number = array("2", "1", "4", "3","5"); //
echo(" : <br>");
for($i=0; $i < count($number); $i++)
{
echo "$number[$i] ";
}
rsort($number); //
echo "<br> : <br>";
for($i=0; $i < count($number); $i++)
{
echo "$number[$i] ";
}
?>

:
:
2 1 4 3 5
:
5 4 3 2 1

asort() :
asort ($arr [, $sort_flags])

asort() $arr ,
( ) ( ) . $sort_flags , sort().
sort() , asort()

165

( 3.49), sort() ( ).
3.49. assort()
<?php
$arr = array("a" => "one",
"b" => "two",
"c" => "three",
"d" => "four");
asort($arr);
foreach($arr as $key => $val)
{
echo " $key => $val ";
}
?>

:
d => four a => one c => three b => two

, "-" . sort(),
:
0 => four 1 => one 2 => three 3 => two

arsort() asort(),
, .
arsort($arr [, $sort_flags])

ksort() ,
, . :
ksort ($arr [, $sort_flags])

$sort_flags , sort(). 3.50

ksort().
3.50.
<?php
$arr = array("a"
"d"
"c"
"b"
);
ksort($arr);

=>
=>
=>
=>

"one",
"four",
"three",
"two"

166

foreach($arr as $key => $val)

{
echo (" $key => $val ");
}
?>

:
a => one b => two c => three d => four

krsort() ( ). ksort().
:
krsort ($arr [, $sort_flags])

natsort() "" :
natsort($arr)

,
. .

file1.txt
file10.txt
file2.txt
file12.txt
file20.txt

("")
:
file1.txt
file10.txt
file12.txt
file2.txt
file20.txt

:
file1.txt
file2.txt
file10.txt
file12.txt
file20.txt

natsort(),
( 3.51).

167

3.51.
<?php
$arr_first = $arr_second =
array( "file12.txt",
"file10.txt",
"file2.txt",
"file1.txt");
sort($arr_first);
echo " <br>";
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr_first);
echo "</pre>";
natsort($arr_second);
echo "<br> <br>";
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr_second);
echo "</pre>";
?>

Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>

file1.txt
file10.txt
file12.txt
file2.txt

Array
(
[3] => file1.txt
[2] => file2.txt
[1] => file10.txt
[0] => file12.txt
)

array_multisort() .
:
array_multisort($ar1 [,$arg [, ... [, ...]]] )

, array_multisort(),

168
array_multisort(arr1, $arr2, , $arrN)

$arr1[0]

$arr2[0]

$arrN[0]

$arr1[1]

$arr2[1]

$arrN[1]

$arr1[2]

$arr2[2]

...

...

...

$arr1[n]

$arr2[n]

$arrN[n]

...

$arrN[2]

. 3.2. array_multisort()

. ,
(. 3.2).
3.52 $arr1 $arr2.
3.52. array_multisort()
<?php
$arr1 = array(3, 4, 2, 7, 1, 5);
$arr2 = array("world", "Hello", "yes", "no", "apple", "wet");
array_multisort($arr1, $arr2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr1);
print_r($arr2);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.52 :
Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

1
2
3
4
5
7


Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
)

169

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

apple
yes
world
Hello
wet
no

, , ,
.
array_multisort() , (. 3.7).

SORT_ASC SORT_DESC, SORT_REGULAR, SORT_NUMERIC SORT_
STRING .

3.7. , array_multisort()

SORT_ASC

SORT_DESC

SORT_REGULAR

SORT_NUMERIC

SORT_STRING

3.53 ,
.
3.53.
<?php
$arr1 = array(3, 4, 2, 7, 1, 5);
$arr2 = array("world", "Hello", "yes", "no", "apple", "wet");
array_multisort($arr1, SORT_DESC, SORT_NUMERIC, $arr2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr1);
print_r($arr2);
echo "</pre>";
?>

170

3.53 :
Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
)
Array
(
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
)

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

7
5
4
3
2
1

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

no
wet
Hello
world
yes
apple

3.16.

. (
),
, .
. 3.3 ,
.

. 3.3.

171

$comments,
3.54. ,
"text",
"id_parent" .
3.54.
<?php
$comments = array(
1 => array(
"text" => " ",
"id_parent" => 0),
2 => array(
"text" => " ",
"id_parent" => 1),
3 => array(
"text" => " ",
"id_parent" => 2),
4 => array(
"text" => " ",
"id_parent" => 1),
5 => array(
"text" => " ",
"id_parent" => 4),
6 => array(
"text" => " ",
"id_parent" => 3)
);
?>

$comments, ,
$parents, ( 3.55).
3.55. $parents
<?php
//
$parents = array();
foreach($comments as $id => $elements)
{
$parents[$elements['id_parent']][] = $id;
}
echo "<pre>";
print_r($parents);
echo "</pre>";
?>

172

$parents ,
, .
$parents $comments :
Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[0] =>
)
[1] => Array
(
[0] =>
[1] =>
)
[2] => Array
(
[0] =>
)
[4] => Array
(
[0] =>
)
[3] => Array
(
[0] =>
)
)

2
4

. , ,
( 3.56).
$comments $parents global, ,
.
3.56.
<?php
...
// $id_parent
// $indent

function print_hierarchy($id_parent = 0, $indent = "")
{
// $comments $parents
//
//
global $comments, $parents;

173

// ,
// $id_parent ,
if(!isset($parents[$id_parent])) return;
// ,
// $id_parent
for($i = 0; $i < count($parents[$id_parent]); $i++)
{
//
echo "<div style='padding-left:{$indent}px'>".
$comments[$parents[$id_parent][$i]]['text']."</div>";
//
//
print_hierarchy($parents[$id_parent][$i], $indent + 20);
}
}
// ,
print_hierarchy();
?>

print_hierarchy() 3.56 , $id_parent .

0, . $indent , .
CSS- padding-left. , , 20 . 3.56 . 3.3.

3.17.
PHP
, PHP Web-.
, global.
Web- PHP
Web. . 3.8 .
3.8.

$_GET

, ( GET)

$_POST

, POST ( HTTP-)

$_FILES

POST

174

3.8 ()

$_COOKIE

, HTTP- Set-Cookie

$_REQUEST

$_GET, $_POST $_COOKIE

$_SESSION

$_SERVER

, Web-, HTTP-

$_ENV

, $_SERVER

$GOBALS

(
), , , , global

3.18. $_GET
GET- (?).
http://localhost/index.php?id=1
URL id=1 GET- id 1. GET- $_GET. . 3.57 GET- id.

HTTP, PHP, GET , . $_GET, , $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], GET-.

3.57. GET- id_forum

<?php
echo $_GET['id']; // 1
?>

GET, &:
http://localhost/index.php?id =1&number=2&page=10

175

URL GET-: id 1,
number 2 page 10 ( 3.58).
3.58. $_GET
<?php
echo "<pre>";
print_r($_GET);
echo "</pre>";
?>

3.58 $_GET:
Array
(
[id] => 1
[number] => 2
[page] => 10
)

GET- , $_GET . ,
http://localohost/index.php?id[]=1&id[]=2&id[]=10
3.58 :
Array
(
[id] => Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => 2
[2] => 10
)
)

, 0,

.
http://localhost/index.php?id[a]=1&id[b]=2&id[c]=10
3.58 :
Array
(
[id] => Array
(
[a] => 1

176
[b] => 2
[c] => 10
)
)

GET- URL
(, ), URL .
PHP (. 3.9).
3.9. URL

urlencode($str)

$str, ,
, ,
, %. +

urldecode($str)

urlencode(), , %

rawurlencode($str)

$str, ,
, ,
, %. urlencode(),
+, %20

rawurldecode($str)

rawurlencode() , , %

parse_url($url [, $component])

$url ,
.
$component
: PHP_URL_SCHEME, PHP_URL_HOST,
PHP_URL_PORT, PHP_URL_USER, PHP_URL_PASS, PHP_URL_PATH,
PHP_URL_QUERY PHP_URL_FRAGMENT,

http_build_query ($formdata [,
$numeric_prefix [,
$arg_separator]])

$formdata.
$numeric_prefix, GET. $arg_separator GET-, &

3.59 test.php, GET- phrase

", !".
3.59. urlencode()
<?php
echo "<a href='test.php?phrase=".
urlencode(", !")."'></a>";
?>

177

HTML-
:
<a href='test.php?phrase=%CF%F0%E8%E2%E5%F2%2C+%EC%E8%F0%21'></a>

GET-
, , . .
parse_url(),
:
scheme , , http, https, ftp . .;
host ;
port ;
user ;
pass ;
path ;
query , (?);
fragment , #.

3.60 URL
parse_url().
3.60. parse_url()
<?php
$url = 'http://user:pass@www.site.ru/path/index.php?par=value#anch';
$arr = parse_url($url);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "<pre>";
?>

$arr:
Array
(
[scheme] => http
[host] => www.site.ru
[user] => user
[pass] => pass
[path] => /path/index.php
[query] => par=value
[fragment] => anch
)

178

parse_url() , .
:
PHP_URL_SCHEME , , http, https, ftp . .;
PHP_URL_HOST ;
PHP_URL_PORT ;
PHP_URL_USER ;
PHP_URL_PASS ;
PHP_URL_PATH ;
PHP_URL_QUERY , (?);
PHP_URL_FRAGMENT , #.

3.61 parse_url()
PHP_URL_HOST .
3.61. parse_url()
<?php
$url = 'http://user:pass@www.site.ru/path/index.php?par=value#anch';
echo parse_url($url, PHP_URL_HOST); // www.site.ru
?>

3.19.
.

, .
.
, ( 3.62), ,
. GET ( GET- page).
$start $end ,
.
3.62.
<?php
$language[] = "PHP";
$language[] = "++";
$language[] = "Java";


$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]
$language[]

179
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

"Ruby";
"Python";
"Perl";
"JavaScript";
"Visual Basic";
"Fortran";
"Pascal";
"Assembler";
"Lisp";
"Haskell";
"C#";

//
$pnumber = 2;
// ,
if(isset($_GET['page'])) $page = intval($_GET['page']);
else $page = 1;
//
$total = count($language);
//
$number = (int)($total/$pnumber);
if((float)($total/$pnumber) $number != 0) $number++;
// $language
//
$start = (($page 1)*$pnumber + 1);
// $language
//
$end = $page*$pnumber + 1;
if($end > $total) $end = $total;
//
for($i = $start; $i < $end; $i++)
{
echo $language[$i]."<br />";
}
//
for($i = 1; $i <= $number; $i++)
{
//
if($i != $number)
{
if($page == $i)

180
{
//
echo "[".(($i 1)*$pnumber + 1)."-".$i*$pnumber."]&nbsp;";
}
else
{
echo "<a href='index.php?page=$i'>[".
(($i 1)*$pnumber + 1)."-".$i*$pnumber."]</a>&nbsp;";
}
}
// ,
// $temp
else
{
if($page == $i)
{
//
echo "[".(($i 1)*$pnumber + 1)."-".($total 1)."]&nbsp;";
}
else
{
echo "<a href='index.php?page=$i'>[".
(($i 1)*$pnumber + 1)."-".($total 1)."]</a>&nbsp;";
}
}
}
?>

3.62 . 3.4.

. 3.4.

181

3.20. $_POST
GET ,
, ,
, .
,
, POST, GET HTTP-, HTTP-.
- POST HTML-, <form> method "post"
( 3.63). HTML- :
first second , .
3.63. HTML-
<form action='index.php' method='post'>
<input type='text' name='first' /><br>
<input type='text' name='second' /><br>
<input type='submit' value="">
</form>

action <form> ,
.
, , .
, $_POST. 3.64
HTML-, .
3.64. $_POST
<?php
// HTML-
if(!empty($_POST))
{
echo "<pre>";
print_r($_POST);
echo "</pre>";
exit();
}
?>
<form action='index.php' method='post'>
<input type='text' name='first' /><br>
<input type='text' name='second' /><br>
<input type='submit' value="">
</form>

182

, $_POST. ,
HTML-, - ,
.

3.21. .
$_FILES
POST, $_POST, ,
$_FILES.
, HTML ,
( ).
:
<input type='file' />

type name, .
3.65.
3.65. HTML- (index.html)
<html><head><title> </title></head><body>
<h2><b> </b></h2>
<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="file" name="filename"><br>
<input type="submit" value=""><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>

entype ,
. ,
entype multipart/form-data. application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
, .
, , . 3.5.
HTTP-, , , , php.ini ( upload_tmp_dir).

183

. 3.5.

$_FILES , file, :
$_FILES['filename']['name'] ( -

);
$_FILES['filename']['size'] ( );
$_FILES['filename']['type'] ( MIME- );
$_FILES['filename']['tmp_name'] ( ,

).
3.66 upload.php,
temp.


is_uploaded_file(),
($_FILES['filename']['name']) TRUE FALSE
.

3.66. (upload.php)
<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES['filename']['tmp_name'],
"temp/".$_FILES['filename']['name']))
{
echo " ";
}

184

else
{
echo " ";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

move_uploaded_file(),
, ,
.

temp , ,
" ".
3.67 .
3.67.
<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES["filename"]["tmp_name"],
"temp/".$_FILES["filename"]["name"]))
{
echo " <br>";
//
echo " : <br>";
echo " : ";
echo $_FILES["filename"]["name"];
echo "<br> : ";
echo $_FILES["filename"]["size"];
echo "<br> : ";
echo $_FILES["filename"]["tmp_name"];
echo "<br> : ";
echo $_FILES["filename"]["type"];
}
else
{
echo " ";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

185

. 3.6.

, . 3.6.
, . , 3 , , 3.68.
3.68.
<?php
if ($_FILES['filename']['size'] > 3*1024*1024)
{
exit " ";
}
if (copy(_FILES['filename']['tmp_name'],
"temp/".$_FILES['filename']['name']))
{
echo " <br>";
}
else
{
echo " ";
}
?>

upload_max_filesize, 2 :
if ($_FILES['filename']['size'] > upload_max_filesize)

upload_max_filesize
php.ini.

186

3.22.

Web-, (. 3.7).

9 AJAX- .

. 3.7. HTML-

, JavaScript, HTML- ( 3.69). ,

, Web-,
files, , .

Web- , HTML-,
. HTML- .

3.69.
<?php
if(!empty($_FILES))
{
// HTML-
//
for($i = 0; $i < count($_FILES['filename']['name']); $i++)
{
//
// /files Web-
if (!move_uploaded_file($_FILES['filename']['tmp_name'][$i],
"files/".$_FILES['filename']['name'][$i]))

187

{
echo " ";
}
}
// ,
// $_POST
//
header("Location: index.php");
exit();
}
?>
<form action="index.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<table>
<tr>
<td><input class='files' type='file' name='filename[]' /></td>
<td><input type='button' name='drop'
value=' &minus; ' onclick='dropline(this);' />
<input type='button' value=' + '
onclick='addline(this);' /></td></tr>
<tr><td><input type='submit' value='' /></td><td></td></tr>
</table>
</form>
<script language='JavaScript1.1' type='text/javascript'>
<!-function dropline(btn)
{
if(document.getElementById)
{
while (btn.tagName != 'TR') btn = btn.parentNode;
btn.parentNode.removeChild(btn);
}
}
function addline(btn)
{
if(document.getElementById)
{
while (btn.tagName != 'TR') btn = btn.parentNode;
var newTr = btn.parentNode.insertBefore(
btn.cloneNode(true),
btn.nextSibling);
thisChilds = newTr.getElementsByTagName('td');
for (var i = 0; i < thisChilds.length; i++)
{
if (thisChilds[i].className == 'files')
thisChilds[i].innerHTML =
'<input class="files" type="file" name="filename[]" />';

188
}
}
}
//-->
</script>

HTML- file. HTML- ,

,
$_POST['_'][]. HTML- file att[],
$_POST['att']. 0. , $_FILES ,
. move_uploaded_
file() files.

3.23. Cookie.
$_COOKIE
HTTP-, , . ,
, , ,
, .
, . HTTP cookie, : , - .
Cookies ,
, , . "cookie"
, , ,
. cookie
, .
cookie setcookie(), :
setcookie($name [, $value [, $expire [, $path [, $domain [, $secure]]]]])

:
$name cookie;
$value , cookie name;
$expire , 0 00 1 1970 .

cookie ;

189

$path , cookie;
$domain , cookie;
$secure , , cookie

HTPPS. 0,
cookie
HTTP.
setcookie() TRUE cookie
FALSE . cookie , Web-, $_COOKIE cookie.
cookie HTTP-, setcookie()

echo(), print() . ., HTML-. cookie
3.70. cookie
$_COOKIES.

cookie , cookie; cookie , . .
, .
cookie.

3.70.
<?php
//
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
// cookie
$_COOKIE['counter']++;
// cookie
setcookie("counter", $_COOKIE['counter']);
// cookie
echo " $_COOKIE[counter] ";
?>

, 3.70, . 3.8.
3.70 cookie counter,
.
cookie time() mktime() ( 3.71).

190

. 3.8. cookies

3.71. cookie
<?php
// Cookie 10
setcookie("name", "value", time() + 600);
// cookie 25 2010
setcookie("name", "value", mktime(0,0,0,1,25,2010));
// cookie 18:00 25 2010
setcookie("name", "value", mktime(18,0,0,1,25,2010));
?>

, 32- ,
1901 2038.
cookie , , ,
2100. cookie .

cookie ,
(, /web), ( 3.72).
3.72. cookie
<?php
setcookie("name", "value", time() + 600, "/web");
?>

cookie , , 3.73.

191

3.73. cookie
<?php
setcookie("name", "value");
?>

, cookie ,
.

Cookie setcookie(), HTTP-

Set-Cookie header() ( 3.74).
3.74. cookie
<?php
$cookie = "Set-Cookie: name=value; ".
"expires=Thu, 30-Aug-2008 13:00:04 GMT; ".
"path=/; ".
"domain=www.softtime.ru";
header($cookie);
?>

3.24. Cookie ?
cookies . Web-, cookie,
, , cookies .
, , , cookies. 3.75.
3.75. , cookies
<?php
//
// (http://www.softtime.ru/info/articlephp.php?id_article=23)
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
if(!isset($_GET['probe']))
{
// cookie "test"
if(setcookie("test","set"));
// ,
// cookie
header("Location: $_SERVER[PHP_SELF]?probe=set");
}

192
else
{
if(!isset($_COOKIE['test']))
{
echo "
cookies";
}
else
{
echo "Cookies ";
}
}
?>

$_SERVER , Web . $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'], . , phpinfo().

3.75 cookies
setcookie() cookie. setcookie() , ,
cookie.
GET- probe set, ,
, , -
$_COOKIE['test']. , cookies ,
.

3.25. .
$_SESSION
cookie , "/", , .
, cookies. .
.
,
, (SID),
, cookies, .
PHP-, . .
php.ini session.
cookie_lifetime .

193

, cookies, . Cookies
, . ( )
, ( , , . .). ,
, ( )
. ( ) ( on-line . .).
.
session.save_path php.ini
, ;
Web- . , .
, cookie
SID, . session_start().
, .
, setcookie(), session_start() , . . SID cookie, . . HTTP- SetCookie.

session.auto_start php.ini
1, , session_start().

$_SESSION. 3.76 index.php $_SESSION .
3.76. $_SESSION
<?php
//
session_start();
//
$_SESSION['name'] = "value";
//
$arr = array("first", "second", "third");
$_SESSION['arr'] = $arr;

194
//
echo "<a href='other.php'> </a>";
?>

, session_start(),
$_SESSION. 3.77 other.php, ,
index.php.

$_SESSION , , . . , serialize(), .

3.77. $_SESSION
<?php
//
session_start();
// $_SESSION
echo "<pre>";
print_r($_SESSION);
echo "</pre>";
?>

:
Array
(
[name] => value
[arr] => Array
(
[0] => first
[1] => second
[2] => third
)
)

, session_destroy(), :
session_destroy()

TRUE FALSE
. , , , unset(),
$_SESSION . -

195

, session_destroy(), TRUE FALSE .

$_SESSION:
unset($_SESSION['name'])

session_id(),

:
session_id([$id])

.
$id ,
. session_id()
session_start() ( 3.78).
3.78.
<?php
//
session_start();
//
echo session_id();
?>

3.78 :
a27e8c4724f07cae913c50e55cea1b38

3.26. .
$_SERVER
PHP ,
. PHP
, , . ,
$_SERVER PHP- Web- Apache. Web-.
$_SERVER.

$_SERVER print_r(), ,
phpinfo(), PHP-.

196

3.26.1. $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']
$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . , , , .
httpd.conf DocumentRoot, "D:/main" ( 3.79), $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']
"D:\main".
3.79.
NameVirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80
<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
ServerAdmin admin@localhost
DocumentRoot "D:/main"
ServerName localhost
ErrorLog logs/ error_log
CustomLog logs/ access_log common
</VirtualHost>

3.26.2. $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT']
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] . HTTP- Accept, .
:
image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/
x-shockwave-flash, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/msword, */*

Accept ,
. , .
* . , */* , type/* type.

.

.

q, 0 1 ,
. q
.

197

q 1. ,
.

Accept:
Accept: audio/*; q=0.2, audio/basic

audio/* ( ), 0,2. audio/basic, , 1.

:
audio/basic, audio-,
,
80 %.

RFC2616, HTTP,
http://www.ysn.ru/docs/cie/RFC/2616/index.htm.

:
Accept: text/plain; q=0.5, text/html,
text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c

, $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT']
, Accept:.

: text/html
text/x-c , , ,
, text/x-dvi, ,
text/plain.

3.26.3. $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']
. HTTP- AcceptLanguage, . :
Accept-Language: ru, en; q=0.7

:
, .
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'] , Accept-Language:
ru, en; q=0.7

$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']
, . . ( ).

198

3.26.4. $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] , , , ,
$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'].
(http://), :
www.sofftime.ru

-
www.softtime.ru, softtime.ru.

3.26.5. $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']
$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] , . . index.php ( 3.80) page.php ( 3.81).
3.80. index.php
<?php
echo "<a href=page.php> PHP</a><br>";
echo " \$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] ".
$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']
?>

page.php ,
index.php ( 3.81).
3.81. page.php
<?php
echo "<a href=index.php> PHP</a><br>";
echo " \$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] ".
$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']
?>

. 3.9.

199

,
, (. 3.9).

3.26.6. $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
$_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] .
: "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0;
Windows NT 5.1)". "MSIE 6.0" ,
Internet Explorer 6.0. "Windows
NT 5.1" , Windows XP.

Windows 2000 $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] : "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)')",
Windows XP "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)".

Opera, $_SERVER['HTTP_
USER_AGENT'] : "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE
5.0; Windows 98) Opera 6.04 [ru]". "MSIE 6.0" , , Opera Internet Explorer
Windows. , , , Internet Explorer , "MSIE 6.0" "Opera".
, , Windows 98.
Netscape $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_
AGENT'] : "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686;
en-US; rv:1.4) Gecko/20030624 Netscape/7.1".
"Netscape". , ,
, Linux,
, Pentium IV,
X-Window. , .

3.26.7. $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']
$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] IP- . 127.0.0.1. IP- -,
. -,
IP- $_SERBER['HTTP_X_
FORWARDED_FOR'].

200

- ,
: , ,
. . - -, IP- , HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR.

3.26.8. $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']
.
Windows, d:\main\test
\index.php, . . , UNIX- /, : /var/share/www/test/index.php.

3.26.9. $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']
$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] , , , . :
www.softtime.ru

$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'].
$_SERVER , IP- , , Web- HTTP. $_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'],
$_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'], $_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']
. 3.82 .
3.82 . 3.10.

. 3.10. 3.82

201

3.82. $_SERVER
<?php
echo
echo
echo
echo
echo
?>

" ".$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']."<br>";
"IP- ".$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']."<br>";
" ".$_SERVER['SERVER_PORT']."<br>";
"Web- ".$_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE']."<br>";
" HTTP- ".$_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']."<br>";

3.26.10. $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']
$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] , : GET POST ( 3.83).
3.83.
<?php
echo $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']; // GET
?>

3.26.11. $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']
$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] , ,
:
http://www.mysite.ru/test/index.php?id=1&test=wet&id_theme=512

$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] ?. , , 3.84, ?,
.
3.84 . 3.11.

. 3.11. 3.84

202

3.84. $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']
<?php
echo $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'];
?>

3.26.12. $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] , :
http://www.mysite.ru/test/index.php?id=1&test=wet&id_theme=512

$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] /test/index.php.
, $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'].

3.26.13. $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']
$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] , , :
http://www.mysite.ru/test/index.php?id=1&test=wet&id_theme=512

$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] /test/index.php?id=
1&test=wet&id_theme=512. ,
, $_SERVER, 3.85.
3.85.
<?php
echo "http://".$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'].$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
?>

.
- . ,
.
, , . ,
.

4.1.
, (. 4.1).
4.1.

fopen($filename, $mode [,
$use_include_path [,
$context]])

$filename $mode. , , . $use_include_path

. , FALSE.
$context HTTP-,

fclose($handle)

, fopen().
$handler
. TRUE FALSE

touch($filename [, $time [,
$atime]])

touch() $time
$atime. , ,
.
. 13.5

tempnam($dir, $prefix)

$dir ,
$prefix.
, FALSE

204

4.1 ()

tmpfile()

. .
, FALSE

. -
, , . , , :
/var/home/www/htdocs/text.txt
C:\www\htdocs\text.txt

Windows , A B , . UNIX- (root-) /,
. , Windows
, , UNIX-
.
fopen() tmpfile() ,
, . . , .

. UNIX- /, Windows \. , Windows-. ,

20
Microsoft, DOS. PHP /, \. , . 4.1
Windows-, .
4.1.
<?php
$windows = "C:\\www\\htdocs\\text.txt";
$php
= "C:/www/htdocs/text.txt";
?>

4.1, /,
.

205

, ( , ,
).
. 4.1 ,
C:/www/ . . 4.2
:/www/base/1.txt,
C:/www/scr.php.

. 4.1.

4.2. 1.txt
<?php
// 1.txt
$absolute = ":/www/base/1.txt";
// 1.txt
$relative = "base/1.txt";
?>

, ,
/ ,
.
. 4.1, C:/dir/text.txt,
dir.
.., ( 4.3).

206

, ( ..), , .

4.3.
<?php
// text.txt
$absolute = ":/dir/text.txt";
// text.txt
$relative = "../dir/1.txt";
?>

, .., , ../../../result/text.txt.

. Web ,
, , http://www.softtime.ru/index.php.
, ,
.
touch() ( 4.4).
4.4. touch()
<?php
//
$filename = "text.txt";
// $filename
touch($filename);
?>

4.4 , , text.txt. touch() , .

( , ), . ""
fopen(), :
fopen($filename, $mode [, $use_include_path [, $context]])

,
$filename $mode. ,
, $use_include_path (
). , FALSE.

207

. 4.2 $mode,
.
4.2. fopen()

r+

w+

a+

x+

, , r r+.

fopen() FALSE,
. 4.5 text.txt fopen().
4.5. fopen()
<?php
//
$filename = "text.txt";
//
$fd = fopen($filename, "w");
// ,
if (!$fd)
{
echo " <br>";
fclose($fd);
}
?>

fclose() , . .
. - fclose(), : , .
, fflush(),

208

fclose(). , , , .

4.2.

,
. tempnam()
:
tempnam($dir, $prefix)

$dir
$prefix. tempnam() . - , FALSE.
4.6 .
4.6.
<form method='post'>
<input type='submit' value=''>
</form>
<?php
// HTML-
if (isset($_POST))
{
//
$filename = tempnam("./", "fl");
//
$fd = fopen($filename, "w");
//
fclose($fd);
}
?>

tempnam() PHP
tmpfile(), ,
. ,
. tmpfile(), ,
tempnam(), .

209

4.3. ,

,
, . ,
, . 4.3.
4.3.

copy($source, $destination)

$source $destination.
TRUE, FALSE

unlink($filename)

$filename.
TRUE, FALSE

rename($oldname, $newname)

$oldname,
$newname. TRUE, FALSE

4.7 copy(), /etc/my.cnf . my.cnf

, .
4.7. copy()
<?php
if (copy("/etc/my.cnf", "my.cnf")) echo " ";
else echo " ";
?>

,
unlink() ( 4.8).
4.8.
<?php
//
if (!copy("/etc/my.cnf", "my.cnf")) exit " ";
//
if (unlink("/etc/my.cnf")) echo " ";
else echo " ";
?>

, rename(), , -

210

, ( 4.9).
4.9. rename()
<?php
//
if (rename("/etc/my.cnf", "my.cnf")) echo " ";
else echo " ";
?>

copy() rename() ,
. 4.10 http://www.
softtime.ru/index.php.
4.10.
<?php
if (copy("http://www.softtime.ru/index.php", "index.htm"))
echo " ";
else echo " ";
?>

PHP-, HTML ( ).
, Web-, .
copy() .

4.4.
fopen() ; .
fopen() . 4.2.
,
(. 4.2). .
.
r, w x . ,
, . , ,
a,
. , a+ ,
, . . .

211

. 4.2.

, , , , , .
4.11 , text.txt,
( fgetc()) .
4.11.
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "r");
if (!$fd) exit(" text.txt");
// ,
while(($char = fgetc($fd)) !== FALSE)
{
echo $char;
}
//
fclose($fd);
?>

= , while() , fgetc() FALSE. !==, . . != ,

, FALSE (, 0).
, 4.11,
,
. feof(),
TRUE, , TRUE . 4.12 4.11, feof().

212

4.12. feof()
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "r");
if (!$fd) exit(" text.txt");
// ,
while(!feof($fd))
{
$char = fgetc($fd);
echo $char;
}
//
fclose($fd);
?>

fopen()
(. . 4.2). 4.11
4.12 , r, r+, w+, a+ x+, w, a x
. , x+
, , w+ , a+
, .
r r+.
.
PHP , , .
fgets(), :
fgets($handle [, $length])

$handler .
$handle 1 ( $handle
1000), .
, FALSE. 4.13 fgets() text.txt.
4.13. fgets()
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "r");
if (!$fd) exit(" text.txt");
// ,
while(!feof($fd))

213

{
$str = fgets($fd, 1024);
echo "$str<br>";
}
//
fclose($fd);
?>

fgets(),
. , fread(), . :
fread($handle, $length)

fread() $handle $length. 4.14

fread().
4.14. fread()
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "r");
if (!$fd) exit(" text.txt");
// ,
while(!feof($fd))
{
$str = fread($fd, 1024);
echo "$str<br>";
}
//
fclose($fd);
?>

, fread() ( 4.15).
4.15.
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "r");
if (!$fd) exit(" text.txt");
//
$str = fread($fd, filesize($fd));
echo $str;

214

//
fclose($fd);
?>

4.15
filesize().
fread() , .
: , 4 096 ( 4.16).
4.16.
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("http://www.softtime.ru", "r");
if (!$fd) exit(" ");
// ,
$str = "";
while(!feof($fd))
{
$str .= fread($fd, 4096);
}
//
echo $str;
//
fclose($fd);
?>

4.15 4.16
. ,
PHP file_get_contents(),
:
file_get_contents($filename [, $flags [,
$context [, $offset [, $maxlen]]]])

$filename
. ,
, ,
fopen().
$flags . . 4.4. , |.
$context HTTP-,
. , NULL. -

215

$offset $maxlen
, .

FILE_TEXT FILE_BINARY .

4.4. $flags file_get_contents()

FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH

, include_path php.ini

FILE_TEXT

UTF-8 (
php.ini)

FILE_BINARY

4.17 ,
4.15.

file_get_contents(), ,
. ,
8 16 memory_limit
php.ini. memory_limit
, "Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 8388608 bytes
exhausted" (" : 8 388 608 ").

4.17. file_get_contents()
<?php
$str = file_get_contents("text.txt");
echo $str;
?>

, file_get_contents() . 4.18 .
4.18. file_get_contents()
<?php
$str = file_get_contents("http://www.softtime.ru");
echo $str;
?>

216

file_get_contents() , explode() ( 4.19).

4.19.
<?php
//
$contents = file_get_contents("text.txt");
//
$arr = explode("\n", $contents);
// $arr
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

4.19 $arr,
.
PHP file(),
:
file($filename [, $flags [, $context]])

$filename , .
$flags . 4.5. $context HTTP-, .

FILE_TEXT FILE_BINARY .

4.5. $flags file()

FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH

, include_path php.ini

FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES

FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES

FILE_TEXT

UTF-8 (
php.ini)

FILE_BINARY

217

4.20 4.19.
4.20. file()
<?php
//
$arr = file ("text.txt", FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES |
FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES |
FILE_BINARY);
// $arr
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "</pre>";
?>

4.5.
( fopen()) , r. , w w+, . fwrite(),
:
fwrite($handle, $str [, $length])

$handle $str. $length ,

( ).
,
FALSE. 4.21 , text.txt
"Hello world!".
4.21.
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "w");
if (!$fd) exit(" ");
// "Hello world!"
fwrite($fd, "Hello world!");
//
fclose($fd);
?>

, . 4.2, b t . -

218

,
. 4.2.
- ,
. UNIX-
\n, Windows \r\n, Mac OS \n\r. t UNIX- \n
. b .

Windows Windows- \r\n, UNIX \n ().

b, . .
.

Windows. "Hello\nworld!", UNIX- \n. ( 4.22) 12 .
4.22.
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "wb");
if (!$fd) exit(" ");
//
fwrite($fd, "Hello\nworld!");
//
fclose($fd);
//
$str = file_get_contents("text.txt");
echo strlen($str); // 12
?>

"Hello\nworld!" 13 , . . UNIX- \n \r\n ( 4.23).

4.23.
<?php
//
$fd = fopen("text.txt", "wt");
if (!$fd) exit(" ");
//
fwrite($fd, "Hello\nworld!");

219

//
fclose($fd);
//
$str = file_get_contents("text.txt");
echo strlen($str); // 13
?>

,
file_put_
contents(), :
file_put_contents($filename, $data [, $flags [, $context]])

$filename $data (
, ). $flags
. 4.6. $context
HTTP-, .

FILE_TEXT FILE_BINARY .

4.6. $flags
file_put_contents ()

FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH

, include_path php.ini

FILE_APPEND

LOCK_EX

FILE_TEXT

UTF-8 (
php.ini)

FILE_BINARY

4.24 4.19.
4.24. file_put_contents()
<?php
file_put_contents("text.txt", "Hello world!");
?>

220

,
( 4.25).
4.25.
<?php
//
$arr[] = "Hello ";
$arr[] = "world!";
//
file_put_contents("text.txt", $arr);
?>

4.6.
filesize(), . , , , , 4.26.
4.26.
function getfilesize($filename)
{
// ,
if (!file_exists($filename)) return " ";
//
$filesize = filesize($filename);
// 1024 ,
//
if ($filesize > 1024)
{
$filesize = (float)($filesize/1024);
// 1024 ,
//
if ($filesize > 1024)
{
$filesize = (float)($filesize/1024);
//
$filesize = round($filesize, 1);
return $filesize." ";
}
else
{
//
$filesize = round($filesize, 1);

221

return $filesize." ";

}
}
else
{
return $filesize." ";
}
}
?>

4.26, ,
file_exists() .
TRUE, , FALSE . , , filesize(), 1 , 1 .
.

4.7.
site.rar, 10 000 . , , ( 4.27).
4.27.
<?php
//
$filename = "site.rar";
// 10 000
$piece = 10000;
//
$fp = fopen($filename, "r");
//
$bufer = file_get_contents($filename);
//
fclose($fp);
// ,
$count = (int)filesize($filename)/$piece;
if((float)(filesize($filename)/$piece) $count != 0) $count++;
//
// $bufer
for($i=0; $i<$count; ++$i)
{
$part = substr($bufer,$i*$piece,$piece);
//
file_put_contents("site.tm".$i, $part);
}
?>

222

, tmN, N . , 4.28.
4.28.
<?php
$bufer = "";
for($i = 0; $i < 100000; ++$i)
{
//
$filename = "site.tm".$i;
//
if(file_exists($filename))
// ,
// $bufer
$bufer .= file_get_contents($filename);
else
//
//
break;
// $bufer
//
file_put_contents("site_final.rar", $bufer);
}
?>

4.8.


. ,
. . 4.3
Web-,
.
4.29 .
4.29.
<?php
//
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
// ,
//
if(isset($_POST['content']))

223

{
// ,
if(!file_exists($_POST['filename']))
exit(" ");
// , " "
if(get_magic_quotes_gpc())
{
// " "
$_POST['content'] = stripslashes($_POST['content']);
}
//
file_put_contents($_POST['filename'], $_POST['content']);
// $_GET
//
$_GET['filename'] = $_POST['filename'];
}
echo "<form method='get'>".
" ".
"<input type='text' name='filename' ".
"value='".htmlspecialchars($_GET['filename'])."' />";
echo "<input type='submit' value='' />";
echo "</form>";
//
// ,
if(isset($_GET['filename']))
{
// ,
if(!file_exists($_GET['filename']))
exit(" ");
// $bufer
$bufer = file_get_contents($_GET['filename']);
echo "<form method='post'>".
"<textarea cols='50' rows='5' name='content'>".
htmlspecialchars($bufer)."</textarea>".
"<input type='hidden' name='filename' ".
"value='".htmlspecialchars($_GET['filename'])."' />";
echo "<br /><br />";
echo "<input type='submit' value='' />";
echo "</form>";
}
?>

,
filename , GET , .
file_get_contents() $bufer, -

224

. 4.3.

. content filename,
.
,
POST. , ,
$_POST['content'] , .
$_POST $_GET.
, " " ,
get_magic_quotes_gpc(). " " (. . 2.1.9)
, , ,
. 4.29 , , stripslashes().
$_POST['content'] , , " " , ( 4.30).

, 4.30 get_magic_quotes_gpc()
!, . . if ,
" " , 4.31 , . . , " " .

4.30.
<?php
...
// , " "
if(!get_magic_quotes_gpc())

225

{
// " "
$_POST['content'] = addslashes($_POST['content']);
}
//
file_put_contents($_POST['filename'], "$_POST[content]");
...
?>

4.9.
,
, ,
.
,
, , index.php?down=archive.zip. , down, ,
filecount.txt.
.
HTTP-
Location . , 4.31.
4.31.
<?php
//
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
//
$file_name = array('archive1.zip','archive2.zip','archive3.zip');
// ,
$countname = "filecount.txt";
// ,
//
if(file_exists($countname))
{
//
$content = file_get_contents($countname);
//
$count = unserialize($content);
}
// ,
//

226

else
{
// $count
foreach($file_name as $file)
{
$count[$file] = 0;
}
//
file_put_contents($countname, serialize($count));
}
// , down
// GET
if(isset($_GET['down']))
{
// , $_GET['down']
// $file_name
if(in_array($_GET['down'],$file_name))
{
//
//
// $_GET['down']
$count[$_GET['down']]++;
//
file_put_contents($countname, serialize($count));
//
header("Location: $_GET[down]");
exit();
}
}
//
foreach($file_name as $file)
{
echo " <a href='$_SERVER[PHP_SELF]?down=$file'>$file</a>
".intval($count[$file])." <br />";
}
?>

$file_name, . . -,
down, , ,
. -,
. $count, , ,

227

serialize() ,
unserialize().

, HTTP-
, PHP
"Warning: Cannot modify header information headers already sent by"
(:
). HTTP: ,
, .
, ,
.

4.31, ,
filecount.txt ,
$file_name. 4.31
. 4.4.

. 4.4.

4.10.

HTML
, , ,
. , . ""
, . . HTTP-,
, ,
cookie . . ,
.
, HTTP-,
4.32.

228

4.32. ,
<?php
$filename = basename($_GET['down']);
header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=$filename");
header("Content-type: application/octet-stream");
header("Content-length: ".filesize($_GET['down']));
echo file_get_contents($_GET['down']);
?>

4.32 GET- , ,
index.php?down=filetext.txt. basename()
( , GET- down ). HTTP Content-Disposition , filename. filename
, filename
. HTTP- Content-type , , . HTTP- Content-length .
, $_GET['down'],
file_get_contents().
4.32 . 4.5.

, :
echo, . , ?>.

. 4.5.

229

4.11.

, Web-,
. , , ,
.

file(),
,
.
( 4.33).
4.33.
<?php
echo getlinecount($_GET['name']);
function getlinecount($filename)
{
// ,
if(!file_exists($filename)) return " ";
//
// file(), ,
//
$filearr = file($filename);
//
return count($filearr);
}
?>

, 4.33, ,
,
. ( 4.34).
4.34.
<?php
echo getlinecount($_GET['name']);
function getlinecount($filename)
{
// ,
if(!file_exists($filename)) return " ";
//
$fd = fopen($filename, "r");

230

//
if(!$fd) return " ";
$count = 0;
while(($line = fgets($fd)) !== false) $count++;
//
return $count;
}
?>

getlinecount() ,
.
, , .

4.12.
text.txt ( 4.35), .
4.35. text.txt
PHP
++
Java
Ruby
Python
Perl
JavaScript
Visual Basic
Fortran
Pascal
Assembler
Lisp
Haskell
C#

rand(),
:
rand([$min, $max])

$min $max. $min $max ,

0 RAND_MAX ( 32 768).
, , 4.36.

231

4.36.
<?php
//
$filename = "text.txt";
// count.txt
// $lines
$lines = file($filename);
// $lines
$index = rand(0, count($lines) 1);
// $index
echo $lines[$index];
?>

4.13.

. , .
file(), shuffle() ( 4.37).
4.37.
<?php
//
$filename = "text.txt";
//
$lines = file($filename);
//
shuffle($lines);
//
//
array_walk($lines, 'trim_array');
//
file_put_contents($filename, implode("\r\n", $lines));
function trim_array(&$item, $key)
{
$item = trim($item);
}
?>

array_walk() trim_array() $lines trim(),

232

,
.
4.37 text.txt ,
4.38.
4.38. text.txt
C#
Ruby
Assembler
Haskell
Java
Pascal
JavaScript
Python
Visual Basic
Perl
PHP
C++
Lisp
Fortran

file()
sort() rsort(), ( 4.39).
4.39. text.txt
<?php
//
$filename = "text.txt";
//
$lines = file($filename);
//
sort($lines);
//
//
array_walk($lines, 'trim_array');
//
file_put_contents($filename, implode("\r\n", $lines));
function trim_array(&$item, $key)
{
$item = trim($item);
}
?>

233

4.14.
,
. .
, , ,
(. 4.7).
4.7.

mkdir($pathname [, $mode [,
$recursive [, $context]]])

$pathname $mode.
$recursive
TRUE, $pathname . $context , .
TRUE, FALSE

rmdir($dirname [, $context])

$dirname.
TRUE,
FALSE

getcwd()

chdir ($directory)

,
$directory.
TRUE, FALSE

chroot($directory)

$directory.
TRUE,
FALSE

opendir($path [, $context])

"" , $path

readdir($dir_handle)

.
.

$dir_handle , opendir(). , FALSE

closedir($dir_handle)

$dir_handle, closedir()

rewinddir($dir_handle)

$dir_handle

scandir($directory [,
$sorting_order [, $context]])

$directory
FALSE, $directory .
, $sorting_order TRUE,

glob($pattern [, $flags])

,
$pattern.
$flags

234

,
, .
PHP Web- Apache
, .
getcwd() ( 4.40).
4.40. getcwd()
<?php
//
echo getcwd();
?>

chdir() ( 4.41).
cron- ,
, .
4.41. chdir()
<?php
//
chdir("/var/www/html/test/");
?>

4.42 mkdir()
new. mkdir() ,
.
4.42. mkdir()
<?php
if (mkdir("new", 0700)) echo " ";
else echo " ";
?>

4.15.

, , , ( 4.43).

235

4.43.
<?hp
//
$dir = opendir(".");
//
while (($file = readdir($dir)) !== FALSE) echo "$file<br>";
//
closedir($dir);
?>

$file = readdir($dir) FALSE, , , readdir() FALSE, .
opendir() readdir()
scandir(), :
scandir($directory [, $sorting_order [, $context]])

$directory FALSE,
$directory .
, $sorting_order TRUE,
.
4.44 , .
4.44. scandir()
<?php
$dir = 'dir';
//
$files = scandir($dir);
//
$sort_files = scandir($dir, 1);
//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($files);
print_r(sort_files);
echo "</pre>";
?>

4.44 :
Array
(
[0] => array.php

236
[1] => file.txt
[2] => somedir
)
Array
(
[0] => somedir
[1] => file.txt
[2] => array.php
)

glob(), :
glob($pattern [, $flags])

,
$pattern. $flags
. 4.8, .
4.8. $flags glob()

GLOB_MARK

/ UNIX- \ Windows ,

GLOB_NOSORT

GLOB_NOCHECK

GLOB_NOESCAPE

, *,? $.
. GLOB_NOCHECK

GLOB_BRACE

,
{*.html,*.htm,*.php} , html, htm php

GLOB_ONLYDIR

GLOB_ERR

. GLOB_ERR

4.45 glob().
4.45. glob()
<?php
// HTML- PHP-
$arr = glob("{*.html,*.htm,*.php}", GLOB_BRACE | GLOB_MARK);

237

//
if (is_array($arr))
{
foreach ($arr as $filename)
echo "$filename (".filesize($filename)." )<br>";
}
?>

( 4.46). scan_dir(), , . ,
, .
4.46.
<?php
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
function scan_dir($dirname)
{
//
$dir = opendir($dirname);
//
while (($file = readdir($dir)) !== false)
{
// ,
// $file
if($file != "." && $file != "..")
{
echo "$dirname/$file<br>";
// ,
// scan_dir
if(is_dir("$dirname/$file"))
{
scan_dir("$dirname/$file");
}
}
}
//
closedir($dir);
}
//
$dirname = ".";

238
// ,
//
scan_dir($dirname);
?>

, , .

4.16.
,
.
(. 4.6).

. 4.6.

.
,
.
file_count() ( 4.47).
4.47.
<?php
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
function scan_dir($dirname)


{
//
$dir = opendir($dirname);
//
while (($file = readdir($dir)) !== false)
{
// ,
// $file
if($file != "." && $file != "..")
{
// ,
// scan_dir
if(is_dir("$dirname/$file"))
{
echo "$dirname/$file ".
file_count("$dirname/$file")."<br>";
scan_dir("$dirname/$file");
}
}
}
//
closedir($dir);
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ,
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
function file_count($dirname)
{
//
$count = 0;
//
$dir = opendir($dirname);
//
while(($file = readdir($dir)))
{
//
if(is_file("$dirname/$file")) ++$count;
}
//
closedir($dir);
return $count;
}
//
$dirname = "scripts";
// ,
//
scan_dir($dirname);
?>

239

240

4.17.


( 4.48).
4.48.
<?php
// home home2
lowering("home","home2");
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
function lowering($dirname,$dirdestination)
{
//
$dir = opendir($dirname);
//
while (($file = readdir($dir)) !== false)
{
echo $file."<br>";
if(is_file("$dirname/$file"))
{
copy("$dirname/$file.", "$dirdestination/$file");
}
//
if(is_dir("$dirname/$file") &&
$file != "." &&
$file != "..")
{
//
if(!mkdir($dirdestination."/".$file))
{
echo " $dirdestination/$file";
}
// lowering
lowering("$dirname/$file", "$dirdestination/$file");
}
}
//
closedir($dir);
}
?>

241

4.18.

, rmdir() ( 4.49).
4.49. rmdir()
<?php
if (rmdir("c:/temp/test")) echo(" ");
else echo(" ");
?>

, FALSE. , . opendir(), readdir().

4.50.
4.50.
<?php
//
//
function full_del_dir($directory)
{
//
$dir = opendir($directory);
//
while(($file = readdir($dir)) !== FALSE)
{
// readdir()
if (is_file("$directory/$file")) unlink("$directory/$file");
// readdir() ,
//
// full_del_dir()
else if (is_dir("$directory/$file") &&
$file != "." &&
$file != "..")
{
full_del_dir("$directory/$file");
}
}
closedir($dir);
rmdir($directory);

242

echo(" ");
}
// temp
full_del_dir("temp");
?>

4.19. ,

,
filesize() ,
.
$size, size_dir() ( 4.51).
4.51. ,
<?php
//
//
function size_dir($directory, $size = 0)
{
$dir = opendir($directory);
while(($file = readdir($dir)))
{
// readdir()
if(is_file("$directory/$file"))
{
$size += filesize("$directory/$file");
}
// readdir()
//
// full_del_dir()
else if (is_dir("$directory/$file") &&
$file != "." &&
$file != "..")
{
size_dir("$directory/$file", $size);
}
}
closedir($dir);
return $size;
}
//
echo size_dir(".");
?>

PHP Web-.
, .
PHP
.

5.1.
PHP ,
, . 5.1
, http://site.dev/
image.jpg image/image.jpg.
5.1. ( 1)
<?php
$content = file_get_contents("http://site.dev/image.jpg");
file_put_contents("image/image.jpg", $contents);
?>

5.1, file_get_
contents() $content,
file_put_contents() .
, copy(),
, ( 5.2).

UNIX-
,
image.

244
5.2. ( 2)
<?php
copy("http://site.dev/image.jpg", "image.jpg");
?>

5.2.
, . . ,
HTTP-. .
(. . ).
, . 5.1,
.

, .
UNIX- , ,
.

fsockopen(),
:
fsockopen($target, $port [, $errno [, $errstr [, $timeout]]])

$target , $port
. ,
FALSE.
$errno $errstr,
. , $timeout
-, . , FALSE.

fsockopen() PHP-,
php.ini php_sockets.dll, ( ;)
extension.

fsockopen() 5.3,
http://www.php.net.
5.3. fsockopen()
<?php
function get_content($hostname, $path)
{
$line = "";

245

// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);
//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// HTTP-
$headers = "GET $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
$headers .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers);
//
while (!feof($fp))
{
$line .= fgets($fp, 1024);
}
fclose($fp);
}
return $line;
}
$hostname = "www.php.net";
$path = "/";
// .
// ,
set_time_limit(180);
//
echo get_content($hostname, $path);
?>

HTTP-, .
fsockopen() get_content(), : $hostname
, , $path .

, fsockopen() http://, 80.
,
fsockopen(), .

$headers
HTTP- GET.
( 5.4).

246
5.4. , www.php.net
GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: www.php.net\r\n
Connection: Close\r\n\r\n

fgets()
1 024 , , feof(). .
5.4
(/) GET HTTP/1.1. HTTP- Host
, HTTP- , ( , IP- ). HTTP- Connection .

/ , , /downloads.php,
. HTTP-, GET.

http://www.php.net/. 5.3 . 5.1.

. 5.1. www.php.net

247

HTTP-,
, ,
. HTTP- strstr(),
( ),
( ) ( 5.5).
5.5. HTTP-
<?php
...
$hostname = "www.php.net";
$path = "/";
// .
// ,
set_time_limit(180);
//
$content = get_content($hostname, $path);
echo strstr($content, '<');
?>

5.5 . 5.2. ,
http://www.php.net, , . ,
PHP-.

. 5.2. "" HTTP-

248

5.3. HTTP-
. 5.2 HTTP-,
, : HTTP-. , .

, .

5.3 HTTP- ( 5.6). HTTP-

HTTP- . ,
,
.
5.6. HTTP-
<?php
// HTTP-
function get_content($hostname, $path)
{
$line = "";
// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);
//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// HTTP-
$headers = "GET $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
$headers .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers);
$end = $false;
//
while (!$end)
{
$line = fgets($fp, 1024);
if (trim($line) == "") $end = true;
else $out[] = $line;
}
fclose($fp);
}

249

return $out;
}
$hostname = "www.php.net";
$path = "/";
// .
// ,
set_time_limit(180);
//
$out = get_content($hostname, $path);
//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($out);
echo "</pre>";
?>

:
Array
(
[0] => HTTP/1.1 200 OK
[1] => Date: Sun, 05 Jun 2011 07:19:00 GMT
[2] => Server: Apache/1.3.41 (Unix) PHP/5.2.12RC4-dev
[3] => X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.12RC4-dev
[4] => Content-language: en
[5] => Set-Cookie: COUNTRY=RUS%2C83.149.47.252; expires=Sun, 12-Jun-2011
07:19:00 GMT; path=/; domain=.php.net
[6] => Last-Modified: Sun, 05 Jun 2011 11:00:27 GMT
[7] => Connection: close
[8] => Transfer-Encoding: chunked
[9] => Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
)

,
( 200). ,
404 (HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found).
Date .
Server Web-. ,
http://www.php.net UNIX,
Web- Apache 1.3.41, PHP 5.2.12.
X-Powered-By , PHP 5.2.12.

HTTP-, X-, , , , ,
, . .

Last-Modified ; , .

250

Content-language ,
.
Set-Cookie cookie COUNTRY
"RUS,83.149.47.252", IP-
.php.net.
downloads http://www.php.net, .
Connection .
Transfer-Encoding ( chuncked) , .
Content-Type (text/html)
(charset=utf-8).
5.6 GET,
HTTP HEAD. ,
5.6 ( 5.7).
5.7. HEAD
<?php
// HTTP-
function get_content($hostname, $path)
{
$line = "";
// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);
//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// HTTP-
$headers = "HEAD $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
$headers .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers);
//
while (!feof($fp))
{
$out[] = fgets($fp, 1024);
}
fclose($fp);
}

251

return $out;
}
$hostname = "www.php.net";
$path = "/";
// .
// ,
set_time_limit(180);
//
$out = get_content($hostname, $path);
//
echo "<pre>";
print_r($out);
echo "</pre>";
?>

, 5.6 5.7 HTTP- Transfer-Encoding, . .

HTTP- .

HEAD HTTP-, GET, .

, PHP get_headers(),
HTTP- ,
HTTP- HEAD.
, true, ,
( 5.8).
5.8. HTTP- get_headers()
<?php
$out = get_headers("http://www.php.net", true);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($out);
echo "</pre>";
?>

5.8 :
Array
(
[0] => HTTP/1.1 200 OK
[Date] => Sun, 05 Jun 2011 08:06:52 GMT
[Server] => Apache/1.3.41 (Unix) PHP/5.2.12RC4-dev
[X-Powered-By] => PHP/5.2.12RC4-dev
[Content-language] => en

252

[Set-Cookie] => COUNTRY=RUS%2C83.149.47.252; expires=Sun, 12-Jun-2011 08:06:52

GMT; path=/; domain=.php.net
[Last-Modified] => Sun, 05 Jun 2011 11:00:27 GMT
[Connection] => close
[Content-Type] => text/html;charset=utf-8
)

5.4.

. get_content(),
HTTP- Content-Length ( 5.9).
5.9.
<?php
// HTTP-
$hostname = "http://www.softtime.ru/files/configs.zip";
$out = get_headers($hostname, true);
foreach($out as $header => $value)
{
if($header === "Content-Length")
{
echo " $value";
}
}
?>

:
26421

5.5. CURL
, , PHP CURL (Client URL Library). 5.10
,
CURL.

CURL PHP-, php.ini php_curl.dll,
( ;) c extension. ssleay32.dll libeay32.dll , PHP, ,
PATH, , C:\Windows\system32.

CURL HTTP-, , . . . CURL

HTTP-, ,

253

curl_setopt() CURLOPT_HEADER
(. . 5.1).
5.10. CURL
<?php
//
$curl = curl_init("http://www.php.net");
//
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
//
$content = curl_exec($curl);
// CURL-
curl_close($curl);
//
echo $content;
?>

curl_init() . fsockopen(), , http://, . . CURL (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP).

, curl_init() ,
.
curl_setopt()
:
curl_setopt($curl, $option, $value)

$curl $option
$value. $option , . 5.15.5. ,
TRUE.
curl_exec(). 5.10 $content (
CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,
curl_setopt()).
curl_exec() CURL-.
5.1. CURL-

CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER

HTTP- Location,
HTTP- Referer

254

5.1 ()

CURLOPT_COOKIESESSION

CURL cookie ( )

CURLOPT_CRLF

UNIX- \n
\r\n

CURLOPT_DNS_USE_GLOBAL_CACHE

DNS-

CURLOPT_FAILONERROR

HTTP- 300

CURLOPT_FILETIME

CURL

CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION

URL (
Location)

CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE

CURL-
curl_exec();

CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT

curl_exec() CURL ,

CURLOPT_FTPAPPEND

FTP ,

CURLOPT_FTPASCII

FTP- ,
(ASCII)

CURLOPT_FTPLISTONLY

TRUE
FTP-

CURLOPT_HEADER

HTTP-

CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL

TRUE -

CURLOPT_MUTE

TRUE CURL

CURLOPT_NETRC

TRUE

~/netrc ( ~ )

CURLOPT_NOBODY

.
, HTTP-

CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS

TRUE
( )

CURLOPT_POST

POST- application/x-www-formurlencoded

CURLOPT_PUT

TRUE
PUT HTTP. CURLOPT_INFILE CURLOPT_INFILESIZE.
, PUT

CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER

TRUE CURL ,

255
5.1 ()

CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER

FALSE
.
CURLOPT_CAINFO. CURLOPT_CAPATH.
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER 0, , 1 0 CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST
( 2)

CURLOPT_UNRESTRICTED_AUTH

TRUE
HTTP Location,

CURLOPT_UPLOAD

TRUE

CURLOPT_VERBOSE

TRUE

5.2. CURL-

CURLOPT_BUFFERSIZE

CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT

.
0

CURLOPT_DNS_CACHE_TIMEOUT

,
DNS-. 120 (2 )

CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION

HTTP-; :
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_NONE ( ),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0 ( HTTP 1.0),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1 ( HTTP 1.1)

CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH

() HTTP-; :
CURLAUTH_BASIC, CURLAUTH_DIGEST, CURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATE,
CURLAUTH_NTLM, CURLAUTH_ANY CURLAUTH_ANYSAFE

CURLOPT_INFILESIZE

CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT

. ,
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME, ,

CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME

,
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT,

CURLOPT_MAXCONNECTS

CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS

Location.
CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION

256

5.2 ()

CURLOPT_PORT

CURLOPT_PROXYAUTH

() -;
, CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH

CURLOPT_PROXYPORT

-;
CURLOPT_PROXY

CURLOPT_PROXYTYPE

-:
HTTP- (CURLPROXY_HTTP)
(CURLPROXY_SOCKS5)

CURLOPT_RESUME_FROM

CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST

,
( SSL-): 1 ; 2 ,

CURLOPT_SSLVERSION

SSL; 2 3.
SSL ,

CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION

CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE.
: TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE
TIMECOND_ISUNMODSINCE.
HTTP

CURLOPT_TIMEOUT

CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE

, 1 1970 .
CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION ( TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE)

5.3. CURL-

CURLOPT_CAINFO

, ,
.
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER

CURLOPT_CAPATH

. CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER

CURLOPT_COOKIE

HTTP- Cookie.
cookie
curl_setopt()

CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE

, cookie.
Netscape, HTTP-

CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR

, cookie,

257
5.3 ()

CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST

, HTTP- GET
HEAD. DELETE , . GET,
POST . .

CURLOPT_ENCODING

HTTP- Accept-Encoding,
HTTP-. : identity, deflate,
gzip

CURLOPT_FTPPORT

IP- PORT FTP. : IP-, , (

UNIX), IP-

CURLOPT_INTERFACE

.
, IP-

CURLOPT_KRB4LEVEL

KRB4 (Kerberos 4) FTP. ( ): clear, safe, confidential, private. , private.

NULL KRB4

CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS

POST-

CURLOPT_PROXY

-,

CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD

- HTTP
[username]:[password]

CURLOPT_RANDOM_FILE

,
SSL

CURLOPT_RANGE

"X-Y"
( X Y ). , : "X-". HTTP ,
"X-Y,N-M"

CURLOPT_REFERER

HTTP- Referer

CURLOPT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST

, SSL, : RC4-SHA, TLSv1

CURLOPT_SSLCERT

SSL- PEM

CURLOPT_SSLCERTPASSWD

SSL-,
CURLOPT_SSLCERT

CURLOPT_SSLCERTTYPE

. : PEM
( ), DER ENG

CURLOPT_SSLKEY

, SSL-

CURLOPT_SSLKEYPASSWD

,
SSL-

CURLOPT_SSLKEYTYPE

SSL-. :
PEM ( ), DER ENG

CURLOPT_URL

URL, .

curl_init()

258

5.3 ()

CURLOPT_USERAGENT

HTTP- User-Agent.

CURLOPT_USERPWD

[username]:[password]

5.4. CURL-,

CURLOPT_HTTP200ALIASES

HTTP- 200 (
)

CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER

HTTP-

CURLOPT_POSTQUOTE

FTP-,

CURLOPT_QUOTE

FTP-,

5.5. CURL-,
, fopen()

CURLOPT_FILE

CURLOPT_INFILE

CURLOPT_WRITEHEADER

HTTP-

CURLOPT_STDERR

CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, CURLOPT_FILE
CURLOPT_WRITEHEADER, curl_exec() . , 5.10 , ( 5.11).
5.11.
<?php
//
$curl = curl_init("http://www.php.net");
//
echo curl_exec($curl);
// CURL-
curl_close($curl);
?>

259

HTTP- CURL
, 5.12.
5.12. CURL
<?php
function get_content($hostname)
{
//
$curl = curl_init($hostname);
//
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
// HTTP-
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1);
// HTTP-
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_NOBODY, 1);
// HTTP-
$content = curl_exec($curl);
// CURL-
curl_close($curl);
// $content
return explode("\r\n", $content);
}
$hostname = "http://www.php.net";
$out = get_content($hostname);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($out);
echo "</pre>";
?>

curl_setopt()
CURLOPT_HEADER CURLOPT_NOBODY,
HTTP-, HTTP-.

5.6.
: , , (
). ,
, ,

260

13 ( ). 5.13
wwv.nist.gov.
5.13.
<?php
$fp = fsockopen("wwv.nist.gov",
13,
$errno,
$errstr,
5);
if (!$fp) exit("ERROR: $errno $errstr");
else echo fread($fp, 26);
fclose($fp);
?>

5.13 :
55717 11-06-05 10:17:45 5

5.7. Yandex
Yandex, GET- text http://www.yandex.ru/
yandsearch. , " PHP" (
urlendode()):
http://www.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D4%EE%F0%F3%EC+PHP

5.14 , Yandex .
,
: url name .
5.14. (Yandex)
<?php
// Yandex
function yandex($url)
{
//
$result = array();
//
$contents = file_get_contents($url);
//
$pattern =
"|<a.*?tabindex=\"[\d]+\"(.*?)href=\"([^\"]+)\"[^>]+>(.*?)</a>|is";

261

//
preg_match_all($pattern, $contents, $out, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER);
//
for($i = 0; $i < count($out[2]); $i++)
{
$result[$i]['url'] = $out[2][$i];
$result[$i]['name'] = $out[3][$i];
}
return $result;
}
//
$url = "http://www.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D4%EE%F0%F3%EC+PHP";
//
$arr = yandex($url);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "<pre>";
?>

,
, tabindex.

5.8. Google
Yandex, GET- q http://www.google.ru/
search. " PHP" :
http://www.google.ru/search?q=%D4%EE%F0%F3%EC+PHP&complete=1&hl=ru&sa=N

5.15 , Google :
(url name ).
5.15. (Google)
<?php
// Google
function google($url)
{
//
$result = array();
//
$contents = file_get_contents($url);
//
$pattern =
'|<h3 class="r"><a href=\"([^\"]+)\"[^>]*>(.+)</a>|isU';

262
//
preg_match_all($pattern, $contents, $out, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER);
//
for($i = 0; $i < count($out[1]); $i++)
{
$result[$i]['url'] = $out[1][$i];
$result[$i]['name'] = $out[2][$i];
}
return $result;
}
//
$url = "http://www.google.ru/search?q=".urlencode(" PHP").
"&complete=1&hl=ru&sa=N";
//
$arr = google($url);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($arr);
echo "<pre>";
?>

5.9.

HTML-, RSS-. , , XML-, , . .
XML- , HTML-. XML-,
,
HTML-.

. http://
www.cbr.ru/currency_base/D_print.asp?date_req=$date, $date //, : http://www.cbr.ru/
currency_base/D_print.asp?date_req=01/06/2011.

,
http://www.cbr.ru/scripts/Root.asp?Prtid=SXML.

HTML-, XML-
http://www.cbr.ru/scripts/XML_daily.asp?date_req=$date.
XML-, (. 5.3),
, 5.16.

263

. 5.3. 1 2011 .

5.16. XML-
<Valute ID="R01010">
<NumCode>036</NumCode>
<CharCode>AUD</CharCode>
<Nominal>1</Nominal>
<Name> </Name>
<Value>21,4176</Value>
</Valute>

<NumCode> <CharCode> .
<Name> . <Nominal>
<Value> .

<Nominal>, , , 10.

XML- ( 5.17).
5.17. XML-
<?php
// XML-
$url = "http://www.cbr.ru/scripts/XML_daily.asp?date_req=".
date("d/m/Y");
//
$content = file_get_contents($url);

264

//
$pattern = "|<valute
id=\"([^\"]+)\">[\s]*<NumCode>([^<]+)</NumCode>[\s]*<CharCode>([^<]+)</CharCode
>[\s]*<Nominal>([^<]+)</Nominal>[\s]*<Name>([^<]+)</Name>[\s]*<Value>([^<]+)</V
alue>[\s]*</Valute>|is";
preg_match_all($pattern, $content, $out);
echo "<table border=1>";
echo "<tr>
<td>ID</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>";
for($i = 0; $i < count($out[1]); $i++)
{
echo "<tr>
<td>".$out[1][$i]."</td>
<td>".$out[2][$i]."</td>
<td>".$out[3][$i]."</td>
<td>".$out[4][$i]."</td>
<td>".$out[5][$i]."</td>
<td>".$out[6][$i]."</td>
</tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
?>

XML-, $out.
, . 5.4.
5.18 , , .
5.18.
<?php
// XML-
$url = "http://www.cbr.ru/scripts/XML_daily.asp?date_req=".
date("d/m/Y");
//
$content = file_get_contents($url);
//
$pattern = "|<valute
id=\"([^\"]+)\">[\s]*<NumCode>([^<]+)</NumCode>[\s]*<CharCode>
([^<]+)</CharCode>[\s]*<Nominal>([^<]+)</Nominal>[\s]*<Name>([^<]+)</Name>[\s]*
<Value>([^<]+)</Value>[\s]*</Valute>|is";

265

preg_match_all($pattern, $content, $out);

for($i = 0; $i < count($out[1]); $i++)
{
$out[6][$i] = str_replace(",",".",$out[6][$i]);
if($out[3][$i] == "USD")
echo sprintf(" %3.2f<br>", $out[6][$i]/$out[4][$i]);
if($out[3][$i] == "EUR")
echo sprintf(" %3.2f<br>", $out[6][$i]/$out[4][$i]);
}
?>

str_replace(), , .

. 5.4. 5.17

XML-
, XML-.
XML-
simplexml_load_file(), ,
XML-. 5.19 ,
.
5.19.
<?php
// XML-
$url = "http://www.cbr.ru/scripts/XML_daily.asp?date_req=".
date("d/m/Y");

266

//
$xml = simplexml_load_file($url);
foreach($xml as $index => $value)
{
if($value->CharCode == "USD")
echo sprintf(" %3.2f<br>", $value->Value);
if($value->CharCode == "EUR")
echo sprintf(" %3.2f<br>", $value->Value);
}
?>

5.10. POST
, name
( 5.20).
5.20. HTML-
<form action='handler.php' method='post'>
: <input type='text' name='name'><br>
: <input type='text' name='pass'><br>
<input type='submit' value=''>
</form>

POST handler.php, 5.21.

5.21. handler.php
<?php
echo " $_POST[name] <br>";
echo " $_POST[pass] <br>";
?>

, name pass
HTML-. HTML- POST-,
.
.
POST HTTP-
POST /path HTTP/1.1 Content-Length,
.
POST, GET, ,
, .
GET: = -

267

(&). , HTML- name=, pass=,

:
name=&pass=

, , ,
urlencode().
, POST , 5.22.
5.22. POST
<?php
$hostname = "localhost";
$path = "/puzzles/handler.php";
$line = "";
// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);
//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// HTTP-
$data =
"name=".urlencode("")."&pass=".urlencode("")."\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
$headers = "POST $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
$headers .= "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n";
$headers .= "Content-Length: ".strlen($data)."\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers.$data);
//
while (!feof($fp))
{
$line .= fgets($fp, 1024);
}
fclose($fp);
}
echo $line;
?>

:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2005 18:00:44 GMT

268
Server: Apache/1.3.33 (Win32)
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.0.4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Type: text/html
22

HTTP-,
HTML-.

. , .
HTML-, .
, "" , .

5.23
CURL.
5.23. POST- CURL
<?php
//
$curl = curl_init("http://localhost/puzzles/5/handler.php");
// POST
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
// POST-
$data = "name=".urlencode("").
"&pass=".urlencode("")."\r\n\r\n";
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
//
curl_exec($curl);
// CURL-
curl_close($curl);
?>

CURL ,
POST, CURLOPT_POST. POST- CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS.

269

5.11.
,

$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']. , 1.php
2.php (<a href='2.php'></a>), 2.php
5.24, , . 5.5.
5.24.
<?php
echo " ".$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
?>

. 5.5.

HTML- ( HTML- ). . HTML- index.php, 5.25.

5.25. HTML-
<table>
<form action='handler.php' method='post'>
<tr>
<td>:</td>
<td><input type='text' name='name'></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:</td>
<td><input type='password' name='pass'></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><input type='submit' value=''></td>

270

</tr>
</form>
</table>

HTML- HTML handler.php ,

( 5.26).
5.26. HTML-
<?php
// HTML-
$html = "http://".$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
// ,
if (substr($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'], 0, strlen($html)) == $html)
{
if ($_POST['name'] == 'admin' && $_POST['pass'] == 'admin')
{
// HTML-
}
}
else
{
echo " ";
}
?>

.
,
Web- .
, :
HTTP- Referer ( 5.27) CURL,
curl_setopt() CURLOPT_REFERER ( 5.28).
5.27.
<?php
$hostname = "localhost";
$path = "/test/handler.php";
$line = "";
// POST (admin),
// (admin), session_id ($SID)
// cookie PHPSESSID
// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);


//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// POST-
$data = "name=admin&pass=admin&\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
$headers = "POST $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
$headers .= "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n";
$headers .= "Content-Length: ".strlen($data)."\r\n";
//
$headers .= "Referer: http://localhost/test/index.php\r\n";
$headers .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers.$data);
//
while (!feof($fp))
{
$line .= fgets($fp, 1024);
}
fclose($fp);
}
echo $line;
?>
5.28. CURL
<?php
//
$curl = curl_init("http://localhost/test/handler.php");
// POST
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
// POST-
$data = "name=admin&pass=admin&\r\n\r\n";
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
//
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_REFERER,
"http://localhost/test/index.php");
//
curl_exec($curl);
// CURL-
curl_close($curl);
?>

271

272

5.12.
PHP-
USER_AGENT : PHP 5.3.
php.ini user_agent
(. . 2.1.11).
$_SERVER['USER_AGENT']. , . . HTTP- User-Agent. HTTP, , . 5.29 , , ,
Windows XP,
Internet Explorer 6.0. HTTP- User-Agent :
Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
5.29.
<?php
$hostname = "localhost";
$path = "/test/index.php";
$line = "";
// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);
//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// HTTP-
$headers = "GET $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
// ,
// Windows XP
$headers .= "User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 ".
"(compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\r\n";
$headers .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers);
//
while (!feof($fp))
{
$line .= fgets($fp, 1024);
}

273

fclose($fp);
}
echo $line;
?>

5.30 CURL. curl_setopt() CURLOPT_USERAGENT HTTP User-Agent.

5.30. CURL
<?php
//
$curl = curl_init("http://localhost/test/handler.php");
//
$useragent = "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1";
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $useragent);
//
curl_exec($curl);
// CURL-
curl_close($curl);
?>

5.13. cookie
cookie , , ,
( cookie)
.
HTTP- Cookie cookie.
HTTP- , cookie
, HTTP- :
Cookie: name1=value1; name2=value2; ...

name1, name2, ... cookie, value1, value2, ... .

, cookie, . cookie name ,
cookie admin, editor user
, ( 5.31).
5.31. cookie
<?php
if (isset($_COOKIE['name']))
{

274
if (isset($_COOKIE['admin']))
{
echo ", $_COOKIE[name] !<br>";
}
if (isset($_COOKIE['editor']))
{
echo ", $_COOKIE[name] !<br>";
}
if (isset($_COOKIE['user']))
{
echo ", $_COOKIE[name] !<br>";
}
}
?>

, ,
5.32.

, . .
.
SID, , , cookie.
, , , (, XSS-),
.

5.32. cookie
<?php
$hostname = "localhost";
$path = "/1.php";
// ,
// $hostname
$fp = fsockopen($hostname, 80, $errno, $errstr, 30);
//
if (!$fp) echo "$errstr ($errno)<br />\n";
else
{
// HTTP-
$headers = "GET $path HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$headers .= "Host: $hostname\r\n";
// cookie
$headers .= "Cookie: name=cheops; admin=1;\r\n";
$headers .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
// HTTP-
fwrite($fp, $headers);

275

//
$line = "";
while (!feof($fp))
{
$line .= fgets($fp, 1024);
}
fclose($fp);
}
echo $line;
?>

cookie, HTTP-:
Cookie: name=cheops; admin=1;\r\n

cheops cookie admin 1.

. 5.6. HTTP- , , , .

. 5.6.

. 5.7.

276

:
cookie admin editor user. ,
5.32
. HTTP- :
Cookie: name=cheops; admin=1; editor=1; user=1;\r\n

. 5.7.

5.14. IP-

IP-, , DNS- IP-. HTTP 1.1
IP- .
fsockopen(), , PHP
, IP-
(. 5.6). , Whois-,
IP-.
5.6. IP-

heckdnsrr($hostname [, $type])

DNS- $type
$hostname

gethostbyname($hostname)

$hostname IP-

gethostbynamel($hostname)

$hostname IP-

gethostbyaddr($ip_address)

IP- $ip_address

ip2long($ip_address)

IP- $ip_address

long2ip($proper_address)

IP- $proper_address

gethostbyname() , , IP-.
:
gethostbyname($hostname)

5.33
http://www.yandex.ru.

IP-

277

5.33. gethostbyname()
<?php
$hostname = "www.yandex.ru";
$ip_address = gethostbyname($hostname);
echo "IP- $hostname: $ip_address";
?>

, 5.33 :
IP- www.yandex.ru: 93.158.134.203

IP-; . IP-,
, gethostbynamel(),
gethostbyname(). :
gethostbynamel($hostname)

,
DNS . DNS, ,
DNS- .
IP- gethostbynamel()
( 5.34).
5.34. gethostbynamel()
<?php
$hostname = "www.yandex.ru";
$ip_address = gethostbynamel($hostname);
for($i = 0; $i < count($ip_address); $i++)
{
echo "IP- $hostname: {$ip_address[$i]}<br>";
}
?>

, 5.34 :
IP-
IP-
IP-
IP-
IP-
IP-
IP-

www.yandex.ru:
www.yandex.ru:
www.yandex.ru:
www.yandex.ru:
www.yandex.ru:
www.yandex.ru:
www.yandex.ru:

93.158.134.203
213.180.204.3
77.88.21.3
87.250.250.3
87.250.250.203
87.250.251.3
93.158.134.3

278

5.15.
IP-
gethostbyaddr() IP- $ip_address
. :
gethostbyaddr($ip_address)

5.35 gethostbyaddr() .
5.35. gethostbyaddr()
<?php
$ip_address = "127.0.0.1";
$hostname = gethostbyaddr($ip_address);
echo " IP- $ip_address: $hostname";
?>

5.35 :
IP- 127.0.0.1: localhost

5.16. IP-
Whois ,
IP-. IP- 43
Whois-. Whois- IP . whois.arin.net.
Whois- IP-,
ReferralServer,
Whois-, IP-. Whois- whois(),
: Whois- IP-.
,
( 5.36).
5.36.
<center>
<form method='post'>
<input type='text' name='ip' size='35'
value='<?php
if (!empty($_POST['ip'])) echo htmlspecialchars($_POST['ip']);
?>'>
<input type='submit' value=' IP-'>

279

</form>
</center>
<?php
if (!empty($_POST['ip'])) echo whois("whois.arin.net",$_POST['ip']);
function whois($url,$ip)
{
// TCP,
// "whois.arin.net" 43.
// $sock.
$sock = fsockopen($url, 43, $errno, $errstr);
if (!$sock) exit("$errno($errstr)");
else
{
echo $url."<br>";
// $_POST["ip"]
// .
fputs ($sock, $ip."\r\n");
//
$text = "";
while (!feof($sock))
{
$text .= fgets ($sock, 128)."<br>";
}
//
fclose ($sock);
//
$pattern = "|ReferralServer: whois://([^\n<:]+)|i";
preg_match($pattern, $text, $out);
if (!empty($out[1])) return whois($out[1], $ip);
else return $text;
}
}
?>

whois.arin.net,
.
Whois-, . 213.115.162.82,
AB MySQL, ,
. 5.8.
. 5.8, Whois-: whois.arin.net
whois.ripe.net.
IP- 192.131.90.161, http://
www.w3c.org, , . 5.9. , IP- Whois-
whois.apnic.net.

280

. 5.8. IP- 213.115.162.82

. 5.9. IP- 192.131.90.161

281

5.17.
PHP mail(), :
mail($to, $subject, $body [, $headers] [, $parameters])

:
$to ;
$subject ;
$message ;
$headers , ;
$parameters , .

$headers,
.
(text/plain) HTML- (text/html)
.
Content-Type charset .
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\r\n

cp1251 UTF-8
windows-1251.

, , , , 5.37.
5.37. mail()
<?php
$theme = " ";
$message = "<html>
<head></head>
<body>
".date("d.m.Y H:i:s")."<br>
".filesize($_SERVER['PHP_SELF'])."
</body>
</html>";
$headers = "Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\r\n";
if(mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers))
{
echo " ";
}

282

else
{
echo " ";
}
?>

.

From:
From: name <e-mail>

name ,
, e-mail .
$headers
( 5.38).
5.38.
<?php
$headers = "Content-Type: text/html; charset=KOI8-R\r\n";
$headers .= "From: server <someone@somewhere.ru>\r\n\r\n";
?>

, ,
server someone@somewhere.ru.

5.18.
,
.
HTML-, mail_to,
mail_subject, mail_msg
, file , HTML- ( 5.39).
5.39. HTML-
<?php
if(!empty($_POST))
{
// HTML-
include "handler.php";
}
?>

283

<table>
<form enctype='multipart/form-data' method='post'>
<tr>
<td width=50%>To:</td>
<td align='right'>
<input type='text' name='mail_to' maxlength='32'>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=50%>Subject:</td>
<td align='right'>
<input type='text' name='mail_subject' maxlength='64'>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan='2'>
:<br><textarea cols='50' rows='8' name='mail_msg'></textarea>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width='50%'>Photo:</td>
<td align='right'>
<input type='file' name='mail_file' maxlength='64'>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan='2'><input type='submit' value=''></td></tr>
</form>
</table>

HTML- . 5.10.
handler.php, ( 5.40).
5.40. HTML-
<?php
if(empty($_POST['mail_to'])) exit(" ");
//
$pattern = "/^[0-9a-z_]+@[0-9a-z_^\.]+\.[a-z]{2,6}$/i";
if (!preg_match($pattern, $_POST['mail_to']))
{
exit(" somebody@server.com");
}
$_POST['mail_to'] = htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($_POST['mail_to']));
$_POST['mail_subject'] =
htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($_POST['mail_subject']));

284

$_POST['mail_msg'] =
htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($_POST['mail_msg']));
$picture = "";
//
if (!empty($_FILES['mail_file']['tmp_name']))
{
//
$path = $_FILES['mail_file']['name'];
if (copy($_FILES['mail_file']['tmp_name'], $path)) $picture = $path;
}
$thm = $_POST['mail_subject'];
$msg = $_POST['mail_msg'];
$mail_to = $_POST['mail_to'];
//
if(empty($picture)) mail($mail_to, $thm, $msg);
else send_mail($mail_to, $thm, $msg, $picture);
//
function send_mail($to, $thm, $html, $path)
{
$fp = fopen($path,"r");
if (!$fp)
{
print " $path ";
exit();
}
$file = fread($fp, filesize($path));
fclose($fp);
$boundary = "--".md5(uniqid(time())); //
$headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n";
$headers .="Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"$boundary\"\n";
$multipart .= "--$boundary\n";
$kod = 'utf-8'; // $kod = 'windows-1251';
$multipart .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=$kod\n";
$multipart .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quot-Printed\n\n";
$multipart .= "$html\n\n";
$message_part = "--$boundary\n";
$message_part .= "Content-Type: application/octet-stream\n";
$message_part .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64\n";
$message_part .= "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename =
\"".$path."\"\n\n";
$message_part .= chunk_split(base64_encode($file))."\n";
$multipart .= $message_part."--$boundary--\n";
if(!mail($to, $thm, $multipart, $headers))
{

285

exit(" , ");
}
}
//
@header("Location: ".$_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);
?>

. 5.10. HTML-

,
. , mail().
,
send_mail(). send_mail()
mail(). ,
.

.

5.19.

, HTML, , 5.41.

286
5.41.
<?php
function htmlimgmail($mail_to, $thema, $html, $path)
{
$EOL = "\n";
$boundary
= "--".md5(uniqid(time()));
$headers
= "MIME-Version: 1.0;$EOL";
$headers .= "From: somebody@somewhere.ru$EOL";
$headers
.= "Content-Type: multipart/related; ".
"boundary=\"$boundary\"$EOL";
$multipart
$multipart
$multipart
$multipart
if($EOL ==
$multipart

= "--{$boundary}$EOL";
.= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=koi8-r$EOL";
.= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit$EOL";
.= $EOL;
"\n") $multipart .= str_replace("\r\n", $EOL, $html);
.= $EOL;

if (!empty($path))
{
for($i = 0; $i < count($path); $i++)
{
$file = file_get_contents($path[$i]);
$name = basename($path[$i]);
$multipart .= "$EOL--$boundary$EOL";
$multipart .= "Content-Type: image/jpeg; name=\"$name\"$EOL";
$multipart .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64$EOL";
$multipart .= "Content-ID: <".md5($name).">$EOL";
$multipart .= $EOL;
$multipart .= chunk_split(base64_encode($file), 76, $EOL);
}
}
$multipart .= "$EOL--$boundary--$EOL";
if(!is_array($mail_to))
{
//
if(!mail($mail_to, $thema, $multipart, $headers))
return False;
else
return True;
exit;
}
else
{
//
foreach($mail_to as $mail)

287

{
mail($mail, $thema, $multipart, $headers);
}
}
}
?>

5.42 htmlimgmail(). $mail_to , ( , ), $thema , HTML-.

. ,
, . . htmlimgmail() . HTML- cid, , Content-ID.
md5().
5.42. htmlimgmail()
<?php
//
$picture[0] = "s_20040815135808.jpg";
$picture[1] = "s_20040815135939.jpg";
$mail_to = "sombody@somewhere.ru";
$thm
= convert_cyr_string(" ", "w", "k");
$html = "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML ".
"4.01 Transitional//EN\">
<html>
<head><title> </title></head>
<body><img src='cid:".md5($picture[0])."' border='0'>
<br><br><img src='cid:".md5($picture[1])."' border='0'></body>
</html>";
$html = convert_cyr_string($html, "w", "k");
if(send_mail($mail_to, $thm, $html, $picture))
echo " ".date("d.m.Y H:i");
else
echo " ";
?>

MySQL


.
, , ,
. . , (SQL). ,
. PHP MySQL.
PHP ,
, Oracle, MS SQL, Sybase . .

6.1. SQL
() . , , . , ().
, ,
.

. http://softtime.ru/forum/
index.php?id_forum=3.

,
, SQL (Structured Query Language,
).
, SQL " ",
, -

 MySQL

289

. SQL ,
, :
( );
( -

);
(//);
(

, );
( );
.

SQL , (PHP, C++, Pascal . .) . , .

, SQL , : ,
,
. , SQL
, - ,
. ,
,
, .

6.2. ,

MySQL data.
, . ,
, ,
, .
. 6.1 .
6.1.

CREATE DATABASE db;

db

DROP DATABASE db;

db

290

6.1 ()

SHOW DATABASES;

USE db;

db

RENAME DATABASE db TO new;

db new

ALTER DATABASE db;

db

USE SQL,
mysql. PHP- MySQL mysql_select_db().

CREATE DATABASE
DEFAULT CHARACTER SET.

, . 6.1
wet Windows-1251.

, MySQL,
SHOW CHARACTER SET.

6.1. Windows-1251
CREATE DATABASE wet DEFAULT CHARACTER SET cp1251;

,
ALTER DATABASE ( 6.2).
6.2. UTF-8
ALTER DATABASE wet DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8;

RENAME DATABASE. 6.3 wet db.

6.3.
RENAME DATABASE wet TO db;

DROP DATABASE.
, , IF EXISTS,

 MySQL

291

, ( 6.4).
IF EXISTS , .
6.4.
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS db;

, CREATE DATABASE
,
IF NOT EXISTS, ,
( 6.5).
6.5.
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS wet;

6.3. ,

, .
: ,
db.tbl, tbl.
, USE
mysql_select_db(). , .
. 6.2 .
6.2.

CREATE TABLE tbl;

tbl

DROP TABLE tbl;

tbl

ALTER TABLE tbl;

tbl

RENAME TABLE tbl TO new;

tbl new

DESCRIBE TABLE tbl;

tbl

TRUNCATE TABLE tbl;

tbl

SHOW TABLES;

6.6 tbl,
: id name.

292
6.6.
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT,
name TEXT
);

, , . . 6.3 .

.
UNSIGNED.
, , , .

6.3.

TINYINT

128 127, 0 255

SMALLINT

32 768 32 767, 0 65535

MEDIUMINT

8 388 608 8 388 608, 0 16 777 215

INT, INTEGER

2 147 683 648 2 147 683 648, 0 4 294 967 295

BIGINT

263 2631, 0 264

BIT

1 64

BOOL, BOOLEAN

0, 1

DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC

, :
, DECIMAL(5,2) 5
, ,
99,99 999,99

FLOAT

1,175494351 1039,
3,402823466 1038

DOUBLE, REAL,

2,2250738585072014 10308,
1,797693134862315 10308

DOUBLE PRECISION

MySQL : TINYINT, SMALLINT, MEDIUMINT, INT, BIGINT.

,
. ,
.
DECIMAL NUMERIC DEC , , . , (FLOAT DOUBLE), DECIMAL , FLOAT DOUBLE.

 MySQL

293

MySQL , , INT(11).

, , mysql.

. 6.4 , BLOB-, .
6.4.

CHAR

,
, , CHAR(255)
255 ( 65 535). ,
VARCHAR

VARCHAR

, CHAR,
, ,

TINYBLOB, TINYTEXT

, 255

BLOB, TEXT

, 65 535

MEDIUMBLOB, MEDIUMTEXT

, 2241

LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT

, 2321

ENUM('value1','value2',...)

SET('value1','value2',...)

(. 6.5).
6.5.

DATE

, '1000-01-01'
'9999-12-31'

TIME

, '828:59:59'
'828:59:59'

DATATIME

,
'1000-01-01 00:00:00' '9999-12-31 00:00:00'

TIMESTAMP

,
'1970-01-01 00:00:00' '2038-12-31 59:59:59'. INSERT UPDATE

YEAR

1901 2155 YEAR(4),

1970 2069 YEAR(2)

CREATE TABLE, . ,

294

ENGINE. 6.7 MyISAM-

comments, DEFAULT CHARSET UTF-8.

MySQL ,
InnoDB. , CREATE TABLE , ( defaultstorage-engine my.ini).

6.7.
CREATE TABLE comments (
id_position INT,
name TINYTEXT,
comment TEXT,
putdate DATETIME,
hide ENUM('show','hide')
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

DROP TABLE,
6.8. DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS
.
6.8.
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS comments;

ALTER TABLE, , . 6.9 author

id_position comments.

AFTER id_position ,
.
FIRST.

6.9. comments
ALTER TABLE comments ADD COLUMN author TEXT AFTER id_position;

DESCRIBE,
( 6.10).

 MySQL

295

6.10.
DESCRIBE comments;
+-------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field
| Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id_position | int(11)
| NO
|
| NULL
|
|
| author
| text
| NO
|
| NULL
|
|
| name
| tinytext
| NO
|
| NULL
|
|
| comment
| text
| NO
|
| NULL
|
|
| putdate
| datetime
| NO
|
| NULL
|
|
| hide
| enum('show','hide') | NO
|
| NULL
|
|
+-------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

DROP COLUMN ( 6.11).

6.11. comments
ALTER TABLE comments DROP COLUMN author;

MODIFY.
6.12 id_position INT BIGING.
6.12.
ALTER TABLE comments MODIFY id_position BIGINT;

CHANGE, . 6.13 id_position

id_comment.
6.13.
ALTER TABLE comments CHANGE id_position id_comment INT;

6.4. .
INSERT
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES().
. CREATE TABLE
.
tbl, , id
5, id_cat NULL ( 6.14).

296
6.14. tbl
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '5',
id_cat INT(11) DEFAULT NULL
);

INSERT, ( 6.15).
6.15. INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT

INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO

tbl
tbl
tbl
tbl

VALUES (10, 20);

(id_cat, id) VALUES (10, 20);
(id) VALUES (30);
() VALUES ();

, INSERT
.
SELECT ( 6.16),
. 6.6.
6.16.
SELECT * FROM tbl;
+----+--------+
| id | id_cat |
+----+--------+
| 10 |
20 |
| 20 |
10 |
| 30 |
NULL |
| 5 |
NULL |
+----+--------+

. INSERT comments, 6.7, ( 6.17).

6.17.
INSERT INTO comments
VALUES(1, '', ' ', NOW(), 'show');

MySQL- NOW(),
.

 MySQL

297

INSERT ,
VALUES ,
( 6.18).
6.18.
INSERT INTO comments VALUES
(1, '', ' ', NOW(), 'show'),
(2, '', ' ', NOW(), 'show');

6.5.
, ,
. .
MySQL . PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT.
NULL
0 ,
, . 6.19 tbl, id name. id
AUTO_INCREMENT.
6.19. AUTO_INCREMENT
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name TINYTEXT,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
) DEFAULT CHARSET=cp1251;
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (NULL, '');
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (NULL, ' ');
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (NULL, '');
SELECT * FROM tbl;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 1 |
|
| 2 | |
| 3 |
|
+----+-------------------+

,
AUTO_INCREMENT ( -

298

).
MySQL LAST_INSERT_ID(), 6.20.

PHP mysql_insert_id().

6.20.
SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|
3 |
+------------------+

6.6. . SELECT
SELECT.
6.19. SELECT
*,
, FROM . * . tbl,
6.19, SELECT, ( 6.21).
6.21. SELECT
SELECT id, name FROM tbl;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 1 |
|
| 2 | |
| 3 |
|
+----+-------------------+

6.6.1. .
AS
SELECT (
). 6.22 SELECT- id

 MySQL

299

100, NOW(),
.
6.22.
SELECT id + 100, name, NOW() FROM tbl;
+----------+-------------------+---------------------+
| id + 100 | name
| NOW()
|
+----------+-------------------+---------------------+
|
101 |
| 2011-06-18 13:26:46 |
|
102 | | 2011-06-18 13:26:46 |
|
103 |
| 2011-06-18 13:26:46 |
+----------+-------------------+---------------------+

SELECT-.
,
. MySQL , AS ( 6.23).
6.23.
SELECT
id + 100 AS id,
name AS catalog,
NOW() AS time
FROM tbl;
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+
| id | catalog
| time
|
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+
| 101 |
| 2011-06-18 13:35:16 |
| 102 | | 2011-06-18 13:35:16 |
| 103 |
| 2011-06-18 13:35:16 |
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+

6.6.2. .
WHERE
, , , ,
. SQL- SELECT
WHERE, . ,
, .
6.24 tbl ,
id 1.

300

SQL PHP,
, " " != SQL <>. () SQL AND (OR).

6.24.
SELECT * FROM tbl
WHERE id > 1;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 2 | |
| 3 |
|
+----+-------------------+

,
OR AND. 6.25 id 1 name 15.

name MySQL- LENGTH().

6.25.
SELECT * FROM tbl
WHERE
id > 1 AND
LENGTH(name) < 15;
+----+---------------+
| id | name
|
+----+---------------+
| 3 | |
+----+---------------+

6.6.3. .
ORDER BY
, . ,
, , , .
, , , , ,
, . ,
, -

 MySQL

301

. ,
. , ORDER BY. 6.26
tbl name.

ALTER TABLE , ALTER TABLE tbl ORDER BY id.

6.26. ORDER BY
SELECT * FROM tbl
ORDER BY name;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 3 |
|
| 2 | |
| 1 |
|
+----+-------------------+

DESC, .

6.6.4.
. ORDER BY
RAND() ( 6.27).
6.27.
SELECT * FROM tbl
ORDER BY RAND();
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 2 | |
| 3 |
|
| 1 |
|
+----+-------------------+

6.6.5. . LIMIT
.
,

302

. ,
,
. SELECT
LIMIT. 6.28 tbl
.
6.28. LIMIT
SELECT * FROM tbl
ORDER BY id
LIMIT 2;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 1 |
|
| 2 | |
+----+-------------------+

LIMIT , ,
. ,
, ( 6.28).
6.29. LIMIT
SELECT * FROM tbl
ORDER BY id
LIMIT 2, 2;
+----+---------------+
| id | name
|
+----+---------------+
| 3 | |
+----+---------------+

6.7. .
UPDATE
. 6.30 name tbl
, id 1.

6.30 WHERE-,
name tbl.

 MySQL

303

6.30. UPDATE
UPDATE tbl SET name = '1'
WHERE id = 1;
SELECT * FROM tbl;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+----+-------------------+
| 1 | 1
|
| 2 | |
| 3 |
|
+----+-------------------+

UPDATE .
SET ( 6.31).

UPDATE c ORDER BY LIMIT .

6.31. UPDATE
UPDATE tbl
SET
name = '',
id = 100
WHERE id = 1;
SELECT * FROM tbl;
+-----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+-----+-------------------+
| 100 |
|
|
2 | |
|
3 |
|
+-----+-------------------+

6.8. .
DELETE
DELETE. 6.32
3 id .

DELETE c ORDER BY LIMIT .

304
6.32. DELETE
DELETE FROM tbl
WHERE id = 3;
SELECT * FROM tbl;
+-----+-------------------+
| id | name
|
+-----+-------------------+
| 100 |
|
|
2 | |
+-----+-------------------+

MySQL
MySQL , PHP.

7.1.

, . . . .
, ,
. , , . , . . , .
MySQL :
.
, , . . ;
;
,

;
TEXT,

.
, . ,
, ENUM SET. .
, ,
, /. id_position,
id_catalog, number :

306
SELECT * FROM tbl
WHERE id_position = 3 AND id_catalog = 2 AND number > 15;
SELECT * FROM tbl
WHERE id_position = 3 AND id_catalog = 2;
SELECT * FROM tbl
WHERE id_position = 3;

, :
SELECT * FROM tbl
WHERE id_catalog = 2 AND number > 15;

, , SELECT-,
INSERT, DELETE UPDATE (
).

PRIMARY KEY, .

. , , PRIMARY KEY, NULL.
PRIMARY KEY .
7.1 tbl,
id.

, ,
.

7.1.
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT(11) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL
)

, 7.2.
7.2.
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT(11) NOT NULL,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
)

 MySQL

307

. , . ,
, . INDEX KEY. , , UNIQUE, . . UNIQUE INDEX UNIQUE KEY.
7.3 CREATE TABLE, tbl, id id_tbl id_cat.
7.3. ,
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
id_tbl INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
id_cat INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (id),
KEY id_tbl (id_tbl),
KEY id_cat (id_cat)
);

, , :
KEY first (id),
KEY second (id_cat)

, .
INDEX KEY.

7.2.
MySQL , . , .
SHOW
CHARACTER SET ( 7.4).

308

7.4.
SHOW CHARACTER SET;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description
| Default collation
| Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5
| Big5 Traditional Chinese
| big5_chinese_ci
|
2 |
...
| koi8r
| KOI8-R Relcom Russian
| koi8r_general_ci
|
1 |
...
| utf8
| UTF-8 Unicode
| utf8_general_ci
|
3 |
| cp866
| DOS Russian
| cp866_general_ci
|
1 |
| cp1251
| Windows Cyrillic
| cp1251_general_ci
|
1 |
...
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese
| eucjpms_japanese_ci |
3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+

,
, , , ,
.
SHOW COLLATION . , LIKE,
cp1251, Windows- ( 7.5).
7.5. , Windows-1251
mysql> SHOW COLLATION LIKE 'cp1251%';
+---------------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+
| Collation
| Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |
+---------------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+
| cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 |
|
|
0 |
| cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 |
|
|
0 |
| cp1251_bin
| cp1251 | 50 |
|
|
0 |
| cp1251_general_ci
| cp1251 | 51 | Yes
|
|
0 |
| cp1251_general_cs
| cp1251 | 52 |
|
|
0 |
+---------------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+

7.5, cp1251 , :
cp1251_bulgarian_ci ();
cp1251_ukrainian_ci ();
cp1251_bin , ASCII- ;

 MySQL

309

cp1251_general_ci ();
cp1251_general_cs ( ).

.
SHOW COLLATION Yes , , (. 7.5). cp1251, ,
cp1251_general_ci. , ( , ) cp1251,
CREATE TABLE, 7.6.
7.6. , cp1251
CREATE TABLE catalogs (
id_catalog INT(11) NOT NULL,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM CHARACTER SET cp1251;

,
, 7.7, . . .
7.7. cp1251
CREATE TABLE catalogs (
id_catalog INT(11) NOT NULL,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM CHARACTER SET cp1251 COLLATION cp1251_ukrainian_ci;

, ,
latin1
latin1_swedish_ci. , ,
CHARACTER SET
COLLATION, latin1 . , --default-character-set . --default-collation
. 7.8
cp1251 ( ) cp1251_ukrainian_ci ( ).
7.8. MySQL- cp1251
mysqld --default-character-set=cp1251
mysqld --default-character-set=cp1251
--default-collation=cp1251_ukrainian_ci

310

.
my.cnf (my.ini) [mysqld]
( 7.9).
7.9. my.ini
[mysqld]
default-character-set=cp1251
default-collation=cp1251_general_ci

, .
, .

( ).
character_set_client. , , character_set_connection. collation_connection.
character_set_results ,
. ( ) , , 7.10.
7.10.
SET character_set_client='cp1251';
SET character_set_results='cp1251';
SET character_set_connection='cp1251';

, 7.10,
SET NAMES '_' ( 7.11).
7.11. SET NAMES
SET NAMES 'cp1251';

7.3. MySQL
MySQL.

7.3.1. MySQL
MySQL-
VERSION() ( 7.12).

 MySQL

311

7.12.
SELECT VERSION();
+------------------+
| VERSION()
|
+------------------+
| 5.1.56-community |
+------------------+

7.3.2.

COUNT() :
COUNT(expr)
COUNT(*)
COUNT(DISTINCT expr1, expr2, ...)

, expr NULL. 7.13 tbl.

7.13. tbl
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id int(11) NOT NULL,
value int(11) default NULL
);
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 230);
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (2, NULL);
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (3, 405);
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (4, NULL);

7.14 ,
tbl.
7.14. COUNT()
SELECT * FROM tbl;
+----+-------+
| id | value |
+----+-------+
| 1 |
230 |
| 2 | NULL |
| 3 |
405 |
| 4 | NULL |
+----+-------+
SELECT COUNT(id), COUNT(value) FROM tbl;

312
+-----------+--------------+
| COUNT(id) | COUNT(value) |
+-----------+--------------+
|
4 |
2 |
+-----------+--------------+

7.14, id value . , NULL- .

COUNT(*) , , - NULL ( 7.15). , NULL.
7.15. COUNT(*)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
|
4 |
+----------+

COUNT(*) , SELECT ,
WHERE.

7.3.3.


MIN() MAX()( 7.16).

7.16 , 7.13.

7.16. MIN() MAX()

SELECT
MIN(id) AS min,
MAX(id) AS max
FROM tbl;
+------+------+
| min | max |
+------+------+
|
1 |
4 |
+------+------+

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313

MIN() MAX() WHERE . 7.17 tbl id.

7.17. MIN() MAX() WHERE
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE id = MAX(id);
ERROR 1111: Invalid use of group function

ORDER BY. 7.18
id, .
7.18. MIN() MAX() ORDER BY
SELECT * FROM tbl ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
+----+-------+
| id | value |
+----+-------+
| 1 | 230
|
+----+-------+
SELECT * FROM tbl ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;
+----+-------+
| id | value |
+----+-------+
| 5 | NULL |
+----+-------+

7.3.4.
SUM() ( 7.19).
7.19.
SELECT SUM(id) FROM tbl;
+---------+
| SUM(id) |
+---------+
|
102 |
+---------+

7.3.5.
DATE_FORMAT(date, format) date
format. format , . 7.1.

314

7.1. DATE_FORMAT()

%a

(SunSat)

%b

(JanDec)

%c

(112)

%D

(1st, 2nd, 3rd . .)

%d

(0131)

%e

(131)

%f

(000000999999)

%H

(0023)

%h

(0112)

%I

(0112)

%i

(0059)

%j

(001366)

%k

(023)

%l

(112)

%M

(JanuaryDecember)

%m

(0112)

%p

AM PM ( 12- )

%r

, 12- (hh:mm:ss AM hh:mm:ss PM)

%S

(0059)

%s

(0059)

%T

, 24- (hh:mm:ss)

%U

(0052),

%u

(0052),

%V

(0153), .
%X

%v

(0153), .
%x

%W

(SundaySaturday)

%w

(06), 0

%X

, ,
, 4 , %V

%x

, ,
, , 4 , %v

%Y

, 4 (YYYY)

%y

, 2 (YY)

%%

, . 7.1, .

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315

MySQL- '2011-01-12 11:55:17'
'12.01.2011 11:55'. , 7.20.
7.20. DATE_FORMAT()
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(putdatetime,'%d.%m.%Y %H:%i') AS putdatetime FROM tbl;
+------------------+
| putdatetime
|
+------------------+
| 12.01.2011 11:55 |
+------------------+

7.3.6.
tbl,
:
id ;
fio , , ;
putdate .

7.21 CREATE TABLE, tbl.

7.21. tbl
CREATE TABLE tbl (
id INT(11) NOT NULL,
fio TINYTEXT NOT NULL,
putdate DATE NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1,
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (2,
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (3,
INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (4,

' ..', '1972-12-02');

' ..', '1976-06-24');
' ..', '1968-10-24');
' ..', '1986-12-07');

.
TO_DAYS() 365,25 ( 7.22): 365 ;
0,25 ,
.
7.22.
SELECT
fio,
(TO_DAYS(NOW()) TO_DAYS(putdate))/365.25 AS putdate

316
FROM tbl;
+----------------+---------+
| fio
| putdate |
+----------------+---------+
| .. | 38.5462 |
| .. | 34.9870 |
| .. | 42.6530 |
| .. | 24.5339 |
+----------------+---------+

,
FLOOR() ( 7.23).
7.23.
SELECT
fio,
FLOOR((TO_DAYS(NOW()) TO_DAYS(putdate))/365.25) AS putdate
FROM tbl;
+----------------+---------+
| fio
| putdate |
+----------------+---------+
| .. |
38 |
| ..
|
34 |
| ..
|
42 |
| .. |
24 |
+----------------+---------+

7.3.7. IP-
INET_ATON(address) IP- address
( 7.24). XXX.YYY.ZZZ.WWW :
XXX

2563 + YYY

2562 + ZZZ

256 + WWW.

IP-,
BIGINT.

7.24. IP- INET_ATON()

SELECT INET_ATON('62.145.69.10'), INET_ATON('127.0.0.1');
+---------------------------+------------------------+
| INET_ATON('62.145.69.10') | INET_ATON('127.0.0.1') |
+---------------------------+------------------------+
|
1049707786 |
2130706433 |
+---------------------------+------------------------+

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317

INET_ATON() IP- , 7.25.

7.25. IP-
SELECT INET_ATON('127.0.01'), INET_ATON('127.1');
+-----------------------+--------------------+
| INET_ATON('127.0.01') | INET_ATON('127.1') |
+-----------------------+--------------------+
|
2130706433 |
2130706433 |
+-----------------------+--------------------+

INET_NTOA(address) IP- ( INET_ATON()) ,

, ( 7.26).
7.26. IP- INET_NTOA()
SELECT INET_NTOA(1049707786), INET_NTOA(2130706433);
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| INET_NTOA(1049707786) | INET_NTOA(2130706433) |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 62.145.69.10
| 127.0.0.1
|
+-----------------------+-----------------------+

7.4.
.
products id_catalog,
catalogs. id_catalog;
, 7.27.
7.27. id_catalog products
SELECT id_catalog FROM products ORDER BY id_catalog;
+------------+
| id_catalog |
+------------+
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
5 |
+------------+

318

7.27, .
, id_catalog.
DISTINCT ( 7.28).
7.28.
SELECT DISTINCT id_catalog FROM products ORDER BY id_catalog;
+------------+
| id_catalog |
+------------+
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
+------------+

7.28, .
GROUP BY, , ( 7.29).

GROUP BY SELECT- ORDER BY
LIMIT.

7.29. GROUP BY
SELECT id_catalog
FROM products
GROUP BY id_catalog
ORDER BY id_catalog;
+------------+
| id_catalog |
+------------+
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
+------------+

7.5.
, . 7.30 catalogs products,
products id_catalog, , . 7.1.

 MySQL

319

products

catalogs

id_product

...

id_catalog

id_catalog

name

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

. 7.1.

7.30. catalogs products

CREATE TABLE catalogs (
id_catalog int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
name tinytext NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id_catalog)
);
INSERT INTO catalogs VALUES (1, ''), (2, ' '),
(3, ''), (4, ' '), (5, ' ');
CREATE TABLE products (
id_product int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
name tinytext NOT NULL,
id_catalog int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id_product),
KEY id_catalog (id_catalog)
);
INSERT INTO products VALUES (1, ' N 1', 2),
(2, ' N 1', 5), (3, ' N 1', 1),
(4, ' N 2', 1), (5, ' N 3', 1),
(6, ' N 2', 5), (7, ' N 2', 2),
(8, ' N 1', 4), (9, ' N 1', 3);

products, "". , 7.31.

320

7.31.
SELECT * FROM products
WHERE id_catalog = (SELECT id_catalog FROM catalogs
WHERE name = '');
+------------+---------------+------------+
| id_product | name
| id_catalog |
+------------+---------------+------------+
|
3 | N 1 |
1 |
|
4 | N 2 |
1 |
|
5 | N 3 |
1 |
+------------+---------------+------------+

7.31, :
SELECT * FROM products

:
SELECT id_catalog FROM catalogs WHERE name = ''

, (id_catalog),
MySQL ,
. .
,
. 7.32
catalogs,
products.
7.32. ,
SELECT name FROM catalogs
WHERE id_catalog = (SELECT id_catalog FROM products
WHERE id_product = (SELECT MAX(id_product)
FROM products));
+---------------+
| name
|
+---------------+
| |
+---------------+

id_product products:
SELECT MAX(id_product) FROM products

id_catalog,
id_product :
SELECT id_catalog FROM products
WHERE id_product = (SELECT MAX(id_product)
FROM products)

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321

id_catalog (. 7.32).

,
. . .

, ,
( 7.33).
7.33.
SELECT id_catalog, (SELECT MAX(id_product) FROM products)
FROM catalogs;
+------------+----------------------------------------+
| id_catalog | (SELECT MAX(id_product) FROM products) |
+------------+----------------------------------------+
|
1 |
9 |
|
2 |
9 |
|
3 |
9 |
|
4 |
9 |
|
5 |
9 |
+------------+----------------------------------------+

7.33 SELECT M