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inventory,comparisons
MilanVeljkovic
UniversityofLulea
HelenaGervsio
UniversityofCoimbra
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Contents
Introductiontolifecyclethinking
Lifecycleassessmentofconstructionworks
SustainabilityandLCAofsteelstructures
Casestudies
LCAofsteelproducts:Examples1to3
LCAofasteelbuilding:Example4
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityofbuildings
Materialselection(structuralengineering)
importantforfuture,COM571,after2020nearzeroenergy
structuralsafetyandheattransfer
Operationalcosts(otherengineeringdisciplines),presentstate
energyconsumption:HVACandlightening(70%)
37%oftotalEUenergyconsumption
livingenvironmentcomfortlevel,simulationsoftware
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityofbuildings
OPERATIONAL ENERGY vs. EMBODIED ENERGY
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Maingoal:
LCAofsteelproducts
LCAofasteelbuilding
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Available from AppStore foriPad and iPhone and GooglePlay for Androids
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Introductiontolifecyclethinking
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable Development meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs
In World Commission on Environment - Brundtland Report (1987)
Cultural
Environmenta
l
Political
Sustainable
Development
Social
Economical
Spiritual
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
Population size fluctuates at
differing rates in differing
regions.
Nonetheless, population
growth is the long-standing
trend on all inhabited
continents, as well as in
most individual states.
Earth population
During the 20th century, the global population saw its greatest
increase in known history, rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to
over 6 billion in 2000.
Sources: nationalgeographic.com, www.wikipedia.org
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
Earth carrying capacity
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
Earth carrying capacity
Between 1980 and 2007, global resource extraction grew
significantly, by almost 62%.
About one half of the forests that once covered the earth
has disappeared.
In some locations, societies have outstripped the carrying
capacity of the land, resulting in chronic hunger,
environmental degradation and large-scale exodus of
desperate populations.
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Sustainable Construction results from the application of the principles
of Sustainable Development to the global cycle of construction, from
raw material acquisition, through planning, design, construction and
operation, to final demolition and waste management.
Chrisna du Plessis Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries
credits to stalkretsloppet.se
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Lifecycleassessmentofconstructionworks
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
ASSESSMENT
OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Brussels,16 17October2014
IN
CONSTRUCTION
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Air emissions
Raw
materials
Water
emissions
Energy
Emissions to
soil
Waste
Source: stalkretsloppet.se
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
ASSESSMENT
OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Brussels,16 17October2014
IN
CONSTRUCTION
To
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Goal and
scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Interpretation
Impact
assessment
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Productlevel
e.g.:Asimplesupportedcolumn,10mlong,withaloadbearingcapacity
ofanaxialforceof5000kN.
Buildinglevel
e.g.:Anofficebuildingprovidingaworkplaceandworkingenvironmentfor
100workers anddesignedforaservicelifeof50years.
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Manufacturing
Construction
Operation
Demolition
Recycling
Cradletogate
Cradletograve
Cradletocradle
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Solution Type
1
2
3
Circularhollow
section
Circularhollow
section
Steelprofile
Material(s)
Steel(S355)
Section
35
HSS(S690)
25
Steel(S355)
HD
Steelprofile
HSS(S690)
HD
5
6
Composite
circularsection
Steel
(S355)/Concrete
35
Composite
circularsection
HSS
(S690)/Concrete
25
Functionalunit:
Asimplesupportedcolumn,5mlong,withaloadbearingcapacityofanaxial
forceof5000kN andabendingmomentof100kNm (aroundthestrongaxisfor
theprofilecolumn).
Source:Rossietal.2010
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Type
Circularhollowsection
Circularhollowsection
Steelprofile
Steelprofile
Compositecircularsection
Compositecircularsection
Material(s)
Steel(S355)
HSS(S690)
Steel(S355)
HSS(S690)
Steel(S355)/Concrete
HSS(S690)/Concrete
Section
35
25
HD
HD
35
25
Steelmass
426.15kg
289.15kg
464.72kg
416.05kg
219.79kg
255.76kg
GWP100kgCO2eq.
Energyconsumption(MJ)
800
12,000
700
10,000
600
8,000
500
6,000
400
4,000
300
2,000
200
100
0
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6
Cradle-to-gate
Cradle-to-grave
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
0
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6
Cradle-to-gate
Cradle-to-grave
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Source:Worldsteel (2011)
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Classification
Characterization
Optional
elements
Normalization
Weighting
IA jk I ij IAfactori
i 1
IAScore jk
IA jk IVwt k
Normk
100
EnvScore j IAScore jk
k 1
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Impacts
Global warming
CO
NOx
SOx
VOC
Smog
Acidification
Eutrophication
Suspended matter
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Value (in kg)
0.12
0.60
0.01
0.05
1.02
0.35
0.10
GWP
carbon
monoxide
(CO)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
ammonia (NH3)
methane (CH4)
nitrogen
oxides
(NOx)
phosphorus (P)
sulfur dioxide (SO2)
AP
(kg SO2
eq.)
EP
(kg PO4eq.)
1.53
1.00
25.00
1.60
-
0.35
-
0.50
1.20
0.13
3.06
-
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
GWP (kg CO2 eq.)
1.93
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING
Brussels,16 17October2014
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING
ISO 14025: 2006
Examples of EPDs: Cold finished structural hollow sections
cradle-to-gate analysis
cradle-to-grave
analysis
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Buildinglevel
Productlevel
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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OF
OF
BUILDINGS
Productlevel Buildinglevel
EN 15643-1: 2010
General framework
EN 15643-2:2011
Framework for
environmental performance
EN 15643-3:2012
Framework for social
performance
EN 15643-4:2012
Framework for economic
performance
EN 15978:2011
Calculation method
EN 16309:2014
Calculation
methodology
prEN 16627:
Calculation method
EN 15804:2012
EPDs - Core rules for the
product category
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Impactsspecifictobuildingfabricandsite
Impactsspecifictobuildinginoperation
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
MODULED
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Benefits and
loads beyond the
system boundary
MODULEDincludes:
Any declared net benefits and loads from net flows leaving
the product system that have not been allocated as coproducts and that have passed the end-of-waste state.
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
SustainabilityandLCAofsteelstructures
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
PRODUCT LEVEL
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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PRODUCT LEVEL
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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PRODUCT LEVEL
STEELMAKING PROCESS
BLAST FURNACE
9.1 12.5 GJ
Source: Worldsteel Organization, 2011
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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PRODUCT LEVEL
STEEL RECYCLING ALLOCATION PROCEDURE: CLOSED-LOOP
BLAST FURNACE (*)
~ 0%scrap
~ 100%scrap
Xpr
(*)
Xre
LCIscrap=Y(Xpr Xre)
theoreticalassumptions
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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PRODUCT LEVEL
STEEL RECYCLING ALLOCATION PROCEDURE: CLOSED-LOOP
Generalcaseofsteelproductionincludingrecycling:
Ironore
(kg)
Steel production
RR
S(kgscrap)
(X)
Credit
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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PRODUCT LEVEL
STEEL RECYCLING ALLOCATION PROCEDURE: CLOSED-LOOP
Generalcaseofsteelproductionincludingrecycling
e.g.:LCIcalculationof1kghotrolledcoilforCO2 emissions
Ironore(kg)
1 kg hot rolled coil
RR=0.85kg
S=0.121kgscrap
X=1.889kgCO2
ModuleD
Source:worldsteel(2011)
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Cradle-to-gate analysis
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Cradle-to-gate analysis
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Maintenance
of the column
over the
lifespan of
analysis
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Unit
HEB 280
SHS 260x12
CHS 323.9x12
[kg Sb Eq.]
-7.57E-03
-6.77E-03
-6.78E-03
[MJ]
6.06E+03
5.42E+03
5.43E+03
AP
1.41E+00
1.26E+00
1.26E+00
EP
1.41E-01
1.26E-01
1.26E-01
GWP
4.47E+02
4.00E+02
4.00E+02
ODP
2.41E-05
2.16E-05
2.16E-05
2.18E-01
1.95E-01
1.95E-01
92.98kg/m
92.23kg/m
92.30kg/m
ADP elements
ADP fossil
POCP
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Comparison between cold-formed and hot finished sections (data from EPDs)
Note: These results are not about the previous case study, they are based on a similar case-study
Enpelare
NEd=5000kN,MEd=300kNm
Prim ary energy Use (MJ)
1600,0
60000,0
1400,0
50000,0
1200,0
40000,0
1000,0
800,0
30000,0
600,0
20000,0
400,0
10000,0
200,0
0,0
0,0
Welded rectangular
hollow (HSK)
Circular hollow
(HFSHS)
Circular Hollow
(CFSHS)
Welded rectangular
hollow (HSK)
Circular hollow
(HFSHS)
Circular Hollow
(CFSHS)
t=12,5mm 842 kg
Hot finished circular hollow d=559mm
t=12,5mm 842 kg
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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BUILDING LEVEL
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH BASED ON MACRO-COMPONENTS
Internal wall system (load-bearing walls)
Roof System
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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BUILDING LEVEL
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH BASED ON MACRO-COMPONENTS
A1-A3
A4
B4
C2
C4
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Note:EnvironmentalImpacts
AbioticResourceDepletionPotentialforelements(ADPelements)
AbioticResourceDepletionPotentialoffossilfuels(ADPfossilfuels)
Acidificationpotentialoflandandwater(AP)
Eutrophicationpotential(EP)
Globalwarmingpotential(GWP)
Depletionpotentialofthestratosphericozonelayer(ODP)
Formationpotentialoftroposphericozonephotochemicaloxidants(POCP)
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Floorareaof21mby45m;
Totalheightof33;
8storeys.
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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Length (m)
IPE 400
2239
IPE 600
160
IPE 360
1916
HEA 700
32
Columns
HEB 340
HEB 320
HEB 260
Length (m)
93
438
567
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Unit
A1A3
A4
B2
C2
C4
TOTAL
[kgSbEq.]
4.47E+00
1.53E04
8.31E03
7.58E05
2.03E05
2.39E+00
6.84E+00
[MJ]
7.95E+06
5.69E+04
2.53E+05
2.81E+04
7.91E+02
2.20E+06
6.08E+06
AP
[kgSO2Eq.]
1.87E+03
1.82E+01
3.59E+01
9.02E+00
3.45E01
5.58E+02
1.37E+03
EP
[kgPO4 Eq.]
1.46E+02
4.18E+00
3.12E+00
2.07E+00
5.29E02
1.54E+01
1.40E+02
GWP
[kgCO2Eq.]
6.55E+05
4.10E+03
1.52E+04
2.03E+03
2.32E+02
2.35E+05
4.41E+05
[kgCFC11Eq.] 1.44E02
7.17E08
3.52E06
3.55E08
4.33E08
7.47E03
2.19E02
5.92E+00
2.80E+01
2.93E+00
8.97E02
1.25E+02
2.45E+02
ADPfossil
ODP
POCP
[kgC2H4Eq.]
3.51E+02
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Unit
A1A3
A4
B2
C2
C4
TOTAL
[MJ]
8.63E+06
6.32E+04
2.92E+05
3.13E+04
9.11E+02
2.13E+06
6.88E+06
[MJ]
8.21E+06
5.91E+04
2.68E+05
2.92E+04
8.50E+02
2.07E+06
6.50E+06
[MJ]
8.37E+06
6.10E+04
2.75E+05
3.02E+04
8.51E+02
2.26E+06
6.48E+06
[MJ]
7.96E+06
5.69E+04
2.53E+05
2.81E+04
7.91E+02
2.20E+06
6.10E+06
[MJ]
2.54E+05
2.23E+03
1.59E+04
1.10E+03
5.87E+01
1.27E+05
4.00E+05
[MJ]
2.54E+05
2.23E+03
1.59E+04
1.10E+03
5.87E+01
1.27E+05
4.00E+05
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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LCAofFaades
Indicatorsdescribingenvironmentalimpacts
Indicator
ADP
elements
Unit
A1A3
A4
B2
C2
C4
TOTAL
[kgSbEq.]
5.21e1
1.10e5
3.98e1
9.33e6
3.07e4
9.70e1
5.02e2
[MJ]
4.43e+6
4.10e+3
1.49e+6
3.47e+3
1.05e+4
2.15e+6
3.79e+6
AP
[kgSO2Eq.]
8.71e+2
1.33e+0
2.46e+2
1.11e+0
4.93e+0
3.60e+2
7.65e+2
EP
[kgPO4 Eq.]
6.96e+1
3.06e1
2.48e+1
2.55e1
8.19e1
8.61e+0
8.72e+1
GWP
[kgCO2Eq.]
2.95e+5
2.96e+2
7.07e+4
2.50e+2
3.03e+4
6.34e+4
3.33e+5
ODP
[kgCFC11Eq.]
5.98e3
5.18e9
2.44e3
4.37e9
5.07e7
1.03e4
8.32e3
POCP
[kgC2H4Eq.]
5.17e+2
4.33e1
2.41e+2
3.61e1
1.02e+0
5.63e+1
7.02e+2
ADPfossil
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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LCAofPartitions
Indicatorsdescribingenvironmentalimpacts
Indicator
ADP
elements
Unit
A1A3
A4
B2
C2
C4
TOTAL
[kgSbEq.]
3.69e2
2.70e6
1.52e3
2.29e6
7.19e5
2.44e1
2.06e1
[MJ]
6.77e+5
1.00e+3
2.50e+4
8.53e+2
2.50e+3
2.81e+5
4.25e+5
AP
[kgSO2Eq.]
1.56e+2
3.24e1
4.88e+0
2.73e1
1.16e+0
7.82e+1
8.49e+1
EP
[kgPO4 Eq.]
9.77e+0
7.47e2
3.41e1
6.27e2
1.91e1
2.82e+0
7.62e+0
GWP
[kgCO2Eq.]
5.25e+4
7.22e+1
1.16e+3
6.13e+1
6.18e+3
2.82e+4
3.18e+4
ODP
[kgCFC11Eq.]
4.69e4
1.26e9
2.93e7
1.07e9
1.24e7
7.63e4
1.23e3
POCP
[kgC2H4Eq.]
6.18e+1
1.06e1
3.87e+0
8.88e2
2.50e1
1.40e+1
5.17e+1
ADPfossil
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
LCAofInternalFloor
Indicatorsdescribingenvironmentalimpacts
Indicator
ADP
elements
Unit
A1A3
A4
B2
C2
C4
TOTAL
[kgSbEq.]
6.25e+0
1.42e4
6.02e+0
1.24e4
1.00e2
8.26e1
1.15e+1
[MJ]
7.27e+6
5.28e+4
2.36e+6
4.62e+4
3.90e+5
1.01e+6
9.11e+6
AP
[kgSO2Eq.]
1.53e+3
1.70e+1
2.28e+2
1.47e+1
1.71e+2
2.90e+2
1.67e+3
EP
[kgPO4 Eq.]
1.78e+2
3.93e+0
2.61e+1
3.38e+0
2.61e+1
9.51e+0
2.28e+2
GWP
[kgCO2Eq.]
7.20e+5
3.80e+3
1.68e+5
3.31e+3
1.24e+5
1.08e+5
9.11e+5
ODP
[kgCFC11Eq.]
8.77e3
6.65e8
6.75e3
5.80e8
2.14e5
2.60e3
1.81e2
POCP
[kgC2H4Eq.]
2.13e+2
5.57e+0
3.07e+1
4.79e+0
4.41e+1
5.38e+1
2.24e+2
ADPfossil
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Unit
[kgSbEq.]
[MJ]
AP
[kgSO2Eq.]
EP
[kgPO4 Eq.]
GWP
[kgCO2Eq.]
ODP
[kgCFC11Eq.]
POCP
[kgC2H4Eq.]
A1A3
A4
B2
C2
C4
TOTAL
2.34E+00
3.09E04
6.43E+00
2.11E04
1.04E02
4.43E+00
4.40E+00
2.03E+07
1.15E+05
4.13E+06
7.86E+04
4.04E+05
5.65E+06
1.94E+07
4.43E+03
3.69E+01
5.15E+02
2.51E+01
1.77E+02
1.29E+03
3.89E+03
4.03E+02
8.49E+00
5.44E+01
5.77E+00
2.72E+01
3.64E+01
4.63E+02
1.72E+06
8.26E+03
2.55E+05
5.65E+03
1.61E+05
4.34E+05
1.72E+06
2.96E02
1.45E07
9.19E03
9.89E08
2.21E05
1.07E02
4.95E02
1.14E+03
1.20E+01
3.04E+02
8.17E+00
4.55E+01
2.49E+02
1.22E+03
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
References
worldsteel (2011), Life cycle assessment methodology report, World Steel Association,
Brussels.
Atherton, J. (2006). Declaration by the Metals Industry on Recycling Principles. The
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 12(1), 5960. doi: 10.1065/lca2006.11.283.
Gervsio, H., Santos, P., Simes da Silva, L. and Gameiro Lopes, A. (2010), Influence of
insulation on the balance between embodied energy and operational energy in lightsteel
residential buildings, Advanced Steel Construction, 6(2), pp. 742766.
Gervsio, H., Martins, R., Santos, P., Simes da Silva, L. (2014), A macrocomponent
approach for the assessment of building sustainability in early stages of design, Building and
Environment 73, pp. 256270, DOI information: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.12.015.
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Thankyouforyourattention!!
Milan.Veljkovic@ltu.se
hger@dec.uc.pt
Sustainabilityaspects,inventory,comparisons
M.Veljkovic&H.Gervsio