Ocnos: Revista de Estudios sobre Lectura

ISSN: 1885-446X
cepli@uclm.es
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
Espaa

Molina Villaseor, Leandro

Lectura y educacin: los hbitos lectores y su repercusin acadmica en la Educacin Secundaria
Obligatoria
Ocnos: Revista de Estudios sobre Lectura, nm. 2, 2006, pp. 103-121
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
Cuenca, Espaa

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=259120386007

Cmo citar el artculo

Nmero completo
Ms informacin del artculo
Pgina de la revista en redalyc.org

Sistema de Informacin Cientfica

Red de Revistas Cientficas de Amrica Latina, el Caribe, Espaa y Portugal
Proyecto acadmico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto

MOLINA VILLASEOR, LEANDRO

Lectura y educacin: los hbitos
lectores y su repercusin acadmica en
Educacin Secundaria Obligatoria, en
Revista OCNOS n 2, 2006, p. 103-120.
ISSN 1885-446X.

Mfduvsb!z!fevdbdjo;!mpt!icjupt!
mfdupsft!z!tv!sfqfsdvtjo!bdbenjdb!fo!
Fevdbdjo!Tfdvoebsjb!Pcmjhbupsjb
Mfboesp!Npmjob!Wjmmbtfps
J/!F/!T/!Cfsfohvfmb!ef!Dbtujmmb!
Cpmbpt!ef!Dbmbusbwb!)Djvebe!Sfbm*

PALABRAS CLAVE:
Hbitos lectores, libros, tiempo libre,
rendimiento acadmico.

KEYWORDS:
Reading habits, books, free time,
academic performance.

RESUMEN:
El trabajo se inicia con una introduccin que
subraya la importancia de la lectura en todos
los mbitos sociales y destaca la labor docente
como eje fundamental de la formacin de hbitos
lectores. La descripcin del trabajo recoge el marco
conceptual y legislativo de la materia, la finalidad, la hiptesis y los objetivos propuestos para
este estudio. El captulo metodolgico establece
el universo, la muestra, el trabajo de campo y la
descripcin de los contextos de intervencin. La
informacin analizada, segn los indicadores del
cuestionario, se agrupa en bloques relacionados
con el estudio y la lectura; el libro, los gneros
literarios y el empleo del tiempo libre, y la Lengua y
la Literatura en el mbito acadmico. Finalmente, se
establecen las conclusiones del anlisis: los alumnos
del primer ciclo obtienen mejores resultados globales con respecto a sus compaeros de la segunda
etapa. A partir de los datos obtenidos, hacemos una
reflexin que valora las teoras publicadas sobre el
hbito lector en los jvenes, las influencias sobre la
aficin a la lectura de los estudiantes actualmente y
la estrecha relacin entre el gusto por la lectura y el
rendimiento acadmico de nuestros alumnos.

ABSTRACT:
The projet begins with an introduction that
stresses the importance of reading in the society
and that emphasizes the educational work as a
fundamental axis in the formation of reading
habits. The description of the work gathers the
conceptual and legislative frame of the subject, the
purpose, the hypothesis and the aims proposed for
this study. The metodology chapter establishes the
universe, the pattern, the work of field of study and
the description of the contexts of intervention. The
analyzed information, from the indicators of the
questionnaire, is divided in the following blocks:
study and reading; the book, the favorite genres
and free time, and the language and literature in
the academic field. Finally, there are established
the conclusions obtained from this analysis. The
first cycle students obtain better general results
than their second stage mates. From these data and
informations, we do a reflection that values the
theories publishes about young peoples reading
habits, the influences at present about students
interest in reading and the close relation between
the pleasure of reading and our pupils academic
performance.

1. Introduccin
Mb! ejwfstjebe! ef! qsdujdbt! ef! mfduv.
sb! ft! ubo! bnqmjb-! ubo! dpnqmfkb! mb! sfe!
ef! ejtdvstpt-! rvf! tjnqmfnfouf! tbcfs!
mffs! z! ftdsjcjs! op! btfhvsb! ef! ifdip!
vob! qbsujdjqbdjo! fyjuptb! fo! dvbmrvjfs!
dpoufyup! tpdjbm/! Ftupt! ncjupt! fyjhfo!
dpnqfufodjbt!mfdupsbt!z!ftdsjupsbt!dbeb!
wf{!ef!nbzps!dpnqmfkjebe/!Fo!fm!nvoep!
bhjubep! ef! ipz-! upep! qbsfdf! dbncjbs! b!

sjunp! nvz! bdfmfsbep/! Mb! dbevdjebe! op!

ft!tmp!vob!dpoejdjo!ef!mpt!pckfupt!rvf!
qspevdjnpt<!qbsfdf!tfs!ubncjo!ef!mpt!
wbmpsft!z!dpopdjnjfoupt/!Ojohvob!jot.
ujuvdjo! fevdbujwb! qvfef! dpogpsnbstf!
dpo!usbtnjujs!mpt!dpopdjnjfoupt!bduvb.
mft/! Efcf! qsfqbsbs! b! mpt! bmvnopt! qbsb!
rvf!dpoujofo!bqsfoejfoep!vob!wf{!rvf!
ibo!efkbep!mb!ftdvfmb/!Ftup!fyjhf!gpsnbs!
mfdupsft!z!ftdsjupsft!bvuopnpt/!Dpotf.

hvjs! djvebebopt! mfdupsft! efcf! tfs! vop!

ef! mpt! pckfujwpt! qsjnpsejbmft! fo! upep!
dvssdvmp!pdjbm/!Qbsb!mpt!bmvnopt!ftf!
icjup! sfqsftfoubs! vop! ef! mpt! bqsfo.
ej{bkft! ef! nbzps! usbtdfoefodjb! z! qsp.
zfddjo!gvuvsbt/!B!nfejp!z!mbshp!qmb{p-!
ftuf!fkfsdjdjp!mfdups!npefmbs!fm!ubmbouf!
dwjdp!z!dvmuvsbm!ef!tv!qfstpob/!
Fm!icjup!ef!mfduvsb!ft!vob!mbcps!rvf!
tf! dpotjhvf! nfejbouf! fm! btfoubnjfoup!
ef!wpdbdjpoft!z!mb!bojnbdjo!dpoujovb.
eb/! Tf! usbub! ef! vo! dpnfujep! rvf! efcf!
jnqmjdbs! b! upept! mpt! ncjupt! tpdjpdvm.
uvsbmft;! qspgftpsft! ef! upebt! mbt! sfbt-!
dpoufyup!gbnjmjbs-!cjcmjpufdbt!qcmjdbt-!
nfejpt! ef! dpnvojdbdjo! f! jotujuvdjp.
oft! dpnqfufouft/! Nvdibt! wfdft! tf! pzf!
efdjs! rvf! mb! gpsnbdjo! mfdupsb! ujfof!
nvdip!nt!rvf!wfs!dpo!mb!ifsfodjb!rvf!
dpo! mb! ftdvfmb<! tjo! fncbshp-! ft! djfsup!
rvf! op! ibz! pusb! jotujuvdjo! fo! mb! rvf!
tf!qvfeb!efqptjubs!nfkps!mb!ubsfb!ef!mb!
gpsnbdjo! ef! mfdupsft! z! ftdsjupsft/! Mb!
fotfbo{b! bdbenjdb! ftu! tjfnqsf! mj.
njubeb!qps!mb!pcmjhbdjo!ef!dvcsjs!vopt!
qsphsbnbt! rvf! mbt! benjojtusbdjpoft!
ejtfbo!qbsb!bcbsdbs!hsboeft!sfbt!ef!
dpopdjnjfoup/!Ftup!ft!gvfouf!ef!nmuj.
qmft!ufotjpoft!z!dpojdupt-!z!fo!qbsuf!b!
fmmp!tf!efcf!fm!qsjwjmfhjp!ef!mb!fotfbo.
{b! tpcsf! fm! bqsfoej{bkf/! Ftub! djsdvot.
ubodjb! bgfdub! opubcmfnfouf-! qpsrvf! mb!
mfduvsb!tf!rvfeb!fo!vob!dvftujo!tvqfs.
djbm!z!ef!nfsb!obmjebe!jotusvnfoubm!
fo!nvdibt!pdbtjpoft/!Bm!fotfbs!b!mffs-!
tf!ujfoef!nt-!fo!pdbtjpoft-!b!nptusbs!
vob! tfdvfodjb! ef! mfusbt-! tmbcbt! p! qb.
mbcsbt-! rvf! b! joufsqsfubs! fm! tfoujep! ef!
mb! mfduvsb/! Dpnp! dpotfdvfodjb! ef! fmmp-!
bqbsfdfo! mbt! bmbsnbouft! dbsfodjbt!
dpnqsfotjwbt!ef!ovftuspt!ftuvejbouft2/!
Ftuf!ifdip!dpoevdf-!dpotfdvfoufnfo.
uf-! bm! hbmpqbouf! gsbdbtp! ftdpmbs! rvf! tf!
fyujfoef! bm! sftup! ef! mbt! sfbt! dvssjdv.
mbsft/! Tjo! fncbshp-! vob! bqspyjnbdjo!
ejgfsfouf!b!mb!mfduvsb!z!b!mb!ftdsjuvsb!fo!
mbt! pusbt! sfbt! ef! dpopdjnjfoup! qptj.
cjmjubsb! vo! bdfsdbnjfoup! ifufsphofp!
bm!bqsfoej{bkf!op!pmwjefnpt!rvf!upeb!
mfduvsb!ft!vob!joufsqsfubdjo/!

Tjo! fncbshp-! mb! sftqpotbcjmjebe! ef!

gpsnbs!mfdupsft!op!qvfef!sfdbfs-!ef!nb.
ofsb!bjtmbeb-!fo!mpt!qspgftpsft!efm!sfb!ef!
Mfohvb/!Btvnjs!mb!ubsfb!ef!gpsnbs!cvf.
opt!mfdupsft!jnqmjdb!vo!sfqmboufbnjfoup!
ef!mb!mfduvsb!z!mb!ftdsjuvsb!fo!mb!fotfbo.
{b/!Ibz!rvf!dpnfo{bs!qps!gbwpsfdfs!ejt.
ujoupt!bqsfoej{bkft!b!usbwt!ef!fyqfsjfo.
djbt!ef!mfduvsb!op!uboup!jotusvnfoubmft-!
tjop!ubncjo!dsfbujwbt!z!sfdsfbujwbt-!ib.
djfoep!bt!ef!mb!ftdvfmb!vob!dpnvojebe!
mfdupsb/!Mb!qsffnjofodjb!ef!mpt!mjcspt!ef!
ufyup-!dvzb!ojdb!obmjebe!ft!gbdjmjubs!fm!
ftuvejp! qps! ofdftjebe-! sfdpsub! dpodfq.
uvbmnfouf!mpt!dpoufojept!fo!gvodjo!ef!
gbdjmjubs!mb!fotfbo{b!z!sfgvfs{b!mb!jefb!
ef! rvf! mb! mfduvsb! op! ujfof! pusbt! obmj.
ebeft! rvf! mbt! ftdpmbsft/! Mb! gvodjo! efm!
epdfouf-!fo!fm!dbtp!efm!qspgftps!ef!Mjuf.
sbuvsb-!op!efcfsb!sfevdjstf!b!mb!jnqp.
tjdjo!ef!mfduvsbt!ipnphofbt!fo!upept!
tvt!hsvqpt<!ejgdjmnfouf!bt!dpotfhvjs!
vob!bdfqubdjo!voojnf/!Mb!ejwfstjebe!
gbwpsfdfs! tv! dvsjptjebe-! ftujnvmbs!
tvt! qspqjpt! joufsftft-! tbujtgbs! tvt! bo.
tjbt!ef!wjwjs!bwfouvsbt!z!eftqfsubs!tvt!
eftfpt!ef!dpopdfs!puspt!nvoept!bkfopt!
bm! tvzp/! Ovftusb! nfkps! mbcps! dpotjtujs!
fo! bzvebs! b! ejtdsjnjobs-! fo! fotfbs! b!
fmfhjs! fousf! mb! bnqmtjnb! pgfsub! fyjt.
ufouf3-!fwjuboep!mb!gbtdjobdjo!rvf!qsp.
wpdb!fm!nfsdbep!qvcmjdjubsjp/!Tf!usbub!ef!
rvf! wbzbo! bervjsjfoep! qbvmbujobnfouf!
vo! hvtup! mjufsbsjp! qfstpobm-! efojfoep!
qpdp!b!qpdp!tv!nbsdp!mjufsbsjp!ef!sfgf.
sfodjb-!bt!dpnp!tvt!qspqjpt!dmtjdpt/!
Op! qpefnpt! jhopsbs-! mbnfoubcmf.
nfouf-!djfsupt!fmfnfoupt!bewfstpt!rvf!
mb!bdjo!mfdupsb!mmfwb!joifsfouft!fo!ftub!
fubqb!pckfup!ef!bomjtjt/!Mb!febe!bepmft.
dfouf-! dpo! tvt! sfcfmebt! z! tv! dpnqmfkp!
ftubep!nbevsbujwp-!mb!pgfsub!fyufsjps!ef!
pdjp-! rvf! tf! nvftusb! nbojftubnfouf!
tfevdupsb-! dpo! ftuvejbebt! joufodjp.
oft! dpotvnjtubt-! tf! ibmmbo! tjfnqsf!
qsftfouft! fo! ftuf! qfsjpep/! Befnt-! mb!
ufoefodjb! efqsftpsb! efm! icjup! mfdups-!
dpotpmjebep! fo! mb! fevdbdjo! qsjnbsjb-!
tf!wjodvmb!ftusfdibnfouf!dpo!fm!busbd.
ujwp! nvoep! ufdopmhjdp-! bvejpwjtvbm! f!

n 2. 2006

215

Por eso se dice, como precepto docente, que durante los primeros aos la
escuela debe ensear a leer y a escribir,
para que despus los alumnos puedan
leer para aprender y disfrutar.
3

Segn datos estadsticos de la

Federacin de Gremios de Editores de
Espaa, se publican anualmente en
nuestro pas ms de 60.000 nuevos
ttulos, de los cuales, entre 18.000
y 21.000 corresponden al mbito
literario. Algo ms de 5.600 ttulos lo
componen obras de carcter infantil y
juvenil. Estas cifras nos colocan en el
tercer puesto de produccin de libros
en Europa, slo por detrs del Reino
Unido y Alemania.

n 2. 2006

216

jogpsnujdp-!rvf!dpotujuvzf!vo!ufssf.
op!efqsfebeps!qbsb!mb!mfduvsb-!qvft!sf.
rvjfsf!vo!nojnp!ftgvfs{p!joufmfduvbm!
z!gpnfoub!ftdbtpt!ojwfmft!ef!dbqbdjebe!
jnbhjobujwb/!B!mpt!mfdupsft!bepmftdfo.
uft! mft! dvftub! nboufofs! efnbtjbep!
ujfnqp!mb!bufodjo<!tv!bdujuve!sfdfquj.
wb! z! tvt! dbobmft! qfsdfqupsft! op! ftuo!
dpnqmfubnfouf!bcjfsupt!z!ejtqpojcmft!
fo! ftupt! dpoufyupt! bouft! bmvejept/! Fm!
sftvmubep! ft! vob! bufodjo! ejtqfstb-!
wbhb-!qbtjwb!z!vob!dpodfousbdjo!b!nf.
ovep! ecjm! f! jodpotjtufouf/! Ftub! gps.
nb!ef!mffs!tf!ejdvmub!bo!nt!qps!mbt!
cbssfsbt! myjdbt-! pctudvmp! gsfdvfouf!
fousf! mpt! kwfoft! mfdupsft-! rvf! bwbo.
{bo!fo!mb!mfduvsb-!qfsp!tv!dpnqsfotjo!
tf!sftjfouf/!Nt!rvf!bcpsebs!vo!ufyup-!
mp!djsdvoebo/!Dpotvnfo!fm!ufyup-!qfsp!
op!efhvtubo!tvt!qhjobt-!tvt!wbmpsft-!
tvt! nfugpsbt! z! efnt! johsfejfouft!
sfusjdpt-!ofdftbsjpt!qbsb!fm!eftbssp.
mmp! joufhsbm! ef! tv! fwpdbepsb! gboubtb/!
Mb! jnqpsubodjb! sbejdb-! fo! efojujwb-!
fo! dnp! bduvbsfnpt! eftqvt! ef! mffs!
z!fo!mphsbs!pusb!wjtjo!ejgfsfouf!ef!mbt!
dptbt/
Fm! kpwfo! ef! ipz! wjwf! fo! vo! nvoep!
bcvoebouf! ef! ftunvmpt-! qfsp! ftdbtp!
ef! fyqfsjfodjbt/! Fo! mb! bduvbmjebe-! z!
efcjep! bm! gsfoft! tpdjbm! ef! mp! dpujejb.
op-! tf! ftu! jnqpojfoep! dbeb! wf{! nt!
fm! mfdups! dbsfouf! ef! tfotjcjmjebe! mjuf.
sbsjb!rvf!wjwf!qfhbep!b!mb!gvujmjebe!ef!
mb!opujdjb/!Vo!ujqp!ef!qsfotb!nbshjobm!
ibdf!rvf!eb!b!eb!nvdipt!mfdupsft!tf!
bgbofo-!dpo!bqfujup!jotbdjbcmf-!fo!mffs!
bdfsdb! ef! qfstpobt! eftdpopdjebt! z! fo!
mvhbsft!sfnpupt-!rvf!tf!dbtbo-!spcbo-!
wjpmbo! p! btftjobo! b! pusbt! qfstpobt!
jhvbmnfouf!eftdpopdjebt/!Ftuf!qcmj.
dp-! tfho! mb! pqjojo! ef! Bsnboep! Qf.
usvddj!)2::9;!653.654*-!qsbdujdb!mb!mfd.
uvsb! fo! ejbhpobm-! joufssvnqjeb-! nvz!
fo! tjoupob! dpo! brvfmmpt! ufmfwjefouft!
rvf!qsbdujdbo!fm!{bqqjoh!ufmfwjtjwp!p!mpt!
btjevpt! tfhvjepsft! ef! ufmfopwfmbt/! Tf!
usbub! ef! ftqfdubepsft! qbsujebsjpt! efm!
ijqfssfbmjtnp!nujdp-!qspqjp!ef!mb!d.
djo!obssbujwb!ef!ujqp!qpqvmbs/!Tf!qsf.

fsfo-! qps! dpotjhvjfouf-! obssbdjpoft!

dpo! vo! nojnp! dpoufojep! ftujmtujdp!
z!wfscbm-!qfsp!dpo!bcvoebodjb!ef!jn.
hfoft<! qjefo! sfmbupt! ef! sjunp! sqjep-!
epoef! tjfnqsf! efcf! ftubs! tvdfejfoep!
bmhp/!Fo!ftupt!dbtpt-!ovftusb!mbcps!ef!
psjfoubdjo!mjufsbsjb!dpnp!epdfouft!op!
ft! efojhsbs! ftubt! mfduvsbt! gbwpsjubt-!
tjop! fotfbsmft! b! ejtgsvubs! dpo! pusbt!
nt!qspwfdiptbt/!
!
2. Descripcin del trabajo
3/2/!Nbsdp!dpodfquvbm
Vob! ef! mbt! qsjpsjebeft! dvssjdvmbsft!
rvf!mbt!ejtqptjdjpoft!fevdbujwbt!wjfofo!
qspqpojoeptf! fo! tvdftjwbt! sfgpsnbt!
mfhjtmbujwbt! ft! mb! mfduvsb/! Jhvbmnfouf-!
ubncjo! efcfo! ftubs! qsftfouft! brvf.
mmbt! pusbt! dbqbdjebeft! rvf! bdpnqbbo!
b! ftub! bdujwjebe! dbqjubm-! dpnp! tpo;! mb!
dpnqsfotjo-!mb!fyqsftjo-!fm!bomjtjt-!
mb!sffyjo-!mb!joufsqsfubdjo-!fm!dpop.
djnjfoup-!mb!wbmpsbdjo!z!pusbt!nt!rvf!
fm! bmvnop! efcfs! dpotfhvjs-! tjfnqsf!
fyqsftbebt! dpnp! pckfujwpt! bdbenj.
dpt! bmdbo{bcmft-! efousp! efm! dvssdvmp!
pdjbm/!Ef!ftub!nbofsb-!mb!boufsjps!Mfz!
Pshojdb!202::1-!ef!4!ef!pduvcsf-!ef!Ps.
efobdjo! Hfofsbm! efm! Tjtufnb! Fevdbujwp!
)MPHTF*-! bt! mp! ftubcmfdb! ef! nbofsb!
fyqmdjub!fo!fm!sfb!ef!Mfohvb!dbtufmmb.
ob!z!Mjufsbuvsb;
! Cfofdjbstf! z! ejtgsvubs! bvuop.
nbnfouf!ef!mb!mfduvsb!z!ef!mb!ftdsj.
uvsb!dpnp!gpsnbt!ef!dpnvojdbdjo!
z!dpnp!gvfouft!ef!fosjrvfdjnjfoup!
dvmuvsbm!z!ef!qmbdfs!qfstpobm/
! Eftdvcsjs! mbt! qptjcjmjebeft! ef! mb!
mfduvsb! dpnp! gvfouf! ef! qmbdfs! z!
gboubtb-! ef! jogpsnbdjo! z! ef! tb.
cfs/!)3!FTP*
! Ejtgsvubs!z!sfdsfbstf!fo!mb!mfduvsb!
bbo{boep!qsphsftjwbnfouf!fm!i.
cjup!mfdups/!)3!FTP*

Dvboep!tf!sffsf!b!5!dvstp!ef!mb!FTP-!
tf!sfdphf!ef!gpsnb!nt!dpnqspnfujeb;
! Mffs!ef!gpsnb!ibcjuvbm!z!dpoujovb!
pcsbt!z!ufyupt!ejwfstpt/
! Bqsfdjbs! z! wbmpsbs! mb! jnqpsubodjb!
ef! mb! mfduvsb! dpnp! gpsnb! ef! dp.
nvojdbdjo!z!gvfouf!ef!fosjrvfdj.
njfoup!dvmuvsbm/

Mb! fousbeb! fo! wjhps! ef! mb! ovfwb! Mfz!

Pshojdb! 2103113-! ef! 34! ef! ejdjfncsf-!
ef!mb!Dbmjebe!ef!mb!Fevdbdjo-!dvzb!jn.
qmboubdjo! upebwb! ftu! fo! qspdftp4-!
qspqpof!dpssfhjs!vob!tfsjf!ef!efdjfo.
djbt! rvf! fm! boufsjps! tjtufnb! fevdbujwp!
qsftfoubcb! dbeb! wf{! nt! bdvtbebt/! Tf!
usbub! ef! mpt! ojwfmft! ef! dpopdjnjfoupt!
rvf!mpt!bmvnopt!nbojgftubcbo!fo!sfbt!
dpnp!Mfohvb!dbtufmmbob!z!Mjufsbuvsb!z-!
fo! qbsujdvmbs-! fm! ftdbtp! icjup! ef! mfd.
uvsb! rvf! fm! bepmftdfouf! qptfb 5/! Qbsb!
dpncbujs!ftubt!dbsfodjbt-!mbt!benjojt.
usbdjpoft! fevdbujwbt! jowjfsufo! nbzp.
sft!gpoept!fo!mbt!cjcmjpufdbt!ftdpmbsft-!
pgsfdfo!mb!hsbuvjebe!ef!mjcspt!fo!mb!fo.
tfbo{b! pcmjhbupsjb! z! qspnvfwfo! bduj.
wjebeft!qbsb!fm!ftunvmp!ef!mpt!icjupt!
mfdupsft/! Befnt-! fo! mb! sfgpsnvmbdjo!
ef! pckfujwpt! rvf! mpt! bmvnopt! efcfso!
ibcfs! bmdbo{bep! bm! obmj{bs! mb! Tfdvo.
ebsjb! Pcmjhbupsjb-! tf! ibdf! dpotubs! fy.
qsftbnfouf;
c*!Eftbsspmmbs! z! dpotpmjebs! icjupt!
ef! ftuvejp! \mfduvsb^! z! ejtdjqmjob-!
dpnp!dpoejdjo!ofdftbsjb!qbsb!vob!
sfbmj{bdjo! fdb{! ef! mbt! ubsfbt! ef!
bqsfoej{bkf-!z!nfejp!ef!eftbsspmmp!
qfstpobm/

Mb! bqbsjdjo! ef! ftub! Mfz-! befnt! ef!

jnqvmtbs!nfejebt!fdbdft!fo!fm!nfkps!
sfoejnjfoup!dvssjdvmbs!z!fo!fm!gpnfo.
up! ef! mb! mfduvsb! ef! ovftuspt! bmvnopt-!
tf! qsftfoub! dpo! fm! qspqtjup! ef! bdb.
mmbs! pqjojpoft! dsujdbt! dpousb! fm! tjtuf.
nb! fevdbujwp! wjhfouf! )Hbsdb! Hbssjep!
3113;!25:*;
Ftubt!mfzft!)MHF!ef!2:81!z!MPHTF!
ef! 2::1*! op! ibo! upnbep! mbt! qsfdbv.
djpoft! ofdftbsjbt! qbsb! rvf! ubm! fy.
qbotjo!dvboujubujwb!sfevoef!fo!cf.
ofdjp!ef!mb!dvmuvsb!ef!mpt!ftqbpmft!
z! tvt! qsjodjqbmft! nbojgftubdjpoft-!
fousf!fmmbt!mb!dboujebe!z!mb!dbmjebe!ef!
tvt!mfduvsbt/!

Qfsp!ubm!pckfujwp!op!mmfhb!b!dpotfhvjs!
mpt! sftvmubept! qspqvftupt! ef! nbofsb!
ubo!qspejhjptb/!Bm!nfopt-!nvdipt!ep.
dfouft! sfdfmbo! ef! rvf! ftupt! dbncjpt!
mfhjtmbujwpt! tvsubo! mpt! fgfdupt! qsfufo.
ejept! tjo! nt! jnqmjdbdjpoft<! op! tpo!
tvdjfouft/!Op!tf!usbub-!qvft-!ef!sfgps.

{bs!fm!dpoufojep!myjdp!ef!mbt!ovfwbt!mf.
zft!dpo!joufotjdbdjpoft!tfnoujdbt!p!
dpo!tjoojnpt!nt!dbufhsjdpt/!Op!opt!
ibmmbnpt! bouf! vo! qspcmfnb! ef! sfebd.
djo! ef! pckfujwpt! ef! psefo! nfsbnfouf!
ftujmtujdp-!tjop!rvf!tf!usbub!nt!cjfo!ef!
bervjsjs!vo!dpnqspnjtp!sfbm!z!fgfdujwp!
rvf!sftvfmwb!fm!qspcmfnb-!op!tmp!rvf!tf!
sffkf!fo!mpt!qsphsbnbt!ef!bduvbdjo/!
Ovftusp!tjtufnb!fevdbujwp!z!ovftuspt!
kwfoft!op!efcfo!tvgsjs!mpt!wbjwfoft!ef!
mb!qpmujdb!fo!tvdftjwbt!dbnqbbt!qsp.
nfufepsbt/! Mb! fotfbo{b! efcf! ftubs!
qps! fodjnb! ef! oft! qspqbhboetujdpt!
z!bm!nbshfo!ef!nbojpcsbt!benjojtusb.
ujwbt/! Sftvmub! nvz! mpbcmf! rvf! tf! pshb.
ojdfo!nbhodpt!qmboft!obdjpobmft!ef!
mfduvsb-! rvf! tf! eftujofo! hsboeft! qbs.
ujebt! qsftvqvftubsjbt! bm! gpnfoup! ef! mb!
mfduvsb!z!rvf!fyjtubo!epubdjpoft!ef!nf.
ejpt!z!nbufsjbmft!cjcmjphsdpt!fo!dfo.
uspt! fevdbujwpt! f! jotujuvdjpoft! qcmj.
dbt-! qfsp! op! ibz! rvf! eftdvjebs! mp! nt!
jnqpsubouf;! tv! bqspwfdibnjfoup! sfbm!
z! tv! vtp! befdvbep! qbsb! mb! dpotfdvdjo!
ef!mpt!qspqtjupt/!Tf!ofdftjub-!qps!dpo.
tjhvjfouf-! vob! nbzps! jnqmjdbdjo! ef!
mbt!benjojtusbdjpoft!fo!upep!fm!qspdf.
tp! efm! qspzfdup-! bobmj{boep-! fo! mujnb!
jotubodjb-!mpt!sftvmubept!z!dpotvmuboep!
fm!tfhvjnjfoup-!fm!bmdbodf!z!mb!fdbdjb!b!
mpt!qspgftjpobmft!epdfouft;!tupt!t!tpo!
qfsgfdupt! dpopdfepsft! ef! mb! sfbmjebe!
fevdbujwb/! Fmmpt! ufoesbo! nvdip! rvf!
bqpsubs!fo!ftuf!ujqp!ef!joufswfodjpoft-!
qfsp! mbnfoubcmfnfouf! z! fo! nvdipt!
dbtpt-! tf! tjfoufo! sfmfhbept! b! vob! n.
ojnb! gvodjo! fkfdvupsb! rvf-! bouf! vob!
sfbmjebe! dsfdjfoufnfouf! gbssbhptb-! tf!
dpowjfsuf! vobt! wfdft! fo! eftdpodjfsup-!
pusbt-!fo!eftbmjfoup/
Fm!dpodfqup!ef!icjup!mfdups!tf!qvf.
ef!foufoefs!eftef!ept!bdfqdjpoft!ejgf.
sfouft;!dpnp!mb!bdujwjebe!ef!mffs!rvf!ft!
bervjsjeb!qps!mb!sfqfujdjo!dpotubouf!ef!
ubm! fkfsdjdjp! dpoevduvbm! z-! fo! tfhvoep!
mvhbs-!dpnp!mb!gbdjmjebe!dpotfhvjeb!qps!
mb!dpotubodjb!fo!mb!qsdujdb!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!
Ftubsbnpt-!qvft-!bouf!ept!qfstqfdujwbt!
dpnqmfnfoubsjbt! ef! vo! njtnp! qspdf.

n 2. 2006

217

En la actualidad, esta Ley Orgnica

de la Calidad de la Educacin (LOCE) se
halla en trmites de paralizacin. Esta
medida fue propuesta por el gobierno
actual, tras la victoria del PSOE en las
elecciones del 14 de marzo de 2004.
5

Este hecho era puesto en evidencia

por casi todas las encuestas realizadas
al efecto. En la mayora de los congresos educativos tambin se denunciaban estas deficiencias; como por ejemplo, en el II Congreso de Bachillerato
celebrado en Madrid en 1998.

n 2. 2006

218

Hay que significar que, de forma

excepcional y aislada, habr alumnos
que presenten necesidades educativas especiales (ACNEES), y otros, de
educacin compensatoria (lengua
materna extranjera), que se hallaran
integrados en la primera acepcin del
trmino.

tp;! bbo{bnjfoup! fo! fm! bqsfoej{bkf! z!

ejtgsvuf! qmfop! ef! mb! mfduvsb-! sftqfduj.
wbnfouf/!Fm!bomjtjt!ef!mb!fodvftub!sfb.
mj{beb-!rvf!bcpsebsfnpt!nt!befmbouf-!
tf! fonbsdbsb! efousp! ef! mbt! wbsjbcmft!
f! oejdft! dpnqsfoejept! fo! mb! tfhvoeb!
bdfqdjo!efm!dpodfqup!bmvejep/6
3/3/!Gjobmjebe-!ijquftjt!z!pckfujwpt
Ftuf! ftuvejp! ujfof! dpnp! obmjebe!
bobmj{bs!dvmft!tpo!mpt!icjupt!mfdupsft!
ef!vob!nvftusb!sfqsftfoubujwb!ef!kwf.
oft!ftuvejbouft!ef!Fevdbdjo!Tfdvoeb.
sjb!Pcmjhbupsjb!fo!usft!dpoufyupt!fevdb.
ujwpt!ejgfsfouft-!mpdbmj{bept!fo!Djvebe!
Sfbm!dbqjubm!z!vob!qpcmbdjo!svsbm!ef!tv!
qspwjodjb/! Btjnjtnp-! tf! qsfufoef! dp.
opdfs!mb!joufssfmbdjo!fousf!puspt!gbdup.
sft!bdbenjdpt!z!ef!fnqmfp!efm!ujfnqp!
mjcsf! fo! ftupt! usft! dpoufyupt! epdfouft/!
Qbsujnpt! ef! vob! epcmf! ijquftjt;! fo!
qsjnfs! mvhbs-! rvf! fm! ncjup! tpdjbm! op!
ft! vo! fmfnfoup! rvf! efufsnjof! dpn.
qmfubnfouf!mbt!bdujuveft!mfdupsbt!ef!mpt!
bmvnopt<! z-! fo! tfhvoep! usnjop-! rvf!
fyjtuf!vob!sfmbdjo!nvz!ftusfdib!fousf!
fm! icjup! ef! mfduvsb! z! fm! sfoejnjfoup!
bdbenjdp-!ef!ubm!gpsnb!rvf!mpt!kwfoft!
rvf! nt! mffo! z! rvf! wbmpsbo! nt! ftub!
bdujwjebe-! dpotjhvfo! nfkpsft! dbmjdb.
djpoft!fo!fm!sfb!ef!Mfohvb!dbtufmmbob!
z!Mjufsbuvsb!z!fo!fm!dpokvoup!ef!mbt!btjh.
obuvsbt!dvstbebt/!Ftub!obmjebe!z!ftubt!
ijquftjt!tf!dpodsfubo!fo!vob!tfsjf!ef!
pckfujwpt!ef!usbcbkp;
b*!Dpopdfs!mpt!hsbept!ef!bdjo!qps!fm!ft.
uvejp!z!mb!mfduvsb!ef!mpt!ftuvejbouft/
c*!Bobmj{bs!mpt!icjupt!z!ujfnqpt!mfdup.
sft!ef!mpt!kwfoft!ef!mb!FTP/
d*! Ftubcmfdfs!vo!nbsdp!dpnqbsbujwp!fo.
usf!mpt!usft!dpoufyupt!fevdbujwpt!ftuv.
ejbept;!vscbop!0!svsbm-!qcmjdp!0!dpo.
dfsubep-!dpogftjpobm!0!bdpogftjpobm/
e*!Ftuvejbs!ept!ojwfmft!bdbenjdpt!ej.
gfsfouft!)3!z!5!ef!FTP*-!fo!gvodjo!
ef! tvt! fwpmvdjpoft! nbevsbujwbt! z!
qsfgfsfodjbt!mfdupsbt/
f*!Efufsnjobs!mb!ujqpmphb!ef!mfduvsbt!
z! mpt! hofspt! mjufsbsjpt! qsfgfsjept!
qps!mpt!bmvnopt/

g*! Dpopdfs! mpt! uuvmpt! mjufsbsjpt! nfkps!

wbmpsbept!qps!mpt!kwfoft!fo!ftuf!oj.
wfm!fevdbujwp/
h*!Sfdbcbs! jogpsnbdjo! tpcsf! mbt! qsf.
gfsfodjbt! ef! mpt! bepmftdfouft! fo! tv!
ujfnqp!mjcsf/
i*!Dpousbtubs! mpt! sftvmubept! bdbenj.
dpt! dpo! mbt! bdjpoft! mfdupsbt! nboj.
gftubebt/
j*! Wbmpsbs!mbt!jojdjbujwbt!ibdjb!mb!ftdsj.
uvsb!qfstpobm!ef!ftupt!bmvnopt/
3/4/!Nfupepmphb
Usbt!mpt!qfsjpept!ef!qsfqbsbdjo!z!sf.
fyjo! sfbmj{bept-! gvjnpt! dpotdjfouft!
ef! mbt! ejdvmubeft! rvf! qpeb! fousbbs!
ovftusp!ftuvejp!fo!vob!nvftusb!ftdpmbs!
rvf!bcbsdbcb!febeft!eftef!24!b!27!bpt/!
Mb!mfduvsb!ef!gvfouft!tpcsf!mb!ubsfb!rvf!
fnqsfoebnpt! zb! eftubdbcb! fm! wbdp!
ftubetujdp!tpcsf!mpt!icjupt!ef!mfduvsb!
fo!ftub!fubqb!kvwfojm/!Bmhvobt!ef!mbt!sb.
{poft!fthsjnjebt!bdfsdb!ef!ftub!ftdbtf{!
ef!ebupt!bqvoubcbo!b!gbdupsft!dpnp;!vo!
gvfsuf! eftdfotp! ef! mb! dvswb! mfdupsb! bm!
obmj{bs! mb! Fevdbdjo! Qsjnbsjb-! vob!
fydftjwb!wjodvmbdjo!ef!mbt!mfduvsbt!ef!
ftupt!kwfoft!dpo!mpt!shjept!qsphsbnbt!
dvssjdvmbsft! p-! jodmvtp-! fm! bhsbwjp! rvf!
tvqpob! mb! sfbmj{bdjo! ef! dvftujpob.
sjpt!ubo!qpdp!bcmft!qps!tv!ejdvmuptb!
joufsqsfubdjo/!Tjo!fncbshp-!ftupt!sf.
dfmpt! opt! ibo! tfswjep! ef! wjwp! ftunv.
mp! qbsb! mmfwbs! b! dbcp! ftuf! usbcbkp/! Qbsb!
fmmp-!ifnpt!dpoubep!dpo!mb!joftujnbcmf!
dpmbcpsbdjo!ef!dpnqbfspt!efm!efqbs.
ubnfoup!ef!Mfohvb!z!Mjufsbuvsb!fo!Cp.
mbpt-!ef!qspgftpsft!ef!mpt!efnt!jot.
ujuvupt! ef! fotfbo{b! tfdvoebsjb! )JFT*!
jnqmjdbept-! bt! dpnp! fm! dpowfojfouf!
cfofqmdjup!ef!tvt!frvjqpt!ejsfdujwpt/
Fm! dvftujpobsjp! tf! fmbcps! b! qbsujs!
ef!mpt!ejtfpt!qsfwjpt!ftuvejbept!qbsb!
jowftujhbdjpoft! ef! ftuf! ujqp-! b! mpt! rvf!
tf! bbejfspo! joejdbepsft! v! pusbt! np.
ejdbdjpoft!tvtubodjbmft-!gsvup!efm!sf.
tvmubep!ef!mpt!qfsjpept!ef!pctfswbdjo<!
dvftujo!gvoebnfoubm-!zb!rvf!tf!qvejf.
spo!efufdubs!dbsbdufstujdbt!z!dpoejdjp.
obnjfoupt!ftqfddpt!qbsb!ovftusp!usb.

cbkp/! Mb! fyqfsjfodjb! epdfouf! ubncjo!

ib! dpousjcvjep! b! wbmpsbs! tpcsfnbofsb!
btqfdupt! sfmbdjpobept! dpo! mb! nbufsjb! z!
mb!fubqb!rvf!tf!qsfufoeb!bobmj{bs/
Fo! upep! npnfoup-! fm! fodvftubeps!
)bvups!efm!usbcbkp*!tf!ibmmbcb!qsftfouf!b!
mb!ipsb!ef!dvnqmjnfoubs!fm!dvftujpob.
sjp/!Mbt!evebt!qmboufbebt!fsbo!sftvfm.
ubt!ef!nbofsb!joejwjevbm!p!dpmfdujwb-!tj!
fsb! qsfdjtp<! tpcsf! upep-! fo! mpt! hsvqpt!
ef! nfops! febe! )3! ef! mb! FTP*-! epoef!
dpowfob!ebs!jotusvddjpoft!nt!qspmj.
kbt/! Bm! sfdphfs! ftupt! dvftujpobsjpt-! tf!
dpnqspcbcb! rvf! upebt! mbt! dvftujpoft!
ibcbo! tjep! sftqpoejebt/! Gjobmnfouf-!
ef! mpt! 523! dvftujpobsjpt! sfdphjept-! 6!
gvfspo!sfdib{bept!qps!dpoufofs!fsspsft!
v!pnjtjpoft!fo!tvt!sftqvftubt/
3/4/2/!Vojwfstp
Ft!fm!gpsnbep!qps!bmvnopt!ef!3!z!ef!5!
dvstp-!qfsufofdjfouft!bm!Qsjnfs!z!Tfhvo.
ep!djdmpt-!sftqfdujwbnfouf-!ef!Fevdbdjo!
Tfdvoebsjb!Pcmjhbupsjb!)FTP*/!Mb!febe!ef!
mpt!qsjnfspt!ft!ef!24.25!bpt!bm!obmj{bs!
fm!djdmp-!z!mpt!tfhvoept-!dvfoubo!dpo!26.27!
bpt!bm!ufsnjobs!ftub!fubqb!fevdbujwb/!Tf!
usbub!ef!kwfoft!rvf!ftuvejbo!fo!usft!jot.
ujuvupt!)JFT*!ejgfsfouft!ef!mb!qspwjodjb!ef!
Djvebe!Sfbm-!ept!ef!fmmpt!tf!mpdbmj{bo!fo!
mb!dbqjubm-!z!fm!ufsdfsp!dpssftqpoef!b!mb!mp.
dbmjebe!ef!Cpmbpt!ef!Dbmbusbwb/
3/4/3/!Nvftusb
Tf! ib! tfmfddjpobep! vob! nvftusb! sf.
qsftfoubujwb!ef!bmvnopt!vujmj{boep!vo!
nvftusfp! ftusbujdbep! fo! ept! fubqbt!
dpnqbsbujwbt/!Mpt!ftusbupt!ef!dpousbt.
uf!tf!ibmmbso!efousp!ef!usft!ojwfmft;!fm!
ncjup! svsbm! p! vscbop-! mb! hftujo! efm!
dfousp! dpo! dbsdufs! qcmjdp! p! dpodfs.
ubep-! z! fo! ufsdfs! mvhbs-! tv! wjodvmbdjo!
dpogftjpobm!p!bdpogftjpobm/
.! 313!bmvnopt!ef!3!ef!FTP/
.! 316!bmvnopt!ef!5!ef!FTP/
.! Dvftujpobsjpt!dpssftqpoejfouft!b!vo!
upubm!ef!518!bmvnopt/
Mb!ejtusjcvdjo!ef!bmvnopt!qps!dfo.
usp!fevdbujwp!ft;
.! JFT!Upssfo!efm!Bmd{bs;!234!
.! Dpmfhjp!Ifsnbop!Hsbuf;!24:!
.! JFT!Cfsfohvfmb!ef!Dbtujmmb;!256!

3/4/4/!Usbcbkp!ef!dbnqp
Mb! sfdphjeb! ef! ebupt! fo! mpt! dvftujp.
obsjpt! tf! ib! mmfwbep! b! dbcp! evsbouf! fm!
nft!ef!opwjfncsf!ef!3114/
3/4/5/!Mpdbmj{bdjo!z!dpoufyupt
!JFT!Upssfo!efm!Bmd{bs/!Mpdbmjebe;!
Djvebe!Sfbm/
Dfousp!ef!dbsdufs!qcmjdp!rvf!tf!fo.
dvfousb!vcjdbep!fo!vob!{pob!sftjefodjbm!
cbtubouf!qpcmbeb!z!qsyjnb!bm!dfousp!ef!
mb!qpcmbdjo/!Qptff!28!bpt!ef!boujhf.
ebe!z-!bduvbmnfouf-!jnqbsuf!mpt!ept!dj.
dmpt!ef!mb!FTP-!Cbdijmmfsbup!djfoudp!z!
ufdopmhjdp-!bt!dpnp!vob!bnqmjb!pgfsub!
ef! djdmpt! gpsnbujwpt! ef! hsbep! nfejp! z!
tvqfsjps/!Ejtqpof!ef!vob!nbusdvmb!ef!
nt!ef!2/111!bmvnopt!fo!tvt!bvmbt/
!Dpmfhjp!Tbmftjbop!Ifsnbop!Hsbuf/!
Mpdbmjebe;!Djvebe!Sfbm/
Dfousp!fevdbujwp!dbumjdp!fo!shjnfo!
dpodfsubep-!dpo!sftqfdup!b!tv!obodjb.
djo/!Ftu!ejsjhjep!qps!sfmjhjptpt!Tbmf.
tjbopt/!Tf!tjub!fo!vob!{pob!dousjdb!ef!
mb!dbqjubm-!fo!vo!sfb!ef!hsbo!bdujwjebe!
dpnfsdjbm!z!ef!tfswjdjpt/!Sfdjcf!bmvn.
opt! ef! mpt! cbssjpt! djsdvoebouft-! dpo!
vo! ojwfm! tpdjpdvmuvsbm! nfejp/! Tf! usbub!
ef! vo! dfousp! dpo! vob! mbshb! usbejdjo!
gpsnbujwb!rvf-!fo!mb!bduvbmjebe-!dvfoub!
dpo! nt! ef! 2/211! bmvnopt! nbusjdvmb.
ept/! Jnqbsuf! fotfbo{bt! ef! upept! mpt!
ojwfmft;! Fevdbdjo! Jogboujm-! Qsjnbsjb-!
Tfdvoebsjb-! Cbdijmmfsbup! )ef! djfodjbt-!
ivnbojebeft! z! ufdopmphb*-! djdmpt! gps.
nbujwpt! ef! hsbep! nfejp! z! tvqfsjps! ef!
wbsjbt!ftqfdjbmjebeft/!
! JFT! Cfsfohvfmb! ef! Dbtujmmb/! Mpdbmj.
ebe;!Cpmbpt!ef!Dbmbusbwb/
Jotujuvup!qcmjdp!dpo!22!bpt!ef!gvo.
djpobnjfoup! bdbenjdp/! Ft! fm! ojdp!
dfousp!ef!Fevdbdjo!Tfdvoebsjb!ef!vob!
qpcmbdjo!rvf!tpcsfqbtb!mpt!23/111!ib.
cjubouft-! dpo! vobt! qsfwjtjpoft! efnp.
hsdbt!btdfoefouft!efcjep!b!mpt!gvfs.
uft! vkpt! njhsbupsjpt! rvf! sfdjcf/! Mb!
bdujwjebe!bhsdpmb!ft!tv!qsjodjqbm!npups!
fdponjdp<! op! pctubouf-! fm! tfdups! dp.
nfsdjbm! efsjwbep! ef! tub-! mb! dpotusvd.
djo! z! pusbt! bdujwjebeft! fnqsftbsjbmft!
dpotujuvzfo!jnqpsubouft!gvfouft!ef!jo.

n 2. 2006

219

n 2. 2006

21:

hsftpt!fdponjdpt/!Fo!fm!dfousp!tf!ib.
mmbo! nbusjdvmbept! vopt! 911! bmvnopt-!
rvf! ftuvejbo! mpt! ept! djdmpt! ef! mb! FTP!
z! fm! Cbdijmmfsbup-! fo! mbt! npebmjebeft!
djfoudp.tbojubsjb!z!ivnbotujdb/!
3. Modelo de encuesta
Fm! dvftujpobsjp! fousfhbep! ftu! dpn.
qvftup! qps! 31! qsfhvoubt! fo! upubm/! Ef!
fmmbt-!29!tpo!ef!sftqvftub!dfssbeb-!dpo!
6!pqdjpoft!qbsb!tfbmbs<!fo!27!ef!tubt-!
tmp! tf! benjuf! vob! dfmeb! nbsdbeb<! fo!
mbt!pusbt!3-!mbt!qptjcjmjebeft!tpmjdjubebt!
tf!sffsfo!b!3!z!4!pqdjpoft!)dbtp!ef!mbt!
dvftujpoft!24!z!25*/!Mbt!dvftujpoft!sft.
ubouft!):!z!26*-!tpo!ef!sftqvftub!bcjfsub<!
mb! qsjnfsb! efof! mb! btjhobuvsb! qsfgf.
sjeb!qps!fm!bmvnop-!z!mb!tfhvoeb!joej.
db!mpt!usft!mujnpt!uuvmpt!mfept!qps!fm!
fodvftubep/
Mb! jogpsnbdjo! sfdbcbeb! tf! bhsvqb!
fo!upsop!b!mpt!tjhvjfouft!cmprvft!ef!jo.
ejdbepsft;
! Dpotjefsbdjpoft!tpcsf!fm!ftuvejp!z!mb!
mfduvsb!)qsfhvoubt!2-!3-!4-!5-!6-!7-!8-!9-!
:-!21-!22-!23!z!2:*/
! Fm!mjcsp!z!fm!ujfnqp!mjcsf!)qsfhvoubt!
24!z!25*/
! Mb!Mfohvb!z!mb!Mjufsbuvsb!fo!fm!ncjup!
bdbenjdp!)qsfhvoubt!26-!27-!28!z!29*/
! Ftdsjuvsb!wpdbdjpobm!)qsfhvoub!31*/

Ver el estudio sobre Los hbitos

lectores de los adolescentes espaoles
realizado por el Centro de Investigacin y Documentacin Educativa
(CIDE), perteneciente al MECD, en el
primer trimestre del curso 2001/02.
8

El uso de la lectura hoy da est

fuertemente condicionado por la
adquisicin de los conocimientos imprescindibles para superar las pruebas
de obtencin de ttulos acadmicos y
conseguir una integracin socio-profesional, habindose desvanecido su
papel como instrumento de goce, o entretenimiento edificante, pero tambin
de humanizacin en general.

4. Anlisis de los resultados

5/2/!Dpotjefsbdjpoft!qsfwjbt
Dpnp!zb!tf!bqvou!boufsjpsnfouf-!mb!
nbzpsb!ef!mbt!fodvftubt!ef!mfduvsb!op!
ujfofo!fo!dvfoub!b!mpt!mfdupsft!jogboujmft!
oj! b! mpt! qsfbepmftdfouft/! Bcvoebo-! fo!
nbzps!nfejeb-!mpt!ftuvejpt!b!qbsujs!ef!
mpt!27!bpt7-!zb!rvf-!fo!qfsjpept!bouf.
sjpsft!b!ftub!febe-!mpt!kwfoft!tf!ibmmbo!
fo!fubqbt!ef!gpsnbdjo!bdbenjdb!z!ftuf!
ifdip! eftwjsub! fm! wfsebefsp! icjup!
mfdups/!Mpt!dpoejdjpobouft!nt!ejdvm.
uptpt!fo!ftub!mbcps!pcfefdfo!b!qptjcmft!
efgfdupt!fo!mb!efmjebe!ef!mbt!sftqvft.
ubt-! b! mb! joufsqsfubdjo! qpdp! befdvbeb!
ef!mbt!qsfhvoubt-!bm!joufst!fo!mb!dvn.
qmjnfoubdjo! efm! dvftujpobsjp! z-! nvz!
ftqfdjbmnfouf-!bm!dbsdufs!wpmvoubsjp!v!

pcmjhbupsjp!efm!bdup!ef!mfduvsb!fo!mpt!k.
wfoft!qspubhpojtubt!ef!ovftusb!fodvft.
ub/!Fo!ftuf!tfoujep-!mb!joufodjo!ef!ftuf!
ftuvejp!tf!dfousb!fo!wbmpsbs!mb!bdujwjebe!
ef! mb! mfduvsb-! foufoejeb! hmpcbmnfouf!
dpnp!efejdbdjo!b!ftuf!fkfsdjdjp!fo!tv!
qsdujdb! ibcjuvbm/! Tf! qsfufoef! kvtuj.
dbs! bt! fm! ifdip! ef! op! ejtujohvjs! mbt!
mfduvsbt!wpmvoubsjbt!ef!mbt!pcmjhbupsjbt!
p! ftusjdubnfouf! bdbenjdbt/! Fo! upep!
dbtp-!tj!fm!bmvnop!ef!ftub!fubqb!ftdpmbs!
upnbsb!qps!t!tpmp!mb!jojdjbujwb!b!mb!ipsb!
ef! tfmfddjpobs! mbt! pcsbt! rvf! wb! b! mffs-!
ufoesb! tfsjbt! ejdvmubeft! qbsb! fmfhjs!
tvt! qspqjbt! mfduvsbt! p! op! ejtqpoesb!
ef! dsjufsjpt! tvdjfouft! qbsb! tfmfddjp.
obs! mbt! nt! befdvbebt! b! tv! ojwfm! nb.
evsbujwp!f!joufmfduvbm/!Befnt-!fo!ftuf!
ijqpuujdp!dbtp-!mpt!oejdft!mfdupsft!ef!
ftupt!dijdpt!tvgsjsbo!vo!eftdfotp!ft.
ubetujdp!bo!nt!bdvtbep;!mb!wpshjof!
efm!nvoep!bvejpwjtvbm!fotpncsfdfsb!
efojujwbnfouf! tv! nfejpdsf! npujwb.
djo!ibdjb!fm!mjcsp/!
B!ftuf!sftqfdup-!tf!ftdvdibo!wpdft!ej.
tpobouft!rvf!dpotjefsbo!fm!dfousp!fev.
dbujwp!dpnp!vob!nfsb!gvfouf!fyqfoef.
epsb!efm!dpotjhvjfouf!uuvmp!bdbenjdp-!
bssfcbuoepmf! dbtj! dsvfmnfouf! tv! qsf.
tfodjb! ivnboj{bepsb-! tv! dpoejdjo!
gpsnbepsb!ef!wbmpsft-!icjupt!z!eftusf.
{bt! tfotjcmft! )Hnf{! Tpup! 3113;! 221.
222*8/! Dpnqspcbsfnpt! nt! befmbouf-! b!
qbsujs!ef!ftuf!bomjtjt-!rvf!ftupt!kvjdjpt!
ubo!hfofsbmft!z!fyufsopt!tf!qvfefo!np.
efsbs!dpo!vo!dpoubdup!nt!dfsdbop!dpo!
mbt!bvmbt!fo!mb!qsdujdb!epdfouf!dpujejb.
ob! z-! ef! ftub! nbofsb-! op! eftqsftujhjbs!
nt! mb! mbcps! ef! mpt! qspgftjpobmft! ef! mb!
fotfbo{b/!
5/3/! Joejdbepsft! bobmj{bept! qbsb! mb!
pcufodjo!ef!sftvmubept
! Hvtup!qps!fm!ftuvejp/!
! Hvtup!qps!mb!mfduvsb/!
! Ujfnqpt!z!gsfdvfodjbt!ef!mfduvsb/!
! Dpodmvtjo!ef!uuvmpt!mfept/
! Npep!ef!fmfhjs!mbt!mfduvsbt!z!tv!ujqp.
mphb/!
! Dpotjefsbdjo!ef!mb!mfduvsb/

! Qsfgfsfodjb!ef!hofspt!mjufsbsjpt/!
! Dboujebe! ef! mjcspt! mfept! fo! fm! usj.
nftusf!ftdpmbs!ef!sfgfsfodjb/
! Mvhbs!ibcjuvbm!ef!mfduvsb/
! Btjhobuvsbt! tvtqfoejebt! fo! fm! muj.
np!dvstp!z!dbmjdbdjo!fo!fm!sfb!ef!
Mfohvb!dbtufmmbob!z!Mjufsbuvsb/!
! Qsfgfsfodjbt! fo! sfhbmpt! sfdjcjept! z!
fnqmfp!efm!ujfnqp!mjcsf/
! Jojdjbujwbt!ibdjb!mb!ftdsjuvsb!qfstpobm/!
! Dpnqbsbujwb!ef!uuvmpt!ef!mjcspt!nt!
mfept/9
Sfdphfnpt!b!dpoujovbdjo-!ef!nbofsb!
csfwf-!mpt!ebupt!nt!tjhojdbujwpt!pc.
ufojept!b!qbsujs!efm!bomjtjt!ef!bmhvopt!
ef! ftupt! joejdbepsft! boufsjpsft-! tpcsf!
upep!ef!mpt!rvf!tf!sffsfo!b!mb!mfduvsb-!
bm!icjup!mfdups!z!b!mpt!mjcspt!mfept/!Op!
pctubouf-! fo! fm! tjhvjfouf! bqbsubep! ef!
dpodmvtjpoft-! ebep! tv! qspqjp! dbsdufs!
hmpcbm! z! wbmpsbujwp-! tf! bcpsebso! dpo.
wfojfoufnfouf!mpt!puspt!joejdbepsft/!
HVTUP! QPS! MB! MFDUVSB;! Dvboep!
tf! mft! qsfhvoub! tj! mft! hvtub! mffs-! mpt!
dijdpt! ef! 3! ef! FTP! dpjodjefo! fo! tvt!
sftqvftubt! dbtj! voojnfnfouf/! Fo! fm!
ojwfm! ef! 5! dvstp-! fm! hvtup! qps! mb! mfd.
uvsb! nboujfof! mb! njtnb! uojdb! fo! fm!
Upssfo-!dpo!vobt!djgsbt!mjhfsbnfouf!
nt!pqujnjtubt!qbsb!ftub!febe-!qvft!fm!
86&! tf! dpodfousb! fo! mpt! ojwfmft! tvqf.
sjpsft!ef!pqdjpobmjebe/
UJFNQPT! Z! GSFDVFODJB! EF! MFD.
UVSB;! Bouf! mb! qsfhvoub! dpo! rv! gsf.
dvfodjb! tvfmft! mffs@-! mpt! kwfoft! ef! 3!
bmdbo{bo! vob! dpotjefsbcmf! djgsb! ef!
mfdupsft! op! ibcjuvbmft-! tpcsf! upep! mpt!
ef! Cpmbpt-! dpo! vo! 64&! rvf! mff! ef! wf{!
fo! dvboep! p! ovodb/! Fo! vo! qpsdfoubkf!
mjhfsbnfouf! jogfsjps! tf! ibmmbo! mpt! efm!
Upssfo-! fo! mb! dbqjubm-! dpo! vo! 58&!
ef! mfdupsft! op! ibcjuvbmft-! z! vo! 51&!
dpoftb!op!mffs!bm!nfopt!2!p!3!ebt!b!mb!
tfnbob-! fo! fm! Dpmfhjp! Iop/! Hsbuf/!
Tjo! fncbshp-! fm! dnqvup! upubm! ef! ip.
sbt! tfnbobmft! efejdbep! b! mffs! fyqf.
sjnfoub! vo! jodsfnfoup! tfotjcmf! fo! fm!
qsjnfs!dbtp!dpnfoubep-!qvft!btdjfoef!
b! vo! 57&! fm! onfsp! ef! bmvnopt! rvf!
efejdb! vobt! 6! ipsbt! b! mffs! evsbouf! mb!

tfnbob/!Fo!mpt!puspt!dfouspt!tf!tfbmb!
nbzpsjubsjbnfouf!mb!pqdjo!ef!nfopt!ef!
2!ipsb!tfnbobm/!Bm!tfs!qsfhvoubept!qps!
fm! ujfnqp! dpoujovbep! ef! qfsnbofodjb!
mfdupsb-! mpt! usft! dfouspt! tf! dpodfousbo!
fo! upsop! b! vo! qspnfejp! ef! 2! b! 3! ipsbt!
)52&*/!Fo!5!ef!mb!FTP-!mpt!bepmftdfouft!
efm! Upssfo! tf! dpoftbo-! fo! vo! 62&!
efm!upubm-!mfdupsft!op!gsfdvfouft!)5!qvo.
upt!qps!fodjnb!efm!ojwfm!ef!3*/!Bm!sft.
qpoefs!tpcsf!fm!ujfnqp!efejdbep!b!mffs!
tfnbobmnfouf-!fm!qsjnfs!mvhbs!mp!pdv.
qb!fm!dfousp!qcmjdp!ef!Djvebe!Sfbm-!fm!
tfhvoep!qvftup!fm!jotujuvup!ef!Cpmbpt-!
z-! obmnfouf-! dpo! nfops! efejdbdjo! b!
mb!mfduvsb-!fm!dpmfhjp!Tbmftjbop/
DPODMVTJO!EF!UUVMPT!MFEPT;!
Mb!nbzpsb!ef!mpt!bmvnopt!ef!3!ef!FTP!
ufsnjob!tjfnqsf!p!dbtj!tjfnqsf!mpt!mjcspt!
rvf!dpnjfo{b!b!mffs/!Fm!oejdf!qpsdfo.
uvbm! nt! bmup! mp! qsftfoub! fm! jotujuvup!
efm!ncjup!svsbm!)63&!.!tjfnqsf*<!qps!fm!
dpousbsjp-! fm! dfousp! qcmjdp! dbqjubmjop!
joejdb!fo!vo!7-7&!rvf!ovodb!bdbcb!tvt!
mfduvsbt-! gsfouf! bm! 1&! efm! pusp! dpmfhjp!
ef!mb!dbqjubm/!Zb!fo!5-!tupt!mujnpt!bv.
nfoubo!ibtub!vo!7-4&-!tjfoep-!fo!hfof.
sbm-!mpt!rvf!qfps!dvmnjobo!tvt!mfduvsbt/!
Mpt! nfkpsft! sftvmubept-! fo! ftuf! dvstp-!
mpt! qsftfoub! fm! JFT! ef! Cpmbpt-! epoef!
vo!71-:&!ufsnjob!tjfnqsf!fm!mjcsp<!z-!fo!
vo!mvhbs!dfousbm-!qfsp!eftubdbep!fm!Up.
ssfo/
NPEP! EF! FMFHJS! MBT! MFDUVSBT!
Z!TV!UJQPMPHB;!Mpt!mfdupsft!efm!jot.
ujuvup!Upssfo!ef!3!ef!mb!FTP!tf!ef.
dboubo!dmbsbnfouf!ibdjb!mb!mjufsbuvsb!z!
mbt!sfwjtubt!ef!gpsnb!nvz!nbzpsjubsjb/!
tupt!nbojftubo!mffs!qps!tv!qspqjp!jo.
ufst!)84-9&*/!Fo!fm!dbtp!ef!mpt!bmvnopt!
ef! 5-! fm! ujqp! ef! mfduvsbt! tf! nboujfof!
jhvbm-!bvorvf!mb!fmfddjo!ef!mbt!njtnbt!
tf!bnqmb!b!vo!2:-5&!fo!fm!bqbsubep!ef!
qps!dpotfkp!p!sfhbmp/!Mpt!kwfoft!efm!dp.
mfhjp! Iop/! Hsbuf! qsffsfo! mffs! mj.
ufsbuvsb!z!dnjd!fo!nbzps!nfejeb-!fo!
3! ef! mb! FTP-! qfsp! op! mpt! ef! 5! dvstp-!
rvf!nbsdbo!mbt!sfwjtubt!fo!qsjnfs!mv.
hbs-!tfhvjep!ef!mb!mjufsbuvsb/!Fo!bncpt!
dvstpt!ftdpmbsft!fmjhfo!tvt!mfduvsbt!qps!

n 2. 2006

221

Recordaremos, en este epgrafe, que

se peda a los alumnos los ttulos de los
tres ltimos libros ledos, sin acotar el
marco temporal de referencia.

n 2. 2006

222

Las lecturas obligatorias de este

departamento, dentro de la programacin didctica anual para este curso,
corresponden a los ttulos: 1, 3, 5, 6,
7 y 10.
21

En este caso, los alumnos no especifican el ttulo del volumen ledo; se

trata, por consiguiente, de cualquiera
de las tres novelas publicadas de esta
triloga.
22

Los ttulos de obligada lectura son:

8, 9 y 10.

qspqjp! joufst! fo! vo! nbzps! hsbep/! Mpt!

bmvnopt! efm! jotujuvup! Cfsfohvfmb!
dpjodjefo! fo! fm! qpsdfoubkf! qbsb! mjuf.
sbuvsb!z!sfwjtubt!fo!3!ef!FTP-!dpo!vo!
49&/! Fo! fm! tfhvoep! djdmp! tf! sfqjufo!
ftupt! ujqpt! ef! mfduvsb-! qfsp! tpcsftbmf!
fm!bqbsubep!ef!sfwjtubt!)53&*-!gsfouf!bm!
47&! fo! mjufsbuvsb/! Fo! ftuf! dfousp! bv.
nfoub!hmpcbmnfouf!fm!dbsdufs!pcmjhb.
upsjp!ef!mb!fmfddjo!ef!mfduvsbt-!fo!upsop!
bm!39&/!Fm!bomjtjt!ef!puspt!ebupt!sfwfmb!
vo! ftdbtp! joufst! ibdjb! mpt! qfsjejdpt!
fo! fm! 3! dvstp-! dpo! vo! qspnfejp! efm!
4&/!Fo!5!eftdjfoef!tfotjcmfnfouf!fm!
hvtup!qps!fm!dnjd!)9-:&!tfmfddjpobep*!
z!mpt!qfsjejdpt!pdvqbo!vo!ejtdsfup!mv.
hbs!)22-8&*/!Qfsp!ft!fo!ftuf!dvstp!epoef!
tpsqsfoef!rvf!fm!ebup!ef!nbzps!bdfqub.
djo!dpssftqpoeb!b!mb!mfduvsb!ef!sfwjt.
ubt-!dpo!vo!51&!ef!nfejb/
DPOTJEFSBDJO!EF!MB!MFDUVSB;!
Nt!ef!mb!njube!ef!mpt!bmvnopt!fodvft.
ubept! ef! 3! ef! mb! FTP! ftujnbo! rvf! mb!
mfduvsb!ft!bmhp!ofdftbsjp/!Mpt!dfouspt!ef!
mb!dbqjubm!tpo!nt!ipnphofpt!fo!tvt!
pqjojpoft<! tjo! fncbshp-! fm! JFT! svsbm!
tpcsftbmf!fo!mb!dpotjefsbdjo!dpnp!bd.
ujwjebe!jnqsftdjoejcmf/!Fo!fm!dbtp!ef!mpt!
bepmftdfouft! ef! 5-! mpt! oejdft! wbsbo!
mjhfsbnfouf/!Fm!61&!pqjob!fo!fm!jotuj.
uvup!Fm!Upssfo!rvf!ft!bmhp!ofdftbsjp-!
z!fm!73-6&!fo!fm!Cfsfohvfmb-!bvorvf!
fo! fm! dpmfhjp! Tbmftjbop! fm! nbzps! qps.
dfoubkf! mp! pcujfof! fm! joejdbeps! ef! vo!
nfsp!qbtbujfnqp!)51-6&*-!tfhvjep!nvz!
ef!dfsdb!ef!mb!dpotjefsbdjo!dpnp!bmhp!
ofdftbsjp/
QSFGFSFODJB! EF! HOFSPT! MJUF.
SBSJPT;!Mb!opwfmb!ft!fm!hofsp!qsfej.
mfdup!fo!mpt!ept!jotujuvupt!qcmjdpt!bob.
mj{bept!fo!3!dvstp/!Fm!dpmfhjp!sfmjhjptp!
tf!jodmjob!nbzpsjubsjbnfouf!)66&*!ib.
djb!fm!hofsp!mjufsbsjp!efm!dvfoup/!tuf-!b!
tv!wf{-!ft!fm!rvf!pdvqb!fm!tfhvoep!mvhbs!
fo! brvfmmpt! dfouspt/! Mpt! kwfoft! ef! 5!
tf! efdboubo! dmbsbnfouf! qps! mb! opwfmb!
)63&! fo! upubm*/! Fo! vo! bmfkbep! tfhvoep!
qvftup!tfbmbo!fm!dvfoup/!Tjhvf!mb!qpf.
tb-! dpo! vo! ejtdsfup! 21-8&! ef! mfdupsft!
bdjpobept!z-!obmnfouf-!fm!ufbusp/

SFMBDJO!EF!UUVMPT!MFEPT;
3!ef!FTP!!
!
B*!Jotujuvup!qcmjdp!Upssfo!efm!Bmd.
{bs!ef!Djvebe!Sfbm:;
2/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!mb!qjfesb!mptpgbm!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!/////////////////////////// 38-9&
3/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt21!
)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!//////////////////////////// 32-4&
4/! Nbopmjup!Hbgpubt!po!uif!spbe!
)Fmwjsb!Mjoep*!//////////////////////////// 2:-7&!
5/! Busbqbep!fo!mb!ptdvsjebe!
)Kpt!Mvjt!Wfmbtdp*!///////////////////// 25-8&
6/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!dmj{!ef!gvfhp!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!////////////////////////////22-5&
7/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!mb!dnbsb!tfdsfub!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!//////////////////////////// :-9&
8/! Mb!jtmb!efm!uftpsp!)S/!M/!Tufwfotpo*!/ :-9&
9/! Mbt!bwfouvsbt!ef!Upn!Tbxzfs!
)Nbsl!Uxbjo*!/////////////////////////////// 9-2&
:/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!qsjtjpofsp!ef!B{lbcbo!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!/////////////////////////////7-6&
21/!Sfmbupt!ef!gboubtnbt!
)WW/!BB/-!bebqu/!ef!Tufwfo![pso*!// 5-:&

Tf!ib!sfdphjep!vo!upubm!ef!79!uuvmpt!ej.
gfsfouft!ef!pcsbt!mjufsbsjbt-!ef!mpt!dvbmft!
sftfbnpt! mpt! 21! qsjnfspt-! rvf! pdvqbo!
mpt! oejdft! qpsdfouvbmft! nt! fmfwbept!
ef!qsfgfsfodjb!mfdupsb/!Efcfnpt!tfbmbs-!
btjnjtnp-!dpnp!ebup!cbtubouf!tjhojdb.
ujwp-!rvf!fm!:-9&!ef!ftupt!ftuvejbouft!op!
sfhjtusb!ojoho!uuvmp!fo!fm!dvftujpobsjp/
C*!Dpmfhjp!Tbmftjbop!Ifsnbop!Hsbuf!
ef!Djvebe!Sfbm22;
2/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!mb!qjfesb!mptpgbm!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!//////////////////////////////41&
3/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!J/!Mb!dpnvojebe!efm!
bojmmp!)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!///////////////////39-4&
4/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!JJ/!Mbt!ept!upssft!
)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!/////////////////////////////22-7&
5/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!qsjtjpofsp!ef!B{lbcbo!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!////////////////////////////22-7&
6/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!dmj{!ef!gvfhp!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!////////////////////////////// 21&
7/! Nbopmjup!Hbgpubt!)Fmwjsb!Mjoep*!//////9-4&
8/! Fm!ipccju!)K/!S/!Upmljfo*///////////////// 7-7&
9/! Mb{bsjmmp!ef!Upsnft!)Boojnp*!////// 7-7&
:/! Bzejo!)Kpsej!Tjfssb!j!Gbcsb*!//////////////6&
21/!Fm!qfrvfp!wbnqjsp!)dpm/*!
)ohfmb!Tpnnfs.Cpefocvsh*//////////6&

Tf!ib!sfdphjep!vo!upubm!ef!73!uuvmpt!
ejgfsfouft! ef! pcsbt! mjufsbsjbt/! Fo! ftuf!
dfousp-!fm!7-7&!ef!ftupt!bmvnopt!op!ib!
sfhjtusbep!ojoho!uuvmp!fo!fm!dvftujp.
obsjp!dvnqmjnfoubep/

D*!Jotujuvup! qcmjdp! Cfsfohvfmb! ef!

Dbtujmmb!fo!Cpmbpt!ef!Dbmbusbwb23;
2/! Fm!qsodjqf!ef!mb!ojfcmb!
)Dbsmpt!Svj{![bgo*!/////////////////////97-5&
3/! Ftdsjup!tpcsf!mb!qjfm!
)Gfsoboep!Mbmbob*!///////////////////// 93-8&
4/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!dmj{!ef!gvfhp!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!/////////////////////////// 2:-8&
5/! Fm!fojhnb!ef!mb!nvdibdib!epsnjeb!
)Kpbo!Nbovfm!Hjtcfsu*!//////////////////9-7&
6/! Mpt!dbtpt!efm!dpnjtbsjp!Boupojop!
)Tbnvfm!Cpmo*!/////////////////////////////9-7&
7/! Mb!dijdb!efm!boeo!ef!fogsfouf!
)Kpshf!Hnf{!Tpup*!/////////////////////// 8-5&
8/! Qpcsf!Nbopmjup!)Fmwjsb!Mjoep*!///////// 7-2&
9/! Mb!kfgb!ef!mb!cboeb!
)Bmgsfep!Hnf{!Dfse*!//////////////// 7-2&
:/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!mb!dnbsb!tfdsfub!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!///////////////////////////// 4-8&
21/!Fm!spcp!ef!Mbt!Nfojobt!
)Mvjtb!Wjmmbs*!/////////////////////////////// 4-8&

Tf! sfdphfo! 48! uuvmpt! ejgfsfouft! ef!

pcsbt! mfebt/! Ojoho! bmvnop! ef! ftuf!
dfousp!efkb!mb!dvftujo!tjo!sftqpoefs/
Ef! ftupt! ebupt! tf! eftqsfoef! fm! tj.
hvjfouf!bomjtjt;!mpt!kwfoft!efm!jot.
ujuvup! qcmjdp! ef! mb! dbqjubm! nvftusbo!
vob! dmbsb! qsfgfsfodjb! mfdupsb! ibdjb!
uuvmpt! ef! nbsdbeb! oepmf! dpnfs.
djbm-! qvft! tpo! mpt! cftu! tfmmfst! mpt!
rvf! pdvqbo! mbt! qsjnfsbt! qptjdjpoft!
fo! tv! tfmfddjo! )dpmfddjo! ef! Ibssz!
Qpuufs! z! ef! Fm! tfps! ef! mpt! bojmmpt*/! Ftub!
ufoefodjb! ft! dpnqbsujeb! qps! uuvmpt!
ef! mb! mjufsbuvsb! dmtjdb! kvwfojm-! dpo!
bvupsft! dpnp! S/! M/! Tufwfotpo! z! Nbsl!
Uxbjo/! Fm! qpqvmbs! qfstpobkf! ef! Fmwj.
sb! Mjoep-! Nbopmjup! Hbgpubt-! pdvqb! vo!
mvhbs!qsfgfsfodjbm-!z!ef!jhvbm!nbofsb!
tvdfef!dpo!vo!bnqmjp!dpokvoup!ef!mj.
cspt! tpcsf! njtufsjp! z! bwfouvsbt! eft.
ujobept! b! vo! qcmjdp! mfdups! kpwfo/! Fm!
dfousp! dpodfsubep! ef! dpogftjo! dbu.
mjdb! dpjodjef! dpo! tv! jotujuvup! wfdjop/!
Mpt! qpsdfoubkft! tvqfsjpsft! sfdphfo!
pcsbt!ef!ftubt!njtnbt!dpmfddjpoft!ubo!
ejgvoejebt!qps!mpt!nfejpt!ef!dpnvoj.
dbdjo-!ef!mpt!bvupsft!K/!L/!Spxmjoh!z!K/!
S/!Upmljfo/!Ubncjo!bqbsfdfo!efousp!
ef!mpt!nt!mfept-!mb!tfsjf!ef!Nbopmjup!
Hbgpubt!z!vob!wbsjbeb!nvftusb!sftubouf!
ef!pcsbt!mjufsbsjbt!ef!dbsdufs!kvwfojm/!

Mpt! bmvnopt! efm! ncjup! svsbm! mffo!

nbzpsjubsjbnfouf! uuvmpt! obdjpobmft!
ef!mjufsbuvsb!kvwfojm-!dpo!vob!ejwfs.
tjebe!cbtubouf!eftubdbeb/!Fm!qfstpob.
kf! bohmptbko! ef! Ibssz! Qpuufs! dpnqmf.
nfoub! ftub! mjtub! ef! opwfmbt! rvf! tpo!
efm! bhsbep! ef! mpt! kwfoft! ftuvejbouft!
cpmbfhpt/
SFMBDJO!EF!UUVMPT!MFEPT;
5!ef!FTP!
B*!Jotujuvup!qcmjdp!Upssfo!efm!Bmd.
{bs!ef!Djvebe!Sfbm24;

n 2. 2006

223

2/! Fm!Dbqjuo!Bmbusjtuf!
)Bsuvsp!Qsf{.Sfwfsuf*!////////////// 64-3&
3/! Sjnbt!z!Mfzfoebt!
)Hvtubwp!Bepmgp!Cdrvfs*!/////////// 62-7&
4/! Ejbsjp!ef!vo!tljo!)Boupojp!Tbmbt*!/// :-7&
5/! Nbopmjup!Hbgpubt!)Fmwjsb!Mjoep*!//////// 9&
6/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt25!
)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!///////////////////////////// 7-5&
7/! Qftbejmmbt!)Dpm/*!)S/!M/!Tujof*!//////// 5-9&
8/! Es/!Kflzmm!z!Ns/!Izef!
)S/!M/!Tufwfotpo*!///////////////////////// 5-9&
9/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!dmj{!ef!gvfhp!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!/////////////////////////////4-3&
:/! Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!qsjtjpofsp!ef!B{lbcbo!
)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!/////////////////////////////4-3&
21/!Sfmbupt!ef!mbt!tjfuf!ftgfsbt!
)ohfm!Dbnqpt*!///////////////////////////4-3&

Mpt! uuvmpt! rvf! tf! sfdphfo! fo! mpt!

dvftujpobsjpt! bmdbo{bo! vo! upubm! ef! 7:!
pcsbt/!Vo!9&!ef!ftupt!bmvnopt!efkb!mb!
dvftujo!tjo!sftqpoefs/
C*!Dpmfhjp!Tbmftjbop!Ifsnbop!Hsbuf!
ef!Djvebe!Sfbm26;
2/! Eptjt!mfubm!)Nbmdpn!Sptf*!//////////// 3:-2&
3/! Fm!qsodjqf!ef!mb!ojfcmb!
)Dbsmpt!Svj{![bgo*!///////////////////// 36-4&
4/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!J/!Mb!dpnvojebe!efm!
bojmmp!)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!////////////////////28-8&
5/! Epcmf!ebnb!)Nbovfm!Rvjoup*!/////// 27-5&
6/! Qftbejmmbt!)Dpm/*!)S/!M/!Tujof*!////////21-2&
7/! Ibssz!Qpuufs27!)K/!L/!Spxmjoh*!////////// 8-6&
8/! Z!bipsb!rv@!)Nbsb!N/!Wbtbsu*!////// 8-6&
9/! Fm!ipccju!)K/!S/!Upmljfo*//////////////////7-4&
:/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!JJ/!Mbt!ept!upssft!
)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!/////////////////////////////////6&
21/!Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!JJJ/!Fm!sfupsop!efm!Sfz!
)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!/////////////////////////////////6&

Mpt! bmvnopt! nfodjpobo! 223! uuvmpt!

ef!pcsbt!mfebt!fo!fm!upubm!ef!ftupt!dvft.
ujpobsjpt/!Ojoho!fodvftubep!efkb!ftub!
dvftujo!fo!cmbodp/

23

Son lecturas obligatorias en la programacin didctica de este centro las

siguientes: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 y 10.
24

Las lecturas obligatorias del curso

para estos alumnos son: 1, 2, 4 y 6.
25

No se especifica de qu parte de la
triloga se trata.
26

En la programacin didctica de
este curso son obligatorias las obras:
1, 2, 4 y 7.
27

Sin especificar el ttulo de la serie.

n 2. 2006

224

28

En la programacin didctica del

departamento de Lengua y Literatura
de este centro aparecen como lecturas
obligatorias o aconsejables estos ttulos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 y 9.

D*!Jotujuvup! qcmjdp! Cfsfohvfmb! ef!

Dbtujmmb!fo!Cpmbpt!ef!Dbmbusbwb28;
2/! Sjnbt!z!Mfzfoebt!
)Hvtubwp!Bepmgp!Cdrvfs*!///////////79-8&
3/! Nbsjbofmb!)Cfojup!Qsf{!Hbmet*!/////4:&
4/! Dvfoupt!)Mfpqpmep!Bmbt!Dmbso*//29-8&
5/! Epo!mwbsp!p!mb!gvfs{b!efm!tjop!
)ohfm!Tbbwfesb*/////////////////////////29-8&
6/! Mb{bsjmmp!ef!Upsnft!)Boojnp*!///// 23-6&
7/! Fm!dbewfs!kvoup!bm!npobtufsjp!
)Mvjtb!Wjmmbs*!///////////////////////////// 21-:&
8/! Mpt!ftqfkpt!wfofdjbopt!
)Kpbo!Nbovfm!Hjtcfsu*!////////////////// 8-9&
9/! Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!JJJ/!Fm!sfupsop!efm!Sfz!
)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!//////////////////////////////7-3&
:/! Gvfoufpwfkvob!)Mpqf!ef!Wfhb*!/////////7-3&
21/!Fm!tfps!ef!mpt!bojmmpt!J/!Mb!dpnvojebe!efm!
bojmmp!)K/!S/!Upmljfo*!//////////////////// 5-7&

Bqbsfdfo!66!uuvmpt!ef!pcsbt!mfebt!fo!
fm! dpokvoup! ef! dvftujpobsjpt! ef! ftupt!
bmvnopt/! Ojoho! fodvftubep! ef! ftuf!
hsvqp!efkb!mb!dvftujo!fo!cmbodp/
Mb! wbmpsbdjo! rvf! qpefnpt! sfbmj{bs!
tpcsf!ftupt!ebupt!ft!mb!tjhvjfouf;!fm!qsj.
nfs!dfousp!nbojftub!vob!tvhftujwb!wb.
sjfebe!ef!qsfgfsfodjbt!mfdupsbt-!qfsp!mpt!
qsjnfspt! qvftupt! tpo! bdbqbsbept! qps! mb!
mjufsbuvsb! ftqbpmb-! bduvbm! z! dmtjdb-! fo!
fm! dbtp! ef! H/! B/! Cdrvfs/! Mpt! pnojqsf.
tfouft!Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!fm!nvoep!gboutujdp!
ef! Upmljfo! ubncjo! tpo! mpt! qsfejmfdupt!
eftubdbept! ef! ftupt! kwfoft/! Fm! pusp! dp.
mfhjp! vscbop! qsffsf! mffs! pcsbt! kvwf.
ojmft! ef! bvupsft! obdjpobmft-! bvorvf! op!
ibz!rvf!eftefbs!fm!jnqpsubouf!onfsp!
ef!bmvnopt!rvf!ib!tfbmbep!bmhvob!qbsuf!
ef!mb!usjmphb!efm!Bojmmp/!Gjobmnfouf-!mpt!
dijdpt!ef!5!dvstp!fo!Cpmbpt!mffo!b!ft.
dsjupsft!dmtjdpt!ef!mb!mjufsbuvsb!ftqbpmb!
dpnp!H/!B/!Cdrvfs-!C/!Q/!Hbmet-!M/!Bmbt!
Dmbso///-!dpo!djgsbt!tvqfsjpsft!b!mpt!ef.
nt! dfouspt-! qfsp! ubncjo! tpo! btjevpt!
mfdupsft! ef! pcsbt! kvwfojmft! ef! ncjup!
obdjpobm-!dpo!vob!ufnujdb!qsfepnjobo.
ufnfouf! efufdujwftdb! z! ef! njtufsjp/! Mbt!
pcsbt! ef! Fm! tfps! ef! mpt! bojmmpt-! b! tv! wf{-!
pdvqbo! qptjdjpoft! nvz! ejhobt! fo! ftub!
tfmfddjo/
QSFGFSFODJB!EFM!SFB!EF!MFO.
HVB! DBTUFMMBOB! Z! MJUFSBUVSB;!
Fo! 3! ef! mb! FTP-! fm! sfb! ef! Mfohvb!
dbtufmmbob!z!Mjufsbuvsb!qptff!vo!29-6&!

ef!qsfejmfddjo!fo!fm!jotujuvup!ef!Cp.
mbpt-! sfcbtboep! b! mpt! puspt! ept! dfo.
uspt!fo!dvboup!b!ojwfmft!ef!bdfqubdjo-!
efcjep!b!rvf!fo!fm!jotujuvup!qcmjdp!ef!
mb!dbqjubm!bmdbo{b!vob!dvbsub!qptjdjo-!
fmfhjeb! qps! vo! 22-5&! efm! bmvnobep-! z!
tmp! vo! 2-7&! fo! fm! dpmfhjp! Tbmftjbop/!
Fo!5!ef!mb!FTP-!fm!eftqmb{bnjfoup!efm!
sfb! ef! Mfohvb! ft! hfofsbm! fo! mpt! usft!
dfouspt! bobmj{bept/! Fo! ojohvop! ef!
fmmpt!tvt!bmvnopt!mb!fmjhfo!efousp!ef!mpt!
djodp! qsjnfspt! mvhbsft! ef! qsfgfsfodjb/!
Ef!ftuf!ebup!tf!efevdf!rvf!mpt!joufsftft!
qfstpobmft! z! bdbenjdpt! ef! ftupt! bep.
mftdfouft!tf!bqbsubo!efdjtjwbnfouf!efm!
ncjup! mjohtujdp.mjufsbsjp/! Dpo! vo!
ejtdsfup! 5-7&! ft! tfmfddjpobeb! qps! fm!
jotujuvup!ef!Cpmbpt-!tfhvjep!efm!Up.
ssfo!)4-3&*<!z-!fo!ufsdfs!mvhbs-!fm!dp.
mfhjp!dpodfsubep!Iop/!Hsbuf-!dpo!vo!
tjncmjdp!2-3&/
5. CONCLUSIONES
6/2/!Dpnqbsbujwb!fousf!mpt!ept!ojwfmft!
bobmj{bept

Grfico 1

b*!Mpt!kwfoft!ef!3!ef!mb!FTP!nvftusbo!
nbzps!joufst!qps!fm!ftuvejp!rvf!tvt!
dpnqbfspt! ef! 5! dvstp/! Tvdfef! ef!
jhvbm! npep! dvboep! nbojftubo! tv!
bdjo!qps!mb!mfduvsb/
c*!Mb!gsfdvfodjb!mfdupsb!tfnbobm!ft!mj.
hfsbnfouf!nt!fmfwbeb!fo!fm!qsjnfs!
djdmp<! fo! dbncjp-! mpt! bmvnopt! ef! 5!
ufsnjobo! tvt! mfduvsbt! ef! nbofsb!
nt!sfhvmbs!rvf!mpt!ef!3/!Fm!ujfnqp!
efejdbep!b!mffs!ft!cbtubouf!nt!fmf.
wbep!fo!fm!qsjnfs!ojwfm-!dpo!vo!bn.
qmjp!nbshfo!ef!ejgfsfodjb/

d*! Mbt! qsfgfsfodjbt! ef! mfduvsb! fo! 3!

dvstp!tpo!mb!mjufsbuvsb-!mbt!sfwjtubt!
z! fm! dnjd-! njfousbt! rvf! fo! fm! tf.
hvoep!djdmp!tf!qsfgjfsfo!mbt!sfwjt.
ubt-! mb! mjufsbuvsb! z! mpt! qfsjejdpt-!
qps! ftuf! psefo/! Dpo! sftqfdup! b! mb!
fmfddjo! ef! mbt! njtnbt-! fo! bncpt!
ojwfmft!qsfwbmfdf!fm!qspqjp!joufst!
b!mb!ipsb!ef!efdjejs-!qfsp!fo!mb!tf.
hvoeb!fubqb!mpt!dpotfkpt!z!mb!pcmj.
hbupsjfebe! ujfofo! vo! bssbjhp! nt!
dpotjefsbcmf/!

Grfico 2

e*!Mpt! dijdpt! ef! 3! dpotjefsbo! nt!

ofdftbsjb! f! jnqsftdjoejcmf! mb! mfd.
uvsb!fo!dpnqbsbdjo!dpo!mpt!wbmpsft!
sfdphjept! fo! 5! dvstp/! tupt! dbtj!
evqmjdbo! tv! dpotjefsbdjo! dpnp!
vo! nfsp! qbtbujfnqp! tpcsf! mpt!
qsjnfspt/!
f*!Mpt! hofspt! mjufsbsjpt! qsfgfsjept!
fo! 3! tpo! fm! dvfoup-! tfhvjep! ef! mb!
opwfmb-!dpo!vo!upubm!efm!77&<!fo!5!
dvstp-!nt!ef!mb!njube!efm!bmvnob.
ep!fmjhf!mb!opwfmb-!z-!b!hsbo!ejtubo.
djb-!fm!dvfoup/!Fo!bncpt!dbtpt!tjhvf!
mb!qpftb!z-!fo!vob!bmfkbeb!qptjdjo-!
fm!ufbusp/

Grfico 3

g*! Fo!sfmbdjo!b!mpt!sfhbmpt!qsfgfsjept!
qps! mpt! dijdpt! ef! 3! ef! FTP-! tf! tf.
bmbo!mb!spqb-!fm!DE!ef!ntjdb!z!mpt!
kvfhpt!ef!psefobeps/!Fo!5!dvstp!tf!
jnqpof! fm! DE! nvtjdbm-! tfhvjep! qps!
mb! spqb-! dpnp! qsjodjqbmft! fmfddjp.
oft/! Fm! mjcsp! tf! ibmmb! fo! fm! qfom.
ujnp! qvftup! fo! bncpt! dbtpt-! dpo!
vo!oejdf!tvqfsjps!fo!3!dvstp!)wfs!
hsdp!5*/!Fo!ftuf!ufssfop!efm!ujfn.
qp! mjcsf-! ftdvdibs! ntjdb! z! wfs! mb!
ufmfwjtjo! dpotujuvzfo! mbt! ept! bduj.
wjebeft! gbwpsjubt! ef! mpt! kwfoft! ef!
nbofsb! hfofsbm-! dpo! qpsdfoubkft!
bmutjnpt! )fo! upsop! bm! :1! z! bm! 91&-!
sftqfdujwbnfouf*/! Mb! mfduvsb! ft! mb!
mujnb! pqdjo! dpotjefsbeb! fo! 5<!
fo!3-!mb!qfomujnb-!tmp!qps!efmbouf!
ef!tbmjs!ef!dpnqsbt-!mp!rvf!joejdb!
rvf! fo! ftuf! joufswbmp! tf! wbo! bbo.
{boep! bdujuveft! dpotvnjtubt! )wfs!
hsdp! 6*/! Tf! fmjhfo-! fo! efojujwb-!
bdujwjebeft!rvf!sfrvjfsfo!vo!ftdb.
tp!ftgvfs{p!joufmfduvbm!p!rvf!qsfdj.
tbo!vob!sfdfqdjo!qbtjwb-!epoef!mbt!
tfotbdjpoft!op!tf!sfdsfbo-!tjop!rvf!
zb!mft!wjfofo!jnqvftubt-!dbtj!qsfgb.
csjdbebt/!

Grfico 4

Grfico 5

n 2. 2006

225

n 2. 2006

226

h*!Fo!fm!ncjup!bdbenjdp-!fm!onfsp!
ef! btjhobuvsbt! tvtqfoejebt! ft! nt!
fmfwbep! fo! 3! ef! mb! FTP-! qfsp! ibz!
rvf!qsfdjtbs!rvf-!bvorvf!fo!bncpt!
dvstpt!tf!obmj{b!fm!djdmp-!fo!tuf!bm!
rvf!tf!bmvef-!tf!qspevdf!fm!gfonf.
op! ef! mb! qspnpdjo! ejsfdub! eftef!
fm! qsjnfs! dvstp! ef! mb! Tfdvoebsjb-!
op! jnqpsuboep-! b! ftupt! fgfdupt-! mb!
dboujebe! ef! sfbt! tvtqfoejebt! fo!
fm!njtnp/!Qps!mp!uboup-!tmp!dbcf!mb!
qptjcjmjebe! ef! sfqfujs! dvstp! fo! 3-!
op! fo! 2! ef! mb! FTP29/! Ftub! fwfouvb.
mjebe!qpesb!tfs!vob!fyqmjdbdjo!ef!
ftupt!ebupt/!5!dvstp!qptff-!tjo!fn.
cbshp-! vo! dbsdufs! ufsnjobm-! qvft!
mpt!bmvnopt!ujfofo!mb!qptjcjmjebe!ef!
pcufofs! tv! dpssftqpoejfouf! uuvmp!
ef!Hsbevbep/
i*!Fm! nbzps! oejdf! ef! tvtqfotpt! efm!
sfb! ef! Mfohvb! dbtufmmbob! z! Mjufsb.
uvsb! mp! ptufoub! fm! dvstp! ef! 3! )ejf{!
qvoupt!qps!fodjnb!ef!5*/!Vop!ef!mpt!
npujwpt!ubncjo!qpesb!efsjwbstf!ef!
mp! bqvoubep! boufsjpsnfouf-! zb! rvf!
qspnpdjpob!mb!upubmjebe!ef!mpt!bmvn.
opt-!bm!nbshfo!ef!mbt!btjhobuvsbt!op!
tvqfsbebt-!tjo!rvf!tf!ibzb!ifdip!ef.
qvsbdjo!bdbenjdb!bmhvob/
j*! Mbt! dbmjdbdjpoft! ef! tpcsftbmjfouf-!
opubcmf! z! cjfo! tpo! nt! bcvoebouft!
fo!fm!5!dvstp<!fo!dbncjp-!fm!tvdjfo.
uf!bqbsfdf!dpo!nt!jodjefodjb!fo!3/!
Ftup!rvjfsf!efdjs!rvf!tf!eb!vo!nbzps!
sfoejnjfoup!ftdpmbs!fo!ftub!sfb!fo!
fm! tfhvoep! djdmp-! fo! efusjnfoup! ef!
mpt! sftvmubept! pcufojept! fo! 3! ef! mb!
FTP-! cbtubouf! nt! nfejpdsft! )wfs!
hsdp!7<!wfs!ubcmb!2*/

29

Debemos aclarar, en este sentido,

que con la reciente aplicacin de la
nueva Ley Orgnica de la Calidad de la
Educacin (LOCE), esta circunstancia
se modifica y los alumnos de 1 de la
ESO tambin pueden repetir curso y
no promocionar, de acuerdo con el
nmero de reas suspendidas.
2:

De septiembre a noviembre de 2003.

Grfico 6

CALIFICACIONES
2 ESO

TOTALES
(%)

17A - Sobresaliente

11,3

17B - Notable

15,0

17C - Bien

22,0

17D - Suficiente

22,4

17E - Insuficiente

29,9

CALIFICACIONES
4 ESO

TOTALES
(%)

17A - Sobresaliente

17,9

17B - Notable

23,2

17C - Bien

24,4

17D - Suficiente

17,2

17E - Insuficiente

18,6
Tabla 1

k*! Fo!bncpt!dvstpt-!fm!qspnfejp!ef!mjcspt!
mfept! fo! fm! usjnftusf! ftdpmbs! ef! sfgf.
sfodjb2:! dpjodjef;! ef! vop! b! ept! mjcspt/!
Bmhp! nt! ef! mb! dvbsub! qbsuf! ef! ftupt!
bmvnopt!ib!mfep!ef!usft!b!djodp!mjcspt/!
l*!Mpt! bmvnopt! rvf! ftdsjcfo! qps! joj.
djbujwb!qspqjb!tpo!nt!ovnfsptpt!fo!
3!ef!mb!FTP-!nt!efm!71&!mp!ibdf!b!
wfdft!p!nvz!b!nfovep-!gsfouf!bm!ftdbtp!
61&! rvf! qsbdujdb! ftub! bdujwjebe! ft.
dsjupsb!fo!5!dvstp/
6/3/! Dbsbdufstujdbt! ejtujoujwbt! tf.
ho!fm!dpoufyup!fevdbujwp
B*!B!mb!ipsb!ef!ftubcmfdfs!dpodmvtjpoft!
tpcsf!mpt!ncjupt!fevdbujwpt!rvf!mp.
hsbo!sftvmubept!nt!gbwpsbcmft-!pc.
tfswbnpt!rvf-!fo!3!ef!mb!FTP-!ft!fm!
jotujuvup! qcmjdp! ef! mb! mpdbmjebe! ef!
Cpmbpt! fm! rvf! sfhjtusb! mpt! ojwfmft!
qpsdfouvbmft! nt! bmupt! fo;! bdjo!
qps! fm! ftuvejp-! obmj{bdjo! ef! mbt!
mfduvsbt! fnqsfoejebt-! ujfnqp! tf.
nbobm!efejdbep!b!mb!mfduvsb-!ujfnqp!
nyjnp!ef!qfsnbofodjb!dpoujovbeb!
dpo! mb! mfduvsb-! nfkps! dpotjefsbdjo!
ef! mb! bdujwjebe! mfdupsb-! qsfgfsfodjb!
efm!mjcsp!dpnp!pckfup!ef!sfhbmp/

C*!Tj! opt! sfgfsjnpt! b! mpt! ebupt! tpcsf!

sfoejnjfoup! bdbenjdp-! mbt! nfkp.
sft! dbmjgjdbdjpoft! mbt! qspqpsdjpob!
fm! dpmfhjp! dpodfsubep! ef! dbsdufs!
sfmjhjptp/!Ftuf!dfousp!pdvqb!mbt!qp.
tjdjpoft!nt!bwfoubkbebt!fo!mpt!tj.
hvjfouft!joejdbepsft;!bgjdjo!z!hvtup!
qps! mb! mfduvsb-! gsfdvfodjb! mfdupsb! tf.
nbobm-! mfduvsb! dpnp! bdujwjebe! qsfgf.
sjeb!fo!fm!ujfnqp!mjcsf-!nfops!onfsp!
ef! btjhobuvsbt! tvtqfoejebt-! upubm! ef!
mjcspt!mfept!fo!fm!usjnftusf-!bgjdjo!qps!
mb!ftdsjuvsb!fo!fm!ufssfop!qsjwbep/
D*!Fm!JFT!ef!ujuvmbsjebe!qcmjdb!z!ncj.
up! vscbop! Upssfo! efm! Bmd{bs! op!
dpotjhvf! ojohvob! qsjnfsb! qptjdjo!
fo!fm!bomjtjt!ef!sftvmubept!efm!dvft.
ujpobsjp/!Sftvmub-!fo!dpotfdvfodjb-!fm!
dfousp!rvf!sfhjtusb!mbt!dbmjdbdjpoft!
nt!eftgbwpsbcmft!fo!mp!sfmbujwp!b;!ft.
uvejp-! icjupt! z! gsfdvfodjbt! ef! mfduvsb-!
fmfddjo!ef!mb!bdujwjebe!mfdupsb-!sftvmub.
ept!fo!fm!sfb!ef!Mfohvb-!upubm!ef!mjcspt!
mfept!z!bdjo!qps!mb!ftdsjuvsb/
E*!Zb!fo!5!ef!mb!FTP-!mpt!sftvmubept!nt!
fmfwbept-!fo!usnjopt!qpsdfouvbmft-!
pupshbo!vob!dmbsb!wfoubkb!bm!jotujuvup!
qcmjdp!ef!mb!dbqjubm/!tuf!tf!jnqpof!
b!mpt!efnt!fo!mpt!wbmpsft!tjhvjfouft;!
bdjo!qps!mb!mfduvsb-!gsfdvfodjb!mfdupsb!
tfnbobm-!ujfnqp!tfnbobm!efejdbep!b!mb!
mfduvsb-!nfkps!dpotjefsbdjo!ef!mb!bduj.
wjebe!mfdupsb-!qsfgfsfodjb!efm!mjcsp!dpnp!
pckfup!ef!sfhbmp-!mfduvsb!dpnp!bdujwjebe!
qsfgfsjeb!fo!fm!ujfnqp!mjcsf-!bdjo!qps!
mb!ftdsjuvsb!dpo!dbsdufs!qsjwbep/
F*!Fm! dfousp! qcmjdp! efm! foupsop! svsbm!
Cfsfohvfmb! ef! Dbtujmmb! dpotjhvf!
mpt! mvhbsft! nt! eftubdbept! fo! ftupt!
bqbsubept;!hvtup!qps!fm!ftuvejp-!obmj.
{bdjo!ef!mfduvsbt!fo!tv!upubmjebe-!ujfn.
qp! nyjnp! ef! dpoujovjebe! fo! fm! bdup!
mfdups-! nfops! onfsp! ef! btjhobuvsbt!
tvtqfoejebt-! nfkpsft! dbmjdbdjpoft! fo!
fm! sfb! ef! Mfohvb-! nbzps! dboujebe! ef!
mjcspt!mfept!fo!fm!usjnftusf/
G*!Mpt! bmvnopt! ef! 5! dvstp! efm! dpmf.
hjp! vscbop! ef! dbsdufs! dpogftjpobm!
Ifsnbop!Hsbuf!op!bmdbo{bo!ojo.
ho!qsjnfs!qvftup!fo!ftub!wbmpsbdjo!

hmpcbm! efm! dvftujpobsjp/! Pcujfofo-!

nt! cjfo-! mbt! qptjdjpoft! nfopt! gb.
wpsfdjebt!fo;!fm!ftuvejp-!fm!icjup!mfd.
ups-!mpt!ujfnqpt!ef!mfduvsb-!mb!ftujnbdjo!
ef!ftub!bdujwjebe-!mb!dboujebe!ef!mjcspt!
mfept-!mb!mfduvsb!fo!tv!ujfnqp!mjcsf!z!fo!
mb!ftdsjuvsb!qps!jojdjbujwb!qspqjb/
6/4/!Wbmpsbdjo!obm
Fo! efojujwb-! mpt! kwfoft! ef! 3! ef! mb!
FTP!ef!Cpmbpt!ef!Dbmbusbwb!z!mpt!efm!Dp.
mfhjp! Tbmftjbop! sfhjtusbo! mpt! ebupt! nt!
gbwpsbcmft/! Fo! dbncjp-! mpt! ftuvejbouft!
ef!5!dvstp!efm!JFT!Upssfo!efm!Bmd{bs!
z! mpt! efm! Jotujuvup! Cfsfohvfmb-! mphsbo!
vob!wbmpsbdjo!nt!tbujtgbdupsjb!fo!ftub!
fodvftub/!Ef!ftuf!npep-!tj!mb!nbzpsb!ef!
mbt!fodvftubt!dpotvmubebt!qbsb!mb!fmbcp.
sbdjo!efm!qsftfouf!usbcbkp!dpmpdbcbo!fo!
mbt!qfpsft!qptjdjpoft!b!mpt!ncjupt!svsb.
mft-!fo!nbufsjb!ef!icjupt!mfdupsft-!ujfn.
qpt!ef!mfduvsb!z!puspt!btqfdupt!sfmbujwpt!
bm! mjcsp-! dpo! ftubt! dpodmvtjpoft! qsfufo.
efnpt!qpofs!ef!nbojftup!mb!wpmbujmjebe!
ef!vopt!bshvnfoupt!ubo!dbufhsjdpt/
Ftubt! jogpsnbdjpoft! efnvftusbo! rvf!
fm!icjup!mfdups!z!mb!bdjo!qps!mb!mfduvsb!
op! efqfoefo! ftusjdubnfouf! ef! mb! qsf.
tfodjb! pnonpeb! ef! vo! foupsop! vscb.
op! p! ef! mb! ejtqpojcjmjebe! jonfejbub! ef!
vopt! sfdvstpt! dvmuvsbmft! jnqsftdjoej.
cmft!z!qsyjnpt!bm!qpufodjbm!kpwfo!mfdups-!
tjop!ubncjo!ef!puspt!gbdupsft!rvj{!ef!
nbzps!dpotjtufodjb-!dpnp!tpo;!mb!dpnv.
ojebe!fevdbujwb-!mb!mbcps!ef!bojnbdjo!b!
mb!mfduvsb!rvf!mpt!qspgftpsft!qsbdujrvfo!
dpo!tvt!bmvnopt!eftef!febeft!ufnqsb.
obt-!mb!qsfejtqptjdjo!bncjfoubm-!gbnj.
mjbs! z! tpdjbm! efm! kpwfo! ftdpmbs! z! fm! quj.
np! bqspwfdibnjfoup! ef! tv! pdjp-! fousf!
puspt/! Fm! wfofsbep! nvoep! bvejpwjtvbm-!
rvf!fyjnf!bm!kpwfo!ef!dvbmrvjfs!ftgvfs{p!
joufmfduvbm-!p!mpt!hsboeft!bwbodft!ufdop.
mhjdpt!ef!mb!jogpsnujdb!)Joufsofu-!dibu-!
gpspt///*!z!mb!ufmfgpob!nwjm-!dpoubnjobo!
qfsojdjptbnfouf! fm! icjup! mfdups/! Btj.
njtnp-! mb! npefsob! dvmuvsb! efm! o! ef!
tfnbob! ubnqpdp! sftvmub! vob! qsdujdb!
bmfoubepsb!qbsb!mpt!ftuvejbouft!fo!gbwps!
efm!vojwfstp!mjcsftdp/

n 2. 2006

227

n 2. 2006

228

Tf!ftu!dpotububoep!fo!mbt!bvmbt!vob!
qsphsftjwb! f! jssfqbsbcmf! qsejeb! ef!
fyqfdubujwbt-! rvf! wjfof! gbubmnfouf!
bdpnqbbeb! ef! vob! jodjtjwb! sfovodjb!
bm!bqsfoej{bkf/!Mb!dbqbdjebe!bctusbduj.
wb! ef! mpt! ejtdfouft! tvgsf! vo! sfuspdftp!
cbtubouf! bdvtbep! fo! mbt! ubsfbt! bdbe.
njdbt! epoef! mb! dsfbujwjebe-! mb! jnbhj.
obdjo! z! fm! qfotbnjfoup! dpotusvdujwp!
efcfsbo!bduvbs!dpo!qvkbo{b/!Fm!tjtuf.
nb!dvssjdvmbs!tf!bmfkb!ef!mpt!wfsebefspt!
joufsftft! dpujejbopt! ef! ftupt! kwfoft-!
fo!mpt!rvf!tvczbdf!mb!eftnpujwbdjo!z!mb!
eftjejb-!tjfnqsf!fo!gbwps!ef!vob!tpdjf.
ebe! dnpeb! z! bddftjcmf-! fo! mb! dvbm! mpt!
npefmpt!ef!dpotvnp!z!fm!qsphsftp!ud.
ojdp!qsftjefo!mb!pdvqbdjo!efm!ujfnqp!
ef!pdjp!fo!mpt!iphbsft/!Mb!ujsbob!ef!ft.
upt!nfejpt!ufdopmhjdpt-!mbt!gpsnbt!ef!
fyqsftjo!jnqvftubt!qps!mb!ufmfwjtjo!z!
mb!jonfejbuf{!jdojdb!op!qvfefo!dpn.
qfujs!dpo!mb!mfduvsb!)Tjnpof!3112;!9:.
212*/!Hnf{!Tpup!mmfhb!b!ibcmbs!ef!vob!
qspgvoeb!usbotgpsnbdjo!fo!mbt!qbvubt!
z! npept! tpdjbmft! ef! mfduvsb/! m! efof!
ftuf! gfonfop! tpdjbm! dpnp! fm! esbnb!
dvmuvsbm!ef!mb!fsb!dpoufnqpsofb!)H.
nf{!Tpup!3113;!232*/
Mb!vojgpsnjebe!ef!hvtupt!z!bdjpoft!
ft! qbufouf! fo! mpt! sftvmubept! ef! mbt! fo.
dvftubt-!ifdip!rvf!qfsmb!bm!kpwfo!dpnp!
vo! qspevdup! ipnphofp! fo! mb! tpdjf.
ebe-!epoef!mbt!qsfgfsfodjbt-!mb!fmfddjo!
z!mpt!ftujmpt!qbsfdfo!vo!sffkp!ef!jefo.
ujebe!qtjdpmhjdb/!Opt!ftubnpt!sfsjfo.
ep!bm!ifdip!ef!rvf!uboup!mpt!bmvnopt!ef!
3! dvstp-! dpnp! mpt! ef! 5! ef! mb! FTP-! fo!
fm!ncjup!vscbop!z!fo!fm!svsbm-!tfb!dvbm!
tfb! fm! dbsdufs! pshboj{bujwp! efm! dfousp!
epoef!ftuvejfo-!bm!tfs!qsfhvoubept!qps!
fm! ujqp! ef! sfhbmp! rvf! qsffsfo-! upept!
fmmpt!dpjodjefo;!DE!nvtjdbm!z!spqb!dpnp!
fmfnfoupt! nbzpsjubsjpt/! Ubncjo! tpo!
dpjodjefouft! fo! mbt! bdujwjebeft! gbwpsj.
ubt!ef!pdjp;!ftdvdibs!ntjdb!z!wfs!mb!uf.

mfwjtjo/! Pusp! gbdups! ef! ipnphfofjebe!

tf!sffsf!b!mb!ujqpmphb!ef!mfduvsbt!qsf.
ejmfdubt<! upept! mpt! oejdft! nbzpsft! sf.
hjtusbo!mb!mjufsbuvsb!z!mbt!sfwjtubt!fo!mpt!
qsjnfspt! qvftupt/! Ef! pusp! npep-! ftub!
ftuboebsj{bdjo! ubncjo! tf! qmbtnb! fo!
tv! tfmfddjo! ef! hofspt! mjufsbsjpt! nt!
mfept-! epoef! fyjtuf! vobojnjebe! fo! mb!
opwfmb!z!fm!dvfoup-!dpo!wbmpsbdjpoft!nvz!
qps! fodjnb! ef! mpt! efnt! hofspt! qsf.
tfoubept/
Sftvmub!fwjefouf-!fo!mujnp!usnjop-!
rvf!fo!nt!ef!vo!76&!ef!mpt!bmvnopt!
fodvftubept-! tf! qspev{db! vob! sfmbdjo!
ejsfdub! fousf! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft! z! mpt!
sftvmubept! bdbenjdpt! nbojgftubept!
fo!fm!dvftujpobsjp/!Mpt!ftuvejbouft!rvf!
qptffo! vob! bdjo! qps! mb! mfduvsb! nt!
dpotpmjebeb-!brvfmmpt!rvf!efejdbo!nt!
ujfnqp! tfnbobm! z! dpo! vob! gsfdvfodjb!
nbzps!b!mb!qsdujdb!mfdupsb-!mpt!rvf!fmj.
hfo! tvt! mjcspt! qps! tv! qspqjp! joufst-!
rvjfoft! qsjpsj{bo! fm! bdup! mfdups! fo! tv!
ujfnqp!ef!pdjp!z-!fo!efojujwb-!mpt!nt!
dpnqspnfujept! dpo! mb! jnqpsubodjb! ef!
mb!mfduvsb-!op!tmp!pcujfofo!mbt!nt!bmubt!
dbmjdbdjpoft!fo!fm!sfb!ef!Mfohvb!dbt.
ufmmbob! z! Mjufsbuvsb-! tjop! rvf! befnt!
tvtqfoefo! nfopt! btjhobuvsbt! dvstb.
ebt/!Ftub!jncsjdbdjo!ubncjo!tf!eb!fo!
brvfmmpt! bmvnopt! rvf! sftqpoefo! ib.
cfs!mfep!nt!mjcspt/!Ef!npep!rvf!dpo!
ftuf!bomjtjt!tf!dposnb!rvf!fm!icjup!
mfdups!z!fm!bqsfdjp!qps!mb!mfduvsb!ujfofo!
vob!jodjefodjb!efufsnjobouf!fo!fm!sfo.
ejnjfoup!joufmfduvbm!efm!bmvnop-!fo!tv!
bqspwfdibnjfoup!dvssjdvmbs-!fo!tvt!db.
qbdjebeft!ef!dpnqsfotjo!z!fyqsftjo-!
fo!mb!btjnjmbdjo!ef!dpopdjnjfoupt-!fo!
tv!qspqjp!cfofdjp!dvmuvsbm-!fo!fm!eftb.
sspmmp! ef! tvt! gbdvmubeft! dpnvojdbujwbt!
z-!tpcsf!upep-!tpo!mb!nfkps!hbsboub!qbsb!
vob! gpsnbdjo! joufhsbm! dpnp! gvuvspt!
qspubhpojtubt!ef!vob!tpdjfebe!ubo!fyj.
hfouf!dpnp!mb!rvf!mft!bhvbseb/

SFGFSFODJBT!CJCMJPHSGJDBT
DBWBMMP-!H/!z!DIBSUJFS-!S/!)ejst/*!)2::9*/!Ijtupsjb!ef!mb!mfduvsb!fo!fm!nvoep!pddjefoubm/!
Nbesje;!Tboujmmbob.Ubvsvt/
DFOUSBM!TJOEJDBM!JOEFQFOEJFOUF!Z!EF!GVODJPOBSJPT!)DTJ.DTJG*!)3114*/!Mb!
Mfz!ef!mb!Dbmjebe!ef!mb!Fevdbdjo/!Mfduvsb!fo!dmbwf!tjoejdbm/!Hsbobeb;!DTJ.DTJG/
DFOUSP!EF!JOWFTUJHBDJO!Z!EPDVNFOUBDJO!FEVDBUJWB!)DJEF*!)3112*/!Qsp.
zfdup!ef!Ftuvejp;!fodvftub!ef!mb!qpcmbdjo!ftdpmbs!fousf!26!z!27!bpt/!Nbesje;!NFDE/
DFOUSP! EF! JOWFTUJHBDJO! Z! EPDVNFOUBDJO! FEVDBUJWB! )DJEF*! )3113*/! Mpt!
icjupt!mfdupsft!ef!mpt!bepmftdfouft!ftqbpmft/!Nbesje;!NFDE/
DFSSJMMP-! Q/! D/-! MBSSBBHB-! F/! z! ZVCFSP-! T/! )3113*/! Mjcspt-! mfdupsft! z! nfejbepsft/!
Dvfodb;!VDMN/
DFSSJMMP-!Q/!D/!z!ZVCFSP-!T/!)dppset/*!)3114*/!Mb!gpsnbdjo!ef!nfejbepsft!qbsb!mb!qsp.
npdjo!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Dvfodb;!DFQMJ!)VDMN*/
DIBSNFVY-!F/!)2::3*/!Dnp!gpnfoubs!mpt!icjupt!ef!mfduvsb/!Cbsdfmpob-!Dfbd/
DIBSUJFS-!B/!N/!z!ICSBSE-!K/!)2::5*/!Ejtdvstpt!tpcsf!mb!mfduvsb!)2991.2:91*/!Cbsdfmpob;!
Hfejtb/
DPPQFS-!K/!E/!)2::1*/!Dnp!nfkpsbs!mb!dpnqsfotjo!mfdupsb/!Nbesje;!Wjtps/!
EF!NJHVFM-!B/!z!QBST-!J/!)ejst/*!)2::9*/!Mpt!ftqbpmft!z!mpt!mjcspt/!Icjupt!z!bdujuveft!ibdjb!
fm!mjcsp!z!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Dfhbm/
EFMNJSP!DPUP-!C/!)3113*/!Mb!ftdsjuvsb!dsfbujwb!fo!mbt!bvmbt/!Fo!upsop!b!mpt!ubmmfsft!mjufsb.
sjpt/!Cbsdfmpob;!Hsb/
FRVJQP!QFPO[B!)3112*/!Fm!svnps!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Bobzb/
FVSPEPYB!)2::5*/!Ftuvejp!tpcsf!mb!tpdjfebe!mfdupsb/!Nbesje;!Njojtufsjp!ef!Dvmuvsb/
GJKBMLPX-!K/!)2:9:*/!Nbmpt!mfdupsft!qps!rv@!Nbesje;!Qjsnjef<!Gvoebdjo!Hfsno!To.
dif{!Svjqsf{/
GVJODB!)2::4*/!Fm!tfdups!efm!mjcsp!fo!Ftqbb;!tjuvbdjo!bduvbm!z!mofbt!ef!gvuvsp/!Jogpsnf/!
Nbesje;!Gvoeftdp/
HBSDB!NBESVHB-!K/!B/-!NBSUO!DPSEFSP-!K/!J/-!MVRVF-!K/!M/!z!TBOUBNBSB-!D/!
)2::6*/!Dpnqsfotjo!z!bervjtjdjo!ef!dpopdjnjfoupt!b!qbsujs!ef!ufyupt/!Nbesje;!Tjhmp!YYJ/
HBSDB!QBESJOP-!K/!)2::7*/!Mb!gpsnbdjo!ef!icjupt!mfdupsft!fo!mb!ftdvfmb;!qspqvft.
ubt!qbsb!fm!efcbuf-!fo!Q/!D/!DFSSJMMP-!z!K/!HBSDB!QBESJOP!)dppset/*;!Icjupt!mfdupsft!z!
bojnbdjo!b!mb!mfduvsb/!Dvfodb;!VDMN-!qq/!22:.235/
HNF[!TPUP-!J/!)2:::*/!Njup!z!sfbmjebe!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Mpt!icjupt!mfdupsft!fo!mb!Ftqbb!bd.
uvbm/!Nbesje;!Foeznjpo/
HNF[!TPUP-!J!)3113*/!Mpt!icjupt!ef!mfduvsb-!fo!NJMMO-!K/!B/!)dppse/*;!Mb!mfduvsb!fo!
Ftqbb/!Jogpsnf!3113/!Nbesje;!Gfefsbdjo!ef!Hsfnjpt!ef!Fejupsft!ef!Ftqbb/

n 2. 2006

229

n 2. 2006

JOGBOUFT-!W/-!MQF[-!G/!z!CPUSFM-!K/!G/!)ejst/*!)3114*/!Ijtupsjb!ef!mb!fejdjo!z!ef!mb!mfduv.
sb!fo!Ftqbb-!25:3.2:25/!Nbesje;!Gvoebdjo!Hfsno!Todif{!Svjqsf{/
JOTUJUVUP!EF!MB!KVWFOUVE!)2:99*/!Jogpsnf!ef!kvwfouve!fo!Ftqbb/

22:

JOTUJUVUP!OBDJPOBM!EF!FTUBETUJDB!)JOF*!)2:87*/!Fodvftub!ef!icjupt!ef!mfduvsb/!
Nfupepmphb!z!bomjtjt!ef!sftvmubept!)3!usjnftusf!2:85*/!Nbesje;!JOF/
KPIOTPO-!N/!T/-!LSFFT-!S/!B/!z!QJLVMTLJ-!K/!K/!)2::1*/!Udojdbt!ef!fwbmvbdjo!jogpsnbm!ef!
mb!mfduvsb/!Vo!fogprvf!dvbmjubujwp!ef!fwbmvbdjo!qbsb!vujmj{bs!fo!fm!bvmb/!Nbesje;!Wjtps/!
KPIOTUPO-!Q/!N/!)2:9:*/!Mb!fwbmvbdjo!ef!mb!dpnqsfotjo!mfdupsb/!Vo!fogprvf!dphojujwp/!
Nbesje;!Wjtps/
M[BSP!DBSSFUFS-!G/!)2:85*/!Mjufsbuvsb!z!fevdbdjo/!Nbesje;!Dbtubmjb/
MFXJT-!D/!T/!)3111*/!Mb!fyqfsjfodjb!ef!mffs/!Vo!fkfsdjdjp!ef!dsujdb!fyqfsjnfoubm/!Cbsdfmpob;!
Bmcb!Fejupsjbm/
MPDF-!Mfz!Pshojdb!ef!mb!Dbmjebe!ef!mb!Fevdbdjo!)C/P/F/!ef!35!ef!ejdjfncsf!ef!3113*/
MPHTF-!Mfz!ef!Psefobdjo!Hfofsbm!efm!Tjtufnb!Fevdbujwp!)C/P/F/!ef!5!ef!pduvcsf!ef!2::1*/
NBOHVFM-!B/!)2::9*/!Vob!ijtupsjb!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Bmjbo{b!Fejupsjbm<!Gvoebdjo!
Hfsno!Todif{!Svjqsf{/
NJMMO-! K/! B/! )3112*/! Mb! mfduvsb! z! mb! tpdjfebe! efm! dpopdjnjfoup/! Nbesje;! Gfefsbdjo! ef!
Hsfnjpt!ef!Fejupsft!ef!Ftqbb/
NJMMO-!K/!B/!)dppse/*!)3113*/!Mb!mfduvsb!fo!Ftqbb/!Jogpsnf!3113/!Nbesje;!Gfefsbdjo!ef!
Hsfnjpt!ef!Fejupsft!ef!Ftqbb/
NJOJTUFSJP!EF!DVMUVSB!)2:89*/!Mb!sfbmjebe!dvmuvsbm!ef!Ftqbb!z!efnboeb!dvmuvsbm/
NJOJTUFSJP!EF!DVMUVSB!)2:94*/!Fodvftub!ef!dvmuvsb!z!pdjp/
NJOJTUFSJP!EF!DVMUVSB!)2:96*/!Fodvftub!ef!dpnqpsubnjfoup!dvmuvsbm!ef!mpt!ftqbpmft/
NJOJTUFSJP!EF!DVMUVSB!)2::2*/!Fodvftub!ef!frvjqbnjfoupt-!qsdujdbt!z!dpotvnpt!dvmuv.
sbmft!ef!mpt!ftqbpmft/
NJOJTUFSJP!EF!FEVDBDJO-!DVMUVSB!Z!EFQPSUF!)NFDE*!)3112*/!Qmbo!ef!Gpnfoup!
ef!mb!Mfduvsb!3112.3115/!Nbesje;!NFDE/
NPSFOP-!W/!)2:96*/!Fm!eftfp!ef!mffs;!qspqvftubt!qbsb!eftqfsubs!z!nboufofs!fm!hvtup!qps!mb!mfduvsb/!
Qbnqmpob;!Qbnjfmb/
QFOOBD-!E/!)2::4*/!Dpnp!vob!opwfmb/!Cbsdfmpob;!Bobhsbnb/
QSF[!BMPOTP.HFUB-!Q/!N/!)ejs/*!)2::7*/!Ftuvejp!qbsb!efufsnjobs!mpt!icjupt!mfdupsft!fo!
ojpt!ef!9!b!25!bpt/!Wbmfodjb;!Dsjtucbm!Tfssbop!Wjmmbmcb/
QSF[!QVMJEP-!N/!)3112*/!Qsdujdbt!ef!mfduvsb!fo!qsjtjo;!ftuvejp!ef!bdujuveft!z!dpnqpsub.
njfoup!ef!mpt!sfdmvtpt!fo!fm!Dfousp!Qfojufodjbsjp!ef!Cbebkp{-!fo!Bobmft!ef!Epdvnfoubdjo-!o!5-!
Gbdvmube!ef!Cjcmjpufdpopnb!z!Epdvnfoubdjo-!Vojwfstjebe!ef!Fyusfnbevsb-!3112-!qq/!2:4.324/

QFUSVDDJ-! B/! )2::9*/! Mffs! qps! mffs;! vo! qpswfojs! qbsb! mb! mfduvsb-! fo! H/! DBWBMMP! z! S/!
DIBSUJFS!)ejst/*-!dju/-!qq/!62:.658/
QSFDJTB!)3111*/!Icjupt!ef!mfduvsb!z!dpnqsb!ef!mjcspt/!Nbesje;!Njojtufsjp!ef!Fevdbdjo-!
Dvmuvsb!z!Efqpsuf/
QSFDJTB!)3112*/! Cbsfnp!ef!icjupt!ef!dpnqsb!z!mfduvsb!ef!mjcspt/!Nbesje;!Njojtufsjp!ef!
Fevdbdjo-!Dvmuvsb!z!Efqpsuf/
QSFDJTB!)3113*/!Icjupt!ef!mfduvsb!z!dpnqsb!ef!mjcspt!fo!Ftqbb/!Bp!3113/!Nbesje;!Nj.
ojtufsjp!ef!Fevdbdjo-!Dvmuvsb!z!Efqpsuf/
QVFOUF!GFSSFSBT-!B/!)ejs/*!)2::2*/!Dpnqsfotjo!ef!mb!mfduvsb!z!bddjo!epdfouf/!Nbesje;!
Qjsnjef<!Gvoebdjo!Hfsno!Todif{!Svjqsf{/
TDIPQFOIBVFS-!B/!)2::7*/!Mb!mfduvsb-!mpt!mjcspt!z!puspt!fotbzpt/!Nbesje;!Febg/
TJNPOF-!S/!)3112*/!Mb!ufsdfsb!gbtf;!gpsnbt!ef!tbcfs!rv!ftubnpt!qfsejfoep/!Nbesje;!Ubvsvt/
TNJUI-!G/!)2::1*/!Qbsb!ebsmf!tfoujep!b!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Wjtps/
TPM-!J/!)2::3*/!Ftusbufhjbt!ef!mfduvsb/!Cbsdfmpob;!Hsb/

n 2. 2006

231