1

Analog Communications

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

Radio broadcasting
30-300M Hz

SOURCE
Source

Transmitter

Transmitted
signal

Analog baseband signal

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

Channel

Received
signal

Receiver

User

Bandpass channel
EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

Analog signal

Analog Communications
Bit sequence

t
Source

0001101110

A-D
Conversion

Digital
Baseband
Modulation

Digital
Bandpass
Modulation

Baseband
Channel

Bandpass
Channel

Analog
Modulation
Bandpass
Channel
Analog
Demodulation
User

D-A
Conversion

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

Digital
Baseband
Demodulation
EE3008 Principles of Communications

Digital
Bandpass
Demodulation
Lecture 3

Analog Communications
Transmitted
Received
signal
signal
Channel
Transmitter

SOURCE

Source

Received
info.
User

Receiver

Bandpass channel

Analog baseband signal

Ignore noise

S(f)

S ( f )

H(f)
1

-Bs

Bs

f c 12 Bh

fc

f c 12 Bh

-Bs

Bs

For reliable communications, i.e., S ( f ) S ( f ) , all frequency components of

the transmitted signal should pass through the channel, which requires:
Frequency components of transmitted signal should be centered at fc;
Bandwidth of transmitted signal Bm should be no larger than the
channel bandwidth Bh.

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

Analog Modulation
Modulation property of Fourier Transform:

s (t ) cos(2 f c t ) 12 [ S ( f f c ) S ( f f c )]
carrier

S(f)

SAM(f)

-fc

fc

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

s AM (t ) As (t ) cos(2 f c t )

Phase Modulation (PM)

sPM (t ) A cos(2 f c t s (t ))

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

sFM (t ) A cos(2 ( f c t k s ( )d ))

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

Analog Modulation
Modulated
signal
Modulation
SOURCE

Source

(AM or FM
or PM)

Analog baseband signal

Modulated
signal
Channel

Received
info.
Demodulation

User

Bandpass channel
Ignore noise

Bandwidth efficiency is an important performance metric, which is

defined as:

Information Signal Bandwidth Bs Information Signal Bandwidth Bs

Modulated Signal Bandwidth Bm

Required Channel Bandwidth Bh

Required channel bandwidth Bh = Modulated signal bandwidth Bm

A higher indicates a better spectral utilization.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

Lecture 3. Analog Communications

Part I. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

AM-DSB-SC
AM-DSB-C
AM-SSB
AM-VSB
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

AM-DSB-SC -- Modulation
Time Domain:

s AM DSB SC (t ) As (t ) cos(2 f c t )

s(t)

s AM DSB SC (t )

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

AM-DSB-SC -- Modulation
Frequency Domain:

S AM DSB SC ( f ) A2 [ S ( f f c ) S ( f f c )]
S(f)
Upper sideband

Lower sideband

-Bs

Bs

S AM DSB SC ( f )

-fc-Bs -fc -fc+Bs

fc-Bs

fc fc+Bs

AM-DSB-SC: Amplitude Modulation-Double SideBand-Suppressed Carrier

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

10

Bandwidth Efficiency of AM-DSB-SC

Bandwidth Efficiency :

Information Signal Bandwidth Bs Information Signal Bandwidth Bs

Required Channel Bandwidth Bh Modulated Signal Bandwidth Bm

With AM-DSB-SC :

S AM DSB SC ( f )

-fc-Bs

-fc

-fc+Bs

AM DSB SC
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

fc-Bs

fc
fc+Bs
Bm=2Bs

Bs
50%
2 Bs

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

11

AM-DSB-SC -- Demodulation
s (t )
Time Domain: s AM DSB SC (t ) ?

sAM DSBSC (t )cos(2 fct ) As(t ) cos(2 f ct ) cos(2 f ct ) 0.5 As (t ) 0.5 As (t ) cos(2 2 f ct )
S( f )
Frequency Domain: S AM DSB SC ( f ) ?
1
2

S AM DSB SC ( f fc ) S AM DSB SC ( f fc ) A4 [ S ( f

2 f c ) S ( f )] A4 [ S ( f ) S ( f 2 f c )]

A4 [ S ( f 2 f c ) S ( f 2 f c )] A2 S ( f )
1
2

-2fc

S AM DSB SC ( f fc ) S AM DSB SC ( f fc )

-fc

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

fc

EE3008 Principles of Communications

2fc
Lecture 3

12

Modulator and Demodulator of AM-DSB-SC

Modulator

sAM-DSB-SC(t)

s(t)
Acos(2fct)

What if there is a frequency error?

Demodulator

sAM-DSB-SC(t)

bandpass
filtering
cos(2fct)

lowpass
filtering

sdemod(t)

Coherent Demodulation: the demodulator requires a reference signal which has

exactly the same frequency and phase as the carrier signal.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

13

Frequency Error of Coherent Demodulator

Consider that the reference signal has a small frequency error, f.

w(t ) As(t )cos(2 fct )cos(2 ( fc f )t )

0.5 As (t ) cos(2ft ) cos(2 (2 f c f )t )

After lowpass filtering, we have

0.5 As(t )cos(2ft )

cos(2ft ) 1 when f 0
cos(2ft ) changes with t when f 0
The performance of AM-DSB-SC is sensitive to the frequency error of the
reference signal.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

14

Pros and Cons of AM-DSB-SC

Straightforward

Sensitive to frequency and phase error of the reference

signal (coherent demodulation)
Bandwidth inefficient (AM-DSB-SC=50%)

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

15

AM-DSB-C

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

16

Envelope and Envelope Detector

Envelope
Consider a signal s(t)cos2fct. If s(t) varies slowly in comparison with
the carrier cos2fct, the envelope of s(t)cos2fct is |s(t)|.
The envelope | s(t ) | s(t ) if s(t ) 0.
Envelope Detector:
+
s(t)cos2fct

y(t)=|s(t)|

How to apply the Envelope Detector to AM systems?

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

17

AM-DSB-C -- Modulation
Time Domain: sAM DSBC (t ) A s(t ) c cos(2 fct )

s(t)
sAM-DSB-C (t)

s(t) + c 0

c is a dc offset to ensure s(t ) c 0

for any time t.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

18

AM-DSB-C -- Modulation
Frequency Domain:

s AM DSB C (t ) A s(t ) c cos(2 f c t ) As (t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac cos(2 f c t )

S AM DSB C ( f ) A2 [ S ( f f c ) S ( f f c )]

Ac
2

[ ( f f c ) ( f f c )]

S AM DSB C ( f )

-fc-Bs

-fc

-fc+Bs

fc-Bs

fc

fc+Bs

AM-DSB-C: Amplitude Modulation-Double SideBand-Carrier

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

19

Bandwidth Efficiency of AM-DSB-C

Bandwidth Efficiency :

Information Signal Bandwidth Bs Information Signal Bandwidth Bs

Required Channel Bandwidth Bh Modulated Signal Bandwidth Bm

With AM-DSB-C :
S AM DSB C ( f )

-fc-Bs

-fc

-fc+Bs

fc-Bs

fc

fc+Bs

Bm=2Bs

AM DSB C
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

Bs
50% AM DSB SC
2 Bs
EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

20

AM-DSB-C -- Demodulation
Time Domain:

s AM DSB C (t )
? s(t )
Envelope Detector:

s AM DSB C (t )

A s (t ) c cos(2 f c t )

y (t ) | A s(t ) c | A( s (t ) c)
( s (t ) c 0)

Non-coherent demodulation (no need to generate a reference signal)

Apply sAM-DSB-C(t) to an envelope detector.

Simple

Remove the dc offset c.

Robust
Any price to pay?

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

21

More about AM-DSB-C

Define the power efficiency of an AM-DSB-C system as:

P
power of information signal s (t )
50%
2 s
power of modulating signal s (t ) c c Ps

increases as the dc offset c decreases.

to ensure s (t ) c 0, c 2 Ps

Define the modulation index of an AM-DSB-C system as:

max s (t ) min s (t )
max[ s (t ) c] min[ s(t ) c]

m
max[ s (t ) c] min[ s (t ) c] max s (t ) min s (t ) 2c
m increases as the dc offset c decreases.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

Can m be arbitrarily large?

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

22

Modulation Index m of AM-DSB-C

max s (t ) min s (t )
max[ s (t ) c] min[ s(t ) c]

m
max[ s (t ) c] min[ s (t ) c] max s (t ) min s (t ) 2c

m<1

m=1

m>1

when min(s(t)+c) > 0

when min(s(t)+c) = 0

when min(s(t)+c) < 0

m should not exceed 1 to avoid over-modulation.

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

23

Pros and Cons of AM-DSB-C

Simple and robust receiver design (non-coherent

demodulation)
Commercial radio
broadcasting

Cost of power efficiency (<50%)

Bandwidth inefficient (AM-DSB-C=AM-DSB-SC=50%)

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

24

AM-SSB and AM-VSB

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

25

How to Improve Bandwidth Efficiency?

SAM-DSB-SC(f)

Double sideband
(DSB)
0

fc-Bs

fc-Bs

fc

Lower sideband

fc

fc+Bs

Upper sideband
carries the same
information as the
lower sideband!

fc

fc+Bs

Upper sideband

Use a bandpass filter to select the desired sideband, and only transmit
the desired sideband.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

26

AM-SSB
Amplitude Modulation-Single SideBand (AM-SSB)
Modulation (Frequency Discrimination Method)

fc

DSB

s(t)
Acos(2fct)

fc

fc

fc+B

Bandpass filter with

a very sharp rolloff

sAM-SSB(t)

Demodulation (coherent)
lowpass
filtering

r(t)
fc

fc+Bs

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

sdemod(t)

cos(2fct)
EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

27

Pros and Cons of AM-SSB

Bandwidth efficient (AM-SSB=100%)

Mobile communications,
military communications,

High requirement on filtering (sharp rolloff)

Sensitive to frequency and phase error of the reference
signal (coherent demodulation)

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

28

AM-VSB
SAM-DSB-SC(f)
DSB
-fc-Bs

-fc -fc+Bs

fc-Bs

fc fc+Bs

fc fc+Bs

SAM-SSB (f)
SSB
-fc-Bs

-fc

Amplitude Modulation-Vestigial SideBand (AM-VSB)

1
S AM VSB ( f ) [ S ( f f c ) S ( f f c )]H s ( f )
2

VSB
-fc-Bs

-fc

fc fc+Bs

Allow a small portion (or vestige) of the lower sideband, , along with the
upper sideband.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

29

Spectrum of AM-VSB Signal

modulation:

1
S AM VSB ( f ) [ S ( f f c ) S ( f f c )]H s ( f )
2
1
1
S ( f fc ) H s ( f ) S ( f fc ) H s ( f )
2
2

Demodulation:
1
Sdemod ( f ) [ S AM VSB ( f f c ) S AM VSB ( f f c )]
2
1
1
[ S ( f 2 f c ) S ( f )]H s ( f f c ) [ S ( f ) S ( f 2 f c )]H s ( f f c )
4
4
1
1
1
S ( f )[ H s ( f f c ) H s ( f f c )] S ( f 2 f c ) H s ( f f c ) S ( f 2 f c ) H s ( f f c )
4
4
4
After lowpass filtering:

Sdemod ( f ) S ( f )[ H s ( f f c ) H s ( f f c )]
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

H s ( f fc ) H s ( f fc ) k

EE3008 Principles of Communications

0 |f | B
Lecture 3

30

Spectrum of AM-VSB Signal

S( f )

Baseband signal

-fc

-Bs

-fc-Bs -f -fc+
c

-2fc-Bs -2f -2fc+

c

Bs

fc

S AM VSB ( f )

Modulated Signal

De-modulation

fc- f fc+Bs
c

1
Sdemod ( f ) [ S AM VSB ( f f c ) S AM VSB ( f f c )]
2

-fc

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

-Bs

Bs

fc

2fc- 2f 2fc+Bs
c

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

31

Tradeoff between Complexity and Bandwidth Efficiency

S AM VSB ( f )

-fc

fc

50% AM VSB

Bs
100%
Bs

f
Bm Bs

0<s

The bandwidth efficiency decreases as the vestige increases.

The larger vestige , the lower receiver complexity.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 3

32

Summary of AM
AM-DSB-SC

AM-DSB-C

Power efficient

Power inefficient

Commercial radio
broadcasting

AM-SSB

Bandwidth
inefficient
=50%

Non-coherent
demodulation
(simple and robust)

Bandwidth
inefficient
=50%

Power efficient

Coherent
demodulation

Power efficient

Coherent
demodulation

Mobile and military

communications

AM-VSB

Coherent
demodulation

Public television
systems

Bandwidth
efficient
=100%
Tradeoff between
bandwidth and
complexity
50%

Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Bs
100%
Bs
Lecture 3