03 Methodology - PPT (Read Only)

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Well Test Interpretation Methodology
Semi-Log Analysis
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering
Yves Chauvel

Drawdown Semi-Log Analysis: the MDH Plot (Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson)
In drawdown analysis, the log approximation to the Exponential Integral gives:
162.6q
k 3.2275+0.86859S
(
)
log
log
pDd
t
+
Ctrw
kh
which can be written as:
pDd =mlog(t )+b
On the MDH plot, one can solve for m and b by reading the coordinates of two
points:
t = 0,
pDd = pi, and
t = 1 hr,
pDd = p1hr.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Drawdown Pressure Profile: the MDH Plot
Because the pressure change is proportional to the logarithm of elapsed time when
IARF is reached, a graph of P vs Log t will yield a straight line of slope m.
The effects of wellbore storage and skin are superimposed onto the ideal response as
shown below.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Drawdown Semi-Log Analysis (contd)
The solution is then:
and
162.6q
kh=
m
pi p1hr
k
log
S =1.1513
+3.2275
t
w
m
C
r
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Build-up Analysis
In practice, it is not often possible to conduct drawdown analysis. This is because
drawdown analysis applies to a constant flow rate, a condition which is difficult to
maintain during well tests.
To remedy this shortcoming, it is more practical to analyze build-up periods by
resorting to the the principle of superposition of states.
Modern well testing now offers multiple possibilities to analyze drawdown (flow)
periods by measuring the flow rates downhole during testing. For the interpretation,
the principle of superposition is generalized into a technique called the pressure-flow
convolution.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

The Principle of Superposition of States
Because of the linearity of the pressure response equation, the response during a buidup period is equal to the sum of the responses of two drawdown periods:
- Flow rate q from time t = 0, and
- Flow rate -q from time t = tp (drawdown production time).
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Simple Superposition for Build-up Analysis
Considering a single flow period of duration tp:
pBu= pi pwf +pDd(t )pDd(tp+t )
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Build-up Semi-Log Analysis: the Horner Plot
When plotting p vs log [(tp+t)/t], the solution is again:
and
162.6q
kh=
m
p1hr pwf
S = 1.1513
log k + 3.2275
m
Ctrw
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Generalized Superposition for Build-up Analysis
When the well has been submitted to a series of flow periods prior to build-up, one
must consider a generalized superposition function as follows:
Sn( t ) =
( qi qi

qN( t )
i =1
i = N( t )
) ln( t
ti )
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Multi-Rate Build-up Analysis
The solution is identical to the simple case (Horner plot), once the superposition
function Sn(t) has been built, and the pressures plotted versus Sn(t) .
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel
Pressure Derivative
Log-Log Analysis
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

The Pressure Derivative
Modern well testing advances (1983) have culminated with the introduction of the
Pressure Derivative PD as an indispensable complement to plotting pressures versus
time. By definition:
p' =
dp
dp
= t
dLn( t )
dt
The Pressure Derivative is the slope of the semi-log plot as shown below.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Dimensionless Variables
In order to solve the diffusivity equation in typical situations applicable to all possible
values of the physical parameters, one uses dimensionless variables defined as
follows:
Dimensionless distance:
Dimensionless pressure:
pressure.
Dimensionless time:
r D= r
rw
in which rw is the wellbore radius.
pD=2 kh (pi p)
q
tD =
k
t
Ctrw
in which pi is the initial
in which t is the elapsed time.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Homogeneous Reservoir with Wellbore Storage and Skin
Because the skin just adds to the pressure drop in the wellbore, the dimensionless skin
S just adds to the PD function in the solution of the diffusivity equation for IARF:
pD= 1[Ln(tD)+0.80907+2S ]
2
In physical terms:
162.6q
k 3.2275+0.86859S
p(t ) pi
t
log(
)
log
+
Ctrw
kh
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Homogeneous Reservoir with Wellbore Storage and Skin (contd)
The IARF solution for a well with wellbore storage and skin has been expressed as:
pD= 1[Ln(tD)+0.80907+2S ]
2
In log-log analysis, it is preferrable to re-write the pressure response as:
[ ( )
pD= 1 Ln tD +0.80907+LnCDe2S
2 CD
in which CD is the dimensionless wellbore storage constant:
CD =
C
2Ctrwh
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Type Curves
By plotting the theoretical pressure
response PD versus tD/CD, (instead of
vs tD), one obtains a way of
characterising in a unique way the
IARF solution (for a well with
wellbore storage and skin for
example).
One thus defines an array of type
curves, each curve corresponding to a
value of the sensitivity parameter
CDe**2S.
The inclusion of the pressure derivative
on this plot was a major breakthrough
in well test interpretation.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Attributes of the Log-Log Plot: Early Time Behaviour
At early times, the pressure response is dominated by the wellbore effect. The
solution of the diffusivity equation is:
pD= tD
CD
This plots as a unit slope on a graph of pD vs tD/CD.
Then
dpD
dpD tD
pD'=
=tD
= = pD
D CD
dt
D
t
dLn
CD
( )
and the derivative matches the pressure response on a unit slope.

This particularity of early time behaviour is one of the most conspicuous features of a
log-log plot in well test interpretation.
Gamma Experts
September 2002
Yves Chauvel

Attributes of the Log-Log Plot: IARF
The solution of the diffusivity equation for IARF is:
pD= 1[Ln(tD)+0.80907+2S ]
2
Then
dpD 1
pD'=
=
dLn(tD) 2
When IARF is reached, the pressure derivative levels off to a plateau on the log-log
plot. The corresponding value of PD is 0.5. Again, this characteristic leveling off of
PD upon reaching IARF is one of the most conspicuous features of the log-log plot in
well test interpretation.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel
Type Curve Matching
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Data Set and Type Curve Array
The data collected during a well test are in the form of couples (pressure-time). These
are initially presented as a log-log plot of pressure variations vs elapsed time, with the
computation of the pressure derivative.
Type-curve matching has for objective the superposition of the data set over the array
of type curves corresponding to the model chosen, and the extraction of the test target
parameters.
This will be done by
- shifting the data horizontally (time match).
- shifting the data vertically (pressure match).
- finding the matching type curve (and its derivative) with its characteristic CDe**2S.
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Data Set and Array of Type-Curves
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Matched Data Set
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Pressure Match: Extracting kh
From the expression of dimensionless pressure
pD= kh p
141.2q
one defines the pressure match Mp
Mp=
pD
= kh
p 141.2q
Mp is read as the value of pD matching a specific value of p. Then
kh=141.2qMp
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Time Match: Extracting C
From the expressions of dimensionless time and wellbore storage constant:
tD = 0.000295kh t
CD
C
one defines the time match Mt
t )
(
M = C = 0.000295kh
D
Mt is read as the value of tD/CD matching a specific value of t. Then
C = 0.000295kh
Mt
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Skin Match: Extracting S
One reads the value of Ms on the matching type curve:
MS =CDe2S
Then
( )
S = 1 Ln MS
2 CD
with CD calculated from its dimensionless expression:
CD= 0.8936C
Ctrwh
September 2002
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Type-Curve Match Example: Data Set
TCMATCH.WTD (Field Data)
10000
Pressure change, psi
1000
100
10
1
0.001
0.01
0.1
Equivalent time, hrs
September 2002
10
100
1000
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Type-Curve Match Example: Unmatched Overlay
TCMATCH.WTD (Drawdown type curve, Radial equivalent time)
Radial flow, Single porosity, Infinite-acting: Varying CDe2s
100
10
0.1
Dimensionless pressure
1000
100
10
0.01
1
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Equivalent time, hr
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Dimensionless time
September 2002
100
1000
10000
100000
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Type-Curve Match Example: Matched in Pressures
100
1000
10
100
10
0.1
1
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Equivalent time, hr
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Dimensionless time
September 2002
100
1000
10000
100000
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Type-Curve Match Example: Matched in Both Times and Pressures
100
1000
10
100
10
0.1
1
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Equivalent time, hr
0.01
0.001
0.001
September 2002
0.01
0.1
10
Dimensionless time
100
1000
10000
100000
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

Type-Curve Match Example: Extraction of Time, Pressure and Skin Match
100
CDe2s=7x109
p=262 1000
psi
pD=10
10
100
10
0.1
1
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Equivalent time, hr
teq=0.0546 hr
0.01
0.001
0.001
September 2002
0.01
0.1
tD/CD=1
10
Dimensionless time
100
1000
10000
100000
Gamma Experts
Yves Chauvel

03 Methodology - PPT (Read Only)

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PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

which can be written as:

pDd =mlog(t )+b

pDd = pi, and

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

pBu= pi pwf +pDd(t )pDd(tp+t )

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

in which rw is the wellbore radius.

in which pi is the initial

in which t is the elapsed time.

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

in which CD is the dimensionless wellbore storage constant:

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

and the derivative matches the pressure response on a unit slope.

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

Type Curve Matching

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

Mp is read as the value of pD matching a specific value of p. Then

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

Mt is read as the value of tD/CD matching a specific value of t. Then

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation Methodology

with CD calculated from its dimensionless expression: