PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Well Models

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Line Source (Theis Type Curve) Solution
Dimensionless Groups:

The

pD =

kh
p
141.2 q B

tD = 0.0002637k
t
Ctr2W
rD = rr

Type-Curve Analysis:
kh = 141.2 q B

pD
p

match

kh
Cth = 0.0002637
2
2 tD / rD
r
t match

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Wellbore Storage and Skin

Dimensionless Groups:
pD =

kh
p
141.2 q B

k t
tD = 0.0002637
Ctrw2
CD = 0.8936C
Cthr2w

Type-Curve Analysis:
kh = 141.2 q B

pD
p

match

C = 0.0002637 kh
tD / CD
t match
S = 0.5 1n

CDe2S match
CD

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

High Conductivity Vertical Fracture
This model assumes a vertical
fracture of half-length Xf.
Two options are considered:
Infinite Conductivity (no pressure
drop along the fracture) and
Uniform Flux (per unit length of
fracture).
Both options have near identical
pressure responses. The main
characteristic is the onset of linear
flow (+ slope on the derivative
log-log plot).

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

High Conductivity Vertical Fracture (contd)
Dimensionless Groups:
pD =

kh
p
141.2 q B

tDf = 0.00026372 k t
Ctxf
CDf = 0.8936C
Cthx 2f

Type-Curve Analysis:
kh = 141.2 q B

pD
p

0.0002637 k
Ct tDf
t

kh = 141.2 q B

C=

match

Cthx 2f CDf match

0.8936

September 2002

match

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Partial Completion
A partial completion model is used
when the completed interval is less
than the reservoir interval, whether this
is because of the perforation strategy or
because of partial penetration into the
reservoir.
Partial completion models are
characterized by a change of flow
regime from early radial to spherical,
to late radial. The early radial flow
regime is usually masked by wellbore
storage.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Partial Completion (contd)
Spherical flow is characterized by a derivative slope of on the log-log plot.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Geometry of a Horizontal Well

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Flow Regimes in a Horizontal Well
1.

Early-time pseudo radial flow

regime (usually masked by
wellbore storage), governed by

(kh)early=

kzkr hw

2.

Intermediate-time linear.

3.

Late-time pseudo-radial,
governed by

(kh)late=krh

(kh)late=krh

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Possible Horizontal Well Pressure Responses

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Changing Wellbore Storage

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Decreasing Wellbore Storage
This is a frequent case in tight gas wells. As the pressure increases, condensate may
precipitate. The well fluid compressibility decreases and so does the wellbore storage
constant. A changing wellbore storage model is needed for a rigorous interpretation.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Reservoir Models

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Dual Porosity
The reservoir is made up of porous
matrix blocks of high storativity and low
permeability, connecting to the well by
natural fractures of low storativity and
high permeability.
Two additional variables are considered:
is the storativity ratio, the fraction of
oil or gas stored in the fracture system.
is the interporosity flow coefficient,
and characterizes the ability of the
matrix blocks to flow into the fracture
system.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Dual Porosity: PSS Interporosity Flow
The flow regimes are as
follows:
1.

Early-time radial flow

in the fractures.

2.

Intermediate-time
transfer flow between
the matrix and the
fractures, shown by a
characteristic dip in
the derivative response.

3.

Late-time homogeneous
flow, matrix and
fractures.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Dual Porosity PSS Interporosity Flow: Type Curve Match
Dimensionless Groups:
pD =

kh
p
141.2 q B

tD = 0.0002637 k t
Ctrw2
CD = 0.8936C
Cthrw2

Type-Curve Analysis:
kh = 141.2 q B

pD
p

match

C = 0.0002637 kh
tD / CD
t match

S = 0.5 1n

CDe2S match
CD

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Dual Porosity PSS Interporosity Flow: and
The match provides the two following parameters:

(VCt )f
(VCt )m+(VCt )f

Storativity ratio

Interporosity flow parameter

=rw km
kf

in which is the average matrix block size.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Dual Porosity: Transient Interporosity Flow
The model assumes a
pressure gradient in the
matrix blocks, hence
diffusivity within the
blocks.
The shape of the blocks
becomes important for
high pressure gradients.
The matching parameters
are the same as in the PSS
model.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Dual Porosity: Transient Interporosity Flow Type Curve
Dimensionless Groups:
pD =

kh
p
141.2 q B

k t
tD = 0.0002637
Ctr2w
CD = 0.8936C
Cthrw2

Type-Curve Analysis:
kh = 141.2 q B

pD
p

match

C = 0.0002637 kh
tD / CD
t match

S = 0.5 1n

CDe2S match
CD

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Double Permeability
The model applies typically to layered
reservoirs of different permeabilities.
Crossflow between the layers is allowed.
Three parameters are defined:

(Cth)1
(Cth)1+(Cth)2

(
kh)2
=rw
(kh)1+(kh)2

(
kh)1
=
(kh)1+(kh)2
September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Double Permeability Type Curve

Dimensionless Groups:
pD = k1 h1 + k2 h2 p
141.2 q B
tD =

0.0002637 k k1 h1 + k2 h2
t
Cth 1 + Cth 2 r2w

CD =

0.8936 C
Cth 1 + Cth 2 r2w

Type-Curve Analysis:
kh t = 141.2 q B

C=

pD
p

0.000295 k1 h1 + k2 h2
tD / CD
t match

S = 0.5 1n

CDe2S match
CD

September 2002

match

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Radial Composite
The reservoir is divided into two
regions having different mobilities
and/or storativities. Each region is
homogeneous and there is no
pressure loss at the interface.
This model has a practical use in
injection wells, in which different
fluids occupy different regions.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Radial Composite: Matching Parameters
1.

Mobility ratio

(
k / )1
M=
(k / )2
2.

Diffusivity ratio

D=

(k /Ct )1
(k /Ct )2

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Linear Composite
The reservoir is homogeneous and infinite on both sides of a linear front, but
properties differ in each region.
The definitions of the mobility ratio and of the diffusivity ratio are the same as in the
radial composite case.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Boundaries

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Linear Boundaries: Sealing Fault and Constant Pressure
Sealing fault
An image production well is
created with an identical
production history as the
actual reservoir well.

Constant pressure
The production history of the
image well is of opposite sign
to the actual reservoir well
(negative for a producer and
positive for an injector).

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Linear Boundaries: Pressure Response
Typical log-log and semi-log plots

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Circular Boundaries: Closed Circle
The well is at the center of a closed
circle with a sealing boundary (for
example, the drainage contour of
neighbouring wells in the field).

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Circular Boundaries: Constant Pressure Circle
The well is at the center of a circle
bounded by a constant pressure
condition (for example, a gas cap).

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Intersecting Faults
Until a fault is seen this fault has no effect on the pressure response. The first fault
causes the derivative to double up, and the final stabilisation level of the derivative
is equal to 0.5 ( 360 / ) if is the angle between the two faults.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Parallel Faults
The late-time pressure response corresponds to a linear flow (half-unit slope on the
derivative). A doubling of the derivative may occur if the well is not at the center
of the channel.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Well Test Interpretation: Models

Example of Mixed Boundary Model
The boundaries may be either sealing, of a constant pressure, or infinite. In this
case, 1 and 3 are sealing faults, 2 is a constant pressure boundary, and 4 is infinite.

September 2002

Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering

Yves Chauvel