CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

IntroductiontoPhotonics Lecture1
Fall2015
Classes:
Instructor:

Monday,Wednesday3:00 4:15pm,CREOL102
Dr.PieterKik

Recitation:
Instructor:

Wednesday4:30 5:30pm,CREOL102
Dr.M.G.Moharam

Website:

MaterialsavailableonUCFWebcourses system

Officehours:

M,W2pm 3pm

Finalexam:

Dec9,1pm 3.50pm,CREOL102/103

Today:
Syllabusandgeneralcourseinfo
IntroductiontoIntroductiontoPhotonics Pedrotti3 Chapter1
Introduction to Photonics

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Books
Textbook:
IntroductiontoOptics,3rded.,F.L.
Pedrotti,L.S.PedrottiandL.M.Pedrotti,
PrenticeHall,2009.Chapters1 13
(wewillskipsomesections)
RecommendedReference:
Schaums OutlineofTheoryandProblems
ofOptics,EugeneHecht,McGrawHill,1975.
Chapterscovered:1;3;4;6;7.
OtherReferencebooks:
Optics,4thed.,E.Hecht,AddisonWesley.
FundamentalsofPhotonics,B.SalehandM.
Teich,2nded.,Wiley,2007.
Introduction to Photonics

OSE3052 - Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

Topicscovered(OMG?)
Geometricaloptics:Opticalrays.Refractiveindex.Fermatsprinciple.
Reflectionandrefractionfrommirrorsandboundariesbetweenmediaof
differentrefractiveindexes.Totalinternalreflection.Applications:
microscopes,telescopes,prismscanningsystems,concentrators,fibers
Physicaloptics:Wavepropagation,planarandsphericalwaves.Reflection
andrefractionfrommirrorsandboundariesbetweenmediaofdifferent
refractiveindexes.Comparisonbetweengeometricalandwaveoptics.
Interferenceoflightandopticalinterferometers.Applications:optical
sensingandmetrology.
Diffractionoflight.Applications:resolutionofimagingsystems.Angular
spreadingandfocusingofopticalbeams.Diffractiongratingsandgrating
spectrometers.
LightasPhotons.Introductiontoabsorption,emission,&luminescence.
Opticaldevices:detectors,LEDs,andlasers.
Introduction to Photonics

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Preliminaryschedule

Geometricaloptics

CoversalltopicsbeforeMT1

Physicaloptics1
CoversalltopicssinceMT1

Physicaloptics2
Coversalltopicsinthecourse
Introduction to Photonics

OSE3052 - Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

Websiteandsyllabus
Allcourseinformationisavailableon https://webcourses.ucf.edu/
SlideswillbepostedonWebCoursesfordownloadbeforeeachclass
Ifyouneedahardcopyoftheslides,pleaseprintthembefore class
Allstudents includingthosetakingEEL4440usetheOSE3052section.

Syllabus:AvailableonWebCoursessite,containing
NotesonProfessionalismandEthics
Infoforstudentswithspecialtesting/learningNeeds
Detailsofthegradingpolicy

Introduction to Photonics

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Websiteandsyllabus
Contributionstothefinalgrade:

Homework:handedoutonWednesday,dueThursdaythenextweek6pm
Nolatehomeworksubmissionallowed
Allhomeworkmustbesubmittedbyuploadingpdffilesviawebcourses
Quizzes:shortteststoseewhereyoustand,maybeinclassoronline
Inclasswork:trytosolveexampleproblemswithbookandnotesonhand
Introduction to Photonics

OSE3052 - Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

ScanninghomeworktoPDF part1/2
Messyhomeworksolutionsand/orlowqualityscan=crankyinstructor!
Tosolvethisproblem:useCREOLcopierstoquicklyscanyourhomework
Process:bringyourhomeworksolutionstoaCREOLcopier
Hitthescanbutton,thentapscansettingsonthescreen.
Setthemodetofullcolor,300dpi(~1MB/side)anddoublesidedifneeded

(scanningcontinuesonnextslide..)
Introduction to Photonics

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ScanninghomeworktoPDF part2/2
HitUSBasthescandestination,andchangethefilenameifyoulike
Keepthe defaultMULTIoption(scansmultiplepagesto one file),hitOK.

Insert USBdrive(porteither onfrontleft orrightside)

Place your HWfaceupinthe papertray,andhitscanonthe screen

ScansaresavedtotheUSBdrive,andthecopiersayssafetoremovedrive
Introduction to Photonics

OSE3052 - Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

HomeworkandFinancialAid
UCFtakesattendancetodetermineifstudentsshouldreceive$aid
Firsthomeworksubmission=proofofattendance:submitontime!
Duedate:ThiscomingFridayatmidnight(justdoittoday)
Foureasy questions,examplebelow:

Introduction to Photonics

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Roadtosuccess
Stayuptodateonthecourse
Readtherelevantchaptersectionsbeforethelecture
Dohomeworkthoughtfullyandthinkindependentlybeforediscussing
Askquestionsinclass!Onceyoumissafewsteps,itstoughtocatchup
GototherecitationsessionsaftertheWednesdayclass

HomeworkdueThurs.6pm recitationisagoodtimetoaskaboutHW!
Nolatehomeworkallowed,sostartscanninganduploadingontime!

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

Letsgo!TBD:tencenturiesofopticsinhalfanhour
FromTop11TechnologiesoftheDecadeIEEESpectrum(Jan.2011)

Threeoftheseuseopticsasacoreelement.Photonicengineersneeded!
Introduction to Photonics

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Fivedevelopmentstagesofphotonics
BirthofOptics: Before17thCentury
Lightpropagation,reflection,refraction,simplelens
GeometricalOptics: 1719thCentury
Lawsofreflection/refraction,telescope,
WaveOptics: 19thCentury
Youngsinterference,Fresneldiffraction,Waveproperties,MaxwellsEM
theories
QuantumMechanics:20thCentury
Photongeneration,Lightinteractionswithmatter,Particlewaveduality,
ModernOptics: Lasersdevelopedin1960s
Laseroptics,widespreadapplications

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

IbnalHaytham (orAlhazen)965 1040

Showedthroughexperimentthatlighttravelsinstraightlines
Carriedoutvariousexperimentswith lenses, mirrors, refraction,reflection
Wasthefirsttoconsiderseparatelytheverticalandhorizontalcomponents
ofreflectedandrefractedlightrays,whichwasanimportantstepin
understandingopticsgeometrically
Front page of a Latin edition of
Alhazen's Thesaurus Opticus,
showing how Greeks (allegedly) set
on fire the Roman ships with the
help of parabolic mirrors .

Modern retrial
at MIT, see http://goo.gl/LJvqkt

Introduction to Photonics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen
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Fermat, 1601 1665

Fermatprinciple:Theleasttimeprinciple
Provedreflectionlaws(i =r)
ProvedSnellsrefractionlawwhenconsideringreducedlightspeedinmedia

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

www.creol.ucf.edu

IsaacNewton,16421727
1. Regardlightascorpuscular(smallparticles)becauseof
existenceofsharpshadows,unlikewater&soundwaves
2. Rectilinearpropagationlaw:Rayspropagatestraightly
alongalineinisotropicandhomogeneousmedia
3. Whitelightdispersion
4. NewtonringsLightinterference
Experimental setup

Introduction to Photonics

Newton in 1689 (age 46)

Results

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

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ChristiaanHuygens,16291695
1. Consideredlightasawavephenomenon,inpartduetofactthatlight
beamscancrosseachotherunimpeded
2. Concludedthatlightsloweddownonenteringdensemedia
3. Derivedthelawsofreflectionandrefraction,nowadayscalledSnells
lawafterWillebrord Snellius,whodidnotinfactinventit!Infact
refractionlawsalreadyappearedintheworkbyIbnSahl in984(source)
4. Explainedthedoublerefractionofcalciteusinghiswavetheory

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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ThomasYoung,17731829
1.Doubleslitinterferenceexperiments
2.Explainedthecoloredfringesofthinfilmsanddeterminedwavelengths
ofvariouscolors =>Provedwavepropertyoflight
3.Hypothesizedthatlighttravelsthroughanallpervasiveelasticmedium
calledtheether

Thomas Young

Twowaveinterference

(Whyhealsousedasingleslitwillbecomeclearoncewestudycoherence)
Introduction to Photonics

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AugustinJeanFresnel,17881827
1.SynthesizedtheconceptsofHuygensswavedescriptionandthe
interferenceprinciple =>HuygensFresnelPrinciple
2.Provedthat polarization couldbeexplainedonlyiflight
was entirely transverse,i.e.,withnolongitudinalvibration
3.Calculatedthediffractionpatternsarisingfromvarious
obstaclesandapertures(nearfielddiffraction)
Christiaan Huygens

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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JosephFraunhofer(17871826)
1.DevelopedFraunhoferdiffractiontheory:farfielddiffraction
2.Inventedthe spectroscope, diffractiongrating,excellentopticalglass,
and achromatictelescope objectives
3.DiscovereddarkabsorptionlinesintheopticalspectrumoftheSun,
knownas Fraunhoferlines

Introduction to Photonics

Absorption lines for air

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JamesClerkMaxwell:18311879
1.DevelopedMaxwellsequationsforelectromagnetic(EM)fields
2.ProvedtheoreticallythatEMfieldpropagatesasatransversewaveinthe
etherandthenobtainedaconstantspeedvalueofthewavethathappened
toequaltothemeasuredspeedoflight!
3.Theconclusionwasinescapable lightwasanEMdisturbanceinthe
formofwavesviatheether (turnedoutnottoexist)

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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HeinrichHertz:18571894
In1887,HertztestedMaxwell'shypothesis
oscillatormadeofpolishedbrassspheres,connected
toaninductioncoilandseparatedbyatinysparkgap
IfMaxwell'spredictionswerecorrect,EMwaveswouldbetransmitted
duringeachseriesofsparks.Totestthis,Hertzmadeasimplereceiverof
loopedwire.Attheendsoftheloopweresmallknobsseparatedbya
tinygap.Thereceiverwasplacedseveralyardsfromtheoscillator.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hertz_first_oscillator.png

IfEMwaveswerespreadingfromtheoscillatorsparks,theywouldinducea
currentintheloopthatwouldsendsparksacrossthegap.
ThisoccurredwhenHertzturnedontheoscillator,producingthefirst
transmissionandreceptionofEMwaves.
Introduction to Photonics

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Quickjumptotoday:wavelengthsandfrequencies
Thesedays:hugerangeofEMfrequenciesobservedandgenerated

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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LordRayleigh:18421919
RayleighScattering:Whyisskyblue?

Nobelprizeinphysics:1904
"forhisinvestigationsofthedensitiesofthemost
importantgasesandforhisdiscoveryofargonin
connectionwiththesestudies"
Introduction to Photonics

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MaxPlanck:18581947
The1sttointroducetheconceptofQuantumMechanicsinhisblackbody
experiment.
PlanksLaw:Blackbodyradiation

Nobelprizeinphysics:1918
"inrecognitionoftheservicesherenderedtotheadvancementofPhysics
byhisdiscoveryofenergyquanta"
Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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AlbertEinstein:18791955
Photoelectriceffect:proposedtheconceptofphotonfromthePlanksidea:
Lightconsistsofparticlesofenergy(beimpartedto/takenfromEMfield
indiscreteamountscalledphotons)
HisSpecialRelativityprovedthatthespeedoflightisconstant,meaning
thatnoetherexists
Concepts:stimulatedabsorption,stimulatedandspontaneousemission
Nobelprizeinphysics: 1921
"forhisservicestoTheoreticalPhysics,
andespeciallyforhisdiscovery
ofthelawofthephotoelectriceffect"

Introduction to Photonics

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Townes,Basov,Prokorov:Maser
DiscoveredMASER(MicrowaveAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionof
Radiation)
Usedlowenergy
transitionin
ammonia
1964NobelPrizeinPhysics

First prototype ammonia maser

and inventor Charles H. Townes.

Townes(19152015) Basov(19222001)Prokorov (19162002)

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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TheLaserIdea(1958)

Atoms
as gain
medium

gain

Mirrors for feedback

Townes
Schawlow
~ 1963

Introduction to Photonics

Argon
Laser
Beam

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TheodoreMaiman:19272007
In1960,Maiman demonstratedthe1stRuby(pulsed)laser
Laserisasourceofcoherentradiation.TheacronymLASERstandsfor
LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.
ItwasfirstsuggestedbyCharlesTownesandArthurSchawlowandwasfirst
demonstratedbyTheodoreMaiman in1960.

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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TheFirstRubyLaser:1960
Gain:rubyrodexcitedbylightfromahelicalflashlamp
Mirrors:silverfilmsontheendoftherubyrod

Flash Lamp

TedMaiman atHughesAircraft
http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/media/bW8Jx8FS8nF2.jpg
Introduction to Photonics

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TheFirstCWandGasLaser:1961

Gain: helium-neon
gas discharge

Mirrors:
Special
high-reflectivity
The first continuous-wave (CW) laser
using a gas medium (Helium/Neon)

Introduction to Photonics

OSE3052 - Introduction to Photonics

multi-layer films

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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ManyApproachestoAchieveLaserAction
Solidstatelasers:Ruby,NdYAG,..
Gaslasers:HeNe,N2,XeCl,
Semiconductorlasers:GaAs,
Fiberlasers
Dyelasers:Opticallypumped
IonLasers:Ar+,Kr+,.

Introduction to Photonics

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WhatDoTodaysLasersLookLike?
Laserdiodesaretinychipsofsemiconductor

A commercial
package
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/
Laser_diode_chip.jpg/300px-Laser_diode_chip.jpg

The laser diode chip

Used in CD players,
laser printers, and
fiber optic systems

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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LasersCanBeLarge
Theworldslargestlaser,beingbuiltnowattheNationalIgnitionFacility

A person

ViewofLaserBay1fromthetransportspatialfilter,containing96laser
beams.Inall,192beamsofbeampatharecomplete:1.8MillionJoulesof
light.Achievesnuclearfusion
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories

Introduction to Photonics

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LasersCanBeVeryDirectional
Laserbeamsreachthemoonandback:
Timedelayofpulsesgivesdistance
Diameterofmoon:2160miles
Diameterofearth:7920miles
Distance:earthmoon239592miles
Distance:earthsun92666249miles

Introduction to Photonics

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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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LasersCanBeVeryTightlyFocused
Lasersdrillholessmallerthanhumanhair
Human Hair

Hole Size ~50 m

Hole size ~ 2 m

~50 m

Sizes to scale

Introduction to Photonics

Single mode fiber: ~5 m

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LasersCanBeUltraStable
LIGO:LaserInterferometerGravitationalWaveObservatory

NearBatonRougeLouisiana twoarms,each2.5milong
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/dept/gifs/LIGO.gif
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CREOL | The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida

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MajorApplicationsofPhotonics
Telecommunications:opticalfibercomm.,opticaldownconvertertomicrowave
Consumerelectronics:displays,TVs,barcodescanner,printer,CD/DVD/Bluray
devices,remotecontroldevices
Medicine:eyesightcorrection,lasersurgery,surgicalendoscopy,tattooremoval
Industrialmanufacturing:theuseoflasersforwelding,drilling,cutting,and
variousmethodsofsurfacemodification
Construction:laserleveling,laserrangefinding,smartstructures
Aviation:photonicgyroscopeslackingmovingparts
Military:infraredsensors,commandandcontrol,navigation,searchandrescue,..
Entertainment:lasershows,beameffects,holographicart
Metrology:timeandfrequencymeasurements,rangefinding
Possiblefuturedirections
Photoniccomputing:clockdistributionandcommunicationbetweencomputers,
circuitboards,orintegratedcircuitselements;allopticalinformationprocessing,
Consumerholographicdisplays;.?
Introduction to Photonics

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Comingup
ReadthehistorypartofChapter1 inPedrotti,Pedrotti,andPedrotti(P3)
Dont worry about relativisticdescriptionofmatterwaves(?!!)
Wewillcoverradiometrywhenweneedit(likelyaftermidterm1)
Wewilldiscussphotonswhenwereachphysicaloptics(afterMT1)
ReadChapter2,sections16(pages1627 ourtypicalpace!)
Completetheonlinequiz todemonstratethatyouparticipateinthecourse
SeeyouonWednesday!

Introduction to Photonics

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