PROBES-75 Guidelines For Developing Greenbelts

Programme Objective Series :
PAOBES/75/1999-2000
ENVIS Centre, CPCB (www.cpcbenvis.nic.in)
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING

GREENBELTS
Programme Objectave Series :

PROBES/75/1999-2000
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

(Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India)
Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar
Delhi -110 032
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT

OF GREENBELTS
Q?fOI
(lrrl fflin'R em lfi'I'0'1:
<A
.....,.
.
Central Pollution Control Board

(A Govl ol lnd1a OrganisatiOn)
fin'qm
3lUI"ei
M1n1stry
of Envtronment & Forests
DIUPBISWAS
Cha1rman
Phone 2204948
FOREWORD
Green vegetal cover
is not only pleasing to the eyes but also beneficial in many ways
such as conservation of bio-diversity. retention of soil moisrure. recharge of groundwater

and
moderation of micro-climate.
Yet another important role of vegetal cover. which is
not well recogm sed . relates to comamment of pollution
Bes1des actmg as a carbon smk.
atmosphere.
Ra.ISlng of green belts with right t}-pc!S of species can serve
as a useful buffer to
contam the menace of pollution from dil'terent sources. With this in view. a study was
by the Central Polluuon Control Board (CPCB) tor enlisti ng the plant
commissioned
spec1es SUited to various bio-climauc conditions The Study was also intended to evolve a
theoretical model for design and development of green belt for opumum artenuauon of a1r
polluoon
Apart from morphologtcal features affecting the plant response to pollutants. the
other important considerations in optimisation of green belL development tnclude
from the source of pollution and dispersion of pollutants under different

Stabiliry conditions. An exercise was also made to Identify the spe cies which
revegetauon of
are sunable tor

mine spoil s , degraded habitats and stabilisation of tly ash dumps.
The report provides a

belt.
distance
atmospheric
mathematical model co optimise the. spccilicauons of a green

a list of 200 species recommended tor raising of green belt
The report a l so contains
under specitk bio-climatic regimes
I am thankful to Prof. S. B Chapekar. Umversiry of Pune. Shn R K. Kapur.

M um bai. Shn V K. Gupta. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.
Mumbru and the team of m) colleagues mcludmg Dr. B. Sengupta . Shn Lain Kapu. Dr
SaJeev Paltwal and Shri M. K Gupta tor thetr collective effortS tn bringing out the
Nuclear Power Corporation.
publicauon
Based on the inputs provided by CPCB and information contained in this report. a
scheme for raising green belt fo r poiJuuon abatement
been launched 10 Tamil adu.
and envtronmemal improvement
We hope. the gmdelines and mfom1auon comruned in thts report wt ll be useful

concerned "wtth environmental cleaning through greening
has
to
all
(Dilip Biswas)
'Pauvesh Bhawan,
Grams
"CLEENVIRON
Fax
C B 0
cum
(01112204Q48
Olllce Complex East Aqun Nagar Delhol tO OJ:>

Telex
03166440 PCON IN
maol cpclldlpha not 1n
certain spec1es of plants can even absorb the pollutantS while others can thrive in polluted
CONTENTS
Page No.
1
Executive Summary
1
2
3
4
5
6
lntroductron
Plant -Pollutant Interactions
Theoretrcal Model for Development of Green Belt
Agro-chmatrc Zones of lnd1a
Chorce of Plants for Green Belts
Stabrlizatron of Fly- ash usrng plants
2
4
19
34
39
44
A
B
c
0
Brochmatrc Zones of lndra

Descnptron of Plants Recommended for Green Belts
Zonewrse Lrst of Recommended Plant Spec1es B1blrography
References
50
66
167
196
Appendix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Green belts are recommended for conta1nment of air pollut1on 1n the human environment,
especially 1n Industrial and urban env1rons.
through the presence
Improvement of aesthetics is a bonus derived
of greenery in these areas
Chapter 2: Plant-Pollutant Interactions

Advantages notwithstanding, green plants are not a panacea for the environmental ills. As
liv1ng orgamsms, plants have their limits to tolerate toxicity of air pollutants and to function as
pollution
ameliorants.
Nature
and
levels
of
sensit1vit1es
of
plant
species
towards
Chapter 3 : Theoretical Models for Development of Green Belts

Green belt as a back-up to technological pollutron abatement measures could substantially
reduce pollution hazard. Mathematical model to optimize d1mensions of green belts IS
presented and explamed here.
Chapter 4 : Agro-climatic Zones of India

A vast country encompasses a variety of agro-cllmates suitable for different types of plant
species.
Zones and subzones of India are described, along with their soil types (as
Appendix A) to assist in selecting plant spec1es for cultivation. suitable to agro-climates.
Chapter 5 : Choice of Plants for Green Belts

Plant spec1es suitable for removal of part1culate matter and gaseous pollutants differ tn their
morphological characteristrcs
Srzes and shapes of crowns penod1c phenomena hke leaf
shedding, also contribute to plant efftc1ency for pollution abatement.
D1scuss1on on these
points IS followed by descnpt1on of a large number of plant spec1es (1n AppendiX B)

stressing characters useful for sorption of pollutants. Combining information in chapters
and 5, zonew1se lists of plants recommended for green belts are presented (in Appendix C)
Chapter 6 : Stabilization of Fly-ash with Plants

Coal is likely to be used on an 1ncreas1ng scale for power generation, and Will lead to
aggravation of pollution problem due to fly-ash
Stabiltsat1on of ash w1th plants provides
avtable solution. Strateg1es for achieving the same are discussed in this chapter.
anthropogenic ai.r pollutants, are discussed.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Most of the human activities generate poilution of one or other types and o1 different
magnitudes, to whtch all the organ sms are exposed.
More often than not exposures to
some pollution types are considered unavoidable. Resistance of organisms help them
overcome the hazards caused by such exposures
At the same time, organisms. espectally
animals tend to avoid, or move away, from pollution.
By avoidance or by tolerance
orgamsms struggle and suNtve tn polluted envtronments.

Such suNival however, is hardly desirable and has limitattons, in terms of health and vitality
of organtsms.
Hence, tt is imperative that pollution is controlled at the source itself.
Numerous mechanical devices are available for controlling pollution at the process level
and quarry1ng, etc
It IS often staed ,at zero pollut1on process (S only hypothettcal.
With
more than 99o eff1c1ency of pollutton abatement machtnery, some amount of pollution st.
gets released 1n the atmosphere
S..;cn pollution too IS of wide occurrence.
Green belts are thought to be effective in such scenanos. where green plants form a surface
capable of sorbtng arr pollutants and formtng s1nks for pollutants Leaves wrth their vast area
1n a tree crown, sorbs pollutants on their surface, thus effectNely reduce the1r concentrations
1n the ambient a1r.
Often, the sorbed pollutants are Incorporated in metabolic stream and
thus ttle a1r IS punfted.
Plants grown 1n such a way as to funct1on as pollutant sinks are
collectively referred to as green belts
An important aspect of a green belt. some times overlooked, IS that the plants constituting
green belts are ltvtng organ1sms. wtth limits to their tolerance towards air pollutants
As a
result cross1ng the threshold limits in terms of pollutton load, would lead to injury to plants
causing death of tissues and reducing the1r absorption potential. Sink eff1ciency of unhealthy
and dead t1ssues and leaves ts known to be extremely low, thus defeating the very purpose
of a green belt. In short, a green belt ts effecttve as pollution sink only within the tolerance
limits of constituent plants.
Spectes of plants are stud1ed for the1r relatNe sens1t1v1ties towards different atr polluta11ts.
Thus, we recogntse spec1es senstNe to SOz. species sensitive to 03, or sens1tive to HF,
In terms of tolerances however, 1t is diff1cu!t to 1dent1fy species that are seiectNely
tolerant to pollutant spec1es. Statements like HF-sensttive gladiolus is tolerant to SOz is
etc.
obviously not accurate
Moreover, an industnal or urban scene invariably cons1sts
several pollutants rather than a s1ngle pollutant.
of
Pollut1on sinks hence, a1m at cultrvating
plants that are tolerant to atr pollutants in general, rather than tolerant to S02, to HF. or to
0;,, etc
Scattering of a few known sens1tive plants. (including selectively sensitive spec1es)
w1th1n a green belt however. do carry out an important function of indicating the presence of
pollutants whtch the tolerants would not tndicate.
Two types of approaches are recogn1sed while designing green belts - i) Source oriented
itself. Some trace amount however. 1s still likely to get released. Th1s tS especially true of air
pollutants from thermal power plants, S\Nell1ng and refining processes. autoexhausts, mining
approach and ii) receptor-
oriented approach.
advantages and limitations.
Both these approaches have their own
It is generally felt that the
first approach is advantageous
where a single industry is situated and the pollutants emitted by the same are sought to be
contained.
The latter approach is desirable in urban-
industrial complexes with multiple
sources of pollution in an industrial - urban mix. A very large proportion of polluted areas in
this country, where human settlements are intricately mixed with industries, form examples
deserv1ng the second approach for green belt desigmng
Whereas, rt 1s easy to state that tolerant plant spec1es
difficult to state
should form green belts, it 1s very
confidently about several other aspects about the belts.
e.g
ij which
bio-geographic regions of the country are suitable for what plant spec1es ii) what extent soil
quality contributes to the sources (or otherwise) of growth
of plants 1n the belts. 1ii) what
should be the d1stance. Width and he1ght of the belt w1th reference to pollution source, iv)
what 1s the ideal density of plant crowns, and
upto wh1ch green
v) what are the limits of pollution dosages
belts would function optimally.
Attempts are made in the
following
field.
It is felt that experience gained from functioning of green belts being planned in the
country, would give reliable answers.

Apart from functioning as pollutant s1nks, green belts would
aesthetic Improvement and
provide other benefits l1ke
prov1ding poss1ble habitats for birds and animals. thus re
creating hospitable nature 1n an otherw1se drab urban- Industrial scene.
One of the worst
examples of the latter type of scene IS prov1ded by depos1ts of coal-ash from thermal power
plants. The problem 1s on the nse in the country, where coal is a fuel long-lasting surety of
availability.
Covering of ash using plants - another type of green belt is recommended to
overcome the hazards posed
by ash.
The last chapter in this report IS devoted to the
problem of ash stabilization and making ash-dumps environmentally acceptable.
chapters, to seek answers to these questions, on the basis of our present knowledge in this
CHAPTER-2
PLANT- POLLUTANT INTERACTIONS

A large amount of information has been generated about the nature of plant-pollution
interactions: very little authentic informatron tn Indian context has been generated about the
role of plants in absorption of air pollutants.
Most of the information available is from
tiForest Vegetation as a Sink for Gaseous Contaminants" (Sm1th, 1981}. As per the
drscussion therein. even sensitive plants like alfalfa have been used for estimation of srnk
efficrency of plants.
Plants are living organisms and hence are prone to suffer toxicity of air pollutants like any
other organism.
Still, they are expected to scavenge pollutants from the amb1ent air
through the limrted capacrty they possess for sorption, and neutrahze the absorbed
pollutants. Major primary pollutants of industrial origin are considered here
The philosophy IS that when primary pollutants are taken care of, formation of secondary
pollutants will not reach menacing proportions. Primary pollutants of concern are - SOz
HF NO. CO, COz, NH3, HzS. Cl SPM and organics. Industrial and man- made sources
of these pollutants are given 1n Table-2.1. Common secondary pollutants are also included
in the same Table.
Since the project aims at mit1gation of air pollutants with plants, discussion here is confined
to air pollutant interactions w1th plants Other forms of life are 110t considered. Mode of
absorption of a pollutant by plants and fate of the pollutant inside plant body are given. Rate
at wh1ch a pollutant is absorbed, total amount that can be absorbed and form of the
pollutant in which it ends insrde the plant, determine the success of the scaveng1ng
process. It is known that when pollutant is absorbed at a rate higher than the rate of 1ts
assimilation, accumulation takes place, resultrng in plant injury and ineffectiveness of the
green belt.
Another point to ponder is about the areas where green belts should be set up. Obviously
s1nce a green belt is expected to neutralize pollutants, their location should aim at screening
off the source of pollutants from society. Areas around industrial establishments, residential
areas and roadsides. should be the ones targetted for green belts.
S02 : Though several ox1des of sulphur may be the result of industrial processes. SOz IS
cons1dered to be the most important one. Background level of SOz in the atmosphere IS
0.001 ug L.1 or less (Kellogg et. al.. 1972). About 109 million metric tons (mmt) of SOz are
estimated to be added to the earth's atmosphere every year (Helbwachs, 1983).
Quantities of SOzliberated by different types of 1ndustrres. are given in Table-2.2. Emission
of SOz by different types of fuels is given in Table-2.3. In India, SOz emission was 6.76
mmt in 1 979 and IS expected to reach 13. 19 mmt by the turn of this entury (Kumar and
IJpadhyay, 1981).
S02 enters plants mainly through the stomatal
L1
apertures.
Cutrcle and wax on leaf
..
epidermis and suberin on stem being imperv1ous, more than 95% of the pollutant enters a
Hence
plant through the routes of gaseous exchange
stomata. theJr structure, posit1on
Once inside the leaf, rt passes into
and functions are important 1n the entry of gas in a leaf
and gets absorbed on the wet cell-walls to finally
the Intercellular spaces of mesophyll
drffuse gradually 1nto the cell sap (Knabe, 1976). Whereas absorption of SOz by mesophyll
tissue of a leaf IS proportional to the stomatal conductance (W1nner and Mooney, 1980),
diffusion of S02 into cell sap is a function of its
water solubility, wh1ch ts fairly high
(Table-2.4).
Chemical reactions leading to leaf injury or absorption
of S from S02 into the metabolic
A widely accepted view is that S02 inside leaf gets
stream have been described variously
oxidised to S03. which in turn combines with water to form sulphuric ac1d.
i)
2 SOz
ii)
S03
H20
02
----->
2 S03
------>
HzSO"
plants affecting
several metabolic processes. leading to reduction 1n
productivty.
Slow
absorption of S02 on the other hand, especially whe'l the rate of SOz absorption equates
tf)e rate
of S utilizatiOn as a nutrient, leads to improvement 1n
pOSSibilities Of diametricatly OppOSite
productiVIty
These
effects on plant productiVIty due to S02 absorption,
are presented n Fig.2.1.

The adverse effect of SOz on chlorophyll pigments leading to reduced productivity may be
considered under two cellular pH conditions
the cell from the splitting of H2S03 into
molecule to
3 5 the free H ions generated in

2
and H". dtsplace the Mg ' from chlorophyll
At pH
sol
2.2 to
degrade the latter into phaeophytin molecule, a non-photo-
pigment (Rao and Le Blanc.

of chloroplast
1 966)
At pH above
3.5,
synthetic brown
SOz affects the thylacotd membrane
by causing oxidation of carotenoids through generation of
02 from HSo3
(Pieser and Yang. 1978) The unprotected chlorophyll molecule then IS oxtd1sed and lost
Free Oz.
also tncreases level of H,02 1n the presence of SOD
leading to ox1dat1on of chlorophyll
molecules.
(superoxide dismutase),
S02 IS also considered to reduce
chlorophyllide synthesis, through 1ts effects on ascorbic acid (Keller and Schwager. 1977).
Initial v1sual symptom of foliar 1njury caused by S02
is the formation of marginal and
interveinal chlorotic, bronzed or necrotic areas. start1ng with dark green or dull colouration,
w1th water-soaked appearance.
surfaces
NOx
NecrotiC areas e>eend and are v1sble on both epidermal
Older leaves having just attained full expansion are the most susceptible ones.
Three types of ox1des of nitrogen are collectively referred as NOx.
These are N20
1N1trous oxide). NO (N1tnc oxide) and N02 (N1trogen dioxide). H1gh temperature reactions
in the presence of a1r lead to oxidation of atmosphere nttrogen. g1ving rise to oxides of
nitrogen
Whereas background level of N02 1s only 1 .9 tg m3 that of NzO may be as high
as
450 tg m-3
(Urone. 1976).
On absorption in leaves across stomatal apertures, NOx react on cell walls to form HNOz
and HN03, the former being more toxic
pH drop and reaction of acids with unsaturated
compounds causing 1somerizat1on and free radical formation. lead to toxicity. Nitrosamines
Dle acid thus formed, upsets the cnt1cal balance between inorganic and organ1c sulphur in
are formed, cellular pH is

suppress1on (Mudd,
1 973
lowered and acetate metabolism inhibited, lead1ng to growth

Taylor et al
1975:
1976).
Zeevart
InJury symptoms are visible as d1scoloured spots of

Bleached or necrotic spots 1n interveinal areas of leaves
gray-green or light brown colour

IS
a later development, appeanng
as stripes 1n advanced stages.

NO.. are not considered to be of major concern as phyto-
tox1cants since several stud1es
suggest that levels suffic1ent to InJure vegetat1on would be far above known or monitored
amb1ent levels. Importance of NO,. 1n the atmosphere however, lies 1n the fact that they are
the raw matenal for format1on of Important secondary pollutants like OJ Smog and PAN.
HF
Ruonne is a universally distributed element. hence 1s to be found 1n all places-soil,

3
1970). About 0-05 mgm- is present in air and 1n traces in
water and air (Treshow,
surface waters and in soil
Some parts of RC!jasthan are
element 1n soils.
reported to have unusually high
Combustion of fossil fuels. smelt1ng of
ores I ke
bauxite and reduction of phosphatiC rock in the manufacture of feti 1zers, are some of the
industrial
processes. responsible for release of HF 1n the atmosphere.
Few to several
hundred pounds of fluonne 1s released into the atmosphere every year according to several
est1mates (Treshow,
1970).
Fluonde enters leaf through stomata. and from the

diffuses into vascular t1ssues.
marg1ns
It moves along transpiration stream towards leaf
where accumulation takes place
accumu1at1on goes unnoticed for long

marg ns have shown values of
intercellular spaces of mesophyll,
Due to
t1ps and
absence of v1sible InJury. such
n some sensitive plants. injured t1ssues in t1ps and
50-200 ppm HF
concentrations.
In tolerant spec1es vis1ble
inJury was not noticeable even at 500 ppm concentration level.

Chlorosis of leaf tip is the f1rst visible 1njury.
Wrth increasing accumulat1on. the InJury may
extend along margins and 1nwards along veins.
Injured brown or dead
become necrotiC. lead1ng to premature leaf fall (Weinste1n,

CO
and
CO.
CO
areas of leaves
Incomplete combustion of fuels 1nclud1ng fossil fuels. leads to formation of
Automobtles are the
commonest source of CO
operatrons etc are other sources of significance.

est1mated to be
1 977)
6 billion
tons (Se11er.
CO is not a phytotoxic gas

converted form, COz).
1974).
011 refineries
metallurgical
Annual global tnput of this tox1c gas IS
Green plants function as
natural sinks for CO (or its read=ly
Sou and oceans are also vast s1nks for the gas S nee CO
gets
gradufly oxid;zed to COz. whtch is absorbed and utt' zed by plants on 1arge scale, and since
increase 1n COz concentration from 1ts normal
300 ppm to htgher levels are
still non-toxic to
plants CO or COz are not treated as senous phyto-toxtcants
NH3
Oecornpos t1on of organ1c matter of different orig1ns
breakdown, coal combust1on and
including excreta fertilizer
releases from tndustnes lead to pollution by ammonia.
Though localized, amb1ent concentrations of
20 pphm
6
have been recorded (Cholak.
1 952).
concentrations of the
Blackening and bleaching of leaves, spotting, brown
lesions between ve1ns and colour
change of fruits, are symptoms of injury by ammonia.

Generally, emission of NH3 is of an accidental nature. during transfer and transporation or
due to poor maintainance of containers.
Best control of NH3 is achieved
through proper
care and maintenance at 'in house' level.
Ch
This pollutant IS also a result of industrial
processes and leakages
acctdents, escape from manufacturing
from cylinders and sewage treatment systems.
Chlorosis
reddemng stipple and necrosts of leaves are reported to be injury symptoms on plants
Exposure of sensitive plants like radish and alfalfa to 10 pphm of Cl2 for
foliar Injury, while
plants like tobacco
exposed to the same concentration for
hours, showed
Zinnia corn and sunflower were injured

hours (Brennan, et. al.,
1 965).
when
Chlorosis, stipple,
necrosis and reddening were the types of injuries observed on foliage of plants exposed.
:
Organic compounds containing carbon and
from automobiles, 011 refin1ng processes and chem1cal factones.
hydrogen are emitted
On reaching ground, the
HC are degraded by soil micro-organisms. In traces, HC like ethylene gas acts as a growth
hormone by stimulating
formation of lateral buds.
At pollution levels however, it
distortion of foliage. excessrve curvature in growth,

abSCISSion (Smith
H2S
causes
chlorosis, senescence and flower
1981)
Pattern of 1njury caused by th1s pollutant IS different from that by others. Necrosis and
death of young tissues 1s reported rather than that of old t1ssues. Tips of leaves are also
inJured.
much
Injury at chronic levels of the
pollutant is unknown. toxic levels are found to be
above the known ambient concentratrons of the gas.
species have been reported to be injured at

exposure (US EPA,
SPM
86
ppm
(12
The most
104
ug m
sensitive plant
after
hours
19 76).
:Suspended particulate matter 1s released during metal refining, by foundries, cement
factories and as fly ash from thermal power plants. m1ne tatlings. etc and autoexhausts.
Heav1er part1cles. above
u d1ameter s1ze tend to settle
while finer and lighter part1cles
remain airborne for days together and travel for hundreds of kilometers over w1nd currents.
Chem1cal dusts are more lnJunous and under humid
increases further (Chaphekar.
condrt1ons. the1r phytotoXICity
1972).
Finer part1cles clog stomatal apertures and prevent gaseous exchange by leaves. Phys1cal
weight on foliage and
a film of dust causing rise in leaf surface temperature are
hazardous situations for plants.
other
Dust part1cles deposited on st1gmatic surfaces of flowers
reduce effective pollination and hence fru1t yields.

Dust is captured by leaves of plants, leaf epidermal outgrowths like ha1rs and scales, hairy
ax1ls of stems and leaf bases. etc. (Das,
Mixtures of pollutants
in the same region and
1981)
In India as 1n several other places many industnes are located

the air is a m1x of several po1lutant gases
A large number of
studies Indicate synerg1st1c nature of pollutant m1xture effects on plants

7
It 1s practically
Hydrocarbons (HC)
impossible to assess the pollutant removaJ efficiency of plants under the numerous possible
-comb1nat1ons of mixing proportions of different pollutants detected. Bear1ng 1n m1nd
however the synergistic nature of the reactions t is again emphasized that the
concentrations of amb1ent pollutants have to be well below the threshold limits of tolerance
(e.g. as crted 1n Table 2 5). for plants to tunct1on effectively for removal of pollutants.
The sensit1ve plants indicate injury symptoms due to a1r pollution. that are specific to the
type of pollutant. Ranges of dosage of the pollutants to wh1ch sens1t1ve plants respond, are
given in Table-2.5.
A large amount of research has been carried out in India, during the last two decades.
Compilation of this work has been presented in a comprehensive Table 2.6.
HF > S02 > Cl
>
N02 > 03 > PAN
>
NO > CO
The rate of pollutant removal is found to 1ncrease linearly as the concentration of the
pollutant increased over the ranges of concentration that are encountered in ambient air
and which are low enough not to cause stomatal closure Pollutants are absorbed most
efficiently by plant foliage near the canopy surface where diffus1on process is h1gh due to
favourable light conditions An example of the magnitude of absorption of pollutants by
seedlings of plants 1s given 1n Table-2.7.
Sm1th {1981) has g1ven est1mated abbsorption of gaseous pollutants by dry soil and
vegetative surfaces to emphasize relative differences in their efficiencies to remove
pollutants (Table 2.8) He also assessed pollutants removal efficiency of a 'Model Forest
Hectare' developed by US EPA in which composition of plant species is as follows:
Species
Maple
Oak
Poplar
Linden
Birch
Pines
No of trees
Planted
P-
Tree surface
area (m2)
Total ve etative
area (m )
69
36.8
69
52 5
23.0
27 2
42
2 54 X 10
250x 103
3.63 X 103
1.56x 103
1.88 X 103
2.90 X 103
36.1
69
69
69
700
Th1s hectare. cons1sting of 5-year old plants, 1s est1mated to remove gaseous pollutants
annually in quantities as :
03- 9.6 x 104, S02- 748, CO - 2.2, NOx- 0.38 and PAN - 0.17 (all values 1n tonnes).
Within their limits of tolerance, plants absorb pollutants and to that extent remove the same
from ambient air The plant uptake of air pollutants as investigated by Hrll (1971) and
Bennett and Hill (1973, 1975), appeared to follow the follow1ng order
Fig. 2.1 Summary diagramatic representation of the effects of sulphur dioxide on plants
Sulph
dioxide
I
Acid rain
Low level
High level
ppllutants.
S-deficient
Subtle
Interaction
wdhother
lnh1b1tion
of plant
A T
Yteld
reduction
No
effect
diseases
No
effect
Yteld
Yteld
increases
increases
Reduction
in PH
of soil
Yteld
reduction
Visible
Table 2.1 Industrial sources of major air pollutants

Sources
S.No. Pollutant
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10.
11
1 2.
13 *
Coal, fuel oil and petroleum combustion.

High temp. combustion of coal, oil, gas and gasoline
in power plants and internal combustion engrnes.
Phosphate rock processing, aluminium industry, iron
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
smelting, brick and ceramic works, and fibreglass
manufacturing.
Leaks in chlorine storage tanks, hydrochl oric acid
Chlorine (CI)
mist.
Leakages in fe rtilizer manufacturing factories,
Ammonia(NH3)
transfers and transport of the chemical.
Decay and decomposition of organic wastes, dumps,
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
sewage, etc.
Carbon oxides (CO and C02) Products of combustion of fuels- incomplete
combution/Organrc respiration.
Incomplete combustron of coal, gas, and oil for
Ethylene (H4)
heating, and automobile and truck exhaust
Combustron (esp. rncomplete) processes. Fly ash,
Particulates (SPM)
Thermal power plants Cement factories.
Automobiles. etc.
Ozone(03)
Dissocratron of N02 (N02 ---> NO+O) (02---0 --> 03)
Ozonated olefin nitrate (PAN)
Peroxyacetyl
Combrnation of fine partrculates and NOx in air
Smog
Combination of N02 and I or S02 with water vapour
Acid precrpitates
in the atmosphere
Sulphur dioxide (S02)
Nitrogen dioxide (N02)
(Source PatnlerD.E.
1974, excepttor"No. 10-13).
Yteld
reduction
,
'
Table 2.2 Quantities of SOz liberated during different types of industrial activities
SOz emission factor (in kg)
Combustion of coal
Combust1on of fue 011
Mumc1pal 1nc1neration
Sulpunc ac1d manufacture
Cu smelt1ng (Pnmary)
Pb smelting (Pnmary)
Pb smelt1ng (Sec. cupola)
Zn smett1ng (Pnmary)
Kraft m111 recovery furnace
Sulphite m1ll recovery furnace
(assuming 90% recovery}
4 5 36 per 1000 kg coal (Variable}

9.9 per 10,000 L 011 (Variable}
0 5 44 - 0 907 per 1 000 kg refuse.
9 . 07 - 3. 75 per 1000 kg 80% ac1d
635.04 per 1000 kg cone. ore.
29 9.376 per 1000 kg cone. ore.
29 03 per 1 000 kg metal changed
494 424 per 1 000 kg cone ore.
1.088- 1 078 per 1000 kg a1r dry pulp.
18 144 per 1000 kg a1r dry pulp.
(Source Kumar and Prakash 1978.)
Table 2.3 Amount of SOz emitted by burning different types of fuels

Fuel
SOz emiss1on 1n kg per tonne of fuel
F1rewood
Coal
011
LPG
Natural Gas
Petrol
D1esel
20
6 to 15.0
6 to 7 6
0.0002 to 0 008
02
5. 4
5 to 6
(Source : Kumar and Prakash, 1978.)
Table 2.4 Solubilities of pollutant gases in water

Pollutant
3
Solubility at 20 C (cm gas ml 1 HzO)
co
0.02
0.05
0.88
NO
COz
PAN
03
NOz
Clz
SOz
HF
026
Decomposes
230
39 40
446
(Source: Hill and Chamberlain. 1974.)
10
Source
Table 2.5 Injury symptoms and pollution dose thresholds of tolerance by

sensitive species of plants
S No.
1.
Pollutants
Sulphur dioxide
Threshold dose
Plant injury symptoms
0.70 ppm (1820 g m) for 1 hr.;

0. 1 8 ppm (468 ug m 1 for 8 hr.,
0 008-0.017 ppm (21!44 ,g m
for growrng season (Ltnzon 1978)
lnterve1nal necrotic
blotches
Red brown dieback o r
banding in p1nes.
Nitrogen oxrdes
lntervernal necrotic
20 ppm (38 x 1 OJ !t9 m 1 for 1 hr;
1 .6 - 2.6 ppm (3000-5000 !'g rn 1 for
blotches similar to
4 8 hr; 1 pprn ( 1 900 1,g m ) for
those by so2
1 00 hr.;
(National Academy of Sciences. 1 977) Red brown distal
necrosis rn prnes.
3.
Fluonde
< 100 !A9 g 1) fluoride

(Wernsteln1977)
Trp and margin

necrOSIS,
4.
Ammonia
55 ppm (38 x 1 OJ 1,g rn 3) fori hr.;
lntervernal necrotic
blotches s1rnilar to
those by S02.
Distal necrosis in prnes.
5.
Chlonne
0.5 - 1 . 5 ppm (1400 - 4530 ug rn 3)

for 0.5 - 3 hr.
Chlorosis, upper surface

fleck srmilar to OJ.
Distal necrosis in pines.
6.
Ethylene
Varrable. undetermrned
Chlorosrs. necros1s,
abscission. Dwarfi ng,
premature defoliation.
7.
Hydrogen sulphide
Trace metals
Variable, undetermrned
lnterve nal chlorosis,

t1p and rnargrn
necrosis, Distal necrosis.
9.
Ozone
0 20 - 0.30 ppm (392 - 588 11g rn :)

for 2-4 h r , Some con1fers 0 08 ppm
(157 u9 rn 1) for 1 2- 1 3 hr
(National Academy of Scrences 1977b)
Upper surface flecks

Distal necrosis and
stunted needles rn
pines.
10
Peroxy acetyl
nitrate
0 20 - 0 80 ppm (989 3958 u g m 3)

for 8 hr (Davis 1975)
Lower surface bronzing.

Chlorosis. early
senescence.
11
Acid ratn
pH< 3 0
Necrotic spots,
Distal necros1s pines.
1 oo ppm (14 x 1 o'' 1,g rn 3) for 5 hr.;

(U.S. Environ. Protection Agency
1 976)
(Source Smith W.H. 1981)
11
lntervelnal necrotic
blotches
Distal necrosis in p1nes.
2.
Table 2.6 Compilation of research in India indicating sensitive and tolerant species,
with reference to industrial pollutants
Name of Plant
Senstttve
Mangifera 1ndica
Coal dust
Citrus lemon
Phasaeolus aureus
(Green gram)
Zea mays
Rao, 1971
Prasad and
Rao ( 1 981)
Sree Rangaswamy
et al, (1973)
Jafri et al, { 1 979)
Yunus and Ahmed
(1980)
Stngh and Rao
( 1 980 a)
Yusuf and
Vyas (1 982)
Cement dust
CalotrogisQrocera
Cassia fistula
Dalbergia sissoo
Withaniasomnifera
Glcme max
Cement dust
Cement dust
Cement dust
Cement dust
Cement dust
5% fly ash
nbove 20%
Fly ash
2
6g/m /day
fly ash
4g/m2/day fly ash
2
4g/m /day
fly - ash
fly - ash
Tnttchum aesttvam
Dolichos lablab
Cement and
Coal dust
Atr borne
dust
Urban
atr
Stngh and Rao

( 1 978 a)
Bhatia (1978)
Pawar and
Dubey { 1 982)
Dubey et al,
(1 982)
Pawar et a,
l (bean)
(1 983)
Pawaret al,
( 1 982)
Chaphekar
et a:, ( 1 980)
Garg and
Varshney
( 1 980)
Triticum aesttvum
Brassica oleraceae
ChenoQodium album
Ctcer arietinum
Dollchos lablab
Sonchus asper
Withania somntfera.
Tabernaemontana
coronana
Coal dust
Cement dust
Cement dust
Cement dust
Abelmoschus esculantus
Var Pusa savani
Commelina benghalens1s
Reference
Petro cake
s gtum cuminii
Es!diumguava
Hordeum vulgare
Portulaca sp
Tnticum aestivum
Tolerant
Srivastava
et al. (1 980)
Polluted
environment
"
Polluted
conditions
CalotroQis Qrocera
12
Yunus and
Ahmed(1981)
(Contd.....)
Table 2.6
(Contd.....)
Name of Plant
Sensitive
Calotropisgigantea
Polluted
areas
Bhirava
Murthy
and Kumar
Baro paddy. Var. Ratna
Urban
dust
Das and
Pattanayak
Shetye and
(1978)
Chaphekar
(1980)
Tolerant
Mangifera indica
Dust
Collector
Thespesia populnea
Ervthrina indica
Poor dust
Collector
Dust
Collector
Banana Crop.
Lycopersicum esculentum
Poor dust
Collector.
Das (1981) and

Das et al.
(1981)
Better dust
collector.
Pollutecl
area
S02 and dust
From brick Kiln
S02 and dust
Rao
(1971)
Ghouse and
Khan (1983)
Bedi et a.
l
(1982)
Bell and Bedi
from brick Kiln

Mangifera indica
Das 1981 and

Das et al,
(1981)
Pithecolobium dulce
Argyrea speciosa
Leucaena leucocephala
Melilotus alba
(1983)
{1981)
Rao 1972
Shetye 1979
802
Giridhar (an
published data) Pawar
Helianthus annus
Crotalariajuncea
Commelina benghalensis
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Cicer arietinum
and Dubey
Chaphekar
et al,
To pollute
areas
{1980
Fly ash
802
(1983)
a)
Dubey et al,
(1982)
(Contd.....)
13
Polyalth1a longifolia
Ficus benghalensis
Ficus infectoria
Ficus religiosa
Mangifera indica
Tectona grandis
Polyalthia longifolia
Shorea robusta
Terminalia arjuna
Cassia fistula
Poinciana regia
Sesbania sp.
Reference
Table 2.6
Name of Plant
Sensit1ve
Medicago sativa
(Aifa-alfa)
Sorghum vulgara var
so
CSH -1
Phaseolus aureus
so2
Arachis hogea
Dolichos lablab
so,
s
Phaseolus aureus
Var. Va1shakhee
Tngonella foenumgraecum
Pisum sativum
so2
Reference
Singh and Rao
(1979, 1980)
Boralkar
and Chaphekar (1978)
Pandey and Rao
(1979)
Prasad and Rao
(1982)
Singh and Rao
(1980)
Mishra (1980)
Banerjee and
Chaphekar (1978)
Boralkar and
Chaphekar (1980
Boralkar and
Cl1aphekar 1983)
Varshney and
Varshney 1978)
Chaphekar and
Karbhari (1974)
Boralkar and
Chaphekar (1980)
Banerjee and
Cl1aphekar
(1978)
S02
so2
so
so2
so
Pandey and
Va1dya (1979)
so2
Pandey and
Vacfya (1979)
Chaphe:<ar
(1972)
so2
Chaphekar
(1972)
Vaishnavi
(1975)
so2
(Contd.... )
.
14
so2
Mangifera indica
Termnalia catappa
Malachra capitata Dahha
Croton, Plumera
Opuntia. Nerium
Dahlia Petunia,
Alfalfa. cotton
Barley
Tolerant
S02
Glycine max
Crossandra undulaefoha
Mirabilisjalapa
Amaranthus spinosu
Spinacea olercea
Raphanus sat1vus
Commeling benghalensi
E!YJhrina indica
Barley, Cotton, Wheat,
Aster Cosmos. Verbena,
Zmma Sweat Pea,
Ipomoea purpurea,
4 o'clock plant, Bean Beet,
Carrot Ch1lh. Pumpkin,
Radish Bhend1, Sunflower etc
Most trees
contd.....)
Table
Name of Plant
Sensitive
Oalbergia sissoo
2.6
(Contd..... )
Tolerant
Yunus and
Ahmed (1979)
Terminalia arjuna
Cassia fistula
Cedrela toona
Svzygium cuminii Oat, Pea,
Brinjel, Potato Cucurbit
Phaseolus aureus
Triticum aestivum
Brassicajuncea
Tntlcum aest1vum
so2
Yunus and
Ahmed (1979)
Azadirachta indica
Reus religiosa
P1thecolob1um dulce
Calotropis procera
Trees, Bushes, crops of
those areas
Phaseolus aureus
Cicer arietinum
Oryza sativa
Panicum miliaceum
Solanum melongena
Viera faba
Abelmoschus esculentus.
Var Pusa savani
Abelmoschus esculentus
Reference
Agrawal
and Rao
(1 983)
so2.oJ.S02+0J
S02,0J.S02+03
S02,03,SO"'+OJ
Bolalkar
and Shinde (1983)
Sharma
S02, 0!,
802+03,
so2. HF,
S02+HF
(1 981)
Prasad and Rao
{ 1 979)
Triticum aestivum
Oalbergia SISSOO
Madhuca indica
Pisum sativum var.
Bonneville,
Pisum sativum var.
Prasad { 1 980)
Rao et al,
(1983)
NaF
T163
Hordeum vulgare
Zea mays
Lycoope rsicum esculentum

Terminalia tomentosa
NaF
HF
Arya (1 971}
Pandey (1979)
Buchanania lanzan
Zea mays
HF
Gladiolus sp.
HF
Rao and Pal

(1978 b}
Pandey and Rao
( 1 980 a}
(Contd.... )
.
15
Table 2.6
Name of Plant
(Contd..... )
Sensitive
Spinacia oleracea
Abelmoschus esculantus
CVamopsis tetragonoloba
Crotalaria juncea
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Nerium indicum
CVnodon dactylon
Tolerant
Gasoline
Reference
Prasad
Vapour.
Ammonia
(1980)
Chaphekar and
Boralkar
(1979)
Varshney,
(Unpublished)
Meenakshy et al
HF
(1981)
Varshney and
Varshney
(1981)
802,
fly-ash
Agrawal M
(1989)
Cassia siamea
Delonix regia
Shorea robusta
Acacia arabica
802,
fly-ash
Acacia catechu
Zizyphus sp.
Mangifera indica
Dust
Agrawal &
Khanam (1989)
Ficus benghalensis L
Ficus infectoria Roxb
Holoptelia integrifolia Planch
Ipomoea fistulosa Mart ex choisy
Lagerstroemia sp.
Nyctanthes arbortristis L
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K.Heyne
Dust
Ahmad Yunus
et al (1991)
Tectona grandis L
Dust
Ahmad Yunus
et aJ (1991)
Terminalia arjuna W & A

Thevetia nerifolia Jass
Acacia arabica Willd
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd
Hibiscus rosa sinensis Willd
Morus alba
(Contd.....)
16
Cicer arietinum
Nasturtium indicum
Petunia alba
Tradescantia axillaris
Madhuca indica
Table 2.6 (Contd .

.
Name of Plant
..
.}
Tolerant
SensitiVe
Reference
Cement dust
Nerium indicum Mtll

Thevetia nerifolia juss
Oalbergia sissoo Roxb
Azadirachta indica A.Juss
Cement dust
Pandey, Misra
et al
Brassica campestris L
(1 994)
Citrus aurantium L
Oelonix regta Raffin
Syzygium cummii
(l) skeel
Mangifera indica L
Pisum sativum L
Tnticum aestlvum
Zizyphus mauntiana Lamk

Hehanthus annus L
fly ash
Opuntia monocantha
SO!
Opuntta dillema
RazaSH
Shylaja
(1992)
Kalanchoe marmorata
Crassula
Bryophyl! um
Aloe
Bryophyllum tabiflorum
Euphorbia cattamlndoios
so2
Caesalpinia pulcherima
Euginia jambolana
Murthy MS
. .R.
et al
so2
(1 990)
RazaS.H.
et at
Pongamia pinnata
(1991)
Oust
Caesalpinia pulcherima
Pithecolobium dulce
Cassta fistula
Pongamia globra
Oust
Polyalthia longtfolia
Pithecolob!um
Caesalpinia pulglerrima
SO!
RazaS.H.
et al
Pongamia pinnata
(1 989)
Tabernaemontana coronaria Willd
Table 2.7 Absorption of S02 by seedlings fumigated at 1.0 ppm for 1 hour in a
controlled chamber (27 1C, 51 7 R.H., 1 300 fc)
so2 uptake
Spec1es
(Scurce
0.088
0.260
0.086
0.268
0 0 74
0.267
0.072
0.213
0.068
0 . 1 34
0 056
0.079
0046
0.1 1 8
0044
0.072
Roberts 1974 )
Table 2.8 Guesstimated gaseous pollutant flux rates for dry soil and vegetative
surfaces
Soil surface
1.9 X 104
1C f
2.0 X
9
1.0 X 10
7.7 X 106
(Source : US EPA 1976.)
18
Vegetative surface
2.6 x 10 3
2.3 X 10 3
6.2 X 1 0 4
1 . 2 X 10 3
4
4.1 x 10
Red maple
White birch
Sweetgum
Firethorn
Privet
Rhododendron
White ash
Azalea
CHAPTER-3
THEORETICAL MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF

GREEN BELT
Introduction
The capability of plants to act as a s1nk for a1r contaminants has been addressed by a
number of rev1ews. (USEPA, 1 976; Sm1th and Oochinger 1 976, Bennett and Hill 1975; Hill
1971: Environmental Health Science Centre 1975, Keller 1 978) All these studies indicate
that the surface of vegetation provides a major fittrat1on and react1on surface to the
atmosphere for remov1ng pollutants from the atmosphere.
Mechanism of Deposition
Interaction of pollution w1th vegetation has always been expressed by a common parameter
known as the deposition velocity of the pollutants. The concept of deposition velocity has
also been widely used in agnculture to calculate the dose of fertilizer and pesticides for crop
growth and its protection. The deposition velocity is defined as follows
Amount of pollutant deposited per untt
area of surface per second
DepositiOn Veloc1ty
(Vd)
Concentration of pollution per unit

volume above surface
,
It has dimension of Ms_ (see McMahan & Dentson 1 979 for values of Vd for commonly
released pollutants).
Particulates are deposited on plant surface by three processes - sedimentation by the
grav1ty actton. impaction under the Influence of eddy currents and deposition under the
1nfluence of prec1prtation
Sedtmentatton usually results tn the deposrt1on of the particles on the upper surfaces of the
plant and IS most Important for large parttcles Sedtmentation velocrty varies with particle
density shape etc. Impaction occurs when atr flows past an obstacle and the air stream
d,v1des The efficiency of collection v1a 1mpact1on increases with decreasing d1ameter of the
19
The a1r pollutton emrtted by Industries settles on the ground and vegetation of surrounding
area The plants Interact wrth both gaseous and particulate pollutants and to great extent
absorb them and thus, remove them from the atmosphere. This pollution removal property
of the plants has been known for a long time. For several years tree planting has been
promoted by USSR scientists and city planners for the purpose of reducing ground level air
pollution Many sc1ent1sts have also suggested the use of green belt. wh1ch 1s rows of trees
for reducing the pollution originating from industnal operations. (Kalyushnyi et al . 1952.
Flemm1ng 1 967 Hanson and Throne 1970; Warren 1 973, Ganguly 1976)
collection obstacle and Increasing diameter of the particle. It has been suggested that
tmpaction is the principal means of deposition tf particle size is of the order of tens of
m1crometers (um) or greater obstacle stze is of the order of centimeters or less, approach
velocity IS of the order of meters per second or more and the collecting surface rs wet,
st1cky. haJry, or otherw1se retentive For parttcles of d1mens1on 1 -5 1,m, impact1on is not
effic1ent and interception by fine hairs on vegetation is possibly the most efficient retentive
mechanism. The efficiency of washout of particles by rain IS high for particles approximately
of 20-30 1,m size. The capturing efficiency of rain drops falls off very sharply for particles of
5 um or less.
The interaction of these vanous s1zed particles and gaseous pollutants with exceedingly
diverse vegetative surfaces under conditions of extremely variable microclimate and
pollutant source characteristiCS suggests an enormously complex relationship. These
studies have expressed uptake of pollutton by plants in terms of deposition velocity. Thts
concept though su1table for esttmation of loss of pollutant over a vegetation surface, is hard
to apply for a case when pollut1on travels horizontally through a canopy (e.g. through green
belt). The mathematical models so far available 1n literature for green belt are applicable
only for ground level air pollution source. The only theoretical model available for estimation
of depletion of pollutants by green belt is developed by Kapoor and Gupta (1 984). This
model expresses pollution attenuation factor At of green belt in terms of different
dimensions and characteristics of green belt under various meteorological conditions. The
model IS described tn next sect1on.
About the Model
Mathematical model for the estimation of pollution attenuation by a green belt exits only for
a ground level pollution source. Such ground level releases can occur by break in storage
vessels and under various conditions such as follows :
(i) Fug1tJVe emissions
20
The hypothesis that trees are important particulate sinks 1s supported by evidence obtained
from stud1es dealing with diverse particulates Including radioactive. trace element, pollen
spore, salt. prec1p1tat1on dust and other unspec1f1ed particles. So far as gaseous pollutants
are concerned, substantial evidence is available to support the fact that plants in general
and trees in particular funct1on as sinks for gaseous pollutants. The gaseous pollutants are
transferred from the atmosphere to vegetation by the combined forces of diffus1on and
flowtng air movement Once 1n contact w1th the plants. gases may be bound or d1ssolved
on exterior surfaces or taken up by the plants v1a stomata If the surface of the plant is wet
and if the gas ts water soluble. the former process can be very tmportant. When the plant
is dry or 1n the case of gases w1th relatively low water solubilities, the latter mechanism 1s
assumed to be most important. For example, hydrogen fluoride, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide and ozone which are soluble and react1ve, are readily absorbed, while nitric oxide
and carbon monoxide which are very insoluble are absorbed relatively slowly or not at all
by vegetation. It should be noted that when vegetat1ve surfaces are damp. the pollutant
removal rate may 1ncrease up to ten fold Under damp condttton the entire plant surface leaves twtgs branches stems - is ava.lable for uptake of gaseous pollutant.
(ii) Elevated releases reaching ground level due to

- stack downwash due to low dtscharge velocity
- effect of obstacles upstream
- short stack near a long flat building
- downwash tn the wake of a clift
- fumtgation condittons due to breaking up of ground based temperature inversion.
The application of model has been made for two different situations VIZ. a source oriented
approach and a receptor oriented approach In the former case, the model is applied for
estimation of pollution attenuation factor of a green belt planted around a source i.e. an
tndustrial establishment. In the latter case. the model has been applied in studying the
pollution attenuatton by planting green belt around a receptor, which needs to be protected
from the effects of the pollution
The detatls of the model, rts application aspects includi n g tts llmrtat1ons are given in following
sections
Development of the Model
Vartous field expenments earned out by Raynor et al , (1974} at Brookhaven National

Laboratory USA aiming to estimate the deposition of particulates by forest using pollens
and spores have indicated that the mass flux of the pollutant decreases almost
exponenttally with travel dtstance within the forest Chamberlatn (1 970) and Chadwtck and
Chamberlain (1 970) also proposed exponentral removal law for removal of pollutants.
Hence considering the exponential law, if the mass flux of a pollutant which enters the
green belt is Qc. the mass flux Ox at a travel distance X within the green belt is given by
ax
Where,
e x --- ---
-----
-----
----
--
{1)
pollution attenuatron coefficrent, m 1
Because of the non-availab1hty of experimentally measured values for the following

relationship for in terms of easily measurable parameters was proposed in the model.
= KPt Vd/Uc
--(2)
---
------
----
-----
1
Where Vd = dry deposition velocity of pollutant for vegetative canopy, ms
Uc = average wind speed through the green belt.
ms 1
21
The green belt model introduces the concept of a potlutton attenuation coefficient for
estimating the removal of pollutant whtle passrng through the green belt. The formulatton of
potlutton attenuatron coefficient makes use of parameters such as leaf area density of the
tree plantation, deposition velocity of the pollutant on leaf surface and wind speed tn the
green belt The model giVes the dependence of the pollution attenuatron factor Ar of a green
belt on various physical parameters of the green belt such as its height, width, distance
from the pollution source and on atmospheric stability conditions and hence the model can
be used to optimise the design of the green belt 1n obtaining the desired degree of
attenuation of the pollution around an rndustry.
2 3
Pt = average foliage surface area density of a single tree, of green belt m mK = Pc I Pt
2 3
Pc = ayerage foliage surface area density of the green belt, m mThe constant K depends on the spacing of the trees 1n the green belt and is introduced to
consider the overall foliage surface area density. For an ideal green belt, the value of K will
be unrty when such a green belt has the same foliage surface area density as that of a
single tree.
Effectiveness of a green belt
A schematic diagram of the green belt around a pollution source I.e. an industry is g1ven in
Fig. 3. 1 .
The pollution attenuation factor Af g1ves the effectiveness of a green belt in attenuating
pollution. The attenuat1on factor Af has been defined as the rat1o of mass flux of pollutant
reaching a given d1stance in the absence of green belt to the mass flux of pollutant reaching
the same distance 1n the presence of the green belt. Mathematically,
OwB
(3)
Af =
08
Where,
-------------------
QwB
QB
-------
Mass flux of pollutant reaching at distance in the absence of a

green belt
Mass flux of pollutant reaching at the same distance in the
presence of the green belt
The above formulation of as given in equation (2) has been tested by Kapoor and Gupta
(1984) using experimental data and is discussed here. For th1s testing, it is necessary to
demonstrate that the value of
as obtained by using equation (2) compares reasonably
well with the value estimated using equation (1) for the same set of f1eld measurements.
The study conducted by Raynor et al., (1 974) regarding the measurements of variation of
mass flux of pollens (hav1ng s1ze 20 um) with distance provides such a comparison. The
average value of obtained from the experiments conducted by Raynor et al using equation
1
(1} is 0.0187 + 0.0047 m and for the same set of experiments, the value of calculated by
using equation (2) ranges between 0.0088 to 0.0181 m1 which compare reasonably well.
The value of pollut1on attenuation factor. Af is calculated in the following five stages.
STAGE-1
Massflux reaching at the inner edge of the green belt
The depletion of pollutant, because of the dry deposition over the travel distance upto the
inner edge (X1) of the green belt and above it () is obtained using the source depletion
model (Chamberlain, 1 970). The mass flux OA reaching the location A (as per figure 3. 1 )
can be evaluated by
22
Fig.
3.1
Diagram of a Green Belt Around a Ground Level Pollution Source Illustrating

the Parameters of Pollution Attenuation Model
23
OA
OoFD
---------------------------------------
(4)
Where Qo IS the mass flux at the source. and, the FD is the deposition correct1on factor
which IS gven by
FD
exp
exp
dx
-------- (5)
Where, H release he1ght

6z - Standard deviat1on of concentration distnbution in vertical direct1on
Vd = dry deposition veloc1ty
U = mean w1nd speed
X - travel distance
FD
(FDo) 1 00 vdu
---------------
----
(6)
The value of QA can thus be obta.ned ..t11th the help of equat1ons (4) and (6).
STAGE-2 :
Fraction of mass flux OA entering the green belt
The matenal QA is divided 1nto two parts namely Qc which passes through the green belt
and OAA wh1ch passes over it (see figure-3. 1) The proport1on 1n wh1ch QA is divided into
these two parts depends upon the he1ght of trees d1stance X1 and atmospheric conditions
The calculation of Qc involves the effective height he of the inc1dent air steam. If the he1ght
of the green belt is h, then he is g1ven by
U(z)dz = hUe -------------------------- (7)
Where U(z) is the wind speed at height Z prof1le outside the green belt and Uc is average
wind speed through green belt The methodology for calculation of h.., 1s g1ven by Kapoor
and Gupta (1 984) and values of he for different he1ghts of trees under different atmosphenc
stability conditions reproduced from that work 1s g1ven here 1n Table 3 2. The quantity Qc is
then evaluated as follows
Oc = OA
X
(X.
xu dy dz
----------------------
(8)
o, o) the centre line ground level concentration at down w1nd travel distance X
Where, concentration C 1s g1ven by

----------
24
(9)
Value of FD can be obta1ned e1ther from equation (5 ) or from table no. 3 1 (reproduced from
Hukkoo et al 1 988), wh1ch g1ves the value of FDo for the rat1o of Vd/U = 0 01 at vanous
distances under different atmospheric stability condittons). The value of FD for any rat1o of
Vd/U IS g1ven by
Where,
y and
z are dtsperston coeff1c1ents and are 1n fact
concentration ciistnbut1on 1n
the standard deviations of
crosswind and verttcal directions respectively at down wind
distance X. This is a standard atmosphenc dispersion equation.

and other atmospheric
publications
over y and
z,
1 980; 1 986.
More information on this
disperston models can be obtained from Sutton,

Equatton
(8)
after substitution
1 953;
IAEA
and carrying out the integration
can be wntten as,
-------------- {1 0)
Oc = OA
Where
---
---
{11)
The value of the mass flux which passes over the green belt.
QAA can thus be obtatned
us1ng the following relation

QAA
QA - QC
-------------------------------------
{1 2)
Values of he (m) for he1ght
Tree
Atmospheric stability condttJon

(m)
10
15
20
25
30
3.62
5.04
6.40
7 71
8.99
3.68
5.12
6.49
7.80
9.08
3.04
4.17
5.52
6.29
7.29
3.29
4 42
5.49
6.50
7.48
3 49
4.76
5 95
7.07
8.14
4.52
6.12
7.56
8 91
1 0. 1 6
Stage-3
Mass flux Osc coming out of green belt
The material Qc 1s depleted
Value of
tn
the green belt according to the relation gNen in equat1on
(1}.
for the pollutant and applicable to the green belt can be obtaned using equatton
(2)
Thus.
Where
Osc
Qc exp ( -
-----------------------
{1 3)
is the width of the green belt. The amount of material OAA wh1ch passes over
the green belt w11l also get depleted to mass flux OsA by loss of material at the top surface
of the green belt. The value of
OBA IS evaluated for travel distance from (4) and {6) by
replac1ng Qo by QAA
25
Table 3.2 Values of he
Stage-4 :
Totalmass fluxOB reachingat the outer edge of the green belt
T he total mass flux QB reaching at the outer edge of the green belt (location B) is thus
g1ven by
------------------ {14)
QB = QBC + QBA
--
Stage-S :
Calculation of attenuation factor, At
In the absence of a green belt, the mass flux QWB
reaching the distance
x,
N is
evaluated us1ng equat1ons (4) and (6). The attenuation factor Af of the green bett at
locat1on B 1s then obta1ned us1ng equat1on (3).
FD
(X TX:?)
Af
------------------------------------------------------------------ -- (15)
Where.
FD (Xt+) = depos1t1on correction factor for travel over distance
FD (Xt) = depos t1on correct.on factor for travel over distance Xt
FD(X:? = deposition correct1on factor for travel over distance N
(X1 +X:?)
Other parameters have the r usual s1gnJftcance as descnbed earlier.
Optimization of Green Belt

In prev1ous section, a model for the development of g een belt around pollution sources for
reduc1ng pollutton levels has been desc 1bed which can be used for the optimization of the
physical dimens1ons of the green belt
This optim1zat1on, methodology 1s further described
below.
It may be re1terated that the model incorporates follow1ng parameters for the computation of
pollution attenuation factor, Af : (i) physical charactenst1cs of the green belt e g distance
from the source. width, hetght and leaf surface area dens1ty; (u) aerodynam1c properties
eg w1nd speed through greer'\ belt and effect1ve he1ght of the incident aJr stream. (1ii)
deposition velocity of the pollutant. and (iv) atmospheric stability conditions The est1mated
value of attenuation factor. Af for different com binations of green belt parameters i e.
Xt X:? h. ,U under d1fferent atmospheroc stability cond1t1ons can be used to opt1m1se the
des1gn of the green belt. Tfle parameters x.X2 and

are cntical for opt1m1satton The
cho1ce of rema1mng paraweters (h and U) 1s restncted and dec1ded mostly by the local
conditions
For examp'e rt 1s preferable to have taller trees w1th h1gh foliage densrty, but
trees of he1ght greater than 20 meters are not common at most sites.
26
Comb1n1ng all the five above stages and after do1ng the
necessary mathematical
s1mp hficat1ons, the pollut1on attenuat1on factor Af 1s f1nally g1ven by,
In optimising the phys1cal dimensions of green belt for a ground level source as described
above, factors like; the
vanat1on in the density of tree plantat1on and interfacial
mass
exchange through upper boundary of green belt were not considered. Since, these factors
also play important role 1n effectiveness of green belt, these are d1scussed 1n next sect1on.
Effect of Density of Tree plantation

The effect of density of tree plantation on attenuation
Gupta and Kapoor (1 992)
factor has been dealt 1n details by
It has been found out that the value of attenuation factor
increases w1th increase in the density of tree plantation

opt1mum value of K but decreases therea-fter for
Xz
('K' of equation (2)] upto an
Km However thts concept IS true
only when interfactal mass exchange of pollutants through upper boundary of the green belt
is not considered
would mod1fy source mass flux mov1ng through and above rt and would thus Influence the
value of Af ConsrderatJon of 1nterfacial pollutant
exchange results rn net movement of
rnatenal from hrgher pollutron region to lower pollutron regron Value of Af
reduces when
pollutron moves out of canopy regron to the region above. Whereas when pollution enters
from above to within canopy region, Af Increases. Reduction 1n Af is seen for all values of
Xz <2 Km and for K <0. 7 for Xz> 2Km. A small increase in

Xz> 2km. These studies help to optimise K for a green belt of
density of tree plantation (K) for

Af rs seen for K
given h and
0. 7
for
Xz to obtain maxrmum Af Optimum value of K grv ng maxrmum Af for different
Xz for wrth ana
without
exchange IS g1ven in Table 3.3 (Gupta and
1ntertacral mass
Kapoor. 1 992).
Table-3.3_Value of maximum Af and optimum K with and without interfacial mass

exchange for different widths of green belt for neutral stability condition
(category '0').
Xz (m)
Without interfacial
Af
1 000
2000
3000
4000
5000
pollutant exchange
pollutant exchange
Max1mum
500
W1th interfacial
2. 1 7
6 64 X
2.1 3 X
10
10
1
1
102
102
5 87 X
3
1 46 X 1 0
3.76 X 1 0:?
The Interfacial mass exchange of pollutant in vertical across upper boundary of green belt
Opt1mum
Maximum
Optimum
Af
0.9
1 .87 X 101
3. 1 0 X 1 01
3 84 X 101
4.67 X 101
5 67 X 101
6.88 X 101
0.9
07
0.6
0.5
0.4
04
.
27
0.8
0.7
07
0.7
0.7
Effect of other parameters

As an 1llustrat1ve example for optimisation. values of Af are calculated for a few selected
values of parameters and the results are discussed here The calculations are performed
1
for removal of particulate matenal by a green belt for
0.02m and tree he1ght varying from
1 0-30m Amongst the other parameters. value of Vdx, and Vd><2 are assumed to be equal
1
and ass1gned a value of 0 0156 ms
(wh1ch is the grav1tat1onal settling rate for 20 um
part1cle s1ze) S1m1larly Ux, and U><2 are assumed to be the same as U(1 0). The values of
=
U(1 0) & UC used 1n these calcu at1ons under different atmosphenc stability condt1ons are
g1ven be,ow
Stab1llty condition
F
A
B
E
c
0
2
4
2
3
55
2
Uto
05
0.6
0.5
0 75
1.0
0.5
uc
Variation of Af with X1 and
X2
the pollution source (i.e, low value of X) pract1cal considerations may not perm1t very low
values of X1. S1m1larly for f1xed value of Xt and X. the value of Af is greater for ta er trees
The variat1on of Af w1th X1 and X? and h under d1fferent atmospheric stabrhty condrt ons 1s
diSCUSSed belOW
Unstable condition, A
The variation of Af With x, for a f1xed value of = 500 m and w1th X? for a f1xed value of X1
-: 50 m for stab1hty cond1tlon A are g1ven rn figures 3 2 and 3 3 respectively It can be seen
300m or
from f1gure 3 2 that the value of Af 1s close to un1ty even for taller trees 1f x,
more. Reduc1ng the value of X1 1s of advantage only rn the case of tall trees and a value of
-
Af
6 1s obtained for 30m tall tree 1f X 1s kept at 50 m.
Figure 3.2 shows that the value of Af remains constant beyond a certa1n value of
depending on the he1ght of trees Th1s suggests that increasing the value of X? more than
300m does not serve any useful purpose for stab1hty cond1tion A for h = 1 0 to 30 m.
Stable condition, F
F1gures 3 4 and 3.5 which are s-m1lar to f1gure 3.1 and 3.2 present the variation of Af 1n
4
stab1hty cond1tion F The value of Af. as h1gh as 1 0 , is atta1nable 1n this stability condition
(see fig - 3. 4) for trees of he1ght 1 5m or more for = 500m and x,
50m. Th1s f1gure also
shows that 1f the tree he1ght 1s more than 25m the value of Af 1s of the same order even if
-
X? upto a
certain d1stance and thereafter the 1ncrease 1n Af 1s not sign1hcant. Th1s feature of more or
x, 1s 1ncreased to 1 OOm F1gure 3. 5 shows that the value of Af 1ncreases With
less constant value of Af beyond a certaJn d1stance helps 1n est1mat ng the opt1mum width
of the green belt. For the cond1t1ons cons1dered 1n th's example, th.s d1stance is 500, 700
and 1 700m for tree he ghts 1 0. 1 5 and 30 m repectively.
28
For a fixed he1ght of tree. the value of Af is expected to increase with 1ncrease in and
with decrease 1n x, Though 1t 1s preferable to plant the green belt as close as possible to
10
8
0::
0
1u
<
u.
z
Q
1<
:::>
z
UJ
11<
STABILITY CONDITION 'A'
6
I.
1.00
6 0
8 0
1000
DISTANCE BETWEEN SOURCE &

INNER EDGE OF GREEN BELT X (m)
Fig. 3.2 Attenuation Factor as a Function of Distance Between the Source and Inner
Edge of Green Belt and the Tree Height, for X,=SOOm , ).. = 0.02m1 and for
Atmospheric Stabilitv Condition A
10 -.---8
0::
0
1u
<
u.
z
g
:::>
z
UJ
I
I<
STABILITY CONDITION 'A'

h = 30
h :25
I.
h = 20
3
h = 15
h = 10
1 --.---r-r-
0
200
1.00
600
800
1000
x 2 (m)
Fig. 3.3 Attenuation Factor as a Function of Width of GrC'en Belt and the Tree Height,
for X,=SOm, ).. = 0.02m"1 and for Atmospheric Stability Condition A
29
2 0
105
' '
STABILITY CONDITION F
10
a:
0
....
u 103
<
u.
z
0
2
< 10
::::>
z
UJ
....
....
<
101
1000
0
x1
lm)
Fig. 3.4 For Atmospheric Stability Condition F

108
STABILITY CONDITION ' F '
h = 20.25 . 30
a:
0
....
u
<
u.
z
Q
....
<
::::>
z
UJ
h : 10
....
....
<
200
400
600
x2
800
1000
lml
Fig. 3.5 For Atmospheric Stability Condition F

30
---T--r---.
10
Variation in other Atmospheric stability conditions

The above discuss1on pertains to only two extreme
values of Af for
atmospheric stability conditions The
intermediate stability conditions lie mostly in between the
values (Table-34) . It can be seen from th1s
two extreme
Table that, for 1 5m high trees, advantage
gained by increasing the width of green belt from 500 to 1 ooom is not significant in all the
stability cond1t1ons except for
where Af of more than 1 04 is obta1ned for x,
However, 1f the tree he1ght 1s Increased to 30m an attenuation factor of greater than
possible 1n stability category
category
D.
E also for a green belt Width of
the attenuation factor obtained is
1 aoam,
whereas, in
50m.
1 04
is
stab1hty
600. This suggests that a green belt
consisting of tall trees around an ndustry could provide Significant attenuation factors for
about
50%
of the time 1n a year for the case considered here.
(m)
h value of Af for sabihty class
500
15
2.5
3.6
30
1 .4x1 a,
25
1 5x1 a'
62
1 000
15
3a
6.2
6x10
6x10
36
4.5
6.0x1 02
45
6.0x1 02
1 .7x1 o'
1 4x1 04
1 7x10'
5
1 1 Xl a
1 .2x1 ct1 . 1 x1 04
4
1 1 X1 a
1 2x1 ct 5.9x1 a5
8.2x1a7
Appl i cation of G reen belt Model

The green belt model developed here IS applied to 1:\vo
different cases for study1ng the
usefulness of green belt 1n reducing the 1mpact of pollution Out of the two applications, one
is a source oriented approach and the other is receptor oriented approach. In the source
onented
approach. green belt of su1table dimens1on 1s planted around
a source emitting
pollut1on and studtes are made to know the usefu ness of green belt n reducing the effects
of
pollution for ground level releases. In the second case
approach green belt of
i.e . . 1n the receptor onented
suitable dimension ts planted around an ObJeCt wh1ch 1s
getttng
deteriorated or likely to get detenorated as a result of pollution in and around it and studies
made to protect 1t aga1nst pollution. These two examples are dealt within a ltttle more detail
1n the follow1ng paragraphs
Source oriented appro ach

A nuclear power reactor surrounded by a su tably designed green belt prov1des an example
of the source onented approach.
Gupta and Kapoor
which a large
(1 985)
cold,
analysed the consequences of a hypothetical reactor accident. in
ground level release of rad1oact1ve nuclides takes place in
the
presence of a suitably des1gned green beit around a nuclear power plant. The release of
radionuclides from a
54
1OOOMWe light water reactor was considered These radionuchdes
fall ,nto two ma1n categones
part1culates
and noble gases The deposition velocity on
31
(m)
vegetation for particulates was taken as 0.01 ms1 and zero for noble gases (being inert in
nature) . The calculations considered the build1ng wake effect (effect of stagnation of
pollutants and subsequent dilution owing to alignment of surrounding structures which give
rise to eddy currents) and radio - active decay as well as deposition of radionuclides in the
green belt.
The radiological consequences were calculated in terms of early and continued mortalities.
The radiatJon dose to four important body organs (viz. thyroid, lung, gastrointestinal tract.
and bone marrow) of persons staying up to 1 00 kms from the reactor were calculated under
different atmospheric stability categones. For calculation of early and continued mortality by
the effect of radiation dose the dose - mortality cntena of WASH 1400 (1 975) were
adopted.
reduction of other important consequences of lesser importance like relocation of population

and banmng of food produced in contaminated regions were also analysed The analysis
shows that, the benefits of developing a suitably designed green belt around nuclear power
plants are as follows -
(0
(ii)
(iii)
The early and cont1nued mortalities are practically eliminated beyond a distance of
3km
The relocation of populat1on to protect it from long term external exposure from
ground contamination may not be reqUired
The supply of food from uncontaminated areas may be needed for populations living
between 2 to 20 km only in the affected sector.
Since the siting requirements in many countries require exclusion distance ranging from 0.5
to 3 km from the reactor, it should be possible to develop a green belt around nuclear
power plants that will substantially reduce the consequences of the accidents. The green
belt would thus serve as another barner between the nuclear power plant and the public
and would strengthen the defense-in -depth philosophy adopted in the design of nuclear
power plants. The assured availability of a su1tably des1gned green belt throughout the year
could also help in reducing the magnitude of emergency preparedness in the public domain
Receptor oriented Approach

Mathematically both source and receptor oriented
approach are the same, the only
difference between the two is the manner in which the green belt is planted. I n the source
oriented approach, the green belt 1s planted around the pollution source, whereas in the
receptor oriented approach the receptor IS protected aga1nst pollution by planting a green
belt around t
i . The case of protecting the T8J Mahal aga1nst a1r pollution by a green belt is
presented here as an example of receptor oriented approach.
The value of the pollution attenuation factor. Af IS
32
computed for different atmospheric
The reactor accident consequences were calculated without a green belt and compared
with the corresponding consequences when the reactor is surrounded by a 1 5m high
green belt of 1 500m width. The inner boundary of the green belt was taken as 50 m away
from the reactor. Besides the decrease in mortality probability, the impact of green belt on
stability conditions, different heights, widths of the green belt and also for varying distances
of green belt from the receptor. The results of the studies suggest that the green belt is
more effective in attenuating pollution in stable atmospheric stability conditions and for
smaller distance between source and green belt (X,). Increasing the height of trees is of
advantage in attenuating the pollution only for a smaller value of x,. Also, it is obseNed that
increasing the width of green belt beyond 200m does not significantly increase the value of
Af, for the range of x, considered in the study. In general, the study indicates that, the value
of Af in the case of Taj Mahal is much smaller than that obtained by a source oriented
approach. Significant values of Af occur only for nearby ground level pollution sources and
that also in stable atmospheric conditions.
Nomenclature
Symbol
Unit
Name
Pollution Attenuation Factor
Ratio
Fo
Deposition Correction Factor
Ratio
Physical height of green belt
he
Effective height of green belt
Pollution release height
Density of tree plantation in green belt
Ratio
Mass flux of pollution
Mean wind speed
Utz)
Wind speed at height Z
Uc
Average wind speed through green belt
Vd
Pollutants deposition velocity
kg. s
1
mS"
1
mS"
,
ms
1
ms
Travel distance
Pollution Attenuation coefficient
Pc
Average foliage surface area density of the green belt
Pt
Average foliage surface area density of a single tree
.
m2m .J
3
m2m
Standard deviation of concentration in cross-wind direction
Standard deviation of concentration in vertical direction
X (x,y,z)
Concentration of pollutant at travel distance x, Crosswind

..J
distance y and height z
kg m
33
At
CHAPTER - 4
AGRO-CLIM ATIC ZONES OF I NDIA

A country of subcontinental d1mens1ons and varied
features of land and nvers. 1s
endowed with a large number of biogeographic zones. Though there were several
attempts to class1fy Indian vegetation types. the most commonly used class1f1cat1on is that
by Champ1on (1 938) w1th modifications. Since the accent of the present effort is on
cultivation of plants. rather than on the naturally grow1ng vegetat1on types. a suitable
scheme recogn1z1ng b1o-chmates along w1th soil types 1s necessary. Carter (1 954) divided
India into SIX climatic reg1ons, from arid to perhumid, based on Thornthwaite's system of
climate class1ficat1on. Krishnan (1 988) identified 40 soil climatiC zones based on major soil
types and mo1sture index. Planning Commission, Government of l ndta. New Delhi (Aiagh,
1 990), have recommended a scheme for agro-climattc classification of the country.
Subtypes presented 1n the Plann1ng Commission document further describe ranges of

rainfall (Fig 4.2). general cilmat1c conditions and so1l types (F1g 4 3) prevailing 1n these
reg1ons. The emphaSIS here 1s on the development of resources and the1r optimum
utilization 1n a sustainable manner w1th1n the framework of resource constraints and
potentials of each reg1on.
Under National Agncultural Research Project (NARP), a 120 sub-zone map has been
prepared, based pnmarily on rainfall, existing cropping pattern and administrative units.
More recently, us1ng parameters such as physiography, so1ls. bioclimates and length of
grow1ng period, an agro-ecological map of the country (Fig. 4.4.) has been prepared. This
scheme recognizes 6 reg1ons, wh1ch are further d1v1ded into 20 sub-regions.
A sophistication to agro-cltmat1c classification for khanf crops has been deviced by
Chowdhery et al, {1 993), employing principal component analysis to agro-climatic variables
for delineating India into homogenous zones.
During the present work, the scheme suggested by the Planning Commission has been
adopted Appendix A g1ves the 1 5 agro-climatic zones and their 68 sub-zones, for which
details such as annual ra1nfall. climate, soil types and revenue districts covered by them,
are given.
It IS expected that user of th1s report refers to Appendix A, for ident1fy1ng and locating one's
area of concern, before proceed1ng further to the list of plants to be chosen for plantation
programme.
34
According to this scheme, there are 1 5 agro-climattc regions (Fig.4 1 ) . Each of these
regions is further divided into 68 ub-zones. based on detailed characteristic features, such
as natural resources, typologies {land productivity level, relat1ve pressure on land and
environmental factors) etc
/ ...... .,.../'
(,
(
,0
1 50e
lAI(SHAO'MTP
SLANOS
'
LEGEND
t WESTERN HIALAYAN
9 'I'.ESTERN PLATEAU - H.LLS
2 EASTERN liiMALAYAN
10 SOUl HERN
3. LOWER GANGLIIC PLAlrJS
11.
M:ODLE GA:-.:GETIC >='LA '!S
i2. 'NEST
5. UPPE GANGETIC ?LAL"lS

6 TRANS
l3
IYAilGETIC PL,\INS
lf,
., EASTERN PLATEAU HILL
R CEWi<'
15
PLATEt.U HL...S
HILLS
COST PLAINS - HILLS
Gu..ARAT
PL AL'-45 - HlL S
WESTERN DRY
REGION
1nE ISLANDS REGIO'l
Fig. 4.1 Agro Climatic Zones

35
PLAREAU
E A S T COSf PLAINS - HILLS
lSIANDS
ANOAtAII
AND
llCOBAR
ISlANDS
200 -
0 - 20
20 - !C
L-
E.:-:]
liTIIlJ
ID
LO - 60
=; 200
11m 300
50
iOO
Fig. 4.2 Annual Rainfall

36
<c.
Cms
[E3
L E G E N D
RAIN FALL. IN
LAKSHADWE:EP 0
4.
200
300
- LOO
ABOVE
1.00
AKSf.lt.Jl'l
r
ADI.'W:
At
E.f
I:.LA'JDS
SO!LS
"
,:.
'
NICOBAR
ISLANOS
TYPES
c. ] ALLUVIAL SOILS
.. ..OASTAL
LEGEND
GRAY At\0 BROWN

IIIillillJ Gt,E T A A
;:.( OEE"P SLACK OR REGuR
"Zj M0 'J 8 ACr :;o
E"
At:
c;
S O lc;
LOAM
\'..J
tl L 0 LS
1 l\t:l t..' lt.l O t.

:
r;
:...:
._..l
rL
SHAUON 9Lt..C!-.
._s
AtJ
JlJillffioESERT SO
l J REO
ClJTI ORE51
J\
'-1
I=OOT H LL
Fig. 4.3 Soils

37
..
fli2 LATERITE
AL.LUVIAL
(1
SWAt.1PY
..
/ \.. "')
r -..J
/
2
7 17
(y
I I'
t. J
(".../
i
.j
Fig. 4.4 AgroEconomical Regions

38
,J
CHAPTER - S
SELECTION OF PLANTS FOR GREEN BELTS
Dtscusston tn earher
sensitiVIty tndtcated
chapters indicate the nature of

by plants.
plant-air pollutant 1neract ons and
It also bnngs out the hmttations under which
plants are to
funct1on as scavengers of aJr pollutants. Other limitations for growing plants are the climattc
condttions and sotl characters. Of these. the latter get modtfied when plants are culfvated
and grown under care, e g
A standard horticultural practtce 1nvolves planting of saplings tn
ptts of substantial dtmensions. i.e.
1 m x 1 m x 1 m for btg trees and almost half of these
dtmenstons for smaller trees and shrubs

manure tn pre-determined proportions
The ptts are then ftlled with earth, sand silt and
Saplngs planted
in
such prts are watered liberally.
The grow1ng plants are then cared for the f1rst three years, or for
Nutnents 1n p ts are supplemented and the
Juveniles provtded protect1on. Hence 1t 1s safe to assume that trees and bushes grown as
green belt components
1n areas under human control. wtll have overcome the
tmposed by sotl characters to a great extent
limitations
Ltmttations tmposed by climatic cond,ttons on
!he other hand, cannot be o.ercome and hence \.:til have iO be taken
tn!o account while
selecttng spectes for plantation 1n different bto-chmattc conditions.

Whtle maktng chotce of plant spectes for cu ttvatton tn
gNen to the natural factor of bto-cltmate It
IS
green belts, wetghtage has to be
also presumed that the selected plants w-- be
grown as per normal horticultural (or forestry)
practtce given above and authonttes
responstble for plantation. wtll also make adequa:e provtstons for waenn.; and protect.on
of the saplings.
For effecttve removal of pollutants. it ts necessary that
( 1 ) plants grow under condttions of

(2) abenr? of water stress
adequate nvtnttonal supply (for health and v1gour of growth) ,
(to matntain openness of stomatal apertures and form of epidermal structures). and (3) are
well-exposed to atmospheric condtttons of light and breeze
(i e. away from engtneenng
structures htnder.ng free flow of atr to matntain free tnteractton with gases.
Characters of plants tncludtng shapes of crowns (Fig.5-1) considered necessary for effecttng
absorptton of pollutant ses wd remo.a of dust parttcles are as k.Jmvs
For absorption of gases
i)
Tolerance tmvards po'luants in quest,on. at concentrations, that are not too high to
be Instantaneously lethal).
2)
3)
Longer aurat1on of foliage.

Freely exposed foliage through
a.
Adequte he1ght of cro11.n.
b.
Openness of foliage 1n canopy
81g leaves (long and broad lamtnar surfnces).
39
favourable condittons of climate and drainage
at least two years under
d.
e.
Large number of stomatal apertures,

Stomata well-exposed On level w1th the general epidermal surface).
For removal of suspended particulate matter

1
2.
3.
Herght and spread of crown

Leaves supported on f1rm pet1oles,
Abundance of surfaces on bark and foliage, through
a.
Roughness of bark,
b.
Epidermal outgrowths on petroles.
c.
Abundance of axrllary hairs,
d.
Harrs or scales on lamrnar surfaces.
Stomata protected (by wax,arches;rrngs, harrs, etc )
e.
t 1s unrea:Sttc to expect, barr1ng exceptions. that atmosphere rn an industr:al area will

constttute onry one species of a1r poiiU1am More commonly, one comes across several
pollutants. especially S0.2. N02 and oxidants, and SPM and also HF rn the same regron. t
will hence be advisable to choose for cu't,vation of a green belt anywhere, plant species
capable of sorpt1on of chem1cals as we1 as dust pollutants. Combined effic1ency of a
variety of species should contnbute to reach the goals of green belts.
Models for Attenuation Coefficients grven in chapter Three provide gu1delines for
posrtion1ng of plants with reference to particulate emiss1on source at ground level. Width of
the belt as presented by the model, may prove diffrcult for many 1ndustnes to attain, for one
or more reasons Hence. 1t becomes necessary to dec1de to have green belts in places
avatlable around the 1ndustry (source- onented plantatron) as well as around habitats
(receptor- onented plantation) Lists of plants g1ven rn Appendrx-C should be seen from
th1s angle for selection of spec1es combtnattons, 1n conformity with biochmatrc attributes of
respect1ve reg1ons.
Plantation along Roadsides
Automobiles may be constdered as ground level, mob1le sources of pollutton of both types gaseous as well as part1culate Components of green belts on roadsides hence should
be both absorbers of gases as wen as of dust panicles. includrng even lead part1Cu1ates
Sorption of the latter type has been est1mated by Joshi {1990) who found high leve s of
lead sorption on ornamentals cultivated 1n traff1c 1slands.
Choice of plants for roadside
(and traff1c island) plantations may be for conta1nment of pollut1on and for formatton of a
screen between traff1c and roads de res1dences. This choice of plants should include
shrubs of height 1 to 1 5 m and tree of 3 to 5 m height The 1nterm1x1ng of trees and
shrubs should be such that the foliage area dens1ty 1n vertical is almost un1form. A green
belt of such a des1gn and hav1ng a w1dth of 30 to 50 m will g1ve a pollution attenuation factor
of 2 to 1 00 for unsurtable to plants atmosphenc conditions Thus med1um- srzed and small
40
Note : All tolerant plants are not necessanly good for green belts. e.g Xerophytes with
sunken stomata can wrthstand pollution by avoidance but are poor absorbers of pollutants
due to low gaseous exchanga capac1ty
trees alternating with shrubs, aimed at sorption of particulates and gases, will be suitable
here
Since safety of traffic is a maJor consideration, shrubs 1n traffic islands and along
road-dividers will have to be short enough to be below the eye-level of motorists. An ideal
des1gn for roadside green belt is presented in Fig.5.2. Still, it is necessary to emphasize
that each traffic island has its own character and needs to be studied separately for
design1ng 1ts green belt
A comprehensive list of plants recommended for green belts in the country is presented in
Appendix-B. The list consists of latin and common names of plants natural order to which
they belong and a number of relevant characteristic features. viz. tolerance or otherwise
towards air pollutJon habit. growth rate. flowering phenology, crown shape and approximate
surface area, etc.
The shapes given here are for convenience only Many crown shapes range between
those identrfied following, viz Oblong-Round, Round-Spreading, Conical-Oblong, etc.
Some shapes also change with age or emiron mental stresses.
41
The list is not complete in itself. Several more spec1es could be added to it. Criteria for
inclusion of species 1n this list include availability, knowledge about their horticultural
aspects, particularly propagation methods and growth rates and (sometimes) observed or
reported information about their tolerance to air pollution. Numerous species, indigenous to
certain regions, may also be included wherever possible In extreme areas (e.g where
stresses due to water salinity. salt-sprays, etc. are acute) only tolerant species should be
chosen Appendix C prov1des lists of plants recommended for cult1vat1on in the six
agro-climatic zones and their subzones
Fig.5.1 TREE CANOPY SHAPES
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
CONICAL
SPREADING
lht.' shapes g1ven here ore 'or cor""entence only Many crown shapes range between those
v;z. Oolong-Rouro. Ro:nd - Sj)reading Contea -Oblong. etc. Some snapes also
iden!i!ieo fo!lo.,ing
change w"h age or e:non "'lenla s;resses
FIG. 5 . 1
TREE CANOPY SHAPES

42
ROUND
OBLONG
;..
10.0
M.
PLANTING STRIP
j 2.o.i2.ot-1l'
I
10.0
ROAn
li.oM-+-
10.0
M.
ROAD
!i.oMfi.ot-t"'
t
_S HO
PATHWAY
FIG . 5 . 2 TYPICAL ROAD-SIDE PLANTATION
10.0
PLANTING STRIP
CHAPTER - 6
STABILIZATION OF FLY- ASH WITH PLANTS
Introduction
Of all the sources of non-muscular energy. coal 1s the most abundant one (Tandon. 1 989).
Total stocks of coal .n India are 1 . 70 460.54 m on tons of whrch 49.376 28 million tons are
proven ones. Compared to oil and natura gas reserves (16,000 mt potential}. coal stocKs
are more long-last1ng and hence more reliable for exploitation.
Hydropower 1s clean but
creates other envrronmental problems
Ihrough construction of large impoundments
Environmental hazards of utilization of coal

Of all the fossil fuels. coal 1s the dirt1est one All the way - from coal mine to ash dumps. this
fuel poses environmental hazards 1n one or another form Ac1dic drainage from coal rrunes
and p1t-head dumps are reported repeatedly by several workers (Bradshaw and Chadwick,
1 980) Fug1tive dust escap1ng along coal transporat1on channels, from p1t-heads to power
plants and at the t1me of load1ng - unloading operations has also been observed (Rao.
1 97 1 )
Once at power plants, every stage of coal utilization creates a different
environmental hazard
Coal arriving 1n power plant prem1ses 1s t1pped from railway wagons or from conveyors. The
t1pp1ng and storage
areas are the ones where fung1t1ve coal-dust escapes 1n the
immded1ate neighbourhood, especially when these operations take place in the open.
under dryweather cond1t1ons
Crush1ng of coal and conveyance of nne coal to furances 1s the next stage of fungitive dust
em1ss1on. Combust1on of coal for energy production then takes place, where generation of
ash and pollutant gases takes place. A substantial amount of energy also escapes at the
same t1me. Under the present technoiogca scenar o a large proport1on of all the three are
captured and sought to be nullif1ed. detoxr" ed or ameliorated, from environmental point of
vtew. Considering the magn1tude of energy production however. even small proportion of
the pollutant output proves to be a maJor environmental hazard. e.g. A 500 MW TPP usrng
lnd1an coal
(0.5% S. 40% mineral matter)
generates 3537 tons of ash. 76 tons of S02,
every day of 1ts full capac1ty working Pollut1on abatement measures of good capac1t1es
(99 8% in respect of dust capture) st1ll permt around 884 g S02 and 66 g dust to emit from
the high stack. every second Ash captured before em1ss1on from stacks is deposrted in
pns valleys or even on flat grounds. It finds ts way 1n a1r by wtnd eros on and in water
bodres by surface run off. Where deposited, the :and by 1tself is unft for any primary
production process.
44
Moreover. most of the hydropower potent1a 1n ndra has already been harnessed, leav1ng
very little scope for further expansion to meet 1ncreas1ng demands of t1mes. Nuclear power
potential is vast. Presently meet1ng only a fract1on of countries energy needs Energy from
\Js1on may provide an answer. when rt becomes available on commercial scale. at the
requred magnitude. By all accounts then we have to resort to coal for energy production
till other power sources can be harnessed sat.sfactorily.
Covering of ash dumps
The large proportion of ash (40-47o 1n Indian coals) 1s conveyed to deposition areas 1n
pipelines in the form of slurry Rece1v1ng grounds are valleys. flat-lands or pits dug for the
purpose. On decantation. or after infiltration of water 1nto the ground, the ash stands
exposed to elements - winds and rains. Ash gets blown on winds to get deposited
downwind on croplands or on other types of vegetation, smother plants and affects yields
(Rao. 1 97 1 ; Bradshaw and Chadwick, 1 980) Ash earned by run - off water forms
sed1ments in nearby waterways causing turbidity problems for aquatic organisms. reduces
water quality for drinking or even for irngatton Cases of accumulation of toxic heavy
metals in sediments of nvers are also reported (Evans and Ge1sey. 1 979) Stabilization of
ash deposits. hence. is always an urgent necessity.
The picture in India however. is far from encourag1ng so far Though attempts appear to
have been made for covenng ash by plants, failure of the same was seen in the form of 2-3
year old plants getting chlorotic, bronzed or copper coloured and eventually dyeing. In one
reasonably successful operation. where a variety of trees grew successfully for 5-6 years
without soil amendments (as reported by the staff), two drawbacks were observed - i) the
tall trees (about 4-5 m 1n he1ght) had started lodg1ng and ii) ash bet\veen tree bases had
blown away I t is hence necessary to emphasize that a holst1c approach to the problem of
ash stabilrzat1on 1s desirable Location of ash dump VIS a VIS' other land- uses 1n the
V1c1n1ty, landscaping of the dump, stabilization, detox1ficat1on and ut1hzation of the ground
created for productive and other
purposes should be planned meticulously and
The planning process obv1ouslyshould Involve many disciplines. The
simultaneously.
follow1ng suggestions are a part of the plann1ng operat1on with a stress on plantation The
suggestions are based on i) expenence of countnes where product1ve lands have been
formed after ash deposition and ii) working with much more toxic and hazardous tailings
wrth comparable physical propert1es, from zinc - lead. mines {Chaphekar 1 989).
Suggested procedure for Plantation
Fly ash is deficrent in plant nutrients like n1trogen and sometimes phosphorus and other
minerals and contains toxic metals hke copper. cadmrum. cobalt chromrum manganese.
molybdenum mckel lead, z1nc and boron (Tables 6 1 and 6.2). Amendment of ash with
nutnents and agents to arrest toxicants are essent1al for covering it with plants Some
suitable and rnexpens1ve SOil additi\<es are given 1n Table 6.3 along w1th the1r properties.
Nutnent contents of some commonly used orgamc manures are given in Table 6. 4.
Mixing of farmyard manure (FYM) in 1 :4 proportion should serve well as was found with
zinc mrne tailings {Chaphekar, et al . 1 986). For growing grasses this mrx need be 1n the
top soli (upto 1 5 em) only, while for tree saplings. pits of suitable dimensions (60x60x60 or
90x90x90 em) are reqUired wtth stm1lar m1xtures Watering reg1mes depend upon local
climatiC conditions, though 1n 1nmal stages regular watering - da1ly for grass and 2-3 times a
week for trees 1s a must
45
Examples of successful stabilization of ash dumps and covering the same with plants can
be c1ted (Bradshaw and Chadwick, 1 980}. Use of stabilized grounds formed by ash
deposits for agncuttural production has also been done.
Nothing compares favourably with the capacity of carpet form1ng grasses 1n holding soil rn
dactylon has conservation value index (CVI) of 94
o (Ambasht,
1 970). Cultivation of grasses with spreading habrt stabilzes the ash surface effectively.
its place, e.g. Cynodon
Grasses with hrgh turnover rate of shoots contribute subtantially to the organic enrichment
of the otherwise nutrient-poor silty ash.
tox1c
Weathered ash is reported to be substantially less
than the freshly deposited ash (Bradshaw
&
Chedwick,
1 980).
Cultivation of
herbaceous legumes enriches the substratum with nitrogen. The stabilized ash then forms
suitable
Tables
ground for other planned ut11ties like woodland, fuel or
fru1t-yield1ng trees. etc.
6.5 (Jha & S1ngh, 1 994) and 6.6 give lists of plants considered suitable for growing
on ash dumps for their stabilization.

(multi-purpose trees) forming a
The plants listed are
comprehensive
grasses, legumes and MPTs
agroforestry system. Possibilities for
development of different amenities are numerous, including
parks for recreational or
educational purposes. Testrng of edible parts of plants for toxic heavy metal cotents would
help decision-mak1ng for deriving agricultural yield from stabilized ash dumps. Experience
derived after practicing stabilization efforts along suggested lines would prove valuable as
gu1delines for further efforts.
There are several variables

stress.
II"'
the env1ronment and the types 1n nputs lead1ng to pollut1on
MaJor vanation 1s 1n the set of biogeographical conditions - especrally climate and
topography as a result of wh1cn correspondrng modrf1cat1ons 1n planting strateg1es become

necessary.
A large variety of local (climat1cally adapted) plant species need to be tried in
different regions of the country. In case of failure of any of the specres to respond as
expected. a thorough investiigation (even post- mortern) into the causes of failures. is called
for. Such invest1gatrons provide gurdeltnes for correct1ve measures and modifications in
plans.
Another important aspect of ameliorative action is
evaluation of action taken.
drawbacks in execution of plans tend to get amplified with passage of time.

monrtonng of plant growth. immediate replacement
Minor
Continuous
of casualties, supplementation of
nutrients, rescheduling of watering regrmes, etc. are rmportant.

Table
Element
6.1
Chemical
Concentration
{Values rn
S1
Na
K
Mg
Ca
Fe
AI
p
Composition of Fly-ash
Element
o)
(Values in ppm)
51.94
0 49
0.60
0.29
1 .38
6.13
23.94
0.22
(Source: D.N. Rao, M.Agrawal, J.Singh, 1 990)
Concentration
Co
Ni
Cu
Mo
Zn
Cd
As
46
21
86
68
50
72
5
36
Precautions
Table 6.2 Concentration of Elements in Typical Indian Coal And Fly-Ash Samples
Elements
Concentration in ppm
Na
La
Ce
Hg
Pb
Th
Cr
Zn
Fe
Ta
Co
Eu
Sm
Au
(Source : M.H.Fulekar & J MDave.
Ry Ash
300
2075
47 6
30 2
1 1 .0
1 8
5.3
62 8
7.1
22.9
540
20890
1 5
33.4
1 .0
0.065
0 14
1 300
1 8275
238
145
48
8.1
25
404
32 6
106
2027
1 06670
51
128
5.6
2.29
0.69
1990)
Table 6.3 Soil additives and their properties

Matenal
pH
CN
Durability
Hay
Manure
Sawd ust
5.5
6.6
3.5-7.0
1 season
6-12 months
3-5 years
Leaves
{composted)
Refuse
6.5
1 season
7.5
1 season
Compost
8.5
1
Apphcat1on to so1l tons ha'
(a)
(b)
(c)
25:1
25:1
2001
to
500.1
40:1
2
15
1
3
30
5
4
40
10
45"1
to
55:1
20
(a) While seed1ng. (b) for eros1on control, (c) around already established plants.
(Source Bradshaw and Chadwick 1 980)
47
Hf
Sc
Coal
Table 6.4 Nutrient contents of some types of organic manures
Farm yard manure

Prg slurry
Poultry manure
Sewage sludge
Mushroom compost
Oomestrc refuse
Straw
Organic matter %
Nu1nent contents %
Manure type
N
0 62
0 21
0.13
0.10
0.90
0.43
0.20
0.20
1 . 62
0.49
2 30
1 82
2 80
0 50
0.48
0. 1 8
0.65
0.46
0.80
0.30
0.85
24
5
65
39
65
65
95
(Source Juwarkar. P.t nl., 1 989).

,
Acacra catechu
Acacta ntlotica
Acatca tortihs
Alb1Z1a lebbecl<
AlbiZia procera
Azadtrachta rndtca
Casuanna equtsetitolla
Oa!bergia sissoo
Oendrocalamus strictus
D1chrostachys ctnerea
Gmehna arborea
Holarrhena antidysenterica
Holoptelia rntegrrfolia
Leucaena leucocephala
Madhuca 1ndrca
Melra azaderach
Phyllanthus emblica
Pongamia ptnnata
Prosoprs ctnerana
Sesbania aegyptraca
Shorea robusta
Syzygium cumtnr
Tamarindus 1nd1ca
Tectona grandts
.,...erminalia arjuna
Terminaha bellerica
Zrzyphus mauntrana
Adapted from (A K Jha & J.S S1ngh. 1994)
48
Table 6.5 Suggested Multi-Purpose Trees {MPTs) Suitable for Revegetation of

Mine Spoils and Degraded Habitats
Table 6.6 Ust of Grasses, Legumes And Multi-purpose Trees {MPTs) Suggested For
Cultivation for Stabilization of Fly-Ash
Grasses
Bothriochloa intermedia
Bothriochloa pertus
Brachiaria mutica
Cenchrus setigerus
Chloris gayana
Chryosopogon fulvus
Cynodon dactylon
Echtnochloa colona
Eragrostis cynosuroides
Heteropogon contortus
Paspalidium geminatum
Sacharum bengalense
Sehtma nervosum
Sporobolus aJrotdes
Sporobolus coromendelines
Herbaceouss Legumes
Cajanus cajan
Crotalana juncea
Crotalaria burhia
Oesmodtum triflorum
Medicago sativa
Phaseolus mungo
Stylosanthes hamata
Trees
Acacia albida
Acacia aunculiformis
Acacta catechu
Acacia holosericea
Acacia nilottca
Acacia senegal
Albizia amara
Albizra lebbeck
Azadirachta rndtca
Oalberg1a SISSOO
Eucalyptus hybrid
Erythrina vanegata
Gliricidia sepium
Grewia tenax
Hardwickia binata
Leucaena latisiliqua
Pithecellobium dulce
Ztzyphus nummulana
\
\
\.
.
..
(Source A.K Jha & J.S Singh, 1 994)

49
APPENDIX A
Bioclimatic Zones of India Inclusive of Soil Types and Revenne Districts
I. Western Himalayan Rogian
Sub Zone
Rainfal
(mm)
Climate
Soils
Districts
1.
High altitude
temperate
165
Humid to
cold arid
Hill soil
mountain
meadow.
skeletal
Tarai.
Chtlas. Gilgit,
Gilgit Wazarat,
Jammu, Kashmir.
North {Baramula)
Kashmir SoU1h
(Anantnag,
Pulwama,Snnagar,
Badgarn) Kathua,
Ladakl1 (Kargil,
Ladakh.) Mirpar,
Muzaffarabad
(kupwara.) Poonch
Riasi (Rajauri) Tribal
territory.
Udhampur
(Udhampur Doda)
(J and K)
2.
Hill temperate
2000
Humid
Brown
Bilaspur, chamba
Hamirpur,
Kangra, kinnaur, Kullu,
Lal1u1 and spiti Mandl,
shtmla sirmour,
solan, Una (H.P)
Hill
Valley
temperate
400
sub
Humid
sub
Mountain,
Mountain,
MeadUif:,
Skeletal
4.
Sllb-!1opical
1 030
Semi-arid
to humid
Alluvial
(Recent)
Brown Hills
50
Chamoil. Dehra Dun

Garhwal Tehri
Garhwal Ptthoragarh,
Alrnora, Nainital.
Uttarkashi
S.
No.
II. Eastern Himalayan Region
Distncts
s.
Sub Zone
Rainfal
(mm)
Climate
Soils
1.
Himalayan
Hills
2641
Perhumid
to humid
Brown
Hills
NE. Hills
3528
Per humid
to humid
Red sandy
Laterite
Karbi Anglong, North

Cachar Hills (Assam)
Oibang valley, East
Kameng. East Siang,
Lohit. Lower Subansiri
Tirap, Upper Subansiri,
West Kameng
(Tawang) . West Siang
(Ar P) East Garo Hills.
East Khasi Hills, Jamtta
Hills. West Garo Hills,
West Khast Hills
(Meghalaya( Kohima,
Mok's kohung. Mon
Phek, Tuensong,
Wokha, Zunhebota
(Nagaiand)
3.
Southern
Hill
2052
Per hurntd
to hurntd
Acidic soil
Bishnupur (Central
Mantpur)
Churachandpur (South
Manipur) lmphal
(Central Manipur)
SenapatJ (North
Manipur) Tamengtong
(West Manipur) Chandel
(Tengnoupal) Thoubal
(Central Manipur) Ukhrul
(East Manipur) North
Tripura, South Tripura,
West Tripura, Aizwal.
Chhimtupui Lunmglei
(Mtzoram)
No.
Darjeeling ryv B.} 'East sikkim, North

Stkkim South sikkim.
West sikkim.
51
(Contd.....)
Sub Zone
Raintal
(mm)
Climate
SoliS
Districts
4.
Lower
1 840
Per humid
to humid
AlllNial
Barpeta Dhubri.
Darrang. Goalpara.
Kaprup (NalbarO,
Kokrajhar (Nagoan).
Sonitpur Nowgong
(Assam)
Humid to
per Humid
Alluvial Red
Loamy
Dibrugarh. Karbi
Anglong. Jorhat,
Karimgani, Lakhimpur,
Sibsagar (Golaghat),
Cachar (Silchar
Pragiyot1shpur)
(Assam), Jalpaigutl
Koch B1har (W.B.}
5.
Upper
2809
52
Red loamy
No.
Ill. Lower Gangetic Plains (West Bengal)

Sub Zone
Ra1nfal
(mm)
Climate
So1ls
Dtstricts
1.
Barind Plains
1 587
Moist sub
humid and
sry sub humid
Red and
yellow
allwvial
Mallah West Dinajpur
2.
Central Alluvial
Plains
1 449
MOISt sub
humid to dry
sub humid
Red and
Barddhaman Haora,
yellow Deltaic Hugli Medinipur (E&W)
Alluvium,
Mursh1dabad, Nadia
Red Loamy
3.
Alluvial Coastal
Saline Pla1ns
1 607
Dry sub
humid to
mo1st sub
humid
Calcutta, Twenty Four

Red and
yellow deltaic Paragans
(North and South)
Alluvial
4.
Rarh Plains
1 302
Moist sub
hum1d to Dry
sub humid
Red and
yellow red
loamy
53
Bankura Birbham.
S.
No.
IV.
Middle Gangetic Plains
Rainfal
(rnm)
Climate
Sotls
Dtstncts
1.
North West Alluvial
121 1
Moist sub
humid to dry
sub humid
Alluvial
calcarious
Azamgarh. Bahraich,
Ballia Basti Faizabad
Gazipur, Gonda,
Gorakhpur Jaunpur.
Mtrzapur Deoria,
Varanas1 (U.P .)
2.
North East Alluvtal
1470
Dry Sub
humid to Moist
Alluvial tataJ
Aurangabad, Beg usarai

Bhagalpur, Bhojpur,
Darbhanga, Gaya,
GopalganJ, Katihar
Khagaria, Madhepura,
Mudl1ubani. Munger
Muzzaffarpur. Nalanda,
Nawada, Poschim
Champaran Patna,
Purba Champaran
Purnia Rohtas,
Saharsa. amsatipur,
Saran Sitamarhi,
Stwan Vaishali (Bihar)
sub humid
SL!
Sub Zone
S.
No.
v.
Upper Gangetic Plainns (Uttar Pradesh}
Rainfal
(mm}
Chmate
Soils
Districts
1.
Central Plains
979
Dry sub humid

to sem1 arid
Alluvial
Allahabad Bara bank!

Fatehpur HardOJ, Khefi
Lucknow, P11ibhit, Rae
Bareli, Sitapur,
Sultanpur, Unnao,
Partapgarh
2.
North Western
Plains
907
Dry sub hum1d

to semi arid
Alluv1al
tarai
Barellly, Bijmor
Bulandshahar,
Gaziabad, Meerut,
Moradabad,
Muzaffarnagar Rampur,
Saharanpur,
Shahjahanpur
3.
South Western
Pla1ns
721
Semi and
Alluvial
Agra A.1garh Badam

Etah, Etawah,
Farukhabad, Kanpur
(Rural}. Kanpur (Urban}
Man1pur Mathura
55
Sub Zone
No
VI.
Sub Zone
1.
2.
3.
Ramfal
(mm)
Climate
Soils
Districts
Foot hills of
890
Shivalik and Himalayas
Semi-arid to
dry sub-humid
Alluvial
(Recent)
Calcarious
Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur
Rupanagar (Punjab)
Ambala, Chandigarh
(Haryana)
Plains
561
Semi and to
dry sub humid
Alluvial
(Recent}
Calcareous
Amnlsar, Jalandhar
Kapurthala. Ludhiana,
Patiala (Punjab),
Faribdabad, Gurgaon,
Jind, Karnal,
Kurukshetra, Rohtak,
Sonepat (Haryana}
Delhi
Scarce Rainfall
arid zone
360
Arid and
Extreme arid
Calcareous
Sierozemic
Alluvial
(Recent)
Desert
Bathinda, Faridkot,
Ferozpur, Sangrur
(Punjab), Bl"1iwani,
Hisar, Mahendragarh
Sirsa (Haryana)
Ganganagar
(Rajasthan)
56
S.
No.
Trans Gangetic Plains
VII.
S.
Sub Zone
No.
1.
RainfaJ
Eastern Plateau and Hills
Climate
Soils
Districts
(mm)
Eastern Plain
1271
Dry sub humid
Medium to
deep black
Bolanagar, DhenkanaJ
SambaJpur (Orissa}
red and yellow BaJaghat, Bilaspur,

Ourg. Raipur. Raj
Nandgaon (M.P.)
Bhandara, Chandarapur
Garchiroli (Maharashtra
2.
Estern Highland
1 436
Red sandy,
Koonjhar, Mayurbhanj
humid to dry
Red and
Yellow
Sundargarh {Orissa)
Rajgarh, Surguja,
sub humid
Shahdol (M.P.}
3.
North Central
1 296
Plateau
Moist sub
Red sandy
Deogarh, Dhanbad,
humtd to dry
Red and
Gtridih, Godda,
dub-humtd
Yellow
Hazaribag, Sahibganj,
Santhal Pargana
{Dumka) (Bihar)
4.
Eastern Plateau
1369
Moist sub
Red and
Puruliya (W.B.)
humid to dry
Yellow, Red
Lahardaga, Palamau
sub humtcf
loamy
Ranchi, Singhabhum
(Bihar)
5.
Tribal
1 338
Red sandy
Kalahandi, Koraput
humtd to dry
Red and
Phulbani (Orissa)
sub humtd
Yellow, Red
Bastar (M.P.)
Moist sub
loamy
57
Motst sub
VIII.
s.
Central Plateau and
Hills
Rainfal
(mm)
Climate
Soils
Districts
1.
Bundelkhand
780
Dry sub humid

to dry and
Mixed red
and black
Banda, Jalaun. Jhansi,

Lalitpur, Ham1rpur(U.R.)
2.
Bundelkhand (M.P.)
700
Dry sub humid

to semi and
Mixed red
and black
Chhatarpur. Dalia,
Tikamgarh (M.P.)
3.
North HillS
1 570
Moist sub
humid to dry
sub humid
Red and
Yellow
Mandla (M.P.)
4.
Kymore Plateau
and Satpura Hills
1 1 00
Dry sub humid
Red & Yellow Jabalpur, Panna. Rewa.

Med1um black Satna, Seon1, S1dhi
(M.P.)
5.
Vindhya Plateau
1 1 30
Dry sub humid
Medium black Bhopal, Damoh, Raisen,

Sagar, Sehore, Vidisha
(M P )
6.
Satpura
1 220
Dry sub humid
Shallow black Chh1ndwara, Betul

Mixed Red
(M.P )
and black
7.
Central Narmada
vally
1 300
Dry sub humid
Deep black
skeletal
Hoshangabad,
Narsimhapur (M.P.}
8.
Gird
670
Semi arrd
(half dner)
Medium
black.
Alluvial
Bhind, Guna, Gwalior,

Morena (M.P )
9.
South eastern
Plains
760
Semi and
(half drier and
water half)
Medium
Bundi,
10.
Southern Pla1ns
760
Semi and
(Water hal0
Banswara, Dungarpur
Medium
red and grey, (Rajasthan)
brown
11.
Transtttonal Plams
490
Semi arid
to arid
Desert soil
Grey brown
Pali Sirohi (Rajasthan)
1 2.
Southern Plains
Aravalli Hills
500
Semi arid
(Water Half)
Red and
Yellow Grey
brown
Bhilwara, Chandigarh,
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
No.
58
Kota (Rajasthan)
black
Sub Zone
s.
Sub Zone
No
Ramfal
Climate
Soils
D1stncts
(mm)
13.
Semi-arid
Eastern Plains
500
Semi arid
(drier half)
Alluvial
Ajmet, Jaipur, Tonk

(Rajasthan)
14.
Flood
500
Semi arid
(Oner half)
Alluvial
(Recent)
AIwar Bharatpur. Sawai

Madhopur, Dhaulpur
(Rajasthan)
Prone
Eastern Plains
59
IX.
Western Plateau and Hills
Ra1nfal
(rnrn)
Climate
Soils
Districts
1.
H1ll zone
988
Semi-arid
Medium to
deep black
Shallow red
Red loamy
Kalhapur, Nasik, Pune,

Satara (Maharashtra)
Jhabua (M.P.)
2.
Scarcity zone
602
Sem1-and
Med1um
black,
deep black
Ahmednagar, Ohule,
Sangli, Sholapur
(Maharashtra)
Plateau zone North
874
Semi arid
{Eet1er hal0
Medium
black, deep
black, Mrxed
red & black
Shallow red
Akola, Amaravatt,
Aurangabad, Beed,
Buldnna, Jalgaon,
Jalana, Latur,
Osmanabad, Parbhani
(Maharashtra) Oewas
Ohar, East Nimar,
Indore, Mandsaur,
Ra19arh, Ratlam,
Sha,apur. UJJain, West
Nimar (M.P.) Jhalawar
(Rajasthan)
4.
Plateau zone South
1 040
Semi-arrd to
dry sub humid
Med1um
Nagpur, Nanded,
black,
Warsha, Yavatma
Shallow, black (Maharashtra)
No
60
Sub Zone
X.
S.
Sub Zone
No.
1.
Suthern Plateau and Hills Region
Rainfal
Climate
Sub zone-1
769
Semi-arid &
arid
2.
SoliS
Districts
(mm)
Sub zone-2
677
Semi-arid
Medium
Belgaum, Ballary, Bidar,

01ack, Laterite Bijapur, Dharwad,
deep black,
Gulbarga, Raichur
Red loamy
(Karnataka)
Red loamy
Anantpur, Chittor,
medium
Cuddapah, Kurnool
black, Red
(A.P.) Banglore,
sandy, coastal Chitradurga, Kolar,
Sub zone-3
725
Semi-arid
& arid
Tumkur
laterite
(Karnataka)
Red sandy,
Hyderabad,
Med1um to
Mahbubnagar,
deeo black
Nalgonda, Rangareddi
(A.P )
4.
Sub zone-4
1001
Semi-arid
(Wet1er hatD
Deep black,
Adilabad, Karimnagar,
Medium
Khammam, Medak,
black
N1zamabad, Warangal
(A P.)
Sub zone-S
865
Semi-and
Reel loamy,
Reel sandy
Mandya, Mysore
(Karnataka)
Dharmapuri (Tamilnadu)
Hasan (Karnataka)
6.
Sub zone-6
841
Semi-arid to
dry sub humid
Mixed red &

black red
Coimbatore, Madurai
(Anna) Tiruchirapalli,
loamy, Deltaic Periyar, Pudukkotai

alluv1wn
61
(Tamil Nadu)
3.
allUVIUm,
East Coast Plains and Hil ls Region
XI.
Rainfal
(mm)
Climate
So1ls
Districts
1.
North Orissa Coast
1 287
MOISt SUb
humid
Deltaic
alluvial.
Coastal
alluvial
Laterite.
Red Loamy
Baleshwar, Cuttack
Puri (Orissa)
2.
North coastal Andhra
1 1 28
Dry sub humid
Red loamy
Srikakulam,
Laterite,
Vishakhapatnam.
Medium
Vizianagaram (A.P.)
black red
sandy, coastal
alluvial
3.
South coastal Andhra 996
Sern1-and
Deltaic.
East Godavari, Guntur,
Krishna. Prakasam.
Alluvium
Deep black
West Godavari (A.P.)
Yanam (Pondicherry)
Red sandy
Red and black
4.
North coastal
1 036
Sem1-and
Red loamy
Red sandy.
coastal
alluvium
Nellore (A.P.)
Chengalpartu. Madras,
North Arcot, South
Areal (Tamil Nadu)
Pond1cherry)
ThanJavur (Tamil)
Karatkal (Pondicherry)
No.
Temll Nadu
5.
Tenjavur
1113
Semi-arid to
dry sub humid
Deltaic
alluvium
Red loamy
6.
South coastal
780
Semi-arid
(drier half)
Mixed Red & Karrnarajar.

black coastal Ramanathapuram
Tirunefvefi
Alluvium
P. Muthurama Ungam
(Ramnathapuram)
(Tamil Nadu)
Sub Zone
S.
XII.
s.
West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
Rainfal
(mm)
Climate
Soils
Districts
1.
Coastal Hilly
3640
Per humid
& humid
Laterite,
Red, loamy
Coastal
Uttarkannada
(Karanataka) Greater
Bombay, Ratnagiri
Raigad (Kolaba)
Sindhudurg Thane
(Maharashtra) Goa
2.
Coastal Midland
3127
Dry sub humid

per humid
Red loamy,
Coastal
alluvium
laterite
Alleppy, Cannanore,
Ernakulam Kasargood,
Kozhikode, Malappuram
Quilion, Trichur,
Trivandrum (Kerala)
Kanniyakumari (Tamil
Nadu) Dakshin Kannada
(Karnataka)
3.
Midland
2727
Per humid
Laterite
Coastal
Allwium
Konayam, Palghat,
Pathanamittina (Kerala)
4.
Hilly
2226
Per humid
Red loamy,
Mixed Red
& black
lddukki, Wayanad
(Kerala), Chikmaglur
Kodagur (coorg)
Shlmoga (karnataka)
Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu)
No.
&
63
Sub Zone
XJfl.=l 11QijarafPfairnfaRdHill Regions IX
Sub Zone
S
No.
'
South GUjarat".,
1.
;!
., ., " (/:
ptr \ ,..tq 8
II.
Ra,nfal ::.
(mrn)
1 793 .
. I
I r t - ;J
"
974
2.
ic- North
'
" ;1
&b:,.., I'
Gu1arat'"'
('
' i('..
(h':. )11
1 t I
>,f
l
"
1
. 'r
1
r
.....
Deep black
COc1StaJ
alluvium
Bharuch, Surat (GuJarat)
Semi arid 1 ::.
Medium
black
Kheda, Ranch - Mahals

Vadodara (Gujarat)
Arid to
semi arid
Grey brown
deltaic
alluvium
Ahmedabad,
Banaskantha,
Mahesana.
Sabarkantha (Gujarat)
Grey brown
deltaic1 ::
alluvium
Kachchh (Gujarat)
t , ,,,
r a.t',
1)
, -lt,.._t I
1$buth saurasl\tra
I
I I
735
340
:crrr,;,n) ,,.:r.. \; ,
' 1
<..i
\S ' .
f.'ZF
._.'
'"lt .,r '!
I.C l:ot.',fi
\'
Semi arid to
dry sub humid
. r
North Saurashtra
6.
.,
North West Ariel
5.
The Dangs.'VaJsad
(Gujarat) Daman Dadra
& Nagar Haveh
lr:J
1
<1
...
Arid to
semi arid
1'
t !'., ' ,
537
. I b ,;::,
Dry sub humid
Arnreli, Bhavnagar,
Coastal
alluY'IufTf,
Jamnagar, Rajl<ot,
Medium black Surendranagar (Gujarat)
844
Dry sub
Coastal
Junagadh
aJIUVIUill
Medium black
\'''
. IJ-X .i
r
I 'l '
rJL!ri 1Jc
humid
4.
Deej) black
coastal
alluvium
?
'1
.
Semi-ard to' i
dry sub hEJmid
)()r Middle Gujarat1 1 s

I
1\ ")..
Tlo,'. 'l ( tl
3. '
Districts ":
Soils
.,
"
C mate r. ')
XIV.
Western Dry Regions
S.
No.
Sub Zone
Rainfal
(mm)
Climate
Soils
Districts
1.
Western Dry
395
Arid to
extremely
arid
Desert soil,
Grey Brown
Barmer, Bikaner. Churu,

Jaisalmer, Jalor,
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur,
Nagaur, Sikar
(Rajasthan)
The Island Regions
Andaman, N1cobar & Lakshadweep
(1)
(2)
1 . Andaman
1 Laksjadweep
2. Nicobnr
XV.
A P P E N D I X-8
This Appendix consists of names of plants recommended for

Green Belts. Abbrevations and order of presentation used i n this Appendix
are as follows
No.
Serial number in the list,starting with first letter of the

genenc name.
latin name of the plant.
Fam.
Family.
C.N.
Common and vernacular name 1n different l a n g u ages

of India, Viz.
Mar. - Marathi, Hin. -
Hindi . . etc.
. .
S/T
Sensitive/Tolerant, (to a i r pollution)
HA
Habit.
HT
Height.
GR
Growth rate.
Regeneration.
E/D
Evergreen/Deciduous.
OF
Duration of foliage.
Flo.S. -
Flowering season.
CSA
Crown s u rface area (estimated) .
cs
Crown shape.
LA
Leaf area.
Sl
Stomatal index
66
Beng - Bengali, Guj. - Gujrati,
No. A l
Abutilon indicum Linn.

Fom. -
Molvoceoe
C.N. -
Country mallow; Beng. Jhompi; Guj. Khopot;

Hin. - Konghi; Kon - Srimudrigido; Mol. Jhonkoped;
Mar - Chokrobhendo; Oriyo - Nokochono;
Tom - Thuttli; Tel - Botlobendo, Tuttilibendo;
Assam - Jhopo; Goo - Petori.
T
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Quick growing
Through Seeds.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flos
Oblong.
cs
No. A2
Most of the year.
Acacia ouriculiformis A. cunn.

Fom
Mimoseoe
C.N. -
Australian Wattle, Beng - Akoshmone.
S/T.
HA
Tree.
HT
1 6 m.
GR
Quick growing.
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
June - Jon.
CSA
8548.22 m'
cs
Oblong
LA
.1 4 0 . 50 cm2
Sl
1 0. 9
67
SIT
No. A3
Acacia catechu, Willd

Fam
Mimoseae
C.N.
The cutch tree. Sonkhairi, Sans - Khadira,

H i n - Khair; Beng - Kuth; Tam - Karangalli,
Tel - Khadiramu.
T
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Quick growtng
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
May - August
CSA
l 0 8 . 4 2 m2
cs
Oblong.
LA
l 09.98 em"
Sl
8.24
Acacia dealbata Link.

Fam
Mi moseae
C . N.
Silver wattle.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
QL 1ck growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S.
N o . A5
No. A4
S/T
April
June
Acacia farr,esiono Willd

Fam
C N
Mirnoseae
Th,.. cassia flo.ver.
Hr d
Condh
\r
r1
bab u l , Br>ng - Guya babula,
oda'-
..
..
Or;' t'obal,
Tam - Kasturivel; Tel - Kasturitumma.
No. A6
SIT
HA
Tree.
HT
Sm.
GR
Quick growmg.
By seeds.
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Aug - Mar.
Acacia ferruginea DC
Fam
Safed khair.
Sans - Somasara; Tam - Velvelam; Tel - Ansandra.
No A7
SIT
HA
Tree.
HT
3-4m.
GR
Quick. growing.
By seeds
EID
Evergreen
Flo S. -
Jan - Feb.
Acac1a leucophloea Wdld.

Fam
C N
Mimoseae
Distiller's acocta; Beng - Sofed bobul
Eng - White bobool; Guj. Horibovol;
Hindi - Scfed bobul; Kon - B i l i jol;
Mal
- Pottochoroyomorom; M.P - Viloyoti bobul;
Mar - Hewor; Raj - Ar unj; Sons - Arimedoh;

Tom - Velvoyolom; Tel - Tellotum m o .
SIT
HA
Shrub.
HT
3 m
GR
Quick growrng
C.N. -
Mimoseae
No. A8
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Jan.-Feb.
CSA
828 1 . 4 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
1 3 2 . 5 2 cm2
Sl
1 2 .01
Acacia mearnsii de Wild.

Fam -
Mimoseae.
C.N. -
Black wattle, Tam - Chavukku
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing .
By seeds, Root suckers.
E/D
Evergreen
cs
Spreading.
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Beth.

Fam
No. A l 0
Mi moseae
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
8 - 1 Om
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Twice
an year
Acacia nilotico (Linn) Willd.

Fam
C.N. -
Mimoseae
Ind ian Gum - Arabic tree, Beng, H i n d i , Punjab and
M . P - Babul; Eng - Bobul; G u j - Baval;
70
No. A9
Bihar - Bobule; Kon - Korijouli, Mol - Korivelon,

Mar - Vedibobul; Oriyo - Boubro;
Sons - Borburoh, Vovori; Tom - Koruvelomorom;
Tel - Nollotummo.
T
HA
Tree
HT
Bm
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Aug - Jan.
CSA
8293.74 m1
cs
Spreading.
LA
1 35 . 7 0 cm1
Sl
1 1 . 23
Acacia pennata Wtlld

Fom
C.N. -
Mimoseoe
H i n - Biswol, Kumaon - Agio; Beng - Kuchui;
Sons - Ari; Tam - lndu; Tel - Korusikoyo.
No. A 1 2
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
Bm
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
June - Aug.
cs
Roynd
Acacia poyocqntho Wtld.

fom
Mimoseae
S/T
HA
Tree
No. A 1 1
SIT
No. A 1 3
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/0
Semi - deciduous.
Flo.S. -
May - June, Oct - Nov.
cs
Flat crown
Acacia senegal Willd.

Fam
Mimoseoe
C.N. -
Sans - Svetakhadira; Rajasthan - Kumta
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
Sm
GR
Quick growrng
By seeds.
E/0
Deciduous
Flo.S .
Aug - Mid Sept, Nov. - Mar.
cs
Feathery spreading crown
Acacia sin uata (Lour) Merrill

Fam -
Mimoseae
C . N. -
Beng - Banritha; Guj and Mar - Shikakai;

Hin - Kochi; Kan - Sige; Mal - C hikaka;
Tam - Shikakai; Tel Sikaayai.
No. A1 5
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 Om
GR
Quick growrng.
By seeds.
Acacia tortrlrs Hayne

Fam
C.N. -
Mimoseae
The Umbrella thorn tree.
72
No. A 1 4
No. A 1 6
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
Bm
GR
Quick growing.
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen
compbellii Hook
F. and Thoms.
Fom -
Aceroceoe.
C . N. -
Himalayan maple. Beng - Koboshi Lepcha - Doom,

Yotlikung.
No. A 1 8
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growing.
By seeds.
E/0
Deciduous.
cs
Spreading
negundo linn
Fam -
Aceroceae
C.N. -
Ash - leaved maple, Boxeldes.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous.
cs
Spreading
Achros sapota linn

Fom
C.N. -
Sapotoceoe.
Sapota; Tam - Shima1 - ell uppai Mar - Chikoo
73
No. A 1 7
SIT
SIT
HA
Tree.
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing during early stages.
Grafti ng.
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Round
the
year tn coastal d i stricts.
Sept. - Dec. tn other areas.

309.02 1 m2
cs
Spreadi n g .
LA
1 08.02 cm2
Sl
25.78
Actinodoph ne ongustifolio Nees.

Fom
N o . A20
louroceoe.
C.N. -
Mar - Piso; Mol - Molovirinyo, Tom - Tali
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 3m
GR
Slow
By seeds
E/D
Evergree n .
Flo.S. -
May - June, Nov.
cs
Rou n d
Adenonthero pavonma Linn.

Fom
Mimoseae
C.N.
Coral - or red wood. Beng - Rokto Kombol;

G u j - Bodigumehi;
Kan and Mal - Monjodi; Mar.- Thorligunj;
Oriyo - Girid; Sans - Kunchandono;
Tom - Anoikundumoni, Tel
S/T
74
- Bondiguruvendo.
No. A 1 9
CSA -
No . A2 1
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Qu ick gro win g
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
Mar - Aug.
cs
Spreading
Adina co rdi fol io Ro xb.

Rubiaceoe.
Fom -
No . A2 2
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
June - Sepl.
CSA
1 48, 490 . 1 m2
cs
Oblong I Rou n d .
LA.
2 6 8 . 5 4 cm2
Sl
29.63
Aegle mo rme los (lin n) Cor rea .

Rutoceoe.
Fom C . N. -
Beat tree, Holy fruit tree;

Beng, Hindi, Mar a n d Assam - Boel; Guj - Bili;
Kon - Bdvo; Mol - Koovo lom, Kukomlo.
- Vilv om ,
Ori yo - Belo , Son - Silv a, vilv o'"'; Tom
Kuv ilom ; Tel - Mo ore du, Urd u - Bel.
S/T
- Ha ldu ; Be ng - Ke li,
So ns - Dh oro ko do mb o; Hin di
, Kodambo;
Ko do m; Tom an d Mo l - Mo nje
Tel - Posupo - Ko do mb o
C.N. -
No. A23
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds, root cuttings.
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
May - July
CSA -
2 6 5 4 7 . 1 9 m1
cs
Oblong
LA
5 7 . 7 2 cm2
Sl
2 4 . 08
Aesculus indica Hook

-
C.N. -
Sapi ndaceae
Himalayan chestnut, Indian Horse - chestnut;
Hindi - Bankhar; Jaunsar Pu; Kashmir - Hanedun;
Kumaun - Pangar; Punjab - Bankhar.
No. A24
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick g rowi ng
By seeds, root suckers.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Apr - June.
cs
Spreading
Ailanthus altissimo (Mill) Swingle

Fam
Simarubaceoe.
C.N. -
Ail onto
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
76
Fam
C/D
No. A25
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Sept - Nov.
cs
Spreading
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.

Fam
C.N. -
Simarubaceae.
Tree of Heaven. Mar. Maharuk Guj, Hindi,
Mar Maharakha, Kan - Hemaraheeramara,
Mal - Mattipongilyam, Onya - Mahala,
Sans - Madole arala; Tam - Perumarautta,
Tel - Peddamaanu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds. shoot, root cuttings.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S.
Feb - March
CSA -
1 52, 48 1 . 2 m1
cs
Round
LA
1 67 . 4 7 cm1
Sl
1 3.01
Alangium chinense (lour) Harms

Fam -
Alangiaceae.
C.N. -
Beng - Bonipodo; Assam - Bhelu; Garo - Phagrany;

HP and Punjab -Budanar; Kashmir - Prot;
Khasi - Dieng - Mylliatlap; Kumaun - Garh .
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous.
77
No. A26
SIT
No. A'27
Albizio omoro Boiv

Fom
Mimoseoe
Mar - Tugli Loloi; Sons - Krishna sirisho;
C.N. -
Tom - Turinjil; Tel - Sigoro.

T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, Root suckers
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
April - June
cs
Spreading
Albizio chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill

Fom -
Mimoseoe
C.N. -
Beng - Chokuo, Assam - Soukoroi, H i n d i - Siron;

Goro - Beolphiu; Kon - Kolboge; Khosi - Dieng phyneot; Mol - Pottovogo; Mar - Loeli;
Tom - Pilivogei; Telkondochigero
N o . A'29
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0 - l 'l m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
April
cs
Spreading flat topped
June.
Albizio lebbeck Benth

Fom
C.N. -
Mimoseoe.
The Siris tree. Beng - Sirish; Guj - Pilosorosio;
Hindi - Siris, Kon
Bogemoro; Mol - Vag.
Nenmenivoko, Voko; Mar. Sirisho; Sons - Srisoh,
78
N o . A'28
SIT
Bhondi; Tom - Vokoi, Vogei Tel - Dirisono, Sirisho;

Trade - Kokko
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
April - May
CAS
62,509.32 m1
cs
Round I spreading.
LA
2 7 2 . 5 1 cm1
Sl
1 9.72
Albizio moluccano Mig.

Fom -
Mimoseae.
C.N. -
White popinoe, Lead tree, Guj - Losobovol;

Hindi - Subobul, Vilaitiborol;
Mal - Takoronnimarom; Oriyo - Rajokosundori;
To m - Nattuccovundol; Tel - Koniti.
No. A 3 1
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo S.
July - Oct.
cs
Oblong
Albiz1o odoratissimo Benth.

Fom
C N.
Mimoseae.
Black sins; Beng - Kokur siris; H t n - Kola strts;
Mar - Chikundo; Sons - Svetosh1risho;
79
N o . A30
Tom - Koruvogei; Tel - Chindugo.
N o . A32
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 8m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds
EIO
Evergreen
Flo S -
April - .:J une.
cs
Oblong
Alb1zio procero Benth

Fam
White si ris, Beng - Koroi; Assam - Kora i Cachar Jigring - bon - phayng; Kan - Bellate;
Mol - Korunth - agora; Mar - Kinha1;
Tom - Kondovoge1; Tel - Tel lochindugo
No. A33
S T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick g row1ng
By seeds
EIO
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
June - Sept.
CSA
2 84 7 1 . 2 6 m'
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
286 74 cm1
Sl
20 . 2 1
Alurites fordii Hemsl

Fom
Euphorbiaceae.
C.N. -
Tungoil tree
SIT
HA
Tree
80
C.N. -
Mimoseae
No. A34
HT
8m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
April - June.
cs
Round
Alnus nepalensis D. Don

Fom
C.N. -
Betuloceae.
Indian o r Nepalese Alder. Htn - U1ts; Aru.P. - Ud1s;
Chombo - Pick; Kumoun - Ud1sh Lepcho - Koyal;
No. A35
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduoous
Flo.S. -
Sept - Nov.
Alnus nitido Endl

Fam -
Betulaceoe
C.N. -
The west - Himalayan Alder; Kashmir - Seril;

Punjab - Sharol; U.P. Kunis.
No. A36
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growmg after 1 st year.
By seeds
E/D
Deciducous
Flo.S. -
August - October
Alstonio scholoris (Linn.) R. B r.

Fam
C . N. -
Punjab - Koe.
Apocynoceae.
Eng - Devil tree, shoitan wood, Htndi - Chotttyon
81
saittan kajat; Mal - Elilampala, Yaksippala, Palo,

Daiva ppala; Mar - Satvin; Sans - Saptapomah,
Saptachadah; Tam - Elilappalai, Polai
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
Gr
Quick growmg
By seeds
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Dec - Mar.
CSA
2 4 1 ,680.5 m2
cs
Round
LA
52 . 3 1 cm1
Sl
1 5.23
Anona squamosa L m n .
Fam
C.N. -
Anonaceae.
Custard apple Sugar apple, Sweet sop . ;
Assam - Atakatal;
Beng, Gu1, Mar and H i n d i - Seetaphal, Sharifa;
Kan - Seetha phala; Mal - Sitappalam, Aftaccakka;
Oriya - Seethaapholo; Punjab - Sharifa;
Sans - Seetaaphalam; Tam - Atta, Sitappalam
Tel - Seetaaphalam.
SIT
HA
Small tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Fast growU1g
By seeds, Grafting, Budding
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
March - July extended upto sept.
CSA
2 1 78. 2 1 m
cs
Rou nd.
82
No. A37
SIT
No. A38
LA
5 3 . 86 cm1
Sl
26. 1 9
Anona reticuloto Linn.

Fom
C.N. -
Anonoceoe.
Bullock's Heart; Beng and Hindi - Luvuni, nona;
Goo and Kokon - Anona;
Guj and Mar - Roomophol;
Kon - Roomopholo; Mol - Roomoppozhom;
Oriyo - Roomopholo; Sons - Lovoni, Roomopholom;
Tom - Monilvotto, roomsito; Tel - Roomopholomu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Fast growing
By seeds
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
June.
CSA -
2 0 1 7.44 m,
cs
Round
LA
50. 9 1 cm1 '
Sl
1 7. 2 4
Anogeissus lotifolio Wall.

Fom
C.N. -
Combretoceoe.
Axlewood, Button tree; Gut - Dhovdo;
Hindi - Dhouro; Kon - Betiolu;
Mol - Moruko- njirom; Mar - Dobrio;
Onyo - Dohu; Tom. Vekoynoga; Tel - Chirumaonu,
tellamaddi, Bihar - Bhonji; U.P., N.W. Himol - Bokli
SIT
HA
Tree
GR
Slow growing
83
No. A39
SIT
By seeds, Root suckers
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
May - July
CSA
N o . A4C
6 7 5 4 2 . 8 2 m2
cs
Round I oblong
LA
1 40.23 cm2
Sl
1 8. 7 2
Anthocephalus chmensis (Lamk.)

Fom
C.N. -
Rubiaceae.
Mar, H i n , Sons - Kadamba; Beng - Kadam;
Tam - Vellai - cadamo; Tel - Kodombomo.
T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quid grow1ng
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Nov - Feb.
CSA
5 2 , 2 3 3 . 5 m2
cs
Spreadmg
LA
1 06 . 7 2 cm2
Sl
1 9.63
Aphono mixis polystachya (Wall) Porker.

Fam
C . N. -
Melioceae.
Rohituko tree; Hin - Horin - horo;
Mol - Cemmaram; S011s - -Rohitokoh;
Tom - Malampuluvon, Semmaram;

Seng - T1ktaroj, Pittora1, Tel - Chowo m o n u .
S,T
HA
Tree
Hl
1 3m
84
No . A4 1
SIT
No. A4 2
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
July.
CSA -
1 0826.95 m7
cs
Ob ong
LA
1 56 6 . 4 em
Sl
1 8. 1 4
Round
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.

Urticoceae.
C.N. -
Jack fruit tree, Hin - Kathal, Cakki; Mar - Phonnas;

Mal - Polavu; Sana - Panosah; Tam - Pila, Palavu.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Nov. - Jan.
CSA
No. A43
1 96, 4 1 9 . 1 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
1 06.86 cm2
Sl
1 9 .05
Artocorpus locucha Buch

Fom
C.N. -
Urtcaceoe.
Monky Jock Hindi &ng - paa;
Mar - Wotomba; Sans - Lakucho; Tom - llagusam;
Tel - Kammoregu.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 8m
85
Fom -
No. A44
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
Mar - April
CSA -
2 1 1 3 .20 m1
cs
Spreading I Round
LA
1 04 . 3 2 cm1
Sl
1 8. 9 5
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Fom
C.N. -
Meliaceae.
Indian Lilac, Neem tree, Margosa tree;
Kan - Bevinamara; Mol - Veppu, Aruveppa;
Mar - Limbo; Oriya - Nimba; Tam - Veppom;
Tel - Veepachettu.
No. B 1
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growth after 1 st season
By seeds
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Jan - March, Aug. - Sept.
CSA -
300,445.3
CS
Spreading.
LA
8 3 . 8 9 cm2
Sl
29.2
m2
Balanites roxburghii Planch

Fam -
Balanitaceae.
C N. -
Desert - Date; Beng. Hingol, Guj - lngoriyo;

Hin and Mar - Hingon; Kan - mgolore,
Mol - Nonjunto;
86
Beng and Hin - Nim; Guj - Limbado;
Oriyo - lngudiholo, Sons - Angovruksho;

Tom - Nonjundon; Tel - Goro; Raj - Hingorni
No. B2
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
9m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
April - June.
cs
Spreading
Bombuso orundinocio (Retz) Roxb

-
C.N. -
Pooceoe
Thorny
Bamboo; Beng - Bans; Guj - Wons;
Hin - Kontobans; Kon - Andebidiru; Mol - l l l i;

Mar - Bombu; Oriyo - Bendo; Sons - Bohupollovo
vonso; Tom - Mullumungil; Tel - Mullobongu;
Assam - Bonho; H . P. Kollabons; Jammu - Lambert;
Kashmir - Billowor; Punjab -
No. -83
SIT
HA
Shrub.
HT
20m
GR
Qu1ck growmg
By cuttings.
EID
Deciduous
cs
Oblong.
Magar bong.
iambilla vY!gAris Schf"CJG. .

Fom Pooceae
C.N. -
The Golden bamboo; Beng - bans; Mar - Kolako;

Oriyo - Sundragoi; Tom & Mat - Pon ungile.
SIT
HA
Shrub/toll perennial grasses.
87
Fom
N o . 84
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growmg
Cutting.
E/D
Deciduous.
Borringtonio ocutongulo (L) Goertn.

Fom -
Borringtonioceae.
C N. -
Indian Oak. Assam - Konopo; Beng, Hin - Hijol;

Guj-Somudrophol; Kon - Holekouvo
Mol - Attompu, Attupel u, Mar - Dattephol;
Oriyo - Hinjolo; Tom - Adompo, somuttroppolom;
Tel - Kanopochettu; Sons - Somudropholoh.
T
HA
Tree
HT
9-1 2 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Spreading
cs
N o . 85
March - May, Sept - Oct.
Borringtonio racemose Roxb

Fom
C.N. -
Borringtonioceoe.
Beng - Somudrophol; Hin - l j j ut;
Kon - Konoginetere; Mol - Kata m p u ; Mar - Niver;
Tom - Arottam; Tel - Konopo
SIT
HA
Tree.
HT
6-Sm
GR
Fast growing.
By seeds.
E D
Evergreen
F'o.S. -
Throughoul 1he year.
SIT
No. B6
Forn -
Coesolpi noceae.
C.N. -
Konchon
SIT
HA
Shrub.
HT
3m
GR
Qurck growmg
By seeds.
EID
Deciduous
Flo S. -
June
CSA -
1 09 . 8 m?
cs
Oblong I Round.
LA
6 9 . 4 6 em
Sl
22.31
Bouhinia purpureo Linn.

Fom
C N. -
Coesolpinoceoe
Butterfly tree, Mountain ebony.
Beng - Dev
konchon; Hin - Khoirwol; Kan - Boswonopado;

Mal - Chuvonno - Mondorom,
Mar- Rakta Koonchan; Tom - Mondori;
Tel - Koonchonomu.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
7 m
GR
Quick growrng
Through seeds
EID
Deciduous
Flo.S.
Sept - Nov.
CSA
6 2 5 . 2 m7
cs
Oblong
LA
1 07 . 3 cm7
'I
2 3 58
No. B7
Bouhinio ocuminoto Linn.
N o . B8
Bauhinio racemose Lomk.

Fam
Caesolpinaceae
C.N. -
Beng - Banra1; Guj - Asundro; Hin - Astha,

Kor - Bonne; Mal - Kotapuli; Mar - Apto;
Or yo - Omborodo; Sons - Swetokonchanamu;
Tam - AraivaHaHhi; Tel - Ari; Punjab - Kosundra.
T
HA
Small tree
HT
5m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Mar - J u ne
CSA
3 6.9 m 1
cs
Oblong
LA
73.4
Sl
25.68.
Bauhinia
Fam
C.N. -
semla
em
Wanderlin
Caesal pi naceae
Hin -
Semla; Mar -
Pun1ab - Kural.
No. B 1 0
ST
HA
Tree
HT
1 On
GR
Outck growmg
By seeds
E/0
Deciduous
Flo S -
Sept - Nov.
cs
Round.
. .
Bou h i n iQ "a nga to L i n n .

Fan,
CaesalpJnac<.ae
90
Koilar; Tel - Nrrpa. H . P - Karalla,
No B9
SIT
C.N. -
Budhist bauhinia, Mountain Ebony,

Beng - Raktakanchan; Guj - kovindara;
Hin - Kachnar; Kan - Arrsinatige;
Mal - Mandaram, Kon n u ," Malayakatti;
Mar - Kanchan, Sans - Kovidarah;
Ta m - Shemmandarai; Tel - Devakanchanamu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
Sm
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
EID
Deciduous
F l o . S.
Nov.
CSA
1 76 9 . 52 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
5 3 . 2 cm2
Sl
27.41
Betula alnoides Buch-Ham.

Fam -
Betulaceae
C.N. -
Indian birch. Nagab1 rch Beng - Holosunli;

Guj - Bhojpatra; Hm - Bhujpatra;
Sans - Bhurja patram; Tel - Bhojapatramu;
Urdu - Bhurjopatra; Assam - Dieng - ling;
Garhwal - Sauer; Kumaun - Banutis;
Nagaland Teri-ching's; Punjab - Shagru.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growmg after 1 st yr.
By seeds, cutting.
EID
Deciduous (Winter)
91
No. B 1 1
SIT
No. B l 2
Flo.S. -
Nov. - Jan.
cs
Oblong
BihQfi a JOVOniCO Blume.

Fom -
Bischofioceoe.
C.N. -
Bishopwood; Beng - koinjol; H i n - Poniolo;

Ken - Gobronerole; Mol - Niro; Mar - Boke;
Oriyo - Dirgiri; Tom - Thondi; Tel - N o l up u m u sti;
Andomon - Ye - bodouka; Assam - Urian;
Megh - Deing. Soh - Tug.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cuttings.
E/D
Semt - deciduous.
Flo.S. -
April - Sept
cs
Oblong.
Bougotrwtllea spectabd s vv'illd.

Fam
Nyctoginoceae
C . N. -
Bougainvillea
S/T
HA
Shrub
HT
8m
GR
Qu1ck growmg
By cuttmg
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Throughout the year.
CSA
9 3 9 . 2 5 m1
cs
Oblong I Round.
LA
33 . 1 5 cm1
)I
32.53
92
No. B 1 3
ST
No. B 1 4
Bridelio
squa mosa
Lomk.
Fom -
Euphorbiaceae
C.N. -
Hin - Khajo; Beng - Geio, Kantokoi;

Mal - Mukkoyini; Mar
Sans - Mahavira; Tom
Asanai;
Mullovengai;
Tel - Bontha-yepi.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, Root suckers.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
May - Oct
CSA
58, 4 32 . 1 m7
cs
Spreading
LA
1 6 8.09 cm2
Sl
25.1
Broussone1to papyrifera L. Nerit

Fam -
Moraceae
C.N.
Paper mulberrys, Hin - Jangli toot;
Kan - Kaagaduppunaeralae.
No. B 1 6
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Outck growing
By seeds, cuttings, air-layering.
E/0
Deciduous
Flo S. -
Aug - Nov.
cs
Oblong
Buchananio lonzan Spreng.

Fam
Anacardioceoe.
93
No. B 1 5
SIT
C.N. -
Almondette tree. Beng - chironji;

Guj and Mar - Charoli; Hin - Achor;
Kan - Murka li; Mai-Mungapera;
Oriya - Charu; Sans - Priyalom; Tom - Merola;
Tel - Mortichettu or Saara .
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 3m
GR
Quick growmg
E/0
Evergreen
F l o . S.
Jan - Mar.
cs
Round.
Buteo monospe rmo Lamk.

Fam
C.N. -
Fabaceae
Flame of the forest; Beng. Mol, Mar - Palos;
Guj
Khakharo; H i n - Kashmir. D h a k ;
Kan - Muttuga; Oriya - Porosu; Punjab -chichra;

Sans - Palaasa; Ta m - Torose; Tel - Mooduga,
Palaasamu.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
E/0
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Jan - Apnl
CSA
38,592 . 1 m:
cs
Oblong I Ovo1d
LA
4 4 8 . 6 cm7
Sl
29.43
No. B 1 7
S/T
No. C l
Coesolpmo pulchernmo (L) Swartz.

Fom
C.N
Cesolpinoceoe.
White gold mohur; Kon - Kempukenjigo;
Mar - Sonkosuro; Tom - Vodonoroyono;
Tel - Sonkesulo, Votonoroyono
T
HT
4m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds, cuttings.
EID
Evergreen.
F l o . S.
CSA
6 3 9 . 3 2 m2
cs
Spreading.
LA
2 4 6 . 4 em
Sl
29.09
Collistemon cifrinus (Curtis} stopf.

Fom
C . N. -
Bottle brush, scarlet bottle brush.
SIT
HA
Small tree
HT
Sm
GR
Slow growing
By seeds, cuttings
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Throughout the year esp. April.
CSA
45,99 7 . 2 m1
i<; .
cs
. --.
2 1 4 0 1 cm1
LA
'
1 2.7..49
Sl
No . C3
Myrtoceoe
Colophyll u m inophyilum Lno

Fam
Clusioceoe
95
No. C2
SIT
Alexandrian laurel,
C.N. -
Beng and Hin - Sultonochompo;

Guj - Udi; Kon - Honne; Mol - Punnoi;
Mar - Surongi; Oriyo - Poonong,
Sons - Punnogoh; Tom - Punnai, Punnagam;
Tel - Ponnochettu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 8m
GR
Slow growmg
By seeds.
E D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Dec - Jon.
CSA
N o . C4
2 1 , 4 2 6 . 3 m1
CS
Round
LA
1 30 . 5 1 cm1
Sl
28.43
spreading
Calotropis gigantea R . Br (Linn)

Fam
C.N. -
Asclep1odaceoe
Gigantic swallow wort Beng - Akond;
Mar - Rui; Mal - Erukku; Tom - Erukkam;
Tel - Pedda1illeedu
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Qu1ck growing
By seeds, cuttings
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S -
Feb - J ulv
CSA
4 7 . 5 m
cs
...A
s.
Oblortg
Rou11d
SIT
No. CS
Colotropis prc:kera (R.Br) Ait.

Fam
C.N. -
Asclepiadaceae.
Swallow wor1; Hin - Akada, Mar - Mandare, Rui;
Oriya - Orkho; Sans - Alkarka; Tam - Velleruku;
Tel - Chinnajilleedu.
T
HA
Shru b
HT
6m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cutting
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
December
CSA
No. C6
8 7 . 7 m2
cs
Oblong I Round
LA
50.06 cm2
Sl
1 0. 3 2
Carissa spmarum Linn.

Fam
C.N. -
Apocynaceae
Hin - Karaunda; Mar - Korwand; Oriya - Anka;
Tam - chiru; Tel - Kalivi; Kashmir - Garunda;
Punjab - Jonglikarunda
No. C7
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, root suekers.
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Mar - May
cs
Round
Cassia fistula Linn

Fam -
Caesalpinaceae.
97
SIT
Golden showers, Indian laburnum; Beng and
C.N. -
Hin, Jammu - Amaltas; Guj, Mar - Garmalo,

Bahwo; Kan - Arogena; Mal - Svarnaviram;
Oriya - Sunari;Punjob - Alash; Son - Saraphala;
Tam - Arakkuvadam;
Te1 - Reelochettu, VKoolaponna
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, suckers
E/D
Deciduou
Flo.S.
March - May
CSA
2957 1 l m1
cs
Round
LA
1 30 . 5 1 cm7
Sl
20.4
Cassia jovonico Linn.

Fam
No. C9
No. C8
S/T
Caesolpinoceoe.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growtng
Through seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
F l o . S. -
May - June
cs
Round
Cassia pumla Lomk.

Fam -
Coesalp= naceae
C . N.
Yeliov.. Cassia;
Mar - Sormal; Tel - Nallojilugo;
Ken - Nelotogache.
98
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0- 1 2 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/0
Evergreen
CSA
cs
Round
LA
1 1 8 . 4 7 cm1
Sl
1 9 . 84
Cassia renigera Wal l ex. Be nth.

Fom
No. C 1 1
1 3, 2 7 3 . 7 m1
Coesalpinaceae
C.N. -
Pink Cassia
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous .
Flo.S. -
May - June
CSA
9,432 m2
cs
Round I spreading
LA
1 1 5 . 2 cm2
Sl
1 7. 2 1
No. C l 0
Cassia siamea lomk.

Coesalpinoceae.
Fom
C.N.
Iron wood tree; Beng - Minjri; Guj - K01s;d;

Ken
Hiretangod, Mar - Kossod, Tom - Monjo
Konnai; Tel - Seematongeedu.

SIT
HA
Tree
99
.1
No. C 1 2
HT
1 0- 1 2m
GR
Fast growing
By seeds.
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Aug - May.
CSA
3927.36 m2
cs
Oblong
lA
1 38.32 cm7
Sl
21 2
Casu anna equisetifolia L i n n .

C.N.
Casuarinaceae
Australian or Whistling pme; Beng - J a u ;
Guj and H i n
J o n g l i saru; Kan - Chabaku;
Mol - Chavukku; Mar - Suru; Tam - Savukku;

Tel - Saravi Sarugudu.
S;T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo S
.
Oblong
cs
No C 1 3
Feb - Apri l , Sept - Oct
Ceiba pentandra ( l i n n) Gaertn.

Fam
Bombacoceoe
C.N. -
Kapok
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
1 00
Fam
No. C 1 4
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
March - July
CSA -
3 1 26.98 m'
cs
Oblong
LA
1 3 5.07 cm2
Sl
1 8. 2 1
Celtis australis linn

Fam -
Ulmaceae.
C N. -
European Nettle tree; Assam - Mohita;

Cachar - Bonridu; Kashmir - Brimij, Khosi -
No. C 1 5
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, stump - planting.
E/D
Deciduous
Citrus aurantium Linn

Fam -
Rutaceae
C.N. -
Beng - Nebu; H - Limu - Niba, Khatta;

Mal - Karna; Tel - Mollikanarangi; Tam - Narattai
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
Sm
GR
Quick growing
By cutting, Grafting
E/D
Evergreen
F l o . S. -
Sept - Nov
CSA
494.9 m1
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
20.23 cm2
Sl
35.81
1 01
Dieng - soh - thong - chi; Punjab - Batkar.
No. C 1 6
Citrus limon (linn) Burm

Fom -
Rutoceoe
C.N. -
lime of Indio. (limbu.); Beng - Bora nebu, Gore

nebu; Hin - Bora nimbu. Pohori nimbu;
Sons - Malo nimbu; Tom - Periyo; Yel umichoi;
Tel - Bijopurom.
T
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Slow growing
By cutting, Grafting
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Nov - Jon
CSA
5 8 3 . 7 2 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
1 8. 5 5cm1
Sl
32 5
.
Clerodendrum inerme (linn) Goertn.

Fom
Verbenoceoe
C.N
Beng
- Bonjoi, Hin - Vonjoi; Kon - Kundoli;
Mol - Cheruch i n no, Mar - Vanojoi; Kodumendi;

Tom - Pinorichongon-guppi; Tel
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds, cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Nov - Jan.
CSA -
7 2 3 . 43 m2
cs
Round
LA
4 2 . 3 4 cm1
Sl
1 8.02
102
- Etiplsh i n i ka .
No. C 1 7
SIT
No. C l 8
Clerodendrum infortunotum Linn {auct), Wight.

Fom -
Verbenoceoe
C.N. -
Hin and Beng - Shant, Son - Bhontoko;

Tom -Perugilai ; Tel - Gurrapukattiyaku;
/lial - Peruku.
T
HA
Shrub
HT
3-4m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Oct - Jan
CSA -
854 m7
cs
Round
LA
4 7 . 9 cm1
Sl
1 9 .07
Cocos nucifera Linn

Fam -
Arecaceae
C.N. -
Coconut tree; Beng - Dab, Nankel;

Hin -Noriyal; Mol - Narikelam; Mar - Naral;
Sans - Narikela; Ta m - Tenkai; Tel - Norikelamu.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0- 1 5m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Throughout the year
CSA
1 09 , 3 4 7 . 4 m1
cs
Round
LA
1 6 35 cm1 per leaflet
Sl
9.31
l Q3
No. C 1 9
S/T
No. C20
Cordia dichotoma Forst

Fam
Cordiaceae
Seb estan fruit tree. Beng - Bahubara;
C.N. -
Gu1- Bargunda; Hin - Chota - losora;

Kan - Chikka challe; Mal - Cheruviri;
Tam - Naruvili; Tel - Chinn - anakkeru.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg after 1 st yr.
By seeds, stem cutting
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
March - April
cs
Round I Oblong
Coria ria nepalensis Wall

Fom -
Coriaceae
C.N. -
Mussorie berry tree; Hin - Masuri;

Kashmir - Solei
No. C 2 2
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Qu1ck growmg
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
cs
Round
Corylus colurna Lmn

Fam
C.N. -
Betulaecae
Tu rkish Hazel, Hin- Sharol i; Kash mir - Virin;
Kumaun - Bhotia, badam; Punjab - Thangi
S/T
HA
Tree
1 04
No. C 2 1
S/T
No 0 1
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/0
Deciduous
Dolbergio lotifol10 Roxb.

Fom
C.N. -
Foboceoe.
Block wood, I ndian Rose wood. Beng - Sitsol;
Guj, Hin and Mar - S h i shom; Kon - Bite;
Mol and Tom - ltti; Oriyo - Sisuo;
Tel - lrugudu, cittegi.
T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growtng
By seeds, stem, root cuttings.
E/0
Semideciduous
Flo.S. -
August - Sept
CSA
2 1 ,723.2
No. 02
S/T
m1
cs
Round
LA
1 8 7 . 9 cm7
Sl
1 0. 1 2
Dolbergio stsoo Roxb.

Fom
Foboceoe.
C.N. -
Sissoo; Beng, Mar. Oriyo and Assam - Sissu,

Guj - Sisom; Hin - Shishom; Kon - Agoru;
Mol -l ruvi l; Tom - Sissuitti; Tel - Errosissoo;
Punjab - Tali.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Moderate dunng 1 st yr. and rapid
105
afterwords.
No. 03
By seeds, Root and Stem cuttings.
E/0
Evergreen
Flo S. -
March - April - June
CSA -
5,848.5 m2
CSA -
Round
LA
1 90.84 cm7
Sl
1 8. 7 2
Delonix regia (Bojer) Rofin.

Fom -
Coesolpinoceoe.
C.N. -
Flomeboyont, Flometree, Gul mohur;
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cuttings
EID
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
April! - June
CSA
No. 04
44,209.23 m2
cs
Spreading I Flat topped.
LA
358.32 cm2
Sl
1 4.38
Oendrocolomus strictus Nees

Fom
C.N. -
Pooceoe
Solid Bamboo; Beng - Koroil; Guj - Nokorvons;
Hin - Bonskobon; Kon - Kiribid1ru;
Mol & Tom - Kolmungil; Mar - Bhoriyel;
Oriyo - Soliobonso; Son - Vonsho;
Tel - Soodhoronopuveduru.
S/T
HA
Shrub I toll perennial gross.
\06
Tom - Moyorum; Tel - Seemosontkesulo.
No. D5
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, stem, rhizome cutting, layering
E/D
Deciduous
Derris indica (La m . ) Bennett.

Fam
C.N. -
Fabaceae.
Pongam - Oil Tree,
Assam - Karchow;
Koronj, Indian Beech;

Beng, Guj, Hin, Kumoun,
Mar & Punjab - Karanjo; Kan - Honge;

Mal - Pungu . Oriya
- Karanjo;
Tam - Ponga, Pongam;

S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
April - June
CSA
N o . D6
6,2 78. 1 m2
cs
Round
LA
79.6cm1
Sl
25.20
Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb.

Fam -
Ebenaceae.
C.N. -
Ebony, Coromandel Ebony - Pers i m mon.

Beng - Kend; Gu1 - Tamro g ;
Hm and Mar - Tendu; Kon - Abanasi;
Mal - Kan; Oriyo - Kendu; Tom - Karo1;

Tel - Tumki.
ST
1 07
Tel - Gaanugachettu, Pung uchettu.
N o . D7
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
EID
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Feb - April
CSA
324,355.2m1
cs
Oblong
LA
1 6 7 . 7 8 cm1
Sl
1 7 .89
Dryptes roxburghii (Wall)

-
C.N. -
Euphorbioceoe.
Putronjivo. So ns, H i n and Beng - Putronjivo;
Pun - Jiyoputro; Kon - Putrojivo;
Mol - Pongolom; Tom - Korupoli; Tel - Kudurujivi
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
EID
Evergreen
Flo S -
Mar - May
CSA
No. D8
3445.32 m'
cs
Rou nd
LA
1 44 . 3 7 cm2
Sl
1 9 81
Durante repens L
Fom
Verbenoceoe.
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
1 08
Fom
No. E 1
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Throughout the year
CSA -
60.47 m"
cs
Spreading
LA
6 2 . 7 em'
Sl
2 1 .5
Emblico officinolis Goertn.

Fom
C.N. -
Euphorbioceoe.
Gooseberry, Emblic myrobolon.
Kon - Amoloko, nelli; Mol and Tom - Nelli;
Mar - Awo lo; Son - Amoloko;
Tel - Amolokomo, rootousiriko
N o . E2
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
Sm
GR
Ou1ck growmg
By seeds, cutting. Budding, inorching.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
June - July also
CSA
1 7 , 3 8 1 . 2 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
1 40.64 cm1
Sl
1 1 .62
Embryoptens peregn no Goertn.

Fom
Ebenoceoe.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
1 09
Feb, Mar - May.
Beng and Hin - Amlo; Guj - Amoli;
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo S -
Mar - May
CSA
28,609 . 1 m2
Spreading
cs
No. E3
LA
84.07 em.,
Sl
1 2 .84
Erythrina variegate Linn

Fam
Fabaceae.
C.N
I ndian coral tree; Beng - Polito mandar;

Mal and Tam - Kalyanamurkku;
Mar - Mondor, Pangara;
San - Mandara; Tel - Baadita, Moduga.
No. E4
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 Om
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds, stem cuttings
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Feb - May
CSA
22,903.7 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
1 6 8.94 cm2
Sl
3 1 .76
EucalyQtus citnodora Hook.

Fam
Myrtaceae
C.N. -
Lemon scented g u m
SIT
HA
Tree
Guj - Bangoro; Hin - Dadap; Kan - Horivana
No. E5
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Feb - April. Oct - Dec.
CSA -
52,447.63 mi
cs
Conical
LA
4 8 . 3 7 cm1
Sl
1 2 .0
Eucal12tus hbrid
Myrtaceae
C.N. -
Mysore g u m
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Feb. - Apri l . , Oct. - Dec.
CSA
No. E6
50,04 7 . 3 3 m?
cs
Conical
LA
50.37 cm2
Sl
1 2. 9 1
Exbucklandia 12opulnea (R. Br) R.W. B r.

Fam -
Hamameltdaceae
C.N. -
Beng - Biph; Khasi - Oieng - doh; Trade - Pipli.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
111
Fam
No. F l
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Nov. - Dec.
cs
Round
Ficus benghalensis Linn

Fam -
Moroceoe
C.N. -
Banyan Tree Beng - Bar; G u 1 - Vod;

Hm - Barged, Kon - Ala; Mol - Ala, Votom;
Mar - Vod; Sons - Bohupodo; Tom - A I ;
Tel - Peddomorn
T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing
By cutting seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
April - June
CSA
No. F 2
2,36,493.67 m.,
cs
Spreadi n g
LA
1 1 9 . 1 0 cm2
Sl
2 1 .72
Ficus benjomina Linn

Fom -
Moroceoe
C.N. -
Assam - Chilubor; Beng - Pokur; Mar - Pirnpri;

Tom - Putroruvi
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cuttmg
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Sept - Nov
112
S/T
CSA
No F3
87,326. 1 2 m7
cs
Spreading
LA
2 9 . 2 7 cm7
Sl
1 8.62
Ficus elastica Roxb

Fam
Moraceae
Indian Rubber tree
SIT
HA
Tree (Epiphytic)
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growmg
By cut1i ng
E/D
Evergreen
-
6028 . 1 8 m2
cs
Spreading I Round
LA
94.20 cm2
Sl
1 9 .43
Ficus gi bbosa Blume

Fom -
Moroceoe
C.N.
Mar - Dotir; Garhwol - C h o nchri;
Sons - Udumbber; Tom - lrodgom;
C . N. -
CSA
N o . F4
Tel - Tello - borin1ko, Orissa - Korotosoni

S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 Om
GR
Ou1ck grow1ng
By cuttings, seeds
E D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
April - May
CSA -
2 2 3 , 4 5 . 4 m'
cs
Spreading
...
113
No. FS
LA
40. 1 cm2
Sl
1 9.81
F 1<.us glomerate Roxb

Fam
Mora eae
Beng - Dumur; Hin - Gular; Kan, Mal,
C.N. -
Tam - Athi; Mar - Umbar; Oriya - Dimra;

Tel - Atti, medichettu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds. cutting
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
Aug - Oct, Dc - Feb
CSA
2 , 1 8,769.8 m2
cs
Spreading
LA
4 7 . 2 8 cm2
Sl
1 3.58
Ficus hispida ( L . ) F.
Fam
C.N. -
Moraceae
Kala - umbar, Beng - Kakdumur;
Assam - Khoskadumar; Hin - Konea du mber;
Punjab - Rumbal; Sans - Kakadumbura;
Tam and Mal - Peyatti; Tel - Vettiyati.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cuttings
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
April - July
1 14
N o . F6
S/T
No. F 7
CSA -
46942.02 m2
cs
Spreading
LA
45.23 cm2
Sl
1 7. 2 1
Ficus religiose linn

Fam
C.N. -
Moraceae
Peepal tree; Beng and San - Ashthwa;
Guj - Pipro; Hin - Pipol; Kon - Arali Ashwatho;
Mar - Pimpala; Tom - Arasu; Tel - Ashavathamu,
Raovichettu
T
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Grows slow in early stages
Through seeds, cutting.
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Jon. - May.
CSA
1 ,44,868 7 m2
cs
Round/Oblong.
LA
1 1 4. 1 5 cm2
Sl
1 8.70
later grows fast
Ficus semicordata Buch Ham.

Fam
C . N. -
Moroceae
Beng - Jagya Dumur; H i n - Jahephali;
Kan - Gargaso; Mol - Perina; Mar - Porodumer;
Tom - Torodi; Tel - Bommamorri.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg.
Through seeds.
1 15
N o . F8
SIT
No. F9
E/0
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
CSA -
52,809 . 6 1 m2
cs
Round
LA
8 4 . 50 cm2
Sl
1 7.38
F icus virens Ait

Fom
C.N. -
Moroceoe
Hin and Punjab - Pilkhon; Ben - Poker;
Mol - Peper, Mar - Pip i ; Sons - Ploksho;
No. G l
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Grows slowly i n early stages later grows fast
By seeds, cutting
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Jon - May
CSA -
1 ,9 7 , 8 3 8 . 2 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
4 3 . 3 cm2
Sl
1 5. 9 1
Gorcinio indica Chosis.

Fom
C.N. -
Guttiferoceoe
Hin and Mar - Kokom; Mol - Punompuli;
Tom - Murgol
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
8m
GR
Slow growing ( 1 st yr) .
Through seeds
116
Tom - Kurugu; Tel - Bodiju
No. G2
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Nov - Feb
CSA -
2 1 0.748 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
8 2 . 1 cm2
Sl
2 2 . 03
Garcinia talbotii Roizada.

Guttiferaceae
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
7m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Nov.
CSA
No. G3
1 93.02 m2
cs
Round
LA
7 8 . 9 cm2
Sl
21 7
Garden.:: 1asminoides Eills.

Fom
Rubioceoe
C.N. -
Sans - Anont. Gandharoj. To m - Karinga
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
Sm
GR
Quick growmg
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
April - Aug extended upto Sept.
CSA
265.87 m1
cs
Oblong
117
Fom -
No . G4
LA
57 . 5 1 cm2
Sl
1 9. 2 1
Go rde n10 resi nifero Roth

Fom Rubioceoe
C.N. S'T
HA
Tree
HT
5m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds, cutting
EID
Deciduous
Flo.S . -
Mar - June
CSA
5 7 2 . 3 6 m1
cs
Oblong
LA
6 1 . 1 7 cm2
Sl
1 9. 7 3
Gli rici dio sepum (Jo cq) Kun th ex

Wa lp.
Fom Fob oce oe
C.N. -
Mother - of - cocoa, Mexican l i lac.
SIT
HA
T
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds and Iorge cutting
E D
Deciduous
Flo .S -
Jon - March
CSA
1 34 1 2 . 6 m2
cs
LA
Oblong I Round
1 36 . 4 6 cm 2
Sl
1 2.79
118
No . G5
Hin and Ma r - Dik om ali; Son s - Jon

tuk o;
Tom - Tik kom olli ; Tel - Eru bik ki
No. G6
Fam -
Proteaceaf .
C.N. -
Silvery or silky oak, Tam - Savukkamaram
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Feb - April
cs
Obk>ng
Grwia elastica Royle.

Fam
C.N. -
Tiliaceae
Beng - Dhamni; Hin and Punjab - Dhaman;
Oriya - ,'v\irgi chore; Mal - Satachi;
Mar - Dhaman; Tam - Tarra; Tel - Charachi;
Sans - Dharmana.
No. G8
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/0
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
May
cs
Round
Aug
Grewia subinegvolis .OC.

Fom -
Tiliaceae.
C.N. -
Beng, Guj Hin, Mar and P u n j ab . Phalsa;

Kan - Bhutfiyodippe; Oriyo - Phorasoko!i;
Tam- Poliso; Tel - lollotano.
SIT
119
No. G7
Grvi llg robustg A. cunn
No. G 9
HA
Shrub.
HT
7m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Apr - June
cs
Round
Guozmo ulmifolio Lamk.

Fom -
Sterculioceoe
C.N. -
Son, Tom, Tel and Mol - Rudroksho,

Hin - Rudroki, Beng - Rudrokyo;
No. H l
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Mar - August.
CSA
30279.8 m2
cs
Round I Spreading
LA
85. 2 1 cm2
Sl
1 3.31
Hamelia patens Jocq.

Fam
Rubiaceae
C.N
Scarlet bush
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutti ngs
1 20
Mar - Rudroksh.
N o . H2
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Od - Jon
CSA -
824 .06 m1
cs
Round
LA
4 7 . 2 cm1
Sl
1 9.07
Heterophrogmo roxburghii DC.

Fom
C.N. -
Bignonioceoe
Mar, Guj, M.P. - Worros; Kon - Bechodi;
No. H3
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 8m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Feb - April
CSA -
1 552 1 7. 7 m2
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
3 4 . 7 cm1
Sl
1 4.2
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn

Fom
C.N. -
Molvoceoe
Josud. Chinese H1biscus; Sons and Beng - Jobo;
Hin - Josum; Mar - Josovondo;
Tom - Sopottuppu; Tel - Dosonomu.
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Quick growmg
By cutting
Tel - Borukoligottu.
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Throughout the year
CSA
No. H4
6 1 . 4 7 m7
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
4 4 . 7 cm1
Sl
23.32
Hippoph a e rhamnoides Linn

Fam
C.N. -
Elaeagnaceae
Common seabuckthorn;
Ladakh and H . P. - Sirma;
N o HS
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seed, stem cutti ngs, suckers
E/0
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Mar - May
Holoptel10 integrifolio. (Roxb) DC.

Fom -
Ulmaceae
C.N. -
Indian Elm. Kanju; Guj - Khonjho; Hin and

Kumaun - Kon j u ; Kan - Thovosai; Mol - Avol;
Oriya - Dauronja; San s - Chirobilva;
Tom - Ayal; Tel - Thapass; M . P - Karanjolom;
Pun1ab - Rejoin. Mar - Papdi
S/T
HA
Tree
GR
Quick growing
E/0
Dec1duous
Flo.S. -
Feb - Aprd
' 22
Punjab - Kalabisa, Serma; U.P. - Chuma.
CSA
No.
11
29443.5 m'1
cs
Oblong
LA
67.30 cm1
Sl
3 1 .03
lxoro orboreo Roxb

Fom
Rubioceoe
T
HA
Tree
HT
6m
GR
Qu1ck growing
By cut1ing
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Throughout the year
CSA -
57 .04
cs
Oblong to spreading
LA
54.2
Sl
No. 1 2
em
'
1 7 .3
oro chinensis
Fern
N o . 13
Rubiaceae
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
6m
GR
Quick growing
By cut1ing
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
March
cs
Oblong
lxoro coccinea L
Fom -
Rubiaceoe
C.N.
Beng and Hin - Rangan. Mar - Pendgul;
1 23
SIT
So ns - Bo nd huk o; Tom - Vedj

i ; Tel - Ko ron om ,
Toc hi; Mo l - Tec hi
T
HA
Tree
HT
6m
GR
Quick growmg
B y cutting
EID
Evergreen
Flo .S.
Throughout the year
CSA
1 83 . 2 6 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
6 9 . 70 cm2
Sl
2 3 . 30
lxo ro ros eo
Fom
Rubioceoe
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
6m
GR
Quick gro wm g
By cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo .S.
CSA
No. 15
More or less thr ou gh ou t the yr.

29 6.0 3 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
6 2 . 2 1 cm 2
Sl
20.30
lxo ro un du lota
Fom
Ru bio ce oe
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
6m
1 24
No. 14
SIT
No. J 1
Quick growing
By cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
March - April
cs
Oblong
Jacgranda mimQsafQi ia D.Don.

Fam -
Caesalpinaceae
C.N. -
Nil - gulmohur
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
March - April
CSA -
7 1 4 8 . 5 4 m2
cs
Round
LA
46.4 cm2
Sl
1 9 .0
J uniperus communis
Farn -
Pinaceae
C.N.
Common 1 u n 1 per; Beng - Havasha;

Hin - Aaraar; Mar - Hosha; Kumaun - Chichia;
Punjab and Kashmir - Betor.
S/T
HA
Shrub
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
March - April
cs
Round I Oblong
1 25
No. J 2
GR
No. K l
Fam -
Bignoniaceae
C.N . -
Sausage tree
S/T
HA
Smal l tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Mar - June
CSA
58432 . 2 1 m2
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
2 6 7 . 6 cm2
Sl
1 2 .. 90
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb

Fam -
Lythraceae
C . N. -
Beng and Hin
Phurush; Mar - Dhayti;
Tam - Tindiyam; Tel - Chinagoranta.
No. L2
SIT
HA
Tall tree
HT
20m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
EID
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
June
CSA
6 7 0 5 1 .42 m2
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
84. 1 2 cm2
Sl
1 7 01
Lagerstroem ia spec1osa (Linn)

Fam
Lyth roceae
1 26
No. L1
Kigelia africana Lamk
C . N. -
Queen crape Myrtle. Beng and Hin - Punjab

Jorool; Kon - Holedosovolo; Mol - Monimoruthu;
Mar -Toman; Oriyo - Potoli; Tom - Kodoli;
Tel - Vorogoogu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
April - June
CSA -
72569.31 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
8 7 . 6 2 cm2
Sl
1 3 .9
Lantana comoro Linn.

Fom -
Verbenoceoe
C.N.
Lantana, Wildsoge; Kon - Notohugide;

Mol - Arippu; Mar - Ghoneri, Chodurong;
Tom - Unniched; Tel - Puulikompo;
M.P. - Roimuniyo.
S/T
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Throughout the year
CSA
3 2 4 . 58 m2
cs
Spreading
LA
48.69 cm2
Sl
12.13
1 27
N o . L3
SIT
No. L4
Lawsoni a ine rm is Lin n

Fa m Lythraceae
C.N. -
Hen na; Ben g - Me hed i; Gu j - Me

di; H i n , Ma r
and Pun jab - Me hnd i; Ken - Mo
yilo nch i,go ran ta;
Ma l - Ma ilan chi ; Or iya - Ben jat,
Sans - Mendika; Tam - Marithondi;
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Quick growing
By seed and cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
April - J u l y
CSA
7 1 .85 m2
cs
Round
LA
7 7 . 8 cm 2
Sl
1 7. 0
Madhuca butyr acea Ma cb

Fam
Sopofaceae
-
C N.
The Ind ian bu tte r - Tree; Be ng

- Go ph ol;
Hin - Ph ulw aro , Ch iur o
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growing
By se ed s
B/D
De cid uo us
Flo.S. -
Ju ne - Ju ly
cs
Spreading
128
No. M l
SIT
Tel - Gorinta; Kashmir -Mohuz.

T
No. M2
Modhuco longifolio (Koen)

Fom -
Sopotoceoe
C.N. -
The Butter tree; Beng Hin and Mar - Mohwo,

Guj - Mohudo; Kon - Hippe; Mol - llupu,
Poonom; Oriyo - Mohulo; Tom - lllupei;
Tel - lppo.
T
HA
Tree
HT
15m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/0
Deciduous
Flo.S.
Feb - April
CSA
No. M3
30,463.7 m1
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
86.96 cm2
Sl
22. 1 8
Mollotus philippensis (lour) Muell, Arg.

Fom
Euphorbioceoe
C.N. -
Hin and Bengal - Kamala, Kamila,

Assam - Puddum; Mol - Tovitu, Mar - Kamala,
Shendri; Tom - Kamala; Tel - Sinduri;
Sons - Rechonoko.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Nov - Jon
CSA -
30497 . 8 m2
cs
Oblong I Round
1 29
SIT
No. M4
LA
5 8 . 3 cm1
Sl
1 9 .0
Mommeo sungo (Buch - Hom. ex Roxb.)

Fam
Gutfifer aceae
Hin and Beng - Nagkesar; Kan - Surungi;
C.N. -
Mar - Suringi; Mal - Surompunno;

Tom - Surobunn01; Tel - Surampunnogomu;
Sans S/T
HA
Tree
HT
1 8m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Feb - Mar
CSA
2 7,865 . 1 m1
cs
Spreading
LA
46 83 cm2
Sl
20. 1
No. MS
Punnag.
Mangifera indica Linn

Fam
C.N. -
Anacardiaceae
The mongo tree, Beng and Hin - Am;
Guj - Amr ; Kan - Maovu; Mal - Aamram,
moavu; Mar - Ambo; Tam - Maanga, Maavu;
Tel - Moamtdichettu, Maavi.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 5m
GR
Quick growing after 1 st year
By
seeds, transplanting, grafting. budding, a 1 r
lalyering, root cutting
1 30
and marcotting.
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
South India - Jan - Mar;

North India - Feb. - Apr.
CSA
No. M6
69,004.67 m2
cs
Round I Oblong
LA
85.27 cm1
Sl
30.77
Melaleuca leucadendron Linn

Fam
C.N. -
Myrtaceae
Cajaput tree; Beng, Hin Mar - Ca japutte,
No. M7
SIT
HA
Tree
GR
Quick growtng
By seeds, cuttings
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Sept - Nov
CSA
2 1 ,435.38 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
83.57 cm2
Sl
1 8 .67
Melia azadirach Linn

Fam
C.N. -
Meliaceae
The Persian lilac, Beng - Mahanim;
Guj - Bakamlimbodo; Hin - Bakain;
Kan - Arebvu, Hutchuburi; Mal - Karin, Vembu;
Mar - Pejn; Tam - Mala1vembu,
Tel - Turakaveepa, Vernveepa.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20m
131
Tam - Kaiyappudai
No. M8
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, stem, root, cutting, root sucker.
E!D
Evergreen
Flo S.
March - May
CSA
38964 . 1 6 m1
cs
Oblong
LA
8 3 . 7 9 cm7
Sl
{23 5 3 2 3 . 5 3
Milletro peguensis Air

Fam
Fabaceae
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Aug. - Oct.
CSA
42 3 1 1 . 52 m1
cs
Round/oblong
LA
1 6 7 . 2 em'
Sl
1 2 .2
Millingfonia hortensis L.f.

Fam
C.N.
Bignoniaceae
Indian cork - tree, Buch.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 Orn
GR
Qurck growing
By seeds, cutting
E/D
Evergreen
Flo S -
Ocr. - Dec.
1 32
No M9
No. M 1 0
CSA
2 2 4 39 . 1 7m2
CS
Oblong I Round
LA
1 39.2 cm7
Sl
1 8. 1 1
Mimusops eleng1 Linn

Fam
C
Sapotaceae
Bakul ; Hin and Beng - Bakul; Mar - Borsati;
1\4
Sans - Bakulo; Punjab - Maulsari;

Tam - Magilam; Tel - Vakulamu.
T
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Jan. - Mar.
CSA
1 3 ,385.2 m2
cs
Oblong I Round
LA
1 05 . 1 1 cm2
Sl
22.31
Mimusops hexandra Roxb.

Fam
C.N. -
Sapotaceae
Beng - Khirkhejur; Hin - Khirni; Mar - Raj a n ;
Sans - Rajadan1; Mals, Tam, and Tel - Palo.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By
E/D
Evergreen
Flo S -
Sept. - Nov.
cutting
1 33
No. M 1 1
SIT
No. M 1 2
CSA -
4063. 1 m2
cs
Oblong I Round
LA
8 9 . 3 2 cm2
Sl
20.4
Mon ngo oleifero

Fom C N
Lomk.
Monngoceoe
Drumstick tree, Horse Radish tree Beng, H i n ,
Oriyo, Assam a n d Pun1ob - Sojino; G u 1 - Midha
sorogovo; Kon - Nugge; Mol - Moringo;
Mar - Shevgo; Sons - Shobhonjono;
No. M 1 3
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutti ng
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S.
Jon. - Apr.
CSA -
23450. 1 m2
cs
Oblong
LA
1 4 730 cm2
Sl
28.2
Morus alba
Fom
C . N. .
Linn.
Moroceoe.
Tuti . Mulberry - Beng, H i n , Mar - Kashmir and
Punrob - Tut. Guj - Shetur; Kon - Hipnerle;
Oriyo - Tuto; Tom -
Mosukette;
Tel - Reshmechettu, PippoliponducheHu.

S T
HA
Tree
HT
8m
1 34
To m - Murugo1, Tel - Mulogo.
No. M 1 4
GR
Quick grow1ng
By
E/0
Evergreen
Flo.S.
Feb. - June.
CSA -
1 04 7.62 m1
cs
Oblong
LA
285.3 cm1
Sl
1 7.4
seeds, cut11ng, grafting, budding
Murroya paniculoto Linn

Fam
Beng - Kamim; Hin - Marchula; M.P. and

Guj - Chulo 1 uti; Kon - Pendry,
Tam - Simoikkonji; Tel - Nogagolunga.
No. N l
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Quick growing
By
E/D
Evergreen
Flo.S.
June. - Oct.
CSA
1 3 5 4 . 6 1 m2
seeds, cutting
cs
Round
LA
3 5 . 3cm1
Sl
10.31
Nerium md1cum Mill.

Fam -
Apocynaceoe
C.N. -
Pmk oleander; Hin and Punjab - Kaner;

Beng - Korobi; Mol - Korovirom; Mar - Konhera:
Tom, Te1 - Korovirom
S,T
HA
Shrub
1 35
C.N.
Rutoceoe.
No. N2
HT
Sm
GR
Quick grow1ng
By cutting
EID
Evergreen
Flo.S. -
Throughout the year
CSA
5747.63 m1
cs
Oblong I Round
LA
3 2 . 62 cm2
Sl
1 5. 7
Nyctanthus arbor-tristis Linn

-
C.N. -
Oleaceae
H i n , Beng and Punjab - H arsin g h a r;
Guj - Harsingara; Mar - Parijatak;
Mal - Mannapu; San - Sephalika;
Tam - Pavala - malligai; Tel - Sepali.
No. 0 1
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
5m
GR
Quick growtng
By seeds, cuHing
EID
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
More or less throughout the year
CSA
546.3 m2
cs
Oblong I Round
LA
88 . 1 cm2
Sl
1 4 . 73
Ouginia oojeinensis (Roxb). Hochr.

Fom -
Fabaceae
C.N. -
Beng - Ttnts; Guj - Tonoch; Hin - Sandon;

Kan - Kari -
Honne; Mal - Molavonno;
Mar - Kalaphulos; Ortyo - Banjan;
1 36
Fam
Ta rn - Nanvengai; Tel - Tellamoduga;

M P - Tinsa; Bthar - Ruta; Trade - Sandon.
No. P l
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds. Root cutting
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Feb. - March
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) Backer.

Fam -
Caesalpinaceae.
C N. -
Copper pod tree.
S/T
HA
GR
Tall tree
Qu . ck growing
By seeds.
E/D -
Evergreen.
Flo S . -
May - Sept
CSA -
2 3 1 04 5 3 m 1
cs
Oblong/Round.
LA
370.7 cm7
Sl
1 6.68
N o . P2
S/T
Phoenix sylvestri s (L) Roxb.

Fom -
Arecaceae.
C.N. -
The Wi l d datepalm; Beng &
H i n - Khaj ur.
Gu - Kharak; Kan - lchalu: Mar
S'1 ndi:
Oriya - Khajuri; Tam - lcham, Tel - Peddaetta.

SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
1 37
No. P3
By seeds.
E/0 -
Evergreen.
Flo. S -
Jon.
CSA -
546. 1 m?
cs
Round.
LA
4 1 1 . 32 cm7
Sl
1 2 .4
Feb.
Phyllonthus ocidus (L)

Fom -
Euphorb1oceoe.
C.N. -
Country gooseberry;
Beng - Horiphol, Noori;
Hin - H o rforouri; Gu,., M.P. - Horporowori;

S/T
HA
Tree
HT
8 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, Cutting, Budding.
E/0
No. P4
Deciduous.
Flo.S.-
Feb. - May.
CSA -
5 6 4 7 . 5 m7
cs
Oblong.
LA
543.03 cm1
Sl
1 1 . 78
Pmus khosiono
Fom -
Pinoceoe.
C.N. -
Khosipine.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds.
1 38
Tom - Kodoloi; Tel - Sonogolu; Sons - Chonoko.
No. PS
EID -
Evergreen.
Flo S.
May - June, Sept. - Oct.
CS
Round.
Pinus roxburghii
Fom C.N
No. P7
Hin - Chilgozo; N.W. H . P. - Chiri.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 0m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds.
EIO
Evergreen.
Flo S. -
May - June, Sept - Oct
cs
Round.
N o . P6
Pinoceoe.
Pinus wollichiono A. B.Jockson

Fom -
Pinoceoe.
C.N. -
Chir pine.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
1 2m
GR
Slow growing
By seeds.
EIO
Evergreen.
F l o . S. -
May - June, Sept. - Oct.
cs
Round.
Pithecellobtum dude (Roxb. Benth

Fam -
Mimosaceae.
C.N.
Manila
tamari nd, Madras
Beng - Dekhoni babu l ,
thorn;
Hin - Vilayoti m i l i ;
Jungle jalebt; Kon - Kottampult;
1 39
Mol - Koruk kopuli ; Mar - Viloyo ti chmot

To m - Kodukk oopuli; Tel - Seemo chinto.
T
HA
Tree
HT
8 m
GR
Ourck growing
By seeds, Branch cutti ng.
E!D
Evergreen.
F l o S.
Jon - Feb.
CSA -
2 5 6 4 . 75 m2
cs
Oblong.
LA
1 82 . 6 cm7
Sl
1 1 . 78
Poinciana pulcherr imo Linn (R. Groh.)

Fom -
Coesolpinoceoe.
C.N. -
Beng - Krishnochuro; H i n - Guleturo;

Guj - Sondheshoro;
Mar. - Shonkosur; Sonse
& Tel - Rotnogondhi; Mol
- Settimondorom;
Tom - Moyurom, Tel - Rotnogondhi.

S/T
HA
Shrub
HT
3 m
GR
Quick growing
By cutting.
E/0
Evergreen.
Flo.S.
Oct. - Jon
CSA -
8034 . 6 7 m-z
cs
Oblong.
LA
2 1 4 . 0 1 cm1
Sl
1 3.4
140
N o . P8
S/T
No. P9
Polyolthio longifolio (Son n . ) Th

Fom
C N. .
Anonoceoe.
Hin & Beng
Mar
Tom
Devdoru; Guj
Ashok; Kon
HA
Tree
HT
1 5 or 5 m
GR
Quick growing
Through seeds (fresh).
Evergreen.
Flo.S.
April
CSA
Ashokom;
June.
1 0,976.62 m1 rounded crown.
cs
Conical or Rounded
LA
5 5 . 06 cm2
Sl
22.27
Populus alba Linn

Fom
C . N. .
Solicoceoe.
White poplar; N.W. Himol
Jongli frost. Kas h m i r
Ch itto bognu;
Fros.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growrng
By seeds, stem, root cutting, root sucker.
E/0
Deciduous.
Oblong.
cs
No. P 1 1
Asokomu.
SIT
E/0
Asupolo;
Putrojrvi; Mol
Asogom; Tel
Populus ciliate Wall

Fom
C.N . .
Solicaceae.
Himalayan poplar; Beng
Jounsar
Bong rkat;
biaon, piplas, ku maun; Syon ;
141
No. P 1 0
SIT
N.W.H.P. - Bagnu chelum, tilaunja.

S
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Qu ick gro wrn g
By
E/0
roof cut tin g,
roo t suc ker.
Ob lon g.
Populus de lto ide s Ba rlr.

Fom Salicaceae.
C . N.
Ca rol ine po pla r, Eas ter n cot ton

wo od Ne ckl ac e
polar.
ST
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growrng
By
E/D
see ds, ste m, root cu ttin g, roo

t suc ke r.
De cid uo us .
cs
Oblong.
Populus euphrotica Ol ivie r

Fam Sa lic ac ea e.
C . N. -
Ind ian po pla r. Pu nja b &

N. W H . P-B ah an , bh an ;
lad ak h - Ho tun g, ho nd un g
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Qu rck gro wrn g
By se ed s, ste m, root cu ttin

g, root suc ke r.
De cid uo us .
E/D
cs
Oblong.
1 42
No P 1 3
ste m,
De cid uo us .
cs
No. P l 2
see ds,
No. P 1 4
Populus nigra Linn

Fam -
Salicaceae.
C N. -
Lombardy - poplar; N W.H . P. - Frost.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By seeds, stem, root cutting, root sucker.
E/D
Conical.
cs
Prosopis chilensis (Molina) stuntz.

Fam
C N. -
Mimos
eo e.
Mesquite; Guj - Gandaa babul, Pordesi babu l;

Hin - Viloyati
k1kkor;
Viloyati bobul, Kobuli
kikkor.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick growing
By
E/D
No. P 1 6
seeds, root suckers.
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Dec. - April.
CSA
7950.68 m2
cs
Spreading.
LA
5 1 .05 cm2
Sl
1 9 23
Prosop1s cmeroria linn.

Fom -
Mimos
C.N.
Beng & Onyo - Shomi; H i n - Khejri;
eoe.
Guj - Sam1, Khijodo; Kon - B o n n i ;

Mol - Porarnpu, Tombo;
143
Mar - Shomi;
No. P 1 5
Deciduous.
Tom - Perumboy, Jombu; Tel - Jommichettu.

S/T
HA
Tree
HT
12 m
GR
Quck growing
E D
Flo.S.
Dec. - April.
CSA -
1 3 .430 6 m'
cs
Spreading.
LA
5 4 . 2 3 cm2
Sl
1 8. 1
Prosogis gallido (H
& B ex Willd)
Fam -
Mimos
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick growmg
By
E/D
No. P 1 8
Evergreen.
eo e.
Evergreen.
Flo S. -
Dec. - Apri l .
cs
Spreading.
Prosogis steghoniono Kunth.

Fom -
Mimos
S/T
HA
Shrub
HT
5 m
GR
Qu;ck growing
E/D
eo e.
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Dec. - Feb.
cs
Spreading.
1 44
No. P 1 7
No. P 1 9
Prosopis tomorugo FiPhil.

Fom -
Mimos
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
13 m
GR
Quick growrng
By
EID
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Dec. - April.
cs
Spreading.
Psidium guoovo Linn.

Fom -
Myrtoceoe.
C . N. -
Guava tree. Beng - Peyoro;

Hin & Punjab - Amrud; Guj - Perala;
Sons - Monsolo; Tom, Mol - Koyyo;
Tel - Goyyo; Mar - Peru
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
5 m
GR
Quick growing
By cutting, seeds, Budding, Graftr ng.
EID
No. P 2 1
Evergreen.
CSA -
9,243 . 1 m1
cs
Oblong.
LA
53.66 cm1
Sl
28.38
Ptergoto aloto vor. irreguloris (W.W.Sm1th)

Fom -
Sterculioceoe
C.N. -
Assam - Tulo; Kon - Bekaro, Mol - Porutonti;

Tom - Kodiottondi.
SIT
1 45
No. P20
eoe.
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cuttings.
E/D
Flo.S. -
Mar. - April.
CSA -
1 79,320.8 m2
cs
Rround/Oblong
LA
1 89 . 4 cm2
Sl
22 .04
cs
Rround/Oblong
LA
1 89 . 4 cm2
Sl
2 2 . 04
Quercus palustris
Fam
C.N. -
Oak.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growing
E/0
Deciduous.
Round.
cs
No. Q2
Fagaceae.
Quercus petraea
Fam
C.N.
Fagaceae.
Oak.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growrng
E/D
Deciduous.
cs
Round.
146
No. Q 1
Semi deciduous.
No. Q3
Quercus rubra
Fam
No. R 1
Fagaceae.
C.N. -
Oak.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growtng
E1D
Deciduous.
cs
Round.
Ricinus communis linn.

-
C N. -
Euphorbiaceae.
The
castor; Beng - Bheranda; Guj - Diveligo;
Hin & Mar. Erandi; Kan-Haralu; Mal - Avanakku;

Tam - Amanakku; Tel - Aamudamuchettu.
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
6 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
EID
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Sept. - Oct.
CSA
No. S1
942.56 m2
cs
Oblong.
LA
2 4 3 . 5 cm2
Sl
1 5. 7 1
Salix alba Linn.

,
Fam
C N. -
Salicaceae.
European willow; White wtllow. Kashmtr - Butvir,
Vivir; H . P. Punjab - Bisbhushan, Modnu,
Malchang.
SIT
1 47
Fam
No. S2
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growmg
By stem cuttmg, root cuttin g .
E/D
Deciduous.
F l o S. -
Mar. - May.
cs
Oblong/Round.
Salix babylonica Linn.

Fam
C.N. -
Saltcaceae.
Weeping willow. Garhwal - Gadhban1s;
Tel - At1uppala1,
No. S3
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick grow1ng
By stem, root cutting, suckers.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Mar. - May.
cs
Round.
Salix caprea Linn.

Fam -
Sal1caceae.
C.N. -
The sal low, goat willow

Hin & Pun1ab - Bedmushk.
S/T
HA
Shrub
HT
5 m
GR
Quick growmg
By cutting
E/D
Deciduous.
1 46
Kashmir - Biasa, Guir; Punjab - Bisa;
No. 54
Mar. - May.
cs
Round/Oblong.
Salix fragilis Linn.

Fom -
Solicoceoe.
C.N. -
Crock or Kashmir willow; H.P. Tilchong.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
18 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutting.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Mar. - May.
cs
Oblong/Round.
Salix tetrospermo Roxb.

Fam
C.N
Salicoceae.
Indian willow; Beng - Panijoma; Hin - Bod.
jalmala; Kon - Niravanji; Mal & Tam - Vonji;
Mar - Wal l u n j ; Oriya - Baisi; Tel - Eetipoala;
Assam - Veh; Kashmir - Vir, bin;
Khasi -Jamyneri; M . P. Dhanie; Punjab - Bis, Bain
No. 56
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growrng
By cutting.
E/D
Deciduous.
cs
Round.
Samaneo
samon Jacq.
Fam
M1mos
C.N. -
eoe.
Rain Tree.
149
No. 55
Flo.S. -
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds cuHing.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo .S. -
Mar. - J u n e
CSA
99306 . 2 m7
cs
Spreadmg, Round.
LA
2 8 2 . 6 cm2
Sl
1 5 .64
Sapi ndu s em arginafus Vah l .

Fam Sap ind ace ae.
C N. SIT
No . S8
Soa pnu t; Ass am - Ha itha gut i; Ben

g - Rith a;
Ma r- Rith a; San s - Phe nila .
T
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick growtng
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo .S. -
Oct. - Dec.
CSA -
43,789.24 m2
cs
Oblong/Round.
LA
1 1 0. 6 cm 2
Sl
23.6
Sapi u m seb ifer um Rox b

Fam Eup hor b10 cea e
C.N . SIT
Ma kha n tree. Ch ine se Tal low Tre

e.
T
HA
Tree
1 50
No . S7
SIT
No. S9
HT
12 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/0
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
June - Aug.
CSA -
24980.3 m1
cs
Round.
LA
74.2 cm2
Sl
1 4.2
Sora co osaka Roxb. De Wilde.

Coesolpinoceoe.
C.N. -
H i n & Mar - Ashok, Punjab & Beng - Asok;

Mar - Asoko; Sons - Ashoko; Tom - Asogom;
Tel - Asokomu.
No. S 1 0
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
5 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen .
Flo.S. -
Dec - May.
CSA -
2 2 9 5 . 2 m7
cs
Spreading.
LA
6 8 . 8 cm2
Sl
1 7.93
Sesbonio grond1floro Pers.

Fom -
Foboceoe.
C.N.
Swamp - pea, Agothi; Kon - Agose; Mol- Mothi;
Mar - Hodgo, Agosto; Oriyo - Ogosti;

Tom - Agothi; Tel - Anse - chetto.
SIT
151
Fom -
No. S 1 1
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
F l o . S. -
Sept. - Dec.
CSA
4694.87 m
cs
Oblong.
LA
1 30 em"
Sl
20.45
Sesbonio sesbon (Linn) Merrill.

Foboceoe.
C . N. -
Common sesbon; Beng & Hin - Jointi;

Guj - Joyoti; Kon - Arisinojeenongtmero;
Mol - Sempo; Mar -Joyanti, Sheworie;
Oriyo - Joyontei; Sons - Joyontiko;
To m - Chittogothi; Tel - Somintho;
Assam - Joyontri; Punjab - Joint.
No. S 1 2
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
6 m
GR
Quick growtng
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Aug. - Dec
CSA
4 5 6 3 . 7 m'
cs
Oblong.
LA
1 1 8 .3 em:
Sl
1 9.2
Sesbonio speeoso Toub.

Fom
Fobaceoe.
1 52
Fom -
No. S 1 3
C N
Tom - Seemoiogofhi.
ST
HA
Shrub
HT
4 m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds.
EID
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Sept. - Dec.
cs
Oblong.
Soymido febrifuge A. Juss

-
C.N. -
Meliaceae.
Indian
Red wood, Beng & Hindi Mar - Rohan;
Guj - Rohino; Kan - Suoni; Oriya - Sohan;

Tom - Shem; Tel - Sum1, Sonidomoanu.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
EID
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Mar.
CSA
No. S 1 4
78325.4 m2
cs
Round/Oblong.
LA
4 9 . 7 cm2
Sl
20.3
Sgathodeo camgonuloto Beouv.

Fam
Bignoniaceae
C.N. -
Indian Tul i p tree
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
12 m
1 53
Fom
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutting
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Nov. - Jon.
CSA
No. S 1 5
73,250. 1 7 m1
cs
Oblong ' Round
LA
89.3 cm2
Sl
2 4 . 84
Spondios pi n nota (l. f.)

Fom
Anocordioceoe.
C N
Hin - Bemg & Mar - Amra; Kon - Ambote;

Tel - Amrotokomul; Mol - Mopul i .
No S 1 6
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
Gr
Quick growing after 1 st year.
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Feb. - Apr.
CSA
25587 . 3 1 m1
cs
Round.
LA
1 30.64 cm2
Sl
22.9
Sterculia foetido Linn.

Fom
C.N. -
Sterculioceoe.
Jongli bodom, Hin & Mar - Jongli bod om;
Kon - Penori; Tom & Mol - Pinori;
Tel - Monjiponoku.
SIT
HA
Tree
154
Son - Amrotoko; Tom - Mobulichi;
No. S 1 7
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Mar. - May.
cs
Oblong/Round.
Sterculia guttoto Roxb.

Fom
Sterculioceoe.
C.N. -
Kukur, Golder.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Jon. - Feb.
cs
Oblong/Round.
Strchnos nux-vom1co Linn

Fam
Loganiaceae.
C.N.
Beng & Punjab - Kuchila; Hin - Kuchla; KanKanjira; Mal - Kanniram; Mar - Kajra;
Sans - Visha - mushti; Tam - Etti; Tel - Mushti.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
12 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous
Flo.S. -
Mar. - Apnl
CSA
cs
1 06 7 . 4 4 1 m.,
Oblong/Roun d .
1 55
No. S 1 8
No. S 1 9
LA
6 7 . 3 7 cm1
Sl
1 2 . 87
Sncorgio glomulifero Sm.

Fom
Myrtoceoe
C.N. -
Turpentine tree.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Outck growmg
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
cs
Ob!ong/Round.
Szygium cumini Linn

Fom -
Myrtoceoe.
C.N. -
Block p l u m ; Beng - Kolojom; G u j - Jombu;

H r n & Punjab - Jomon; Mar - Jombhul;
Kon - Nerole; Mol - Per i n norol; Oriyo - Jomo;
Tom - Neredum; Tel - Neereedu.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cuttings Grafting. Buddtng.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S.
Mar. - May
CSA
1 1 2 1 4 3 2 m1
cs
Oblong/Spreading.
LA
7 7 . 8 2 cm7
Sl
20.60
1 56
N o . S20
No. T l
Tobernaemontono divaricate linn.

Fam -
Apocyn oceoe.
C.N. -
Beng, Mar, Hin & Sons - Togor, Chondoni;

Tom - Nondiyavottom; Tel - Gondhitogoropu.
T
HA
Shrub
HT
3m
GR
Quick growing
By cutting.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Throughout the yea
CSA -
1 28 . 6 7 m1
cs
Round.
LA
4 7 . 8 1 cm1
Sl
30.2
Tomorindus indica linn.

Fam -
Caesapinaceoe.
C.N
The Tamar nd tree; Beng - Anbl i, Tentul ; Guj &

Kon - Amli; Hin - lmlt; Mol - Amlom, Puli;
Mar - Chinch; Oriya - Tentuli;
Tam - Amilam pul; Tel - Chtntachettu;
Assam - Tetu l i ; Punjab - lmbli.
SIT
HA
Tree.
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growtng (Early)
By seeds.
E/0
Evergreen.
F l o . S. -
April - Oct.
CSA
276839.5 m1
cs
Spreading.
1 57
No. T2
SIT
No. T3
LA
1 28.60 cm2
Sl
1 8.4
Tecomo stons Linn.

Fom
C N. -
Bignonioceoe.
Kon - Koreneklor; Tom - Sono - Patti;
Tel - Pochogotlo
T
HA
Shrub
HT
5 m
GR
Qu1ck growing
By seeds, cutting.
E/0
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
Feb. - April
CSA -
6 1 .23
cs
Oblong.
LA
4 3 . 7 em"
Sl
23.8
m2
Tectono grondis Linn.

Fom
C.N. -
Verbenoceoe.
"Teak; Beng - Seg u n ; Hin & Mar - Sogwon;
Guj- Sago; Kon - Tego; Mol & Tom - Thekku;
Oriyo - Singuru; Tel - Adoviteeku, Peddoteek;
No. T4
S'T
Assam - Chingjogu.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/0
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
June - Sept.
CSA -
1 02 72 . 1 4 mi
1 58
No. T5
CS
Oblong/Round
LA
790.37 m7
Sl
23.48
Termino l io oloto Heyne ex Roth.

Fom -
Combretoceoe.
C.N. -
Laurel; Beng - Ason; Guj - Sodor; H i n - Ason,

S01n, Soj; Kon - Sododo; Mar - Ain;
Oriyo - Sohoju; Tom - Korromordo,
Tel - Nollomoddi.
T
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutting.
E/0
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
May - J u ly.
cs
Oblong/Round.
Terminolio oquno (Roxb) Wight & Arn.

Fom
C.N. -
Combretoceoe.
Arjun, Arjhon; Beng - G u j - Sododo; H i n &
Punjab - Arjuno; Kon - Moddi; Mar - Sodoru,
vellomordo; Oriyo - Arjuno, sohojo;
Tom - Vellomotto; Tel - Yerromoddi;
Assam - Orjun.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cutting, o1r layering.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
April - J uly.
159
No. T6
SIT
CSA
No. T7
7 1 9,992.2
m2
cs
Oblong/Round
LA
60 06 cm2
Sl
24.57
Terminolio belle nco Goertn) Roxb

Fom
C.N. -
Combretoceoe.
Belleric myrobolon; Beng Bhoiroh; Hin - Bohero;
Mol & Tom - Toni; Mar - Behedo,
Oriyo - Bhoro, Tel - Thondrokooyo.
T
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, cutti ngs.
E/D
Deciduous.
Flo S. -
April - May.
CSA
828 1 3 . 9
m1
cs
Oblong/Round
LA
6 3 . 2 0 cm2
Sl
1 9 .06
Terminolio cotoppo Linn.

Fom -
Combretoceoe.
C.N.
The Indian Almond tree; Beng - Bodom;
Hin - Deshi bodom; Mol - Adomorrom;

Tom - Notvodom; Tel - Boodomuchettu, '/edam.
S/T
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Qu1ck growmg
By seeds.
E/D
Deciduous.
1 60
No. T8
S/T
No. T9
Flo S. -
Oct . - Nov.
CSA
94367.4
cs
Conical
LA
6 2 . 0 1 cm7
Sl
20.9
m'
Terminolio chebulo Retz.

Fom
C.N. -
Combretoceoe.
Chebulic myrobolon; Beng - Horitoki;
Guj - Horde; Hin - Horro; Mar - Hirdo;
Oriyo - Horidro; Tom - Kodukkoi;
No. T1 0
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
15
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds.
EID
Deciduous.
Flo.S. -
Mar.- Oct.
CSA -
82,3 1 4. 1 6
cs
RoundiOblon"g .
LA
6 0 . 60 cm1
Sl
1 9 .06
m'
Tel - Korokkooyo; Assam - Silikho; Punjab - Hor
Thespesio populneo1des (Roxb) Kestel.

Fom
C . N. -
Molvoceoe.
Umbrella tree, Indian Tul i p tree, Beng - Dumbla,
porespipol; Guj - Poorsopeepolo;
Hin & Punjab - Porospipol; Kon - Hoovorase;
Mol - Poovorosu; Mar - Bhendi;
Oriyo - Gunjousto; Sons - Gordhobhonda;
Tom - Chelonthi; Tel - Gongoroovichettu.
SIT
161
..
No. T 1 1
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick growmg
By seeds, cuHings.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo S. -
CSA
34,635.32 m1
cs
Round
LA
1 84 . 3 9 cm2
Sl
29.81
Thevetio geruvtona (Pers. ) Merril l .
C N. -
Apocynoceae.
Yellow oleoner; Beng - Koklophul, Holdi korubi;
Guj & Hin - Pile kaner; Kon - Kodukasi;
Mol - Monjaareli; Mar - Pivolo konhera; Bitti
Oriyo - Konyorphul; Tom - Pochoiyolori;
Tel - Pochogonneru.
SIT
HA
Shrub
HT
6m
GR
Qu ick growmg
By seeds, cuHing.
E/0
Evergreen.
CSA
No. T 1 2
2 1 , 7 7 5 . 2 2 m1
cs
Round I Oblong.
LA
1 1 08 cm1
Sl
27.8
Thujo occidentalts Linn.

Fom
Cupressaceae.
C.N. -
American Arborvitae, White cedar.
S/T
1 62
Fam
No. T 1 3
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growtng
By cutting.
E/0
Evergreen.
cs
Conical
Thu1a plicate D. Don.

Fam
Cupressaceaee.
C.N.
Giant arborvitae, Western red cedar.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
20 m
GR
Quick growing
By cutting.
E/D
Evergreen.
cs
Conical
Trema orientalis Blume

Fam
C.N. -
Ulmaceae.
Charcoal tree. Indian nettle tree. Beng - Chikan;
Guj & Mar - Gol; Hin - Gio;
Kan - Gorklu;
Mal - Ama; Oriya - Kharkas; Tam - Ambaratthi ;

Tel - Bundamuru;
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
6 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds, stumps.
E/0
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
CSA
42 ,5734 . 1 m1
cs
Round/Oblong.
1 63
No. T l 4
HA
No. V l
LA
65.7 cm2
Sl
27.30
U l m u s wallichiana Planch
Fam
U lmaceae.
Hin - Mored pabuna; Kashmir - Brari;
C.N. -
Kumoun - Moral; Punjab - Kai n .

T
HA
Tree
HT
15 m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
cs
Round
Zizghus mouritiono Vor. Fruticoso

Fom
Rhomnoceoe.
C.N.
Indian jujube; Beng & H i n - Ber; Guj - Bordi;

Kon - Elonji; Mol & Tom - Elentha;
Mar - Bero, bor; Oriyo - Bodori;
Son - Korokandhy; Tel - Reegu.
SIT
HA
Tree
HT
10 m
GR
Quick growing (Early)
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S. -
April - Oct.
CSA
2638. 1 7 m2
cs
Round
LA
24 .08 cm2
Sl
1 2.4
1 64
No. Z 1
S/T
No. Z2
Zizyphus oenoplia Mill

Fam
C.N. -
Rhomnoceoe.
Jackal jujube; Beng - Siakul; Hin - Mokai;
Kon - Borige; Mal - Kottaval l i ;
Oriyo - Kantokolli; Tam - Ambulam;
Tel - Banko paragi.
T
HA
Straggler shrub.
HT
S m
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S.
April - June.
cs
Round
Z i zyphus rugosa lomk.

Fom
Rhamnaceoe.
C.N
Hin - Suran; Mar - Turon - Torni,
Kan - Mahigotte; Mal - Malantuto l i ;

Tam - Kattilandai; Tel - Pinduporighomu.
No. Z4
S/T
HA
Straggler shrub.
HT
5 m
GR
Quick growi ng
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S -
Dec. - Feb.
cs
Round
Zi zyphus xylopyra Willd.

Fom
C.N. -
Rhamnaceae.
Hin - Kat - ber; Kan - Mullukare;
Mar - Koddntegot1; Oriyo - Goteoboro,
65
No. Z3
SIT
Kantobohul; Tam - Kottei ; Tel - Gotte.

S/T
HA
Straggler shrub.
HT
GR
Quick growing
By seeds.
E/D
Evergreen.
Flo.S.
April - June.
cs
Round
1 66
APPENDIX-C
Zonewise recommendation of plant s p ecies for constitution of
Green Belt :
Note for the use of Appendix C
For listing plant species for cultivation in on oreo of concern, please follow the
following steps.
1 . Place the o reo (os per District) of your concern in subzone and zone, after
referring to Appendix A.
2 . Refer to Appendix C of corresponding zone (Cz) and subzone (1 . 1 , 1 1 . 3 , V.2
etc . ) .
3 . List the alphabets and numbers under zone a n d subzone (e.g. C z V.2 - A 1 ,
sheets.
4.
Decipher the above numbers from Appendix B. (e.g. A - 1 - Abutilon indicum,

A - 2
Acacia ouriculiformis etc.; B - 1
Bombuso orundinocia, etc.; C - 2

inophyllum, C - 4
- Boloniks roxburghii, B - 2
Callistemon citrinus, C - 3 - Calophyl l u m
Calotropis giganteo etc . ..... and so o n .
Completion o f the exercise will mean that your list of plants for cultivation
in the a rea of concern is ready. Detailed information, useful for agronomic
and other aspects, is available in Appendix B.
Cz I. Western Himalayan Region
Cz 1 . 1
A . 3,4,7,9- 1 1 , 1 3, 1 6, 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 2 - 2 6 , 2 8 - 3 5, 4 1 , 4 4 ;
B - 6- 1 2 , 1 6; C - 1 4 , 2 1 ,22; 0 - 1 ; E - 4-6;
- 1 -4 ; 7-9; G - 6-8; H - 4 ; I - 1 , 2 ; J - 2 ; L
- 3,4;
- 1 , 8; N
1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 4-6, 1 0
- 1 4 ; Q - 1 - 3 S - 1 - ,8, 1 5 , T - 1 -3 , 6 , 7,9,
1 2, 1 3 ; u - 1 ; z - 1
1 67
2 , 3 , 4, 5 etc.; B - 1 , 2 , 3, 4 etc.; C - 2, 3 , 4 , . . . . . 1 2 etc.)seporotely o n
Cz 1 . 2
A - 3,4,7,9- 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9,22-26,28-35,39, 4 1 ,
4 4 ; B - 4,6- 1 7 ; C - 2 - 5 , 1 4 , 1 8 ,2 1 , 2 2 ; D - 1 , 4 ;
E - 1 ,4-6,8;
F - 1 - 4,8. G - 4;6-8; H - 3 , 4 ;
I - 1 - 3,5; J - 2; L - 3 , 4 ; M - 1 , 3,8, 1 2 , 1 4;
N - 1 , 2 , 0 - 1 ; P - 4 - 6 , 1 0 - 1 4 , 1 6 ,2 1 ; Q - 1 - 3,
S - 1 - 5, 7 - 1 0, 1 4 , 1 5 ; T - 1 - 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 1 2 , 1 3 ; U - 1 ;
Cz
1.3
A - 3,4 , 7 , 9 - 1 1 , 1 3, 1 6, 1 7 , 1 9,22-26,28-35,39, 4 1 ,
1 , 4,5;
E - 1 ,2,4-6;
H - 3,4; I
- 1 - 3,5;
3,8, 1 2 - 1 4 ; N
F - 1 - 4,8; G - 3,4,6-8;
J - 2; L - 1 , 4 ; M - 1 ,
- 1 , 2 , 0 - 1 ; P - 4 - 1 6; Q - 1 -
3; S - 2 - 5 , 7 - 1 0, 1 4 , 1 5 ; T - 1 - 3,6,7,9, 1 2 , 1 3 ; U
- 1 ; z - 1 , 3,4
Cz 1 . 4
A - 1 - 4 , 7 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 2 - 2 6 , 2 8 - 3 2 ,34 36,39,4 1 , 44; B - 4,6- 1 7 ; C - 2-8, 9 , 1 4 , 1 8 ,2 1 ,

22;
0 - 1 ,4,5;
3-4,6-8;
1 - 4;
E - 1 , 2,4-6; F - 1 - 4,8: G
H - 3 ,4 ; 1 - l - 5 ; J - 2 ; K - 1 ;
M - 1 , 3,5,8, 1 2 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P
4 - 1 6 , Q - 1 - 3 I- S - 1 - 5 I 7 - 1 0 I 1 4 I 1 5 T I
3,6,7,9, 1 2 - 1 4; u - 1 ; z - 1
1 68
1-
4 4 , B - 4, 6- 1 7 ; C - 2-5,9, 1 1 , 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 0 -
C z I I . Eastern Himamlayan Region
Cz 1 1 . 1
A - 1 ,3,4, 7 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9,22-26,28-36,
39-4 1 ;
8 - 1 ,4 , 6 - 1 7; c -
2 - 5 , 7 - 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 6, 1 8,
20-22; D - 1 , 2 , 4 ,5 , 6 ; E - 1 , 2 , 4-6;
F - 1 -4;
8; G - 6-8; H - 3, 4 ; I - 1 -3 , 5; J - 2 ; L
1 - 3; M
- 1 , 3,8,9, 1 2 - 1 4 ; N - 1 -2 ; 0 - 1 ; P
4 - 6 , 1 0 - 1 4 ; Q - 1 -3; R - 1 ; S - 1 - 5, 1 - 1 0, 1 5;
1; Z - 1
A - 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4, 1 6-26,28-36, 39-44;
C z 11.2
8 - 1 -4,6- 1 7 ; C - 2 - 9 , 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 6, 1 8 - 2 2 , D -
6 I 8I E - 1 -6 F - 1 - 8 G - 3 I 4 I 6 - 8 H I
3,4,
- 2 , 3 5; J - 1 ,2 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 1 -3 , 5 ,
9, 1 2 - 1 4;
N - 1 ,2; 0 - 1 ; P - 4 - 6 ,
1-
8,
1 0 - 1 4 , 1 6,
2 1 ; Q - 1 -2; S - 2 - 5 , 7 - 1 0 , 1 5,20; T - 1 - 3,
5-
7 1 1 , 1 3 I 1 4 ; u - 1 ; z. - 1
1
Cz
1 1 .3
- 1 ,3 , 4 , 7 , 8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 - 2 6 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 2 - 3 6 ,
3 9 - 4 4 ; 8 - 1 -4 , 6 - 1 7; c D - 1 -8;
2 - 9, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 6, 1 8- 2 2 ;
E - 1 -6; F - 1 -8
G - 3,4,6-8; H
3,4; I - 2,3,5; J - 1 , 2; L - l -4 ; M -
1 - 3,5,
8,9, 1 2 - 1 4 , N - 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 4 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6,2 1 ;
Q
- l -3 R - I
2 - 5 , 7 - 1 0 , 1 5,20; T -
5-7, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4; u - 1 ; z - 1
169
1 -3,
T - 1 -3, 5 - 7 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 ; U -
Cz 1 1 .4
A - 1 , 3-5,7,8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4 , 1 6- 2 6 , 2 8 - 4 4 ; 8 - 1 1 - 5,8;
4, 6 - 1 7 ; c - 2-9, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 6 , 1 8-20; 0 -
1 -6; F - 1 - 8; G - 3-4,6-8; H - 2 - 4 ; I
1 - 3,5; J - 1 ,2 , K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 1 -3 ,5,8,9,
1 2 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 2,4- 1 6,20,2 1 ; Q
1
- 3; R - 1 ; S - l - 5, 7 - 1 0 , 1 5,2 0; T
1 -3,5-
7,9 , 1 3, 1 4 ; u - 1 ; z - 1
Cz 1 1 . 5
A - 1 , 3,5,7,8, 1 0 - 1 4 , 1 6-26,28,29, 3 1 - 4 4 ; B - 1 -
6- 1 7; c - 1 -9 , 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 6, 1 8-20, 0
- 1 -6; F - 1 -8 ; G - 3,4,6-8; H - 2 - 4 ; I
1 -5; J - 1 , 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4; M 1 2 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0
l; z - 1
1 -3,5,8,9,
1 ; P - 2,4- 1 6,20,2 1 : Q
1 - 3; R - 1 ; S - 1 -5 , 7 - 1 0, 1 5,20; T 14; u
1 -8;
1 -9 , 1 2,
4,
1 70
Cz I l l . lower
Gangetic Plains
(West Bengal)
Cz 1 1 1 . 1
A -
1 ,3-5,7 ,8, 1 0- 1 4 , 1 8-20,22,24-26,28-33 36-
4 4 ; B - 1 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6; C - 1 -9, 1 1 - 1 3 , 1 5-20,
1 -4 , 7 ;
D -
E - 1 -6; F - 1 -8; G - 1 , 2 -4,6-8; H
3,4; I - 2-5; J - 1 ,2 ; K - 1 ; l - 1 -4 ; M - 2 ,
3,5,6,8,9, 1 1 - 1 4 ;
N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ; P -
1 ,2 , 4 T
1 6,20,2 1 ; Q - 1 - 3 ; R - 1 ; S - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 -20;
C z 1 1 1.2
1 -3,6,7,9, 1 1 - 1 4 ; z
A -
- 1 ,3 , 4 .
1 ,3-5,7,8, 1 0- 1 4, 1 8-20,22,24-26,28-33,36-
4 4 ; B - 1 - 1 0, 1 2- 1 6 ; C - 1 -9, 1 1 - 1 3 , 1 5-20,
1 -5,7;
E - 1 -6; F - 1 -8
D -
G - 1 , 2-4,6-8; H
1 , 3,4; I - 2 - 5 ; J - 1 , 2, K - 1 ; l - 1 - 4 ; M
2,315,6,8,9, 1 1 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 , 2 , 4 1 6,20,2 1 ;
- 1 - 3; R - 1 ; S -
1 - 1 3 , 1 5-20;
- 1 -3,5-7,9- 1 4 ; z - 1 , 3 , 4 .
Cz 1 1 1.3
A 44;
1 ,3-5, 7,8, 1 0- 1 4 , 1 8-20,22,24-26,28-33,36B
1 -5 , 7 ;
1 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ; C -
1 - 9 , 1 1 -20,
- 1 - 6; F - 1 - 8; G - 1 -4 , 6 - 8 ;
D
H
1 , 3,4; I - 2-5; J - 1 , 2; K - 1 ; l - 1 - 4; M
2,3,5,6,8,9, 1 1 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 ,2 , 4 1 6 ,20,2 1 ;
Q - 1 - 3; R - l ; S -
- 1 - 1 4 ; u - 1 ; z - 1 , 3,4
1 71
1 - 1 3 , 1 5-20;
Cz 1 1 1 . 4
A - 1 , 3-5,7,8, 1 0 - 1 4, 1 8-20,24-33,36-4 1 ; B - 1 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 6 ; C - 1 - 8 , 1 1 - 1 3 , 1 5-20; D - 1 - 5 , 7 ; E 1 -6;
F - 1 - 6 ; G - 1 , 2-4,6-8; H - 1 ,3,4; I
2-5
J - 1 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4; M -
9, 1 1 - 1 4; N - 1 ,2; 0 - 1 ; P -
2,3,5,6,8,
1 , 2 , 4 - 1 6,20,2 1 ;
Q - 1 - 3 ; R - 1 ; S - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5-20: T - 1 - 7 , 9 - 1 4;
z - 4.
1 72
Cz IV.
Cz
IV.l
Middle Gangetic p l a i n s .
- 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8,20,22,24-26,28-33,36-
4 2 , 4 4 ; B - 1 -4 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6; C - 2 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 D
20;
- 1 - 5 , 7 ; E - 1 -5 ; F - 1 -3,5- 7 ,9;
3,4,6-9; H - 1 -4 ; I - 2,3,5; J - 1
K -
G
1;
L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,3,5,6,8,9, 1 1 - 1 4 , N - 1 ,2 ;
1;
- 1 ,2 , 7 - 9 , 1 2 - 1 6,20,2 1
R -1; S
1-
1 5 ,20; T - 1 -4,6,7,9- 1 2 , 1 4 Z - 1 ,3 , 4 .
IV.2
1 , 3,4, 7 , 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8-20,2 1 , 2 4 -26,28-30,32,
33,36-44; 8 - 1 -4 , 6 - 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 7 ; c - 2 - 1 3 , 1 5-20;
D - 1 - 8; E - 1 -3,5; F - 1 - 7,9
G - 3,4,6-9;
- 1 -4 ; 1 - 2 - 5 ; J - 1 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M
2,3,5,6,8,9, 1 1 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 , 0 - 1 ; P - 1 , 2 , 5 9 , 1 2 - 1 6,20,
21;
R - 1 ; S 1 - 1 5,20;
4 ,6 , 7 , 9 - 1 2 , 1 4 ; z - 1 , 3,4 .
1 73
1-
Cz
Cz
V.
Upper Gangetic Plains

(Uttar Pradesh)
Cz
V.l
A - 1 - 5 , 7 , 1 0- 1 5, 1 8,20-22,24-33,36-4 1 , 4 4 ; B
6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 5, 1 7 ; C - 2 - 1 6 , 1 8 - 2 0 ; D
1 -4 ,
1-
4 , 6 - 7 ; E - 2 - 5 ; F - 1 - 3 , 5 - 7 9; G - 3 , 4 , 6 - 9 ; H
- 2 - 4 ; 1 - 1 -5 ; J - 1 , 2 ; K - l ; L - 1 - 4 ; M
2,3,5,8- 1 4 ;
N - 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3,
5 , 7 -9,
1 2 - 1 6, 1 9 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 1 - 1 7 , 20; T
- 1 -3,6,
Cz
V.2
A - 1 -5 , 7 1 0 - 1 5, 1 8,20-22,24-33,36-44; 8 - 1 -4 ,
6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 5 . 1 7 ;
C - 2 - 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8-20 D -
1-
5,7,8; E - 2 - 5 ; F - 1 - 3,5,7,9; G - 3 , 4 , 6 - 9 ;
- 1 - 4 ; I - 1 - 5 , J - 1 , 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M
2,3,5,8- 1 4 , N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3 , 5 , 7 - 9 , 1 2 1 6, 1 9 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 1 - 1 7 20, T -
1 - 3 , 6 , 7 ,9-
1 2, 1 4; z - 1 ,3,4.
Cz
V.3
A - 1 - 5 , 7 , 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8,20-22 2 4 - 2 6 28-33,36-44;
B - 1 , 3,4,6- 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 5 , 1 7 ; C - 2 - 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8-20;
D
1 - 5,7,8; E - 2-5; F - l - 3, 5 - 7 ,9;
3,4,6-9; H - l - 4; I - l -5 ; J - 1 , 2 ; L M
2,3,5,8- 1 4 ;
3,5,7,9, 1 2 - 1 6 , 1 9- 2 1 ; R
- l ,2; 0
1 - 4,6,9- 1 2 , 1 4 ; z - 1 , 3,4.
1 74
-1;
1 -4 ;
P
1 ; S - 1 - 1 5,20; T
l-
7,9- 1 2 , 1 4 ; z - 1 ,3 , 4 .
Cz
Cz
Vl.l
VI.
Trans Gangetic Plains
A - 1 -5 , 7 ,8, 1 0- 1 5, 1 8,20,22,24-27,29-32,36-42,
4 4 ; B - 1 - 4,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 5 , 1 7 ; C - 2 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8,
20; D - 1 -8 ; E - 1 - 5; F - 1 - 3, 5-7,9; G -
3-
4,6-9; H - 1 - 4 ; I - 1 , 3,4; J - 2 , K - 1 ; L
1 -4 ,
- 2,5,8- 1 4; N - 1 , 2; 0 - 1 ; P
1 6, 1 8-2 1 ;
1 ; S - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 ,20;
1-
1-
3,6,7,9, 1 1 , 1 4; u - 1 ; z - 1 ,3, 4.
Vl.2
A - 1 - 5,7,8, 1 0- 1 5, 1 8,20,22,24-26,29-32,36-4 2 ,
4 4 ; B - 1 - 4 , 6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 5, 1 7 ; C
20;
-2 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8,
1 - 6,8; E - 1 -5; F - 1 - 3,5-9; G -
3-
4 , 6 - 9; H - 1 - 4; I - 1 - 3,5; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L
1 -4 ; M - 2,3,5, 8 - 1 4 ; N -
1 ,2; 0 - 1 ; P -
1-
3,7,9 , 1 2 , 1 5- 1 7, 1 9 ; R - 1 ; S - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 ,20;
- 1 -3 ,6,7,9 - 1 2 , 1 4; u - 1 ; z - 1 - 4 .
Cz
VI.J -
A - 1 - 5,7,8, 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8,20,22,24,26,29-32,3 6 - 4 2 ,
44;
1 , 3,4,6 - 1 0, 1 3 - 1 4, 1 7;
1 3 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 8,20; D - 2-8; E - 3,5; F -
21 - 3,5-
7,9; G - 3,4,6-9; H - 1 - 4; I - 1 - 5; J - 2; K 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2,5,8- 1 4 , N - 1 ,2 , 0 - 1 ; P

1 - 3,7-9, 1 2 , 1 5 - 1 7 , 1 9-2 1 ; R - 1 ; S T - 1 -4, 6,9- 1 1 , 1 4 ; U - 1 ; Z - 1 - 4 .
1 75
1 - 1 3,20;
Cz
Cz
Vll.l -
VII.
Ea ste rn Pla te au a
n d Hi lls .
A . 1 , 3,4 ,6, 7, 1 0. 1 5,
1 8.2 2,2
- 1 ,3, 4,6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6; c
-
5,2 7,2 9.3 2,3 6.4 4; B
2 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8-2 0;
D 2- 8; E - 2- 5; F
- 1 7 , 9 ; G - 3, 4, 6,
8, 9; H 1 3, 5;
I - 1 5; J
5,9 . 1 4 ;
2; K
1 ; L - 1 4; M
N - 1 , 2; 0 1 ; P -
2-
1 -3 ,5, 7-9 ; 1 2 , 1 3 ,
1 5 , 1 6, 1 9 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S
5 - 1 8,2 0; T - 1 - 7,9
. 1 2;
1 4 ; z - 1 . 4.
Cz
Vll.2 -
A -
1 ,3, 4,7 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 1 5 , 1 822 ,25 ,27 ,29
4 4 ; B . 1 - 4, 6- 1 0, 1 2
- 1 6; C
20; D - 2- 8;
2 - 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8 -
E - 1 5; F - 1 - 7,9
; G 3, 4, 6, 8,
9; H - 1 3, 5; I - 1 5
; J 2; K - 1 ; L M
-32 ,36 -
- 2,3 ,5,9 . 1 4 ; N . 1 , 2 ;
0 - 1; P .
9; 1 2, 1 3 , 1 5, 1 6,2 0,2 1
1 -4 ;
1 3,5 ,7,
R - 1 ; S - 5 - 1 8,2 0;
T
1 - 7,9 , 1 1 , 1 4; z . 1 -4
.
Cz
Vl1.3
44 ;
- 1 ,3 5 , 7 , 1 0- 1 5, 1 820 ,22 ,25 ,27 , 29 -32 ,

36 B
1 8-2 0;
1 -4 ,6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6 ; C
D
3,4 ,6, 8,9 ; H
2- 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6,
2-8 ; E - 1 -5; F
1 - 7,9 ;
1 -3, 5; I - 1 - 5; J - 2 ;
K .
L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,3
,5 ,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ;
5,6 ,9,
1 3 - 1 6 , 1 8, 20 ; T - 1
-7, 9- 1 2 , 1 4; Z - 1 4
.
1 76
1;
0 - 1; P
1 , 2,5 ,7- 9; 1 2 - 1 5 , 1 6 ,20

,2 1 ; R - 1 ; S -
--
Cz
Cz Vll.4 -
A - 1 1 3-5,71 1 0- 1.5 1 1 8-20,22125127, 2 9 - 3 2 ,
44;
8 - 1 - 416- 1 01 1 2 - 1 6; c
1 8-20;
2-8; E - 1 - 5; F -
36-
2 - 1 1 1 1 31 1 51 1 61
G
1 - 7,9;
3 1 4 1 61819; H - 1 -315; I - 1 - 5; J - 2; K L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,315191 1 1 - 1 4 ; N - 1 1 2 ;
1;
0 - 1; P
- 1 - 3,5,7-9; 1 21 1 51 1 612012 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 516,91 61 1 8-20; T - 1 - 7 9 - 1 2 1 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4 .
VII.S
A - 1 13 - 5 1 7 1 1 0- 1 5, 1 8-20122125-2 7 1 2 9 - 3 2 1
44 ;
B - 1 - 4 I6 - 1 0 I 1 2 - 1 6 i c
1 8-20;
2-8; E - 1 - 5; F -
36-
2 - 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 1.1 6 I
I
1 - 719;
31416,8,9; H - 2-5; I - 1 - 315; J - 2; K -
1;
L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,3,5,9, 1 0 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ;
0 - 1; P
5,61 1 3-
1 , 3,7,9; 1 2 , 1 5, 1 6,20,2 1 ; R - 1 ; S -
1 5 , 1 8-20; T - 1 - 7,9- 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 - 4 .
1 77
Cz
VIII.
Cz
Cz V l l l . l
Centra' Plateau a n d H i l l s .
A - 1 - 4,7 , 1 0 - 1 5, 1 8,2 0,2

2,2
- 1 - 4,6 - 1 0, 1 3 - 1 7 ; C -
4-2 7, 29- 32,
36-44;
2 - 9, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5, 1 6, 1 8 -
2 0 D - 2-8 ; E - 2-5 ; F 1 - 7,9 ; G -3, 5,9 ;
- 1 -3 , 5; I - 1 - 5; J - 2 ; K
- 1 ; L - 1 -4; M
2 , 3 , 5 9 - 1 4; N - 1 , 2, 0
- 1 ; P - 1 -3,5 ,7- 9, 1 4 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ;
-1;
S - 5,6 ,8- 1 3,2 0;
1-
3,6 ,9, 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4 ; z - 1 - 4.
A - 1 -4, 7, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4,
1 8 20 ,22 ,24 ,25 ,27 ,29 -44
20;
1 - , 6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 , C -
2 - 9, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8 -
D - 2-8 ; E -2- 5; F - 1 - 7
,9
1 -3,5 ;
G - 3-9 ; H
I - 1 - 5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L 1 - 4;
2,3 ,5,9 - 1 4f N - 1 , 2 ; 0 1 ; P - 1 -3 , 5 , 7-9 , 1 4 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ;
-1; S
3,6 ,9, 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4 ;
Cz V l l 1 . 3 -
z -
- 5,6 ,8- 1 3,2 0;
1-
1 ,3,4.
1 , 3,4 ,8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 8 , 2
0,22,25,27,29-
32,36-44;
B - 2-4 ,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6 , C
1 5, 1 6, 1 8 -20
2- 1 1 , 1 3,
D -2- 8; E - 1 , 3 - 5 ; F
- 1 ,7,9; G -
3 - 6 8,9 ; H - 1 - 3,5 ; I - 1
-5; J - 2; K - 1 ;
- 1 - 4 ; M - 2,3 ,5,9 - 1 1
N - 1 , 2, 0 - 1 ; P 1-
3 ,5 ,7, 9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9- 2 1 ; R 1
4 , 6 , 7 , 9, 1 1 , 1 4 ; z - 1 , 3 , 4 .
1 78
S - 5 - 1 5,2 0; T - 1 -
Cz V I J 1 . 2 -
Cz V l l l .4 -
- 1 ,3,4,8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 8,20,22,25,27,29-
32,36-44; B - 1 -4 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4 - 1 7 ; C - 2- 1 1 , 1 3,
1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8-20; 0 - 2 - 8 ; E - 1 , 3-5, F - 1 , 7,9 G
- 3-6,8,9; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 1 - 5; J - 2 ; K L - 1 - 4; M - 2,3,5,9- 1 4; N - 1 ,2 ;
1;
0 - 1; P
1 -3,5,7,9, 1 4 , 1 6, 1 9- 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5 - 1 3,20; T
- 1 - 4,6,7,9, 1 1 , 1 4 ; z - 1 ,3 , 4 .
Cz VIII. 5 -
44;
B - 1 -4,6- 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4- 1 7;
1 1 , 1 3, 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8-20; 0 - 2 -8; E - 1 -5; F

G
2-
- 1 -7,9;
- 3-6,8,9; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 1 - 5; J - 2; K
1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2-5,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2; 0 - 1 ; P 1 -3,5,7,9, 1 6, 1 9-2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5 , 6 , 8 - 1 3,20; T 1 - 3,6,9, 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4 ; z - 1 , 3,4.
Cz V l l l .6 -
1 , 3,4,8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4 , 1 8,20,22,25,27,29-
32,36-44;
1 ,3,4,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ;
2-
1 1 , 1 3, 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 -20; 0 -2-8; E - 1 - 5; F - 1 - 7 , 9 ;
G - 3-6,8,9; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 1 - 3,5; J - 2 K -
0 -
1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2, 3,5,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2
P
- 1 - 3,7,9, 1 4- 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S
1;
5,6,8-
1 3,20; T - 1 - 3,6,9, 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 ,3 , 4 .
Cz Vl l 1 . 7 -
A - 1 ,3,4,8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4 , 1 8,20,22,25,27,29,32,
36-44; B - 1 ,3 , 4 , 6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ; C -
1 79
2- 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 ,
32,36-
1 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4, 1 8,20,22,25,27,29-
1 6I 1 8- 2 0I D - 2 - 8 E - 1
- 5 I F - 1 - 7 I 9 G I
I
8;
H - 1 -5 ; I - 1 - 5; J
- 2; K - 1 ; L -
3-6 I
1 ,4 ;
M - 2,3 ,5, 9 - 1 4 ; N 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 -3 , 5
,79, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9,2 0; R - 1 ;
S - 5,6 , 8 - 1 3,2 0; T
-
- 3,6 ,9, 1 0, 1 2, 1 4; z
- 1 ,3 , 4 .
Cz VIII.S
A - 1 - 4,7 ,8 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1
3- 1 5, 1 8, 20 ,22 ,25
4 4 ; B - 1 , 3,4 ,6 - 1 0,
1 2 - 1 7; C -
,29 ,32 ,3 6-
2 - 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5, 1 6,
1 8 -2 0; D -2 -8 ; E - 1 5; F - 1 -7 ,9 ; G -
I - 1 -5 ;
J - 2; K - 1 ; L -
- 2 , 5 , 9- 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ;
0 - 1; P -
1 ,4 ;
1 -3,5,7-
9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9- 2 1 ; R 1 ; S - 5,6 ,8 - 1 3 , 1 8,2
0; T 1 -4, 6,7 ,9, 1 2, 1 4; z 1 -4 .
Cz Vll1.9
A - 1 - 5,8 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1
3 - 1 5, 20 ,22 ,25 ,29
44;
1 ,3, 6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 6 , 1
7;
,3 0, 32 ,
36 -
1-11,
1 3, 1 5, 1 6, 1 8-2 0; D 2 - 7; E - 1 - 5; F 1 - 7,9 ;
G - 3-6 ,8; H - 1
- 3,5 ; I - l -5; J - 2 ;
K L
- 1 -4 ; M - 2, 5, 91 4; N - 1 ,2; 0 l; P
1 -3 ,5, 7,9 , 1 5 ,
1 6, 1 9-2 1 ;
R - 1; S
1 3, 1 8,2 0; T - 1 -4 ,6
,7, 9, 1 0- 1 2, 1 4 ;
Cz Vl l l . l 0
l;
5,6 ,8-
Z - 2,3 ,4.
1 -5 ,8 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3- 1 5
, 20 ,2 2, 25 ,2
4 4 ; 8 - 2, 3, 6 - 1 0, 1
2 - 1 4, 1 6,
9, 30 ,3 2, 36 -
1 7; c - 2 - 1 0, 1 3 , 1
5,
1 6 , 1 8- 2 0I D - 2 - 7 E
- 1 - 5 I F - 1 - 7 9 G
I
- 3I
I
180
H - 1 - 3,5 ;
3- 6, 8;
6,8; H - 1 -3 . : I - 1 -5; J - 2 : K - 1 ; L - 1 M
4;
2,5. 9- 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2; 0 - 1 ;
1-
3,5,7,9, 1 5, 1 6, 1 9- 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5,6,8- 1 3,20;

T - 1 -4,6,7,9 - 1 2, 1 4 ; Z - 1 ,3,4.
Cz Vlll . l l
A - 1 -5,7,8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3- 1 5, 1 8,20,22,25,29,30,32,
-38,40-44; B - 1 ,3,6- 1 0. 1 2 - 1 4, 1 6, 1 7; C
36
2 ,4 , 6 - 1 0 I 1 5 I 1 8-20I D - 2 - 7I E - 1 -5 I F -
1-
7,9; G - 3-6,8; H - 1 -3,5; I - 1 - 5 ; J - 2 ;
1;
- 1 ,2,5,7,9, 1 4- 1 6, 1 9-2 1 ; R - 1 ;
5,6,8- 1 3 ,20; T - 1 -4,6, 9 - 1 2, 1 4; Z - 2,3,4.
Cz Vl l l . 1 2
32,
1 -5,8, 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3- 1 5 , 1 8,20,22,25,27,29,30,
B -
36-44;
1 - 3,6- 1 0, 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 ;
2,4,6-8, 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 8,20; D - 2,3,5-7; . E - 1 - 5; F

1 -7,9; G - 3-6,8; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 3,5; J
2;
1 , 2;
- 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,3,5,9- 1 2 , 1 4 ;
0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3, 5,7,9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9-20; R
1 ; S - 5 - 1 3,20; T - 1 -4 , 6,9, 1 1 , 1 4 ; Z -
Cz V l l l . 1 3
32,36-44;
1 -4 .
1 -5,7, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5, 1 8,20,22,25,29,30,
B
1 -3,6- 1 0, 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6, 1 7 ;
2,4,6-8, 1 3, 1 8,20; D - 2,3,5-7; E - l -5; F
l -7; G - 3-6, 8; H - 1 -3,5; I - 3,5; J - 2 ; K

- 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,9, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0
181
1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2,5,9, 1 1 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ; 0
1 ; P - 1 -3 , 7 , 9 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 9 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5 , 6 , 8 1 3,20; T - 1 -4 , 6 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4 .
Cz V l l l . 1 4 -
1 -5 , 7 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5,20,22,25,29,30,32,36-
38, 4 1 ,44; 8 - 1 ,3 , 6 - 1 0, 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6; c -
2,4,6-
8, 1 3, 1 8 ,20; D - 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 ; E - 1 -5 ; F - 1 - 7 ; G
- 3 - 6 , 8 ; H - 1 -3 , 5 ; I - 3,5; J
2; K - 1 ; L
- 1 -4 ; M - 2,5,8 , 1 0- 1 2 , 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2; 0 - 1 ;
-
1 -3,7,9,
T
182
1 -4 , 6 ,
9,
1 1 , 1 4;
5,6,8-
1 -4 .
1 3 ,20;
1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S
Cz
C z IX. 1 -
IX
Western Plateau an d H ills .
- 1 -3,7 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 8-20,22,25,27,29-32,
36-44, 8 . 1 - 4,6- 1 0, 1 2- 1 7 ; c . 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8 20; D - 2- 8; E - 1 -5; F - 1 - 7,9; G H - 1 -3,5;
I - 1 - 5;
- 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4;
M - 2-6,9 - 1 4; N - 1 , 2; 0 - 1 ; P 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9 -2 1 ;
1 , 3-9;
1 -3,5,7-9,
R - 1 ; S - 5 - 1 5 , 1 8,20; T
1-
4,6,7,9, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 4 ; z - 1 - 4.
A - 1 -3,7 , 1 0- 1 5, 1 8-22,25,27,29-44, 8 -
1 -4,6 - 1 0,
1 2 - 1 7; C - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 8-20; D - 2-8; E 5; F - 1 -7,9; G - 3-8; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 1 - 5;
1J
- 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4; M - 2-5,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2; 0
- 1 ; P - 1 - 3,5,7,9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5 20; T - 1 -4,6,7,9- 1 2 , 1 4; Z - 1 - 4 .
Cz IX. 3
A - 1 -5,7, 1 0- 1 5, 1 8-20,22,25,2 7, 2 9 - 3 2 , 3 6 - 4 4 ,
8 - 1 -4,6- 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 7 ; C - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 -20; D -
2-8; E - 1 -5; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-9; H -
1 - 3,5;
I - 1 -5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4; M - 2- 6,9 - 1 4 ;
N - 1 ,2; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9-2 1 ;

- 1 ; S - 5 - 1 7 , 20; T - 1 -4,6,7,9 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 ;
-
1 -4.
1 83
R
Z
Cz I X . 2 -
Cz
IX.
- 1 - 3 , 7 , 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8-22,25,27,29-32,36-44, B
2-4,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ; C - 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8-20; D 8 , E - 1 - 5 ; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-9; H - 2 5 ; I

-
2-
1 - 5; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2,5, 9 - 1 4 ; N 1 , 2; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3,5,7,9, 1 4 , 1 6, 1 9 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ;
S - 5,6,8- 1 7 , 20; T - 1 - 4,6,7,9- 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z 1 -4 .
184
Cz X.
Southern
Cz X. 1 -
Plateau
a n d Hills Region.
- 1 -3,6-8, 1 0 - 1 5, 1 9 - 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 -33,36-44, B
1 - 4,6- 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 7 ; C - 1 - 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5-20; D - 2 E
8;
- 1 -5; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-9; H - 1 -3,5; I
1 ,3 - 5 ; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2-5,9- 1 4 ; N
- 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 -3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9- 2 1 ; R
1 ; S - 5,6,9-20; T - 1 - 7 ,9, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 4; Z - 1 -4 .
A - 1 - 3,6-8, 1 0- 1 5, 1 9-22,25-44, B - 1 - 4,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ;

C - 1 - 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5, 1 6 , 1 8-20; D - 2-8; E - 1 -5;
- 1 - 7 ,9 ; G - 3-9; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 3-5; J -
2;
K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2-5,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ;
P - 1 - 3 , 5 , 7 - 9, 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S -
5,6,9-
2 0 ; T - 1 - 7,9 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4; Z - 1 -4 .
Cz X. 3 -
- 1 - 3,6,8, 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8 - 2 2 , 2 5 - 3 2 , 3 6 - 4 4 , B -
1 -
4 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ; C - 1 - 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8-20; D - 2 E - 1 - 5; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-6,8,9; H
8;
3,5;
I - 3-5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - l - 4; M -
5 , 9- 1 4 ;
1 ,2 0 - 1 ; P
1 6, 1 9 -2 1 ;
6,9, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 ;
Cz X. 4 - A -
l, S - 5,
1-
2-
1 -3 , 5 , 7 - 9 , 1 4 -
6,9-20;
T -
1-
z - 1 -4 .
1 - 3 , 6- 1 5 , 1 8 - 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 - 3 3 , 3 6 - 4 4 , B -
l - --i ,6 - 1 0 ,
1 2 - 1 7 ; C - l - 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5 , 1 6, 1 8-20; D - 2-8; E
135
Cz X . 2 -
l -5;
F - l - 7,9;
G - 3-6,8,9; H - 2,3,5; I
1 ,3-5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - l - 4; M - 2 - 5 , 9 - 1 4; N
- 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; IP - 1 -3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9- 2 1 ; R
1 ; S - 5, 6,9-20; T - 1 -6,9, 1 1 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 - 4 .
Cz X. 5 -
A - 1 -3 , 6 - 1 5 , 1 8-22,25,2 7,28,30-32,36-40, B
1 -4,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6; C - 1 - 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 8-20; D
2-8;
1 - 5 ; F - 1 - 7 , 9 ; G - 3-6,8,9;
5,9- 1 4;
- 1 , 2; 0 - 1 ; P
1 6, 1 9 - 2 1 ; R -
Cz
X. 6
1;
1 -3,5,7,9, 1 4 -
S - 5-20; T - 1 - 6 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 4 ; Z
1 -4 .
- 1 -3,6-8, 1 0- 1 5 , 1 9-22,25,27-33,36-44, B
1 - 4,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ; C - 1 - 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8-20; D
2-8; E - 1 - 5 ; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-6,8,9; H 3,5;
I - 1 - 5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M -
5,9- 1 4 ;
- 1 , 2 ,. 0 - 1 ; P
12-
1 -3,5,7,9, 1 4 -
1 6 , 1 9 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5-20; T - 1 - 7 , 9, 1 1 , 1 4 ; Z
- 1 -4 .
186
2,3,5; I - 3-5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2 -
Cz
C z XI. 1 -
XI.
East Coast Plains a n d Hills Region.
A - 1 - 3,6-8, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4 , 1 8 , 1 9-22,25-32,36-44,
8 - 1 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 6 ; C - 1 - 20; 0 - 1 - 8; E - 1 -5; F
- 1 -7,9; G - 1 - 6,8,9; H - 1 - 3,5; I
3-5; J -
2;
K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2-6,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ; 0
1;
- 1 -3,5,7-9, 1 4, 1 6, 1 9-2 1 ; R -
1;
5,6,8-20; T - 1 -3 , 5 - 1 2, 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4 .
- 1 , 3,6-8, 1 0- 1 5, 1 8-22,25-32,36-44, 8 -
1-
1 0 , 1 2- 1 7; C - 2-20; 0 - 1 - 8; E - 1 - 5; F . - 1 -
G - 1 - 6,8,9; H - 1 -3,5; I - 1 , 3-5; J
7,9;
2;
K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2-6,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ; 0
1;
- 1 - 3,5,7-9, 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 9- 2 1 ; R -
1;
5,6,8-20; T - 1 - 3,5- 1 2, 1 4 ; Z - 1 - 4 .
Cz X I . 3 -
- 1 - 3,6-8, 1 0- 1 5 , 1 8-22,25-32,36-44, 8 -
1 0, 1 2 - 1 7 ;
7,9;
C - 1 - 20; D - 1 -8; E - 1 - 5; F
G - 1 - 6,8,9; H - 1 -3,5; I - 1 ,3-5; J
1-
-1-
2; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2-6,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2: 0 1 ; P - 1 - 3,7-9 , 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5,6,820; T - 1 - 3, 5- 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4 .
Cz X I . 4 -
- 1 -3,6- 1 5, 1 8 - 2 2 ,25,27-32, 3 6 -4 4 , 8
1 2 - 1 7;
C - 1 -20; 0 - 1 - 8; E - 1 , 3-5; F -
7,9; G - 1 - 6,8,9; H - 1 -3,5; I - 3-5; J -
1 87
- 1 - 1 0,
12;
Cz X I . 2 -
K - 1 ; l - 1 - 4 ; M - 2 - 6 ,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ;
P - 1 - 3 , 7 - 9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5,6,8-20;
T - 1 -3,5- 1 2 , 1 4; Z - 1 -4 .
Cz X I . 5 -
A - 1 - 3 ,6 - 1 5, 1 8 - 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 2 , 3 6 - 4 4 , 8 - 1 - 1 0,
1 2,
1 4 - 1 7 ; C - 1 -20; D - 1 - 8; E - 1 -5 ; F - 1 -7 , 9 ;
G - 1 -6,8,9; H . 1 - 3 , 5 ; I - 1 ,3- 5; J - 2 ; K 1 ; l - 1 - 4 ; M - 2-6,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ; P 1 - 3,7-9, 1 4 - 1 6, 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5-20; T
-1-
Cz X I . 6 -
- 1 - 3 , 6 - 1 5 , 1 8-22,25,2 7 - 3 2 3 6 - 4 4 , 8
- 1 - 1 0,
1 2 - 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 ; C - 1 - 20; D - 1 - 8; E - l -5; F
1 - 7,9;
G - 1 - 6,8,9; H - 1 - 3,5; I - 3 - 5 ; J
2 ; K - 1 ; l - 1 -4 ; M - 2 - 6 , 9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 1 ; P - 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S T - 1 -3 ,5 - 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4 .
1 88
5-20;
3,5-9, 1 1 , 1 4 ; z - 1 - 4 .
Cz
Cz X I I . 1
XII.
West Coast Plains an d Ghat Region.
A - 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 - 8 , 1 0 - 1 5 , 1 8-22,25,27-33,36-44, B 1 - 1 0, 1 2- 1 7 ;
1 - 7,9;
C - 1 -20; D - 1 -8; E - 1 -5 ; F
G - 1 -6,8; H - 2,3,5; I - 1 ,3-5; J
2; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4; M - 2-6,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 1 ; P - 1 - 3,5, 7 - 9 , 1 4 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S -
5-15,17-
20; T - 1 -4, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4; Z - 1 - 4 .
- 1 ,3,4,6- 1 5, 1 8-22,25,27-33,36-44, B -
1-
1 0, 1 2- 1 7; C - 1 - 20; D - 1 -8; E - 1 -3,5; F

1 - 7,9;
G - 1 - 6,8; H - 2,3,5; I - 1 , 3-5; J
2;
K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2-6,9- 1 4 ; N - 1 ; 0
1;
- 1 -3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S
5,6,8-
1 3, 1 5-20; T - 1 - 1 1 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 - 4 .
Cz XII. 3
A - 1 ,3,4,6-8,1 0- 1 5, 1 8 - 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 - 3 3 , 3 6 - 4 4 , B 1 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 7;
C - 1 - 20; D - 1 - 8; E - 1 -5 ; F
1 - 7,9; G - 1 - 6,8; H - 1 -3,5; I - l - 5 ; J -
2;
K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ; M - 2-6,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ;
P - 1 -3,5, 7 - 9, 1 4 -2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5,8-20; T
1 - 1 1 , 1 4; z - 1 -4 .
Cz X I I . 4
- 1 ,3,4,6- 1 5, 1 8- 22,25,2 7-33,36-44, B -
1 0, 1 2 - 1 7; C - 1 - 20; D - 1 -8 ; E - 1 - 5 ; F - 1 7,9; G - 1 - 6,8; H - 2,3,5; I - 1 -5; J - 2 ;
1 89
1-
Cz X I I . 2
- l ; L - l -4 ; M - 2-6,9- 1 4; N - 1 , 2 ; 0 - 1 ; P
- 1 -3 , 5 , 7 - 9, 1 4 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5-20; T -
1 -9 ,
1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 ; z - 1 -4 .
190
'\ 88
'I
Cz
Cz X l l l . l -
XIII.
Gujarat Plains and Hill Region.
A -
1 -6 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5, 1 8,20,22,25,27,29-32,36-
4, B - 1 -4 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 7; C - 2-20 ; D - 2 -8 ;
E
- 1 -5; F - 1 - 7 ,9; G - 3-9; H - 1 -3 , 5 ; I
1 ,3-5; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L - l - 4; M -
2,3,5,6,9-
1 4 ; N - 1 ; 0 - 1 , P - 1 - 3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 2 1 ; R - 1 ;
S - 5,6 8- 1 4 , 1 7 - 2 0 , T - 1 -4,6 - 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4.
A -
1 - 6, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5, 1 8,20,2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 2 9 - 3 2 , 3 6 -
4 4 , B - 1 -4 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 7; C - 2 - 1 8; D - 2 - 8 ;
E - 1 - 5 ; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-5,9; H - 1 -3,5; I 1 , 3- 5 ; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4; M 1 4; N - 1 ; 0
S
1; p
2,3,5,6,9-
1 - 3 , 5 I 7 - 9 I 1 4-2 1 ; R - 1 ;
- 5 , 6 . 8- 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7,20; T - 1 -4 , 6- 1 2 , 1 4; Z
1 -4.
C z X l l l .3
A -
1 - 6, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 8,20,22,25,27,29-32,36-
4 4 , B - 2-4,6- 1 0 , 1 2- 1 4 , 1 7 ; C - 2-20 ; D - 2-8;

E
2,3,5;
1,
3-6,8,9; F - 1 - 7,9; G -
3-9;
I - 3 - 5 ; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 -4 ;
H
M
2,3,5,6,9 - 1 4 ; N - 1 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 -3,5,7-9, 1 42 1 ; R - 1 ; S - 5,6. 8 - 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7,20 ; T 1 2, 1 4 ; Z - 1 -4 .
191
1 -4 , 6 -
'Cz X l l l . 2 -
Cz X l l 1 .4 -
A -
1 - 6 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5,20, 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 2 9 - 3 2 , 3 6 - 4 4 ,
- 1 , 6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 7 ; C - 2 - 2 0 ; D - 2 - 8 ; E
1 - 5 ; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 3-9; H - 1 -3,5; I -
1 ,3 -
5 ; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M - 2,3,5,6,9 - 1 4 ; N
- 1 I2I 0 - 1 I P - 1 -3 I 5 I 7 -9 I 1 4 -2 1 I R - 1 I S 5,6,9- 1 3 , 1 5 - 1 7,20;
T - 1 - 4,6,8, 1 2 , 1 4 ;
1 -4.
Cz X I I I . S -
1 - 6 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5, 1 8,20, 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 2 9 - 3 2 ,36-
A -
1 -5,
F - 1 - 7 ,9; G - 3-9; H - 1 , 3,5;
1 ,3 - 5 ; J - 2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M -
2,3,5,6,9-
1 4; N - 1 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 -3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 2 1 ; R -
1;
S - 5,6,9 - 1 3, 1 5 - 1 7 , 20; T - 1 -4 , 6 , 8 - 1 2 , 1 4 ;
- 1 -4 .
Cz X l l l . 6 -
A -
1 -6 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 8,20, 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 - 3 2 , 3 6 - 4 4 ,
B - 1 -3 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 7 ; C - 2 - 2 0 ; D - 2 - 8; E 1 -5;
- 1 - 7,9, G - 3 - 5 , 9 ; H - 1 - 3,5;
1 , 3-5; J - 2; K - 1 ; L - 1 - 4 ; M -
2,3,5,6,9-
1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3 , 5 , 7 - 9 , 1 4 -2 1 ; R
1;
S - 5,6,9- 1 3, 1 5-20; T - 1 - 4 , 6 - 1 2 , 1 4 ; Z
1 -4.
Cz X 1 1 1 . 7 -
A
44,
1 , 3 - 7 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 8,20 , 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 - 3 2 , 3 6 B - 1 , 2 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 6, 1 7 ; C - 2 - 2 0 ; D
192
44, B - 1 , 6 - 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 7; C - 2-20; D - 2-8; E
2-8; E - l - 5; F - l - 7,9; G - 3-9; H - 1 - 3;

- 3-5; J - 2; K - 1 ; l - l - 4 ; -
2,3,5,6,9-
1 4 ; N - 1 ,2 ; 0 - 1 ; P - l - 3,5,7-9, 1 4 - 2 1 ; R
1 ; S - 5,6,9- 1 3, 1 5 - 1 7,20; T - l -4 , 6 - 1 2, 1 4; Z
- 1 -4 .
Cz
Cz
XIV. -
XIV.
Western Dry Region
A
4 1 ,44; 8
D
2,5,8; E - 2 - 5 ; F - 1 -7,9; G - 3,4,9 ; H -
2-5; I
1;
- 1 - 3,6- 1 0, 1 2 - 1 4 , 1 7 ; c - 2- 5, 1 3, 1 8;
3,5; L - 3,4; M - 2,5, 1 4 ; N - 1 I 0 2 , 7 , 9, 1 5 -2 1 ; R - 1 ;
6,8, 1 0 -
1 2 , 1 5,20; T - 1 - 4,6,9, 1 4; Z - 1 - 4 .
n"
Cz
XV.
The island Region.
(Andaman, Nicobar And Lakshadwee)
Cz XV.
A -
1 -3 , 5 - 7 , 9- 1 3, 1 8-20,22,24,25,27,30-32,37-
44, B - 1 - 1 0, 1 2- 1 7; C - 1 - 20; D - 1 -8; E - 1 6; F - 1 - 7,9; G - 1 - 9; H - 1 -3,5; I - 1 -5;
1; R - 1, S
1 , 2; 0 - 1 ; P - 1 - 3,5- 9 , 1 2 , 1 5-2
-14;
2 ; K - 1 ; L - 1 ,4 ; M - 1 -3,5 ,6,8
- 1 -4 .
1 ,5,6 ,8, 1 5 - 1 8,2 0; T - 1 - 1 4 Z
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informatton.

PROBES-75 Guidelines For Developing Greenbelts

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Programme Objective Series :

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GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING

Programme Objectave Series :

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

ENVIS Centre, CPCB (www.cpcbenvis.nic.in)

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT

Central Pollution Control Board

of Envtronment & Forests

such as conservation of bio-diversity. retention of soil moisrure. recharge of groundwater

Yet another important role of vegetal cover. which is

not well recogm sed . relates to comamment of pollution

Bes1des actmg as a carbon smk.

Ra.ISlng of green belts with right t}-pc!S of species can serve

other important considerations in optimisation of green belL development tnclude

from the source of pollution and dispersion of pollutants under different

are sunable tor

The report provides a

mathematical model co optimise the. spccilicauons of a green

The report a l so contains

under specitk bio-climatic regimes

I am thankful to Prof. S. B Chapekar. Umversiry of Pune. Shn R K. Kapur.

scheme for raising green belt fo r poiJuuon abatement

been launched 10 Tamil adu.

and envtronmemal improvement

We hope. the gmdelines and mfom1auon comruned in thts report wt ll be useful

Olllce Complex East Aqun Nagar Delhol tO OJ:>

maol cpclldlpha not 1n

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Brochmatrc Zones of lndra

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Improvement of aesthetics is a bonus derived

of greenery in these areas

Chapter 2: Plant-Pollutant Interactions

Chapter 3 : Theoretical Models for Development of Green Belts

Chapter 4 : Agro-climatic Zones of India

Appendix A) to assist in selecting plant spec1es for cultivation. suitable to agro-climates.

Chapter 5 : Choice of Plants for Green Belts

Srzes and shapes of crowns penod1c phenomena hke leaf

shedding, also contribute to plant efftc1ency for pollution abatement.

points IS followed by descnpt1on of a large number of plant spec1es (1n AppendiX B)

Chapter 6 : Stabilization of Fly-ash with Plants

Stabiltsat1on of ash w1th plants provides

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anthropogenic ai.r pollutants, are discussed.

More often than not exposures to

At the same time, organisms. espectally

animals tend to avoid, or move away, from pollution.

orgamsms struggle and suNtve tn polluted envtronments.

Hence, tt is imperative that pollution is controlled at the source itself.

and quarry1ng, etc

It IS often staed ,at zero pollut1on process (S only hypothettcal.

S..;cn pollution too IS of wide occurrence.

Often, the sorbed pollutants are Incorporated in metabolic stream and

thus ttle a1r IS punfted.

Plants grown 1n such a way as to funct1on as pollutant sinks are

collectively referred to as green belts

obviously not accurate

Moreover, an industnal or urban scene invariably cons1sts

several pollutants rather than a s1ngle pollutant.

Pollut1on sinks hence, a1m at cultrvating

Scattering of a few known sens1tive plants. (including selectively sensitive spec1es)

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