Computer Science Book

MODULAR
SYSTEM
COMPUTER SCIENCE
BOOK 1
Furkan Dikmen

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Copyright Zambak Yaynclk ve

Eitim Gereleri A..
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
in any form without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Digital Assembly
Zambak Typesetting & Design
Editor
Osman AY
Language Proofreader
Nanette DAY
Page Design
amil KESKNOLU
Publisher
Zambak Yaynclk ve
Eitim Gereleri A..
Printed by
alayan A..
Gaziemir / zmir, August 2012
Tel: +90-232 252 22 85
+90-232 522 20 96 / 97
ISBN: 978-605-112-467-4
Printed in Turkey
D I ST R I B U T I O N
Zambak Yaynclk ve
Eitim Gereleri A..
Mahmutbey Merkez Mah.
Souksu Cad. No. 31 Tek-er Merkezi
Baclar / STANBUL
Tel.: +90-212 604 21 00
Fax: +90-212 604 21 12
http://book.zambak.com
Microsoft, MSN, Microsoft Office 2010, and Windows are either registered
trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/
or other countries.
CHAPTER 1: COMPUTER BASICS 7
Scanners .........................................................................27
What is a Computer? ..................................................... 8
Webcam..........................................................................27
Advantages of a Computer.................................................8
Digital Camera .................................................................27
Limitations of a Computer..................................................8
Joysticks .........................................................................28
The Fundamental Operations of a Computer ................... 9

Taking Care of Your Computer ..................................... 10
Using Your Computer................................................... 10
Types of Computers..................................................... 11
Output Devices............................................................. 28
Monitor............................................................................29
Printer .............................................................................30
Supercomputers ..............................................................11
Plotter..............................................................................31
Mainframe Computers (Enterprise Servers) ......................12
Speaker ...........................................................................31
Servers............................................................................12
Desktop Computers .........................................................13
Storage Devices........................................................... 32
Laptop Computers ..........................................................13
Hard Disk ........................................................................33
Tablet PCs ......................................................................13
Solid State Drives ............................................................34
Netbook...........................................................................14
Floppy Diskette ................................................................35
Palmtop Computers (PDAs) .............................................14

Puzzle..............................................................................16
Computer Hardware ..................................................... 17

System Unit Devices .................................................... 17
Magnetic Tape ................................................................35

Zip Disk ..........................................................................35
USB Flash Disk ...............................................................35
Mainboard (Motherboard) ................................................18
Compact Disc (CD) ........................................................36
CPU (Central Processing Unit) .........................................19
Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) ...........................................36
Memory Unit....................................................................19
Blu-ray Disc (BD) ...........................................................37
Expansion Cards..............................................................20
Power Supply ..................................................................20
Puzzle..............................................................................39
Input Devices ............................................................... 22
Software ...................................................................... 40
Keyboard.........................................................................22
System Software ............................................................40
Mouse .............................................................................24
Operating Systems ........................................................40
Touch Screen ..................................................................25

Light Pen.........................................................................26
Microphone .....................................................................26
Application Software ......................................................41
Test Questions............................................................. 44
CHAPTER 2: OPERATING SYSTEMS
Managing User Accounts ............................................. 73
Operating Systems........................................................ 46
Standard User Account.....................................................73
Main Tasks of an Operating System..................................46
Administrator Account......................................................73
Types of Operating Systems......................................... 47
Guest Account..................................................................74
User Interface...................................................................47
Burning CDs and DVDs ................................................ 75
Multi-User and Multitasking...............................................48
MICROSOFT WINDOWS 7............................................. 49

Desktop and Icons........................................................ 49
Accessories ................................................................. 76
Calculator.........................................................................76
Calculator.........................................................................76
The Computer Icon...........................................................50

The User Folder Icon.........................................................51
Recycle Bin Icon...............................................................51
Taskbar........................................................................ 52
The Start Button................................................................53
Working with Windows................................................. 53

Understanding Windows...................................................53
Notepad ...........................................................................77
Paint ................................................................................78
Snipping Tool ..................................................................80
Sound Recorder................................................................80
Sticky Notes ....................................................................81
WordPad..........................................................................81
Aero Desktop Experience..................................................54
Magnifier..........................................................................83
Changing Wallpaper and Screen Saver.......................... 56
Narrator............................................................................83
Working With Files and Folders..................................... 58
On-Screen Keyboard.........................................................83
Files.................................................................................58
Speech Recognition..........................................................83
Folders.............................................................................60
Puzzle...............................................................................84
Common File and Folder Operations..................................62
Windows Explorer ........................................................ 62

Managing Disks ........................................................... 69
CHAPTER 3: FAST TYPING
Formatting a Partition .......................................................71
Fast Typing is Useful..................................................... 88
Shrinking a Partition..........................................................71
Fast Typing is not so Difficult........................................ 88
Disk Defragmentation........................................................72
Home Row Keys (A, S, D, F and J, K, L, ;).......................89
How Fast You Are ........................................................ 89
Connecting to the Internet ......................................... 117
Start to Learn ............................................................... 90
Dial-Up Modem Connection ...........................................117

ISDN..............................................................................117
ADSL .............................................................................117
CHAPTER 4: WORD PROCESSING
Cable Modem ................................................................118
Introduction ................................................................. 94
T1 and T3 Lines ............................................................119
Basic Functions of Word Processor Software...................94

Practice: Five Matters ......................................................94
Practice: Puzzle ..............................................................97
Fiber Internet .................................................................119
Wireless Internet Connections .................................... 119

Wi-Fi .............................................................................119
Practice: Class Time Table ............................................100

WIMAX ..........................................................................120
Practice: Book Summary ..............................................101
WWW (World Wide Web) ........................................... 121

Puzzle............................................................................107
Web Browser ................................................................121
Web Page ......................................................................122
CHAPTER 5: THE INTERNET

Introduction to the Internet ......................................... 110
Computer Networks .......................................................110
Web Site........................................................................123
Overview of Web Addresses....................................... 124

Searching the Web
............................................ 126
Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networks ..111
Performing a Search ......................................................126
Uses of Internet ......................................................... 112
Advertisements ..............................................................129
Communication .............................................................112
Improving Your Searches ...............................................129
E-Mail............................................................................112
Test Questions ........................................................... 132
Getting the Most Recent News .......................................113

Searching Information ....................................................113
Distance Learning ..........................................................114
CHAPTER 6: DIGITAL STORYTELLING
Digital Entertainment ......................................................114
Resources Needed for Digital Storytelling ................. 134
E - Commerce ...............................................................114
Equipment .....................................................................134
Online Banking...............................................................114
Photos, Video Clips, and Music .....................................134
Online Communities .......................................................114
Story Content ................................................................134
Instant Messaging .........................................................115

.................................135
CHAPTER 7: DESKTOP PUBLISHING

Practice: Creating a Greeting Card ....................... 140
Practice: A Dream, People Always Wanted to Do... 144
Practice: Impress Your Friends with
Your Amazing Design .......................................... 149
Practice: Book Cover Design ............................... 154
CHAPTER 8: PHOTO EDITING

Practice: The Last Samurai .................................. 158
Practice: Making a Photo Collage .........................162
CHAPTER 9: FLOWCHART PROGRAMMING

Flowchart IDE............................................................. 166
Flowchart Symbols (Controls) .................................... 169
Arithmetic and Assignment Operators......................... 171
FCPro Arithmetic Operators............................................171
Assignment Operator (=) ..............................................171
Decision Making ........................................................ 174

Relational and Logical Operators....................................174
Test Questions........................................................... 180

Problems ................................................................... 183
ANSWER KEY
INDEX
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine. Computers take input in the form of data,
process it, store it, and produce results in the form of meaningful information.

electronic machine

Data

information
Electronic and Mechanic Devices

Discuss the differences between electronic and non-electronic machines according to efficiency, ease
of use, buying and using costs, etc.
Advantages of a Computer
zSpeed: A computer works very fast. It can do a large number of calculations
within a second.
zLarge Memory: A computer can store a lot of information in its memory for
further use.
zAccuracy: A computer always works accurately. If your data is correct, then
the result will also be correct.
zContinuous Work: A computer never gets tired and never gets bored. It can
work continuously for a long period of time.
Limitations of a Computer
zA computer cannot think on its own.
zA computer does not learn from experience.
zIts work depends on the instructions given by the user.
8
Computer Science Book 1
The Fundamental Operations of a Computer

A computer is an electronic machine that takes data and
instructions as input, then processes them to give the result as
output. The fundamental operations that a computer system
performs are input, processing, and output.
zData and Input:
computer works
with data or information that we feed into it. This data can
be in the form of words, numbers, characters, and pictures
such as your name, your age, marks, and phone numbers.
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Data can be entered by using input devices like a keyboard
and mouse or by transferring information from a file or a database system.
The data entered is called the input. A randomly ordered list of a class of
students can be input.
zProcessing: The action to convert data into meaningful information is called
processing. It involves entering, summarizing, analyzing, or otherwise
converting data into usable information. Sorting the student list into
alphabetical order is a process.
zInformation and Output:

Output
is the result given by the computer after the data processing, so output or
information is processed data. The alphabetically sorted list of the students
is the output.
Data
Process
Information
Storage
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If we draw an analogy between the data processing and the making of food,
raw food is the input, cooking it is the process, and the cooked food is the
output. You can also keep some of the food in the fridge (storage) to eat later.
Analogies
Draw some analogies between computers and other daily machines.
Chapter 1: Computer Basics
Taking Care of Your Computer

Like all machines and tools, a computer must be taken care of properly.
The following tips will help you ensure that your computer continues to work
properly:
zKeep your computer clean and dry and away from direct sunlight.
zKeep your computer away from heat sources, such as electric heaters.
zDo not place the computer near objects that create strong magnetic fields,
such as stereo speakers.
zDo not use a mobile phone when you are near your computer.
zType gently on the keyboard. Do not hit the keys too hard.
zNever put anything except your disks into the disk drives.
Taking care of your computer keeps
it running efficiently and extends the
life of its components.
zDo not eat or drink near your computer.

zUse antivirus and spyware programs to protect your computer from harmful
software.
Using Your Computer

When you use a computer, your body can get tired. Follow these rules to stay comfortable and healthy while using
your computer.
zPut the computer on a flat table at a comfortable height and distance. Make sure that the display is a bit below
your eye level, to avoid hurting your eyes.
zPlace the computer so that it is directly in front of you when you work. Make sure you have enough space to
operate the various parts of the computer (keyboard, mouse, etc.) easily.
zSet your chair height so that the keyboard is at (or slightly below) the level of your elbow. You should be able to
type comfortably with your shoulders relaxed.
Sitting Properly at a Computer
10
Improper Sitting Position at a Computer
zYour knees should be slightly higher than your hips. If necessary, use a foot
rest to raise your knees.
zSet the back of your chair so that it supports the lower part of your spine.
zPut the computer so that sunlight or bright indoor light does not reflect off
the screen and hurt your eyes.
zIf possible, use soft, indirect lighting in your computer work area.
zChange your position often. If you use a computer for a long time, stand up
and stretch your wrists, hands, and legs regularly.
zEvery fifteen or twenty minutes, look at an object that is far away, to avoid
hurting your eyes with too much close work.
zTake frequent short breaks (for example, two or three minutes every half
hour) instead of one or two long breaks.
Types of Computers
Computers come in various sizes and with different capabilities. They may
be classified into several categories, including supercomputers, mainframe,
server, desktop, laptop (notebook), netbook, and palmtop computers,
according to their size and functions. Computers that are designed to be used
by a person are usually called personal computers (PC). Laptop, netbook,
and palmtop computers are designed for mobile use. Mobile devices can be
used away from a power outlet using a rechargeable battery. Laptop and other
mobile devices are also called portable computers.
Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the fastest computers
on earth. Supercomputers are very expensive
and are used for specialized applications
that need huge amounts of mathematical
calculations. For example, weather forecasting
requires a supercomputer. Other uses of
supercomputers include animated graphics,
fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy
research, and petroleum exploration.
The main difference between a supercomputer
and a mainframe is that a supercomputer uses
all its power to execute a few programs as
quickly as possible whereas a mainframe uses
its power to execute many programs at the
same time for multiple users.
The supercomputers of the past eventually
become the personal computers of today.
Therefore, your home PC most likely has more
computing power than many supercomputers
from previous decades.
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Mainframe Computers (Enterprise Servers)

A mainframe computer is a large, powerful, and expensive computer.
Many people can use the power of a mainframe computer at the same
time, using either a PC (Personal Computer) or a dumb terminal.
A PC performs a lot of processing itself. A dumb terminal uses the
mainframe computer to do all the processing, then simply shows the
results on a screen. Large organizations, such as banks and insurance
companies, use mainframe computers.
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Servers
Servers are expensive, powerful, dependable, and dedicated computers. A
server provides services to all the computers or terminals that are connected
to it. Applications are stored in this computer, and the other computers
(terminals) connected to it can access them. There are different types of
servers depending on the tasks they perform. For example a domain server is
responsible for managing network (domain) resources. It stores user account
information, authenticates users, and enforces security policy for a domain.
Web servers are computers that deliver (serve up) web pages. A database
server stores the databases and processes database queries. An FTP
server is dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can upload and
download files on the server.
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

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Desktop Computers
A desktop computer is designed to be
used by one person at a time. These
computers are kept on the desk, so they
are called desktop computers. A typical
desktop computer PC consists of a system
unit, a monitor, a keyboard, and a mouse.
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Laptop Computers
Like desktop computers, laptop computers are designed to be used by one
person but, like a suitcase, these computers can easily be carried by a person
anywhere.
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Tablet PCs
Tablet PCs have touch screens with keyboards. This is the main difference
between them and laptop computers.
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Netbook
A netbook is a new type of mini and inexpensive laptop computer with a
Netbook computers operate on an ultra low power
processor. They are designed for mobility, wired and wireless online access,
word processing, and general office applications. Netbooks generally do not
have CD or DVD drivers.
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Palmtop Computers (PDAs)
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A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop

computer, is a mobile device that functions as a personal
information manager. Current PDAs often have the ability
to connect to the Internet. A PDA has an electronic visual
display, enabling it to include a web browser, but some
newer models also have audio capabilities, enabling them
to be used as mobile phones or portable media players.
Many PDAs can access the Internet via Wi-Fi or Wireless
Wide Area Network. Many PDAs employ touch screen
technology. Palmtops have the least processing power.
They are used as digital organizers.
Research: Computer Buying Tips

Conduct a search about buying tips for desktop, laptop, netbook, and palmtop computers.
Desktop vs. Laptop

What are the advantages and disadvantages of desktop and laptop computers compared to one
another?
14
Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks from the appropriate words given in the brackets.
(machine, laptop, desktop, memory, accurately)
1. A computer is a ....................................
2. A computer has a large .........................
3. Computers always work ...........................
4. A .................... computer can be easily carried anywhere.
5. A ................... computer is bigger in size than a laptop.
True/False
Expression
1.
A computer works on electricity.
2.
A PC is also known as a personal computer.
3.
A laptop can also work on a battery.
4.
A laptop computer is bigger in size than a desktop PC.
5.
Computers get bored of doing the same work over and over again.
True
False
15
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
Across
1
10
Down
2
16
Computer Hardware
Hardware comprises all of the physical parts of a
computer. It means the fixed parts that make up a
computer. Computer hardware components include
the monitor, CPU, motherboard, RAM, CD-ROM,
printer, hard disk, floppy disk, power supply, video
card, sound card, network interface card, joystick,
mouse, keyboard, camera, and headset.
1
2
Meanwhile, software is the logical part of a computer

and is used to carry out the instructions, storing,
executing, and developing other software programs.
Hardware refers to the objects that you can actually
touch; in contrast, software refers to programs in the
computer.
A personal computer system has four main parts:

monitor, keyboard, mouse, and system unit. Computer
hardware can be classified into four groups: system
unit devices, input devices, output devices, and
storage devices.
System Unit 2 Monitor 3 Keyboard 4 Mouse

Main Hardware of a PC
System Unit Devices

The system unit is an enclosure that contains most of the components of a
computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard, and mouse). It includes
the case, mainboard, microprocessor (CPU), main memory, expansion cards,
hard disk, and power supply.
1
10
2
3
4
5
11
The system unit is the actual

computer; everything else is
called a peripheral device.
Power Supply
Expansion Slots
Motherboard
Ribbon Cable
RAM Slots
Power Cords
CPU and Heat Sink
10
CD-ROM / DVD Drive
Fan
11
HDD Drive Bays
Video Card
7
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System Unit
17
Mainboard (Motherboard)
The mainboard is the biggest board inside your
system unit. All the main components of your
computer are connected to the mainboard. The
CPU is normally situated on your mainboard,
along with all the other electronic components.
All the other boards (expansion cards) in your
computer are connected to the mainboard.
Other items, such as the hard disk, are attached
to the mainboard either directly or via cables.
Mainboards are getting smaller and smaller
as the components become increasingly
integrated.
2
1
3
7
4
8
6
1 CPU and CPU Fan
5 CMOS Battery
2 Connectors for Peripherals
6 Sata Connectors
3 Memory Module Slots
7 Power Connector
4 Expension Slots
8 Chipset
Buses are data paths on the motherboard that

connect the CPU to the different parts of the
motherboard. A motherboard chipset controls
all the data that flows through the buses of
the motherboard. The primary function of the
motherboard chipset is to direct the data to the
correct components.
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Read Only Memory (ROM) stores instructions that are permanent in nature
and are essential for starting a computer. Its contents can only be read;
they cannot be altered. The ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory-Basic Input
Output System) chip is a special microchip on your

It contains software that allows your computer to work with your operating
system. For example, it copies your operating system into RAM when you
switch your computer on.
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1 PS/2 Keyboard
Connector
2 USB Ports
The motherboard contains many connections for all types of components:

expansion slots for expansion cards, external connections for your onboard
sound card, USB ports, serial and parallel ports, PS/2 ports for your keyboard
and mouse, as well as network and Firewire connections. In order to operate
the computer, all components should properly connect to the motherboard.
6 Microphone Jack
10
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7 Line In Jack
8 PS/2 Mouse Connector

Serial Communications
Port
9 Gigabit RJ-45 Ethernet Lan
4 VGA Port
10 Parallel Port
3
5 Audio Out Jack
11 Joystick

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Since the CPU performs all the data processing, it is one of the most important
components of a computer. The CPU contains a tiny quartz clock. Each time
this clock ticks, one instruction is performed by the CPU. Therefore, the more
times this clock ticks per second, the more instructions the CPU can carry out
and the faster things get done.
The speed of the CPU is measured in either Megahertz (MHz) or the more
common Gigahertz (GHz). A one-MHz CPU can carry out one million
instructions per second. A typical CPU installed in a computer today runs at
around 3 GHz.
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Memory Unit
A memory unit is also known as the primary storage of a computer. It may be
further classified into Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory
(ROM).
Random Access Memory (RAM) stores data and information for a temporary
period. All executable instructions, data for processing, and information to be
displayed are kept in the memory unit. The RAM is emptied every time the
computer is turned off.
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Expansion Cards
Expansion slots are sockets on the mainboard that allow you to extend the

(such as a video card, sound card, or network card) and connect them to the
buses.
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Laptops and other portable computers use special expansion slots called
PCMCIA slots, which accept small expansion cards called PC Cards
Power Supply
The power supply is the component that supplies power to a computer. Most
personal computers can be plugged into standard electrical outlets. The
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power for the many parts inside the computer case. The typical voltages
supplied by a power supply are 3.3, 5, and 12 volts.
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Assembling a Computer on the Table

Remove the main parts of a system unit (power supply, mainboard, harddsik, CD/DVD Drive) and
connect them to each other properly on a table surface. Turn on your computer and use it.
Parts and Tasks

Write down the main function of the following system unit components.


21
Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the brackets. (ROM, CPU, buses, expansion
cards, motherboard)
1. The data held in ............... can be read but not changed.
2. ................................. are the basic transportation lines for moving data, instructions, addresses,
and other information inside a computer.
3. Expansion slots hold ......................... (such as a video card, sound card, or network card) and
connect them to the buses.
4. All the main components of your computer connect to the .........................
5. Without a/an ..................., no PC can function.
True/False
Expression
1.
RAM stands for Random Access Memory.
2.
CPU stands for Computer Processing Unit.
3.
ROM contents can only be read and cannot be altered.
True
False
Input Devices
Input devices help you enter data (text, sound, video, picture, etc.) or
instructions into the computer. Some of the input devices are keyboard,
mouse, touchscreen, light pen, microphone, scanner, joystick, webcam, and
digital camera.
Keyboard
A keyboard is the most commonly used input device; it has many
buttons on it, called keys. You can type by pressing keys on the
keyboard. There are different designs and models of the keyboards
in the market. The most common layout of the keyboard is QWERTY
and DVORAK layouts.
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A typewriter and computer keyboard have similar key layouts,

although a keyboard has some special keys, such as function keys,
Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), Alt (Alternate), and navigation keys.
Key Types
Keys
Alphabet keys
A to Z
Numeric keys
0-9
Cursor control (direction) keys
mnop
Function keys
F1 to F12
Special keys
enter, delete, backspace, shift, ctrl, alt,

caps lock, space bar. etc.
Symbol keys
+, -, x, [], $, %, <, >, etc.
Punctuation keys
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Function Keys
Special Keys
Numeric Keypad
Numeric Keys
Lock Keys
Direction Keys
Normal Keys
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Keyboard Layout
As you noticed, there is a specific arrangement of the keys on the keyboard. What might be the idea
behind this layout?
23
Using the Keyboard

Open the Notepad program and do the following: Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Notepad
1. Type your name in small letters.
2. Type your name in capital letters.
3. Type the text below, then correct the spelling mistakes.
Typing is teh process of inputting text into a devixe, such as a typewriter, cell pho ne, comPuter,
or a calculator, by pressing kiys on a kebyoard.
4. Type the following numbers and symbols.
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Mouse
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Start -> Control Panel
-> Mouse.
A mouse is a pointing input device. It is used to select any item on the screen.
It is also used to draw figures on the computer. A typical mouse has two
buttons with a scroll wheel between the buttons. The left mouse button is the
primary button. It is usually used for selecting or dragging the object, opening
windows, and running programs. The right mouse button is the secondary
button. It is usually used for opening pop-up menus and properties window.
The scroll wheel helps you scroll through documents and web pages easily.
You can perform many actions with a mouse. Mouse actions are context
sensitive; clicking an icon on the desktop selects it, but clicking a hyperlink in
a webpage opens the related webpage.
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Left Button
Scroll Wheel
Right Button
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Mouse Actions
Description
Practice
Pointing
Positioning pointer over an item without clicking

any mouse buttons.
Point to the Recycle Bin icon on the

Desktop.
Hovering
Positioning mouse and holding the pointer over an

item for a while until it displays a tooltip.
Hover on the Computer icon on the

Desktop.
Clicking
Pressing the left mouse button once and releasing

it.
Click the Start Button to open the start

menu.
Double Clicking
Clicking the left mouse button twice within a short

period of time.
Double click on the Computer icon

on the Desktop to open Windows
Explorer.
Right Clicking
Pressing and releasing the right mouse button.
Right click on the Desktop and sort

the icons by their types.
Moving an item from one place to another by using

the left mouse button.
Step1: Point to the item and hold down the left
mouse button.
Dragging
Move the Recycle Bin icon to the

bottom right corner of the screen.
Step2: Drag the item to where you want to move it.

Step3: Release the button.
Wheeling
Scrolling through documents and web pages.
Open the link http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Mouse_(computing) in a Web
browser and then scroll down and
scroll up through the page.
Touch Screen
A touch screen is a kind of computer display that enables the user to interact
with the computer by touching on the screen. Touch screen computers are
able to receive input from the
movement of your finger on
the screen. Instead of using
a pointing device such as a
mouse, you can use your finger
to point directly to objects on
the screen.
PDAs, Apple iPads, Android
Tables, and Microsoft Surfaces
use touch screen as a main
input device. Tablet PCs and
All-In-One computers have
touch screen capabilities.
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25
Surface and iPad Applications

Apple iPad, Android Tables, and Microsoft Surface have
many special applications that you cannot experience with
other computers. Find out about these applications and the
convenience that they provide users.
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Light Pen
A light pen is a hand-held input device that looks similar to a small pen or
wand. It is connected to a computer and moved by hand over an output
display in order to manipulate information in the computer. It allows users to
point to displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar way as with a
touch screen, but with greater positional accuracy. A light pen can work with
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Microphone
A microphone can be used to input sound. It converts sound waves into
electrical signals that can be understood by your computer. The sound is
detected by the microphone, and an electrical signal is transmitted to the
computer. By speaking into a microphone, you can record your voice or
participate in voice chatting.
%&
26
Scanners
Scanners optically scan images, printed text, handwriting, or an object and
converts it to a digital format that can be used by the computer. Scanners do
not distinguish text from illustrations; in other words, you cannot directly edit
text that has been scanned. To edit text read by an optical scanner, you need
an optical character recognition system (OCR) to translate the image into
text. Most scanners sold today come with OCR packages.
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,
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Webcam
A webcam is a small digital camera mounted on your PC monitor or an
external digital camera that enables you to record live images or send them
via the Internet.
,
,
Digital Camera
A digital camera records images electronically on a memory card rather
than on film, as the older models of cameras did. These images can be
downloaded from the memory card onto a computer and then printed, stored,
or manipulated with a photo editing application.
-
'
-
'
27
Joysticks
A joystick transfers the movements you make with the device into movements
on your computer screen. It usually has one or more push-buttons whose
state can also be read by the computer. Joysticks were originally used by
pilots to help control airplanes; the technology was subsequently developed
to enable computer gamers to experience a more realistic game environment.
-
.( !
K(

Input Devices and Data Forms

Different input devices send the data to the computer in different forms. Write the data form(s) for
each input device that is sent to the computer in the table below.
Input Device
Digital Camera
Data Format
Image, Movie
Joystick
Keyboard
Light Pen
Microphone
Mouse
Scanner
Output Devices
Output devices acquire digital signals from the computer and convert them
into a format that users can understand. A monitor can display information,
a speaker creates sound waves, and a printer can output a hard copy of
documents. Output devices include a monitor, printer, plotter, and speaker.
28
Monitor
The computer screen is called a monitor. It is the most
common output device and looks like a TV screen. A
monitor is also known as a VDU (visual display unit). While
your computer is doing all the work, the monitor displays
the results to you. A monitor comes in different sizes, such
as 15, 17, 19, and 21 inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm). For the
monitors, the size defines the distance between cross
corners. There are different types and sizes of monitors.
aprox.
zCRT Monitor: CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. A CRT works by moving an
electron beam back and forth across the back of the screen. CRT monitors
are no longer used on new computers. Instead, they have been replaced
with much thinner LCD and LED monitors.
aprox. 12.3 inches
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7

% pixel (picture element)

'
"
)F.

zLCD Monitor: Short for liquid crystal display, this type of display is used
in digital watches and many portable computers. TFT (thin film transistor)
technology produces color and images. In a TFT monitor, each pixel is
controlled by one to four transistors. TFT screens are sometimes called
active-matrix LCDs.
%D-

9 inches
The picture on a monitor is made up of thousands of tiny

colored dots called pixels. The quality and detail of a
picture depend on the number of pixels that the monitor
can display. The higher the number of pixels is, the better
quality the output is.
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29
Monitor Types
Find out the prices of different types and sizes of monitors in your country. You can use a computer
hardware shopping website to conduct your research.
Brand Name
Type
Size
Price
"
'
6
Printer
A printer is a device that produces hard copies of documents stored in digital
format. Printers are attached via a printer cable or, in most new printers, a
USB cable to a computer or a digital camera. There are many different types
of printers.
%D&

30
zLaser Printers: A laser printer produces high

quality text and graphics at a high speed.
They are called laser printers because they
utilize a laser beam to produce an image on
a drum. One of the chief characteristics of
laser printers is the resolution (i.e., number
of dots per inch [dpi]) they lay down. The
available resolutions range from 300 dpi to
2400 dpi. Laser printers are ideal for offices that need large number of copies
within a short period of time.
zInkjet Printers: Inkjet printers are the most common type of consumer printers.
As the paper is fed through the printer, the print head moves back and forth,
spraying thousands of very tiny drops of ink onto the paper. Inkjet printers are
ideal for people who want to print small numbers of high quality copies where
speed is not important (for example, in the home or small office). However,
refilling the inkjet cartridges a few times will often cost more than the printer.
%)A
&

Plotter
A plotter is an output device similar to a printer but for large size
images. They are preferred for professional printing, such as
banners, posters, or advertisements. Plotters use either pens or
electrostatic charges and special chemicals to print an image.
.&'

Speaker
A Speaker converts digital signals into audio output that can be heard by the
listeners. The speakers receive audio input from a device such as a computer
or an audio receiver. Speakers range widely in quality and price. On average,
speakers have two plastic colons and medium sound quality. Some computer
speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble controls.
&
%=
31
Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words given in the brackets. (Printer, Monitor, Speaker, Plotter)
1. A ................... is a commonly used output device that can produce a hard copy of your work
2. A ................... is an output device that allows you to view your work as you do it.
3. A ................... is a useful output device for listening to music
4. A ................... is an output device used by architects to produce blueprints and large-scale plans
Matching
Match the following specifications with the most appropriate printing devices
1
Printing low quality/high volume (e.g., printing company pay slips)
Laser Printer
Printing colorful documents
Inkjet Printers
3
Printing large posters
Printing many black and white documents
Dot Matrix
Printers
Plotter
Storage Devices
All computer systems require saving the data permanently. Before you turn
your computer off, the documents you have been working on need to be
saved for future use. Storage devices handle the save and retrieve data
operations.
There are different types of storage devices. Magnetic storage devices store
the data on a magnetized surface whereas optical storage devices use lasers
to store and retrieve data. Hard disks, floppy diskettes, magnetic tape, and zip
disks are all magnetic storage devices. The most common optical devices are
compact discs (CD) and digital versatile discs (DVD). USB flash drives use a
totally different technology.
32
Hard Disk
Hard disks are the main large data storage
area inside your computer. Hard disks are
used to store your programs and data.
They are much faster than most other
types of storage devices and can also hold
much more data (up to 2 Terabytes). Unlike
RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can
hold information forever, with or without
electricity.
When a hard disk is manufactured, the
platters are empty, so your computer
cannot read them. The process of creating
the tracks and sectors on the platters
and preparing the disk for use is called
formatting. If you imagine the hard disk
as an enormous piece of blank paper,
formatting is just like dividing it into pages
and drawing vertical and horizontal lines
in order to read and write the information
easily. The process of formatting a drive
creates the tracks and sectors on the
platter, writes special file storage structures
onto the sectors, and prepares the drive to
hold blocks of bytes.
The read/write disk head reads the data
from and writes it to the platter magnetically.
The hard disk platters spin under the disk
head, which enables the read and write
operations. The platters are spun at speeds
varying from 3,000 RPM (revolutions per
minute) in energy-efficient portable devices
to 15,000 RPM for high performance
servers.
%D
=-?"5#@
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1
4
1 Platter
2 Spindle
5
3 Head
4 Actuator Arm
5 Actuator Axis
6 Actuator
&
=-
Two important factors affect the performance of a hard disk:

zData rate: The data rate is the number of bytes per second that the drive can send to the CPU. The data rate is
usually between 5 and 40 megabytes per second.
zSeek time: The seek time is the amount of time between when the CPU requests a file and when the first byte of
the file is sent to the X^"

^
" !
and 20 milliseconds.
33
Solid State Drives

Solid State Drives are special storage devices that use the RAM technology
but work as hard disk drives.
SSD (Solid State Drive)

SSD(Solid
State Drive)
Uses microchips that retain data in

non-volatile memory chips
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

Uses spinning disks and
movable read/write heads
Access time
The typical access time for a Flash-based

SSD is about 35 to 100 micro-seconds, which
makes SSD approximately 100 times faster.
The typical access time for a rotating disk is

around 5,000 to 10,000 micro-seconds.
Transfer rate
SSD data transfer rate at the rate of 170

megabytes per second typically.
HDD data transfer rate at the rate of 80

megabytes per second typically.
Capacity
As of 2011, SSDs come in different sizes,

ranging up to 2 TB or less
As of 2011, HDDs are typically 2 to 3 TB or

less
Cost
As of 2011, NAND flash SSDs cost about

$1.20 to $2.00 per GB
As of 2011, HDDs cost about $0.10 per GB for

$
Since SSDs do not contain any spinning platters or moving heads, they are
less susceptible to physical shock and work more quietly.
)=-- --
34
Floppy Diskette
Floppy diskettes are old fashioned data storage and transfer technology.
They are almost not used anymore. Compared to hard disks or CD-ROMs,
they are very slow and hold a smaller amount of data (1.44 megabytes).
Until approximately 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied
with floppy diskette drives; however, most recent equipment has abandoned
floppy diskette drives in favor of USB ports.
%*'(-
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-
-6
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for more than 50 years. The
device that performs actual writing or reading of data is a tape drive. Magnetic
tape can provide only sequential access to data, which makes it inefficient
in terms of access time to data. On the contrary, when storing and retrieving
sequential large amounts of data, tape can be substantially less expensive
than disk or other data storage options. Modern usage is primarily as a
high capacity medium for backups and archives where speed is not needed
and cost is low. Tape storage has always been used with large computer
systems. As of 2011, the highest capacity tape cartridges can store is 5 TB of
uncompressed data.
-

Zip Disk
The Zip disk is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system. Originally,
Zip disks were launched with 100 MB capacities, but later versions increased
to 750 MB. Zip drives fell out of favor for mass portable storage during the
early 2000s, mainly due to the decreasing costs of rewriteable CDs and DVDs.
In addition, USB flash drives with much larger capacities became a common
form of storing data and transferring media among computer users.
%L-L-6
USB Flash Disk

A USB flash drive is a similar removable and rewritable data storage and
transfer device. It consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated
with a USB interface. Most weigh less than 30 g. Storage capacities follow a
steady improvement in size and price per capacity. As of 2011, it can be as
large as 256 GB.
USB flash drives are currently dominant technology. They are often used for
the same purposes for which floppy diskettes and CD-ROMs were used. They
are smaller and faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more
durable and reliable because of their lack of moving parts.
% 0*'-6
35
Compact Disc (CD)

A CD is an optical disc used to store and transfer digital data. It was originally
developed to store and play back sound recordings exclusively, but later
expanded to encompass data storage. Since data can only be read and not
written or erased, such discs are known as CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read
Only Memory). Later, rewritable models, CD-RW (Compact disc rewritable),
were introduced. Standard CDs can hold 700 MB of data.
CD-Rs remain widely used technologies in the computer industry, but they
are increasingly being replaced by other forms of data storage and transfer
technologies such as flash drives. This is mainly because flash drives are
more reliable, are easy to use, and offer higher capacities.
->F-
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Digital Versatile Discs (DVD)

DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) have the same dimensions as a CD while
offering much higher storage capacity.
Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD+R) can be recorded once
using a DVD recorder and then used as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVD discs
(DVD-RW, DVD+RW) can be recorded and erased multiple times. Standard
DVDs can hold at least 4.7GB of data.
%-H-
36
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Blu-ray Disc (BD)
Blu-ray, also known as a Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name of a new optical
disc format that offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional
DVDs. A blu-ray disc can hold up to 25 GB on a single-layer disc and 50 GB
on a dual-layer disc. Although current optical disc technologies such as DVD,
DVDR, DVDRW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to read and write data,
the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, so the name blu-ray is inspired
by the technology used in blu-ray discs. Blu-ray discs have the highest storage
capacity of all optical discs. They can store data up to 128 GB.
A BD
A BD Drive
Make a list of your storage devices in ascending order of capacity.

(e.g., CD 650 MB, USB Flash Drive 2 GB, Portable HDD 160 GB, HDD 500 GB)
Make a list of your storage devices in ascending order of cost

(e.g., DVD $2, USB $10, HD $120, SSD $200)
Group the memory types according to whether they are permanent or temporary.
RAM, Hard disk, DVD, CPU Cache, USB Flash Drive, Floppy, CD, CPU Registers
37
True/False
Expression
True
1.
DVD is an optical storage device.
2.
1 GB of information can be read from HDD faster than it can be read from
SDD.
3.
The SSD is a volatile memory type. The data in it disappears as the

computer is turned off.
4.
A CD can hold data more than 400 floppy diskettes can.
5.
HDDs record data using electromagnetism.
False
Write down the properties of the following parts of your own computer.
Component Name
38
1.
Mainboard
2.
CPU
3.
Hard disk
4.
Graphics Card
5.
Sound Card
6.
Network Card
7.
Modem
8.
Monitor
9.
Keyboard
10.
Mouse
11.
RAM
Description
2
5
3
6
7
8
9
11
10
12
13
14
15
17
16
18
Across
Down
7.
1.
A magnetic storage device.
2.
An old storage disk that is similar to a floppy diskette but has more
capacity.
3.
A kind of software that all other programs rely on.
4.
An optical input device.
5.
An audio output device.
6.
An old magnetic technology data storage and transfer diskette/media.
9.
A text output device.
8.
A storage device that is much

faster than a hard disk.
A magnetic storage device
looks like a cassette.
10. A small storage device that is

used to transfer files from one
computer to another.
16. A sound input device.
17. An electronic visual display for
computers.
18. An application software type.
11. The common text input device.

12. A high capacity optical storage disc.
13. Entertainment programs.
14. An optical storage disc.
15. The most common pointing device.
39
Software

Interaction of User, Software and
Hardware.
Software is defined as the set of instructions that tells hardware what to do

or how to operate. Software can be any program that runs on the computer
and helps users or other programs control the different hardware parts.
Instructions that tell the hardware that it needs to save a file, print an image,
or display a document are part of the software.
There are two main types of software: System software and Application
software.
System Software
System software is the computer code that runs just above the hardware and
provides the communication between the hardware and users or application
programs. Operating systems, compilers, device drivers, and utilities for
managing computer resources are examples of system software. Application
programs and users cannot access hardware resources without system
software, which makes system software mandatory for any computer system.
Operating Systems
An operating system (OS) is a program that controls the hardware, distributes

the resources, and organizes the general operation of the computer. The
operating system is the bridge between the user and the computer hardware. A
user cannot run an application program on the computer without an operating
system. Examples of operating systems include Windows 7, Ubuntu, Mac OS
X, DOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Windows Mobile, and Symbian.
Operating systems perform numerous jobs. Some of the main tasks are:
zzThey
provide
the
communication between
the application software
and the hardware (e.g.,
allowing a word-processed
document to be printed)
Some Operating System Icons
zzThey distribute the system

resources (e.g., arranging
the priorities of the tasks
and allocating CPU time
to the tasks)
zzThey manage the transfer
of data between the
system peripherals (e.g.,
keyboard, mouse, printer)
zzThey deal with system
security (e.g., allocating
restricted rights to users)
40
MainTasks of an Operating System

Application Software
Any third-party program generally designed for a specific purpose, such as
editing photos or handling text documents, is called application software.
Application software carries out tasks that the user requests. Examples of
application packages include word processors, spreadsheet programs,
presentation software, database programs, internet applications, design
programs, paint and drawing software, desktop publishing programs,
multimedia programs, antivirus software, and games.
Word Processor
A word processor is an application program for text documents. A word
processor is like an electronic paper, pen, typewriter, eraser, and even a
dictionary. Word processors allow you to change text styles (called fonts),
page size, text spacing, etc.
Some popular word processors are Microsoft Word, OpenOffice.org Writer,
Notepad++, Corel WordPerfect, and MacWrite.
Spreadsheet Programs
A spreadsheet application helps you organize text and numeric data and
perform calculations. Some cells contain formulas, such as the sum of all the
numbers in one column of cells. They are very useful in offices for accounting
as well as making financial plans and reports.
Some popular spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Corel
Quattro Pro, and StarCalc.
Presentation Software
Presentation software applications help you create sequences of words
and pictures that tell a story or support a speech or a public presentation of
information.
Some popular presentation software applications are Microsoft PowerPoint,
Corel Presentations, OpenOffice.org Impress, and Apple Keynote
Database Programs
A database is a set of collections of data, for example, a set of information
about the students in a class, with their names, ages, and grades. A database
program allows you to manage a database.
Some popular database programs are Oracle, My SQL, Microsoft Access,
InterBase, and Sybase.
CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM is short for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing.
CAD/CAM applications Some popular CAD/CAM programs are AutoCAD,
SolidWorks, and Electronics WorkBench.
41
Painting and Drawing

Painting and drawing applications are used for photo editing or digital
painting. They are particularly useful for freehand drawing. Painting programs
usually include tools to create lines, curves, and geometric shapes, which
become part of the whole graphic.
Some common painting programs are Windows Paint, Corel Painter, and
Adobe Photoshop.
Page Layout and Publishing

A page layout application allows you to organize text and graphics on the
screen and see what the results will be. Page layout applications usually
include word-processing and graphics utilities so that you can make any
necessary changes to the document.
Some popular page layout applications are Quark XPress, Adobe InDesign,
and Microsoft Publisher.
Internet Applications
Some popular types of Internet applications are web browsers used to see
web pages (Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera, and Mozilla), chat programs
X=\X= =

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(Microsoft FrontPage, Dreamweaver), file transfer programs (Cute-FTP), email
programs (Microsoft Outlook Express, and Eudora), and download programs
(GetRight, FlashGet, Gozilla, and Download Accelerator).
Multimedia
Multimedia is the combination of sound, graphics, animation, and video.
Multimedia applications allow you to play multimedia files, such as music and
videos, on your computer.
Some popular multimedia programs are Windows Media Player, WinAmp,
WinDVD, and ACDSee.
Antivirus Software
Antivirus programs are responsible for protecting your computer against
harmful software applications like viruses or malicious software. An antivirus
program searches (scans) your "

"
and destroy viruses. It also examines files for viruses as your computer
receives them.
Some of the well-known antivirus programs are Norton AntiVirus, McAfee,
RAV, Trend PC-Cillin, Kaspersky, Panda, Avira, and F-Prot.
Games
Games allow you to interact with your computer as a form of entertainment.
There are hundreds of different types of computer games, from simple
alphabet games for young children to chess, treasure hunts, war games, and
simulations of world events.
Some popular and famous games are Counter-Strike, Need for Speed,
Skyrim, Chess, FIFA, GTA and Call of Duty.
42
Programs in my Computer
Start your computer and make a list of the programs in your system. Determine the type of each
program.
Software Name
Software Type
1 MS WordPad
Word Processor
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
True/False
Expression
True
1.
Software and Hardware cannot communicate without an operating system
2.
Windows 7, Windows XP, Linux, and Mac OS X are examples of operating

systems
3.
The software that you use daily on your computer can be classified as
application software
4.
The operating system is responsible for detecting viruses
5.
The operating system is responsible for scheduling the CPU and deciding
the priority of the applications
False
43
Test Questions
1.
Which of the following items are

not input devices?
5.
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6.
Which of the following tasks are

among the duties of an operating
system control?
)" (
2.
))" =!

Written text and images can be

translated into digital format by

)))" &

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3.
4.
Which of the following is not a

type of application software?
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Which of the following is not a

brand of operating system?
Which of the following devices

would be most suitable for printing
a large number of black and white
documents?
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9.
Which of the following is the smallest memory unit?
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10. Sort the following list of memory

units in ascending order according to their sizes.
)" 2,(

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7.
Which of the Following would be

most suitable for printing large
architectural plans?
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Operating Systems
An operating system is a piece of software that controls how hardware
resources such as memory, the central processing unit (CPU), disk space,
and other devices are used. Applications need the operating system because
they need to use these hardware resources. The purpose of an operating
system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device in
which it lives behaves in a flexible but predictable way. Think of an operating
system as an orchestra conductor who makes sure that all parts of your
computer, hardware, and programs work together.
G
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2'%
Some of the Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows is the most common family of operating systems for the
personal computer, accounting for approximately 90% of the market share.
Currently, the newest version is Windows 7.
Main Tasks of an Operating System

"

hardware devices, interacts with programs, and determines how the computer
responds to your commands. Operating systems perform the following tasks.
zControl Hardware and Communication: An operating system controls all

devices of your computer system. It allows hardware to communicate with
the software, such as graphics and texts displayed on your monitor and
mouse movements handled by the operating system. It moves the data to
and from devices.
zRun Programs: An operating system runs all your programs. Without an

operating system, your word processor, web browser, and games would
not work. The operating system lets your programs talk to your hardware;
for example, your word processor can print documents to the printer or your
modem can communicate and you can surf on the Internet using your web
browser. The operating system loads and runs all the applications.
46
zOrganize Files and Folders: An operating system stores information in files
"

=
=

=
CDs), keeping them in an order and finding them when needed.
zShare the Memory: An operating system organizes memory management.

^
" !

! !
much memory space.
zManage Security: An operating system manages system security, password

security, limitations of users, etc. For example, allocating restricted rights to
users to do certain things is handled by the operating system.
Types of Operating Systems

There are many different types of operating systems. We can classify systems
according to the type of user interface, how many users they support
(single-user or multi-user), how they perform tasks (single task or multitask),
and how they work with other computers (single computer or network).
User Interface
The way in which the user of a computer communicates with the machine
is called the user interface (UI). User interfaces of operating systems can be
classified into two groups: graphical user interface (GUI) and command line
user interface.
Graphical user interfaces (GUI): The user interacts with the computer by
means of a mouse or any other pointing device that moves the pointer (or
cursor) on the screen. It allows the user to select and activate icons, menus,
and dialog boxes representing different programs, files, and options.
Command line user interfaces (CUI): The user gives commands by typing the
necessary text with the computer keyboard, and the system provides output
by printing text on the computer monitor. A command-line interface does not
use images or graphical menus. Systems with command-line interfaces often
seem more difficult to learn and use than systems with graphical interfaces.
Chapter 2: Operating Systems
47
%2)
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6"
%)
"
(

(,"
Windows 7, Mac OS X, and Ubuntu are examples of operating systems using

GUI. DOS and Linux are operating systems with CUI.
Multi-User and Multitasking

There are three types of operating systems based on the number of users
supported and tasks handled at a time: single-user, single-task; single-user,
multi-tasking; and multi-user.
zSingle-user, Single-Task: This type of operating system is usually used
in palm computers. As the name implies, one user can effectively do one
thing at a time.
zSingle-User, Multi-Tasking: This is the type of operating system most people
use on their

"!

"
!
let a single user operate several programs simultaneously, such as writing
a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet.
zMulti-User: A multi-user operating system allows many different users to

$

"

have multiple accounts on an operating system does not make it a multiuser system. If an OS has the capability to allow two or more users to log in
at a time, it is considered a multi-user operating system. Unix-like network
operating systems are multi-user operating systems. Since only the system
administrator is the real user in the Windows operating systems, they are
not considered to be multi-user systems.
48
Operating Systems
Make a list of the operating systems currently used in PDA, PC, and Server computers separately.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS 7
Microsoft windows7 is one of the most recent popular operating systems.
When you switch on the computer, the Windows operating system is

the flag icon appears on the screen.
Desktop and Icons

A few seconds after the Windows flag appears, you will see the following
screen appear on the monitor with many small pictures on it. This screen is
called the desktop, and the small pictures are called icons.

An icon

program, web page, or command. Icons help you execute commands and
open programs or documents quickly. To execute a command using an icon,
click or double-click the icon. It is also useful for quickly recognizing an object
in a browser list, such as Computer and Recycle Bin.
49
The Computer Icon

The Computer icon helps you display:
zAll the drivers present on the computer.
zAll resources attached to the computer.
zAll files and folders on the computer.
When you double-click on the Computer icon, it opens the Windows Explorer
window, as shown in the following figure.
The Computer Icon
The Windows Explorer Window
This shows that your computer

has a hard disk drive. When you
double-click this icon, it gives you
the contents of the hard disk.
50
This shows that your computer

has a DVD-ROM drive installed.
You can insert a CD or DVD and
see its contents by double-clicking
the icon.
The User Folder Icon

This icon displays a list of all the files and folders. It enables you to switch
between local disks and can also show the files and folders you have created
and saved on your computer.
To see the contents of this icon, just double-click on it.
Documents Window
Recycle Bin Icon

When you delete any file or folder from your hard disk, it is not actually
deleted from the disk, but transferred to the Recycle Bin, from where you can
restore it once again. The Recycle Bin icon looks like a waste basket. When
you double-click on this icon, it displays all the files and folders that you have
deleted from your computer. Any file or folder that you want to retrieve can be
restored from here.
Shift
Delete
The Recycle Bin Icon
51
Taskbar
The taskbar is a bar at the bottom of the screen. It contains a start button on
the left side and a clock on the right side. It is also contain a button with icons
showing the programs open on the system.

The Show desktop button is located on the right corner of taskbar.

Clicking the Show desktop button minimizes all open windows at once.
Changing the Position of the Taskbar

You can move the taskbar to any of the four sides of the screen.
Step1: bring the mouse pointer
on to the taskbar, then right click
on it and then check whether

not. It must be unselected to move
the taskbar.
Step2:

lock the task
bar

the taskbar and hold the mouse
button.
Step3: Drag the mouse pointer to the right of the screen and release the
mouse button. You will see that the taskbar has been moved to the right
side of the computer screen.

52
The Start Button

The start button is located in the left corner of the taskbar. When you click the
start button, it will display a menu. Some menu icons have a symbol; when
you move the mouse pointer to these icons, a submenu will appear.
Start Menu

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Working with Windows

Understanding Windows
Windows are frames on the desktop that contain the contents of opened
files, folders, or programs. The content of a window changes according to
the type of the program. A window is a portion of the screen where programs
and processes can be run. You can open several windows at the same time.
For example, you can open your e-mail in one window, work on a table in a
spreadsheet in another, download pictures from your digital camera in another
window, and search your project on the web in still another window. Windows
can be closed, resized, moved, minimized to a button on the taskbar, or
maximized to take up the whole screen.
53
Aero Desktop Experience

Part of the Windows Aero experience is Windows Flip 3D, which is a way to
arrange your open windows in a three-dimensional stack that you can quickly
flip through without having to click the taskbar.
Flip 3D
This Aero effect is activated by pressing the windows key and tab key at the

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different windows.
% & ' ("
Switching Between Open Windows

There are several ways to switch between the open windows. For example,
you can use the Windows + Tab or Alt + Tab key combinations.
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54
Switching Between Open Windows

Open several windows and switch between them.
Aero also includes taskbar previews for your open windows. When you point
to a taskbar button, you will see a thumbnail-sized preview of the window,
whether the content of the window is a document, a photo, or even a running
video.
Peek
You can use Peek features to quickly preview the desktop without minimizing
all your windows by pointing at the Show desktop button on the right end of
the taskbar. To make the windows reappear, move the mouse away from the
Show desktop button.
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55
Shake
Using Shake, you can quickly minimize all open windows on the desktop
except the one you want to focus on. Just click the title bar of the window you
want to keep open and drag (or shake) the window back and forth quickly to
minimize the other open windows. Shake it again to bring the other windows
back.
Snap
Snap is a quick way to resize open windows, simply by dragging them to the
edges of your screen.
Depending on where you drag a window, you can make it expand vertically,
take up the entire screen, or appear side by side with another window. Snap
facilitates reading, organizing, and comparing windows.
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Changing Wallpaper and Screen Saver

The background of the desktop is called wallpaper. A screen saver is an
animated image that is activated on a personal computer display when no
user activity has been sensed for a certain time.
The Control Panel helps you change the settings of your computer. Use
Appearance and Personalization category to change the wallpaper and
screen saver.
56
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57
Setting a Screen Saver
Working With Files and Folders

Files
A file is a collection of information, such as a program, a set of data used by
a program, or a user-created document. A file can contain data, programs,
etc. There are different types of files, such as sound files, movie files, and
documents files. Each file has a name and extension to identify the file. A file
extension is a suffix to the name of the file to indicate the type of the file. The
following table lists some of the most common file extensions and types.
Extension
AVI
Symbol
Information
Audio/Video Interleaved used for Windows-based movies.
BMP
Bitmap format. Image files.
DOC
Document format of Microsoft Word.
58
EXE
DOS-based executable file, which is also known as a program.
GIF
Graphics Interchange Format that supports animation. Created by CompuServe and

used primarily for web use.
HTM
Hyper Text Markup. HTM or HTML are file extensions of a web page.
INF
An INF file (stands for information) or Setup Information file is a plain text file used by
Microsoft Windows for installation of software and drivers.
JPG
A compressed bitmap image format used by digital cameras to display photographs

on the web.
MP3
Widely used audio file format.
MPEG
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PDF
Portable Document File by Adobe.
PPT
Microsoft PowerPoint presentation (default extension).
PSD
Adobe Photoshop Document format.
RAR
RAR compressed archive file.
RTF
Rich Text Format.

RTF
SWF
Shockwave Flash animation file.
59
TMP
Windows temporary file.
TXT
Text Format.
WAV
Waveform sound file.
XLS
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet File.
ZIP
Compressed Zip archive.
Folders
A folder is a container used to organize the files and subfolders. Every file
and folder is stored in a parent folder except the root directory, which is the
top-most folder in the folder hierarchy in a partition. Formatting a disk or
partition automatically creates a root directory, such as C:\.
/ ,
60
Folder Structure
Draw a folder structure tree to illustrate the folder
hierarchy of your Documents folder.
) /
In some ways, a library is similar to a folder. For example, when you open a
library, you'll see one or more files. However, you cannot store files or folders
in a library. This is a subtle, but important, difference. In libraries, you can
include folders from different locations so that you can see the files in one
place. This is a good way to keep your files organized so that you do not have
to search multiple locations to find what you are looking for.
61
Common File and Folder Operations

While working on the computer, we frequently need to create, copy, move,
rename, and/or delete files.
Unless you want to lose your data, you need to save the
documents that you are working on. When you are finished
with your document, saving it creates a new file. If necessary, you can change the name of the file and rename it.
When you no longer need a file, you can delete it from your
computer to save space and to keep your computer from
getting cluttered with unwanted files.
Occasionally, you might want to change where files are
stored on your computer. You might want to move files to
a different folder or copy them to removable media (such
as CDs or memory cards) to share with another person or
use in another place.
Over time, the number of files on a computer increases
tremendously. To save memory, you can compress them
to occupy less space. In addition, finding a file might mean

easy task. To save time and effort, you can use the search
box to find your file.
Compression combines one or more files into a single file
that occupies less storage space than the files did separately. This technology enables you to send attachments
more efficiently via email as well as save space on your
hard drive.
Clipboard
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Windows Explorer
This is a program that helps in managing files and folders. You can view your
files and folders in Windows Explorer. It provides a graphical user interface for
accessing the file systems.
You can open the Windows Explorer window in several ways:
zStart > All Programs > Accessories > Windows Explorer.
zDouble-click the Computer icon on the Desktop.
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62
z
+ E key combination.
zRight click the Start button and select Open Windows Explorer.
Navigation pane
Address bar
File list
Back and Forward buttons
Library pane
The search box
Toolbar
Column headings
Detail pane
zThe Navigation Pane on the left sidebar organizes your files and folders
into multiple categories, such as Favorites, Libraries, Home, Group, Local
Computer, and Network. Use the Navigation Pane to quickly find and open
your files and folders.
zThe Address Bar displays your current location and helps with navigating.
zThe Recent Places option lets you view the list of folder that you recently
visited.
zWindows 7 offers a great feature called Libraries; it lets you organize all your
files together in one place regardless of where they are stored.
zThe Detail Pane is located at the bottom of the window and gives brief
information about selected items.
63
Searching for Files and Folders

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name. Compare your results with those of your friends.

search field ! "

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Creating New Folders

A new

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button on the toolbar or follow the menus File->New->Folder. Create the following folder structure
on your computer.
, 5 / /
64
Renaming a File or Folder

A file or folder can be renamed in different ways. Right-click and select Rename from the pop-up menu
or, while the file is selected, follow the File->Rename menu or press the F2 button. Now add your
name to the end of the folders that you have created in your previous practice.
Renaming a Folder using the File Menu
A file name can contain up to 255 characters, including spaces, but it cannot
contain any of the following characters: \ / : * ? < > |.
65
Copying a File or Folder

Copying a file or a folder involves duplicating it in another location (destination) without removing it
from its original location (source). A file or folder can be copied by dragging and dropping, by using
Edit->Copy and Edit->Paste, or by right-clicking and selecting Copy from the pop-up menu. Now go
to previous practice results and copy School and Family folders under the Learning folder.
Click the paste

option
Select the folder

where the file or
folder
is to be copied
Copying a File or Folder
66
Moving a File or Folder

Moving a file or a folder involves transferring it from its original location to another location (destination).
A file or folder can be copied by dragging and dropping it, by using the menu Edit->Cut and Edit>Paste, or by right-clicking and selecting Cut from the pop-up menu and then pasting it to the
destination. Now go to the previous practice results and move the School folder from the Learning
folder to the E-Books folder.
Click the
cut
option
Click the paste

option
Select the
folder to
be moved
Select the
folder where
the file or folder
is to be
moved
Moving a File or Folder
The shortcuts for copying and moving files and folders are as follows:
To Copy a file, hold down the CTRL key while you drag and drop the file.
To Move a file, hold down the SHIFT key while you drag and drop the file.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Cut: Ctrl + X
Copy: Ctrl + C
Paste: Ctrl + V
67
Deleting a File or Folder

Right-click the file or folder you want to delete and select the Delete command from the pop-up menu.
You can also delete the selected file or folder by pressing the Delete key on the keyboard. Now go to

\\

Z_

Z_

Z\_
folders.

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68
Compressing a Folder
In order to compress files and folders, rightclick the files or folders that will be compressed
then select Send To-> Compressed (zipped)
Folder.
Compress a folder and then compare the size of
the original folder with the compressed folder.
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Managing Disks
Disks are storage devices for computers. They are used to store files and
folders. You can copy and erase data on a disk any number of times. Disks
keep storing data even when the computer is turned off. A new disk, called a
blank disk, has no data on it. Before you can store data on a blank disk, you
must create partitions and format them.
A partition is a part of one physical hard drive that is made to behave as if it
is a hard drive itself. Some computers have hard disks that are partitioned as
a single partition. Any operating system may recognize and use partitions of
various types of disks. The partition concept is system-wide and not limited to
a particular operating system.
Each partition should be formatted and assigned a drive letter before use.
Hard disks in new computers running Windows are already formatted. A
partition is called a volume after formatting. Volume is the term used to
describe a single accessible storage area with a single file system. Windows
7 maps drive letters to volumes and, in this sense, a volume is any entity that
has a drive letter mapped to it, like C:.
When a new hard drive is formatted, a bootable partition is created. This is
the partition where the operating system is installed. Formatting a hard drive
requires selecting a file system that will be used on the drive. The file system
is what the operating system uses to organize and locate information that is
written to various sectors on the hard disk. The default file system of Windows
7 is NTFS (New Technology File System).
69
File Systems
Conduct a search to identify the different types of file systems (FAT, FAT32, NTFS, ext4, LTFS, CDfs,
UDF, etc.) and their advantages and drawbacks.
Windows 7 has a Disk Management system utility tool to manage disks. You
can extend or reduce disk size, create additional partitions, delete partitions,
format partitions, and change the drive letter among other things with this
all-in-one system tool. Only the administrator users can access the Disk
Management tool.
G-

To start the Disk Management tool, type Disk Management in the Run box
and press the Enter key. You can also access the Disk Management Tool in
the Computer Management window. To open the Computer Management
window, right-click the Computer icon and select Manage from the shortcut
menu.
Disks and Volumes in Your System

Find out the number of disks and volumes as well as their file systems and sizes in your system.
70
Partitions
Suppose that you have a PC with a 500 GB single hard disk. Decide the number of partitions and
their sizes that will meet your needs best.
Formatting a Partition
Installing a new hard drive for the first time, removing errors from your hard
drive, trying to get rid of a virus, or even erasing all data from your hard disk
are some of the reasons why you might need to format a partition.
To Format a Partition:
Step 1: Right-click the partition you wish to format in the Computer window.
Step 2: Choose Format from the pop-up menu.
Step 3: Select the file system (NTFS is recommended) and click the Format
button.
Shrinking a Partition
You can decrease the space used
by a partition by shrinking them
into adjacent, contiguous space on
the same disk. For example, if you
discover that you need an additional
partition but do not have additional
disks, you can shrink the existing
partition to create new unallocated
space that can be used for a new
partition.
When you shrink a partition, any
ordinary files are automatically
relocated on the disk to create the
new unallocated space. There is no
need to reformat the disk to shrink
the partition.
Shrinking a Volume
To shrink a partition, from the Disk Management screen, right-click on the

partition that you want to shrink, select Shrink Volume from the menu, and
enter the amount of space to shrink in MB.
71
Disk Defragmentation
Fragmentation occurs when a system cannot or will not allocate enough
contiguous disk space to store an entire file as a unit. Instead, it puts parts of
it in gaps between other files (usually those gaps exist because they formerly
held a file that the operating system has subsequently deleted or because
the file system allocated excess space for the file in the first place). The file
system must then maintain some kind of file system structure to keep track of
where all the related file pieces are stored and consequent performance loss.
Defragmentation attempts to alleviate these problems. It increases access
speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage

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To start the Disk Defragmenter:
Click Start, select All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk
Defragmenter.
Or
Open your Windows Explorer and view all drives. Right-click on the drive
you want to defragment and select Properties. In the Tools tab, choose Disk
Defragmenter.
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In the Disk Defragmenter dialog box, click the drives that you want to
defragment and then click the Analyze disk button. After the disk is analyzed,
a dialog box appears, letting you know whether you should defragment the
analyzed drives.
72
Managing User Accounts

A user account is a collection of information that tells Windows what files and
folders you can access, what changes you can make on the computer, and
your personal preferences, such as your desktop background or color theme.
User accounts enable you to share the computer with several people, but still
have your own files and settings. In other words, a user account defines the
actions that a user can perform. Each person accesses their user account with
a user name and password.
GD
There are three types of accounts. Each type gives users a different level of
control over the computer:
zStandard accounts are for everyday computing.
zAdministrator accounts provide the most control over a computer and
should only be used when necessary.
zGuest accounts are intended primarily for people who need temporary use
of a computer.
Standard User Account

A standard user account lets a person use most of the utilities of a computer. In
order to make changes that affect other users or the security of the computer,
this type of user needs permission from an administrator.
When you use a standard account, you can use most programs installed on
the computer, but you cannot install or uninstall software and hardware, delete
files required for the computer to work, or change settings on the computer
that affect other users. If you are using a standard account, some programs
might require you to provide an administrator password before you can
perform certain tasks.
Administrator Account
The computer administrator account is intended for someone who can make
wide changes to the computer, install programs, and access all files on the
computer. Only a user with a computer administrator account has full access
to other user accounts on the computer. The administrator user can:
73
zCreate and delete user accounts on the computer;

zCreate account passwords for other user accounts on the computer; and
zX

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types.
Guest Account
The guest account is intended for use by someone who has no user account
on the computer. There is no password for the guest account, so the user can
log on quickly to check e-mail or browse the Internet. A user logged on to the
guest account:
zCannot install software or
hardware, but can access
programs that have already
been installed on the computer;
zCannot change the guest
account type; and
zCan change the guest account
picture.
You can manage the user
accounts in Windows 7 from
the User Accounts window. To
open the User Accounts window:
Start -> Control Panel -> User
Accounts or simply click the Start
Button and your account picture.
In this window, you can change/
remove your password, change
your picture, change account
type, create a new user, etc.
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User Password and Picture

Open the User Accounts window and change your password and account picture.
74
Burning CDs and DVDs

Windows 7 comes with its own Explorer-integrated CD/DVD burner. You can
create data discs in Windows 7 by using its own CD/DVD burner. Pop in a
blank DVD or CD and it will automatically prompt you with the Burn a Disc
window; to start adding files to the disc, drag the files and folders to the drive.

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You can also copy files or folders to a CD or DVD using right-click send to >
DVD RW Drive option or using the Windows Explorer Burn button.

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Backing Up Your Data

Back up your important files and folders onto a CD or DVD by using the Windows disc burning program.
75
Accessories
Windows 7 comes with some additional application

software for text editing, painting, playing music and
video files, recording sound, etc. Your system can run
without these applications, but such programs are
useful for elementary- and medium-level applications.
You may need to buy professional programs for
advanced applications, such as Microsoft Word for
text editing, Corel Draw for drawing, and Photoshop
for photo editing or digital painting.
Windows 7 provides accessibility features for
individuals who have difficulty typing or using a
mouse, have moderately impaired vision, or are deaf
or hard of hearing. These programs are found in the
Ease of Access group under the Accessories.
Your entire accessories program is located under
the Start button. To access these applications: Start
Button > All Programs > Accessories.
G%&
Calculator
Windows has always had a calculator.
In Windows 7, separate Programmer, Statistics, Unit Conversion, Date
Calculation, and Worksheets modes were added. With the Calculator in
standard mode and the basic configuration, you can do simple mathematical
operations.
76
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Birthday
Do you wonder which day of the week
you were born and how many days have
passed since your birthday? Use the Date
calculation feature of the Calculator and
find out.
Notepad
Notepad is a basic text editor that you can use to create simple documents.
The most common use for Notepad is to view or edit text (.txt) files.

Start the Notepad application; type a poem and save it.
77
Paint
Paint is a program in which you can draw and paint on your computer screen.
These drawings can be either black and white or color; you can print your
drawing and use it for your desktop background or paste it into another
document.
Ribbon
Home and View tabs
Brushes
Canvas (drawing area)
Paint button
Tools panel
Shapes
Color platte
The Paint Window
Image File Formats

Conduct a search to learn about the functionality and suitability of the most used image file formats
(bmp, png, jpg, etc.).
78
Painting a Flower
Paint a flower by using different Airbrush colors; save
your work under the name flower.jpg. You can conduct
a search in the Internet to learn some tips before starting

^

Z

_

Search Box and follow the appropriate links.
Painting Scenery
Paint and color scenery using
the Line, Pencil, Brush and
Airbrush tools.
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79
Snipping Tool
The Snipping Tool captures a screen shot of anything on your desktop, like a
picture or a section of webpage. You can then annotate, highlight necessary
parts, save, or e-mail the image using buttons in the Snipping Tool window.
. .'
Which snip tool?

As evident in the figure, there are four different types of snip tool: free form, rectangular, window, and
full-screen snips. Discuss with your friends which snip tool is better for which operation?
Sound Recorder
The Sound Recorder lets you record a sound and save it as an audio file on
your computer. You can record sound from different audio devices, such as a
microphone or a device (a tape recorder) connected to the line in port.
Listening to Your Own Voice

Use Windows Sound Recorder to record your voice (like when practicing a new language). Save your
file and play it back to see how well you pronounced the words.
. !F
80
Sticky Notes
You can use Sticky Notes in Windows 7 as on-screen reminders. They are just
like paper post-it notes for your computer. You can change their color, format
text, position them anywhere on the desktop, collapse them, resize them, and
flip through notes.
To-Do List
Make a weekly to-do list to make a list of things you need to do.
Change font size of the task that you have fulfilled. You can use a
different note for each day and color them with different colors.
A Sample To-Do List
Shortcut key combinations for formatting text in Sticky Notes:

Ctrl+B: Bold text
Ctrl+l: Italics
Ctrl+U: Underline
Ctrl+Shift+>: Increase text size
Ctrl+Shift+<: Decrease text size
WordPad
Almost all operating systems include a basic word processor. The Windows
operating system has WordPad as its word processor software. Using
WordPad, you can create, edit, save, and print documents. You can use
WordPad in Windows 7 to create polished, professional-looking documents.
WordPad includes standard font and paragraph options that allow you to
change spacing and alignment along with font, size, and color. It also includes
the ability to do subscripts and superscripts, bulleted and numbered lists, and
highlighted text.
81
Font and Paragraph Toolbars
Insert Toolbar
My Family
Start the WordPad application and
type about your family, then format
it with different font types, sizes, and
colors.
82
Magnifier
Magnifier is a display utility that magnifies a portion of your computer screen,
making it easier to focus on reading and typing tasks. This utility is designed
for users who have impaired vision. Magnifier creates a separate window that
displays a magnified portion of your screen.
. .',
Narrator
The text-to-speech basic screen reader utility called Narrator reads text on the
screen aloud and describes some events (such as an error messages that
appear) that happen while using the computer. Narrator is not available in all
languages.
On-Screen Keyboard
The On-Screen Keyboard is a utility that displays a virtual keyboard on the

computer screen. This allows people with mobility impairments to type data by
using a pointing device or joystick. It can also be very helpful if you are having
problems with your keyboard
Speech Recognition
The speech recognition tool can be used to control the computer using your
voice. With a microphone, you can pronounce commands that the computer
will understand and respond to as well as dictate text.
. F

.,
83
1
2
4
6
5
7
10
11
13
15
12
14
16
17
16
19
20
84
21
Across
Down
2.
A simple word processor program that comes

with Windows7.
1.
The process of preparing a hard disk drive or

flexible disk medium for data storage.
5.
Programs that are designed to fulfill a specific

task.
3.
7.
A background image on the desktop.
A computer program provided by hardware

makers to tell the operating system how to work
with that hardware device.
8.
A Windows toolbar where the start button and

currently running programs are shown.
4.
A desktop element that contains important

shortcuts and buttons together in Windows7.
10. The main graphical user interface of an operating

system, usually displaying icons, windows, and
background wallpaper.
6.
An operating system developed by Google for

Tablet PCs and smartphones.
9.
Free Windows-installed programs that help

you perform daily tasks, like the calculator and
Wordpad.
12. An operating system made by Apple for iPhones

and iPads.
14. A process to increase access speed by rearranging
the layout of files on your hard disk.
17. A screen reader utility included in Microsoft
Windows
18. An operating system made by Apple for Macintosh
computers.
11. A drawing program in Windows 7.

13. A type of computer program designed to prevent
phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer
monitors.
15. The least privileged Windows user account type.
16. An operating system made by Microsoft.
19. Software type that other programs depend on.

20. An accessory program used to capture screen
shots of anything on your desktop in Windows 7.
21. A place or container where you keep your files
organized.
85
Notes
86
Typing is the process of inputting text into a computer. The keyboard is the
typing device in the computer systems. It is the most commonly used device
to enter data and instructions into the computer. Rapid typing is one of the
very beneficial skills that every computer user should learn.
Fast Typing is Useful

It can be quite frustrating to not use the keyboard effectively, searching
for the keys and losing lots of time. However, if you know how to use the
keyboard effectively, you will not waste precious time and will enjoy working
while typing. Since you are able to see the screen as you are typing, you will
likely make fewer mistakes and correct them quickly if you know how to use
keyboard efficiently.
Typing fast is a skill that takes some time and practice, but it is one of the most
beneficial skills to have. Although gaining fast typing skills requires some effort
and time, once gained, it offers many benefits.
Fast Typing is not so Difficult

There is a common consideration among computer users that using the
keyboard effectively and quickly is difficult because of their typing habits.
Actually, typing is no harder than writing with a pen. All you need to do is to
learn how to use your fingers on the keyboard and then practice. There are
lots of software and websites that can help you develop faster typing skills.
In order to improve your typing skills, you just need to choose one of these
programs and practice for several weeks on a regular basis.
Each finger is used for a special group of keys. In the following figure, you can
see the keys grouped according to the position of the fingers.
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(,
88
Home Row Keys (A, S, D, F and J, K, L, ;)

Home row keys (A, S, D, F and J, K, L, ;) are shown above; these are the keys
on which to position your fingers. There are two groups of home row keys
assigned for each hand. From the home key, you reach any other key you
want to type and then return back to the home key again. For example, to
reach B,G,R,T, and V keys, you keep your left index finger grounded on the F
key when not typing. Home keys are the base from where you reach out and
return to.
The F and J keys are reference keys on the keyboard which have raised
bumps (a little line at the bottom) to help people know which key they are
pressing without looking at the keyboard.
Capital Letters (A, B, C, etc.)

You have two options for typing capital letters.
1) To type one capital letter, press and hold down the Shift key and press the
desired letter.
2) You can enable Upper Case typing mode by pressing the Caps Lock key
to type capital letters continuously. In order to return to Lower Case typing
mode, you should press Caps Lock key again.
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How Fast You Are

You can test how fast you are before starting to learn to type:
Open http://www.sense-lang.org/ and then start the test by selecting the test
options from the menu.
!
You will type according to instructions when you start the test, and the
program will show your performance depending on your speed and accuracy.
.(.

Chapter 3: Fast Typing
89
At the end of the test, the web page displays your result.
.
F!'
Fast Typing Tips

Conduct research to define fast typing tips. List your tips here.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Start to Learn
As previously mentioned, several programs are available to learn fast typing.
The http://www.sense-lang.org/ website has some good tutorials as well as
lessons so you can start with a suitable lesson that fits your level.
You will see the following screen when you select lesson 1:
. D
90
You should put your fingers on the home row keys, as indicated on the figure,
when you see this screen. Then you should press the keys you see at the top
in order. The key you should press will be highlighted in blue. If you press the
wrong key on the keyboard, the program will display a picture that will show
you which finger should be used and which key you should press.

,(
&
At the right side of the program you will see a section entitled My result. In
" = !!
!
"
^
shows the elapsed since starting the lesson. Below the timer, you will see your
correctly and incorrectly typed letters separately.
(F!'
Chapter 3: Fast Typing
91
At the end of the lesson, you will see the following screen:
: D
If your result is good enough, the program lets you exit the lesson; otherwise,
it will restart the same lesson.
Follow all the lessons. By the end of the 15th lesson, you will have learned how

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funny and challenging games are available in the same website.
A Success Story: Mrs. Barbara

Blackburn of Salem, Oregon,
the fastest English language
typist in the world, can maintain
150 wpm for 50 min (37,500
key strokes) and attain a speed
of 170 wpm. Her top speed
was recorded at 212 wpm.
Source: Norris McWhirter, ed.
(1985), THE GUINNESS BOOK
OF WORLD RECORDS, 23rd
US edition, New York: Sterling
Publishing Co., Inc.
92
.(2
Once you have finished all of the lessons, you can develop your typing skills
by working on BBC news. You can select and work on a topic from BBC news.
In addition, there are lots of software and websites, such as Typing Master
Pro, Baby Type, http://www.powertyping.com/, and http://www.typingweb.
com/. You can also use other software or websites to practice typing.
Introduction
Word processing is the ability to create text and format it so it looks appealing
by using different fonts, fancy characters, formatted paragraphs, and possibly
other features not found in classic text editors. Word processing has replaced
the electric typewriter as the most efficient way to create and edit text
documents.
The word processor software is much more than a simple typewriter. It
creates documents just like a typewriter, but it can do much,
much more. It automates just about everything you
do to create a document except for entering (i.e.,
typing) the text and/or other materials, such as
pictures or illustrations that are to become part of
the document. When properly configured, the word
processor provides all of the formatting required to
create a highly organized and pleasing document.
All you do is enter the text and any figures or
illustrations you need.
There are many word processor software programs available for
computer users. MS WordPad, MS Word, OpenOffice.org Writer, WordPerfect,
and web-based word processors like Google Docs and Office Web Apps
are the most famous word processors. .txt, .rtf, and .docx are common
!
Basic Functions of Word Processor Software

zCreate a new document (or load an existing document).
zEnter text and add pictures into the document.
zEdit and format text and pictures in the document.
zPrint the document.
zSave the document.
Practice: Five Matters

A word processor is a
computer program used for
editing, formatting, and printing
of any sort of document. MS
Word, OpenOffice.org Writer,
WordPerfect, and web-based
word processors like Google
Docs and Office Web Apps
are the most famous word
processors.
.txt, .rtf, and .docx are among
the file extensions of word
processors.
94
The words might be small, but the meanings behind them are great. The
speech might be concise, but the benefits and the blessings that can be
derived from them are countless.
We should study for the things that we want to have in our lives and keep
working until the end of our lives, such as a good social status, a job with
a high salary, a comfortable life, and wealth. We have not acquired those
things, but we are gifted from birth. How can you pay for being healthy,

=

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the importance of our talents after we lose them. In this exercise we will type
five matters.
Use the MS WordPad program to prepare your document (Start -> All
Programs -> Accessories -> WordPad). Your document should be similar to
the following one at the end of the practice.
.!
!
Step 1: Page Layout

zPage Size: A4
zPage Margins: Top 5 cm, left 2 cm, right 2 cm, bottom 5 cm.
Chapter 4: Word Processing
95
Change the page layout settings from the Page Setup window. Uncheck the
Print Page Numbers box to remove the page number.
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Step 2: Title
Type the title and format it according to the following settings.
zFont Family: Verdana
zFont Size: 28 points
zFont Style: Bold
zColor: Automatic
zAlignment: Centered
Leave a blank line after the title.
96
Step 3: Body Text

Type the text. Press the enter key after each piece of advice. Format the
advice according to the following settings:
zFont Family: Harlow Solid Italic
zFont Style: Bold
zColor: Professional Red
zAlignment: Left
Step 4: Making Numbered List

zSelect the text you want to number with the mouse
zClick Numbered List
or
zSelect the text from where you want to start
zClick the Shift key and hold it
zHighlight all the text until the end of the fifth advantage
using the down direction key
zClick Numbered list
My Goals
^

|

\

What are the first five things you want to do in your life?
Make a list and format the document as you wish.
Practice: Puzzle
Use the MS WordPad program to prepare your document (Start -> All
Programs -> Accessories -> WordPad). Your document should be similar to
the following one when you finish the practice.
97
Hats
Four criminals are caught and are to be punished. The Judge allows them
to be freed if they can solve a puzzle. If they do not, they will be hung. They
agreed.
The four criminals are lined up on some steps (shown in picture). They are
all facing in the same direction. A wall separates the fourth man from the
other three.
To summarize:
Man 1 can see men 2 and 3.
Man 2 can see man 3.
Man 3 can see none of the others.
Man 4 can see none of the others.
The criminals are wearing hats. They are told that there are two red hats and
!
^
"!!

"

wearing. They are told to shout out the color of the hat that they are wearing
as soon as they know for certain what color it is.
They are not allowed to turn round or move. They are not allowed to talk
to each other. They are not allowed to take their hats off. Who is the first

!"@
.!
!
Step 1: Creating a new document

Click the WordPad menu button
, and then click New.

-!
98
Step 2: Title
Type the title and format it according to the following settings.
zzFont Family: Calibri
zzFont Size: 16 points (Bold)
zzColor: Red
zzAlignment: Centered
Leave a blank line after the title.
Step 3: Entering Text

Type all the text and format it according to the following settings. Press the
enter key at the end of each paragraph.
zzFont Family: Arial
zzFont Size: 10 points
zzColor: Automatic
zzAlignment: Left
Step 5: Making Bulleted List

Select the text that you want to make a bulleted list and click the Bullets
button.
Step 4: Inserting a Picture

Insert picture (Home -> Picture)
To create a bulleted list, you

can use another approach: First
click the Bullets or Numbering
button on the Ribbon, then
continue typing your text.
Inserting a Picture
Story
Type your own story and illustrate it with a related picture. You can draw your own picture in MS
Paint.
99
Practice: Class Time Table

Time is one of the most important concepts in human life. If you plan your
time, it becomes more valuable. Successful people are those who can arrange
their time best. In this practice we are going to make a table for planning time.
Use the MS Word program to design your weekly timetable.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
1st
Period Math
2nd Period Social
Science English
Math
English
Turkish Social
Social
Science
3rd Period English English Math
Science Social
BREAK TIME
4th Period Science Math
Turkish
5th Period
Computer Art
Science Lab Language Turkish
6th
Period
Art
7th
Period Music
Computer Math
Language Drawing
Math Lab
English
Sport
Sport
Music
Reading
Step 1: Creating a Table

Go to Insert menu on the Ribbon, then select Table
zzNumber of columns : 6
zzNumber of rows : 9
zzTotal number of cells: 6*9 = 54
Creating an Empty Table
100
Step 2: Merging Cells

Select all cells between 3rd and 4th period or select the 5th row
of the table, then click Merge Cells from the Layout menu
Step 3: Centering the Texts

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#

zSelect all text
zFrom the Home menu, click Center or press Ctrl +E keys on the keyboard
Step 4: Modifying Table Styles

zDesign the table according to the following settings.
zWhen you click on the table, the Design menu will appear
zSelect Light Shading, then Accent 1
To-Do List
Create a table to keep track of your weekly duties.
Practice: Book Summary

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when a friend is in need. Once you read a book, the book itself, the author,
and the characters in the book all become your friends. There are many good
books to read, but usually there is not enough time to read them all. Thus,
sharing your opinions about a book you have read with other people will
help them to choose the right book to read. In this project, we will prepare a
document for a book summary in MS Word
101
Step 1: Prepare the Cover
.!
!
Page setup
zSet the background color of the page (Page Layout -> Page Color)

&'
102
zzSet the Page Border (Page Layout Ribbon -> Page Borders)
Changing the Page Borders
Insert WordArt
zzInsert WordArt (Insert ribbon -> WordArt)
Insert WordArt
103
Insert Picture
zInsert a Picture (Insert ribbon -> Picture)
)
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!
Step 2: Typing Information about the Book
!
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104
Entering Text
Type the first paragraph and format it similar to the text in the previous figure.
Adding Numbering to a Text

Select the text to which you want to add a numbered list.
zThen select (Home Ribbon -> Bullets or Numbering)
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Step 3: Preparing a Book Summary and Comments
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105
Entering Text and Creating a New Style

In this section we will learn how to create and use
styles. Type the summary and format it according to
the following settings.
For titles
zFont Family: Algerian
zColor: Automatic
zAlignment: Center
From the Home button on the ribbon in the Styles
group and click the More button next to the Change
Styles. Click Save Selection as a New Quick Style
and enter the name of your new style (My title).
'

('
For the summary texts, create a new style as

follows:
zFont Family: Century
zColor: Automatic
zAlignment: Justify
For the comment text, create the following new
style:
zFont Family: Calibri

('
zColor: Automatic
zAlignment: Left
Book Summary
Type a summary of a book that you have recently read.
106
F W N
O W F
F O
W D P
G N
F W N
Q N
N O B
O R
M O
A W
A M A
W G
R S
G M
S M
E N
N U
W R
A G
O R
R W
G C
N M U
1. The space that surrounds the content of a page in

MS Word.
2. To arrange size, shape, color, etc., properties of
texts or paragraphs.
3. A piece of written work that is stored on a computer.
4. A list of numbers, facts, or information arranged in
rows across and down a page.
5. An interface where a set of toolbars are placed on
tabs in a tab bar. It became widespread with MS
Office 2007.
6. A vertical line of entries in a table, usually read from
top to bottom.
7. A line of entries in a table going from left to right.
8. A text-styling feature that is available in the Microsoft
Office suite.
9. Visual representation of a painting.

10. A line or art that surrounds a page.
11. "
==
used for marking items in a list.
12. Using numbers to mark items in a list.
13. Sets of formatting characteristics, such as font
name, size, color, paragraph alignment, and
spacing.
14. A menu where you can change page size,
orientation, margins, etc.
15. An electronic data file containing a set of glyphs,
characters, or symbols (shape of letters).
16. Geometric figures like a rectangle, square, or
triangle.
107
Notes
108
THE INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet
The Internet is made up of millions of computers linked together all around
the world in such a way that information can be exchanged among computers
at any time. These computers can be in homes, schools, universities,
government departments, or offices. The
a
network of networks

!

linked together into one giant network called the Internet.
Computer Networks
A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. There
are two main types of computer networks: LAN and WAN.
zLocal Area Network (LAN): A LAN is two or more connected computers
sharing certain resources in a relatively small geographic location, often in
the same building, such as home networks and office networks.
%D'%

110
zWide Area Network (WAN): A WAN typically consists of two or more LANs.
The computers are further apart and linked by telephone lines, dedicated
fiber optic cables, or radio waves. The Internet is the largest Wide Area
Network (WAN) in existence.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networks

Computer networks provide software and hardware sharing. Software sharing
brings cheaper license fees than buying software licenses for every PC in the
network. In addition, you can share files among network users and even back
up your files on the file server. Hardware sharing brings an opportunity to use
the same hardware device (e.g., printer, fax, and scanner) among network
users so there is no need to purchase the same device for each user.
In addition to the many advantages of computer networks, there are also
some drawbacks, such as high installation costs due to the costs associate
with file servers and cabling expenses. In order to manage a network, there
should be a trained person who can administer the entire network. For
example, if one of the servers in the network is broken, it might cause some
problems, like inaccessible files and devices. In addition, viruses can spread
rapidly throughout the network. To prevent the network from external attacks,
a firewall should be installed.
The foundation of the Internet began in 1969, when the US Department

of Defense created ARPA Net, a project to allow military personnel to
communicate with each other in an emergency.
Chapter 5: The Internet
111
Uses of Internet
)

'
Communication
You can use the Internet to communicate with people around the world
instantaneously. The messages you send over the Internet can reach any part
of the world in just a few seconds.
E-Mail
Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging
digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Put simply, we
can describe e-mail as the transmission of messages over communications
networks. The messages can be notes entered from the keyboard or
electronic files stored on a hard disk. Most mainframes, minicomputers, and
computer networks have an e-mail system. Some e-mail systems are confined
to a single computer system or network, whereas others have gateways to
other computer systems, enabling users to send e-mail anywhere in the world.
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Advantages and Disadvantages: Regardless of where you are in the world,
you can send an e-mail to multiple people and include multiple copies. In
addition, an e-mail can reach its destination within a couple of seconds.
Despite these advantages, e-mail has some drawbacks, such as security
and privacy issues; in addition, the person to whom you send e-mail needs
to have an e-mail account as well. Finally, you could have trouble with spam
(junk e-mails).
112
Getting an E-Mail Account

Go to http://www.gmail.com and sign up for a new e-mail account. Then send an e-mail to one of
your classmates.
Getting the Most Recent News
The Internet also helps you get the

latest information on current events.
Many leading news channels use
the Internet as the medium for
providing updated news.
Medium (
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'6

"
Searching Information
You can use the Internet to search for information on any specific topic, such
as the history of computers, scientific inventions, and places to see (e.g., the
Taj Mahal, Eiffel Tower).
Weather Forecasts of your City

Go to http://www.weather.com and find the weather forecasts for your city for the next five days.
113
Distance Learning
You can take any course of your choice and register for online certification
exams over the Internet. You can also enroll in home learning and open
universities to access specific diploma programs.
Digital Entertainment
The Internet can also be used as a source of entertainment. You can listen
to music, play games, watch movies, or share pictures. When you download
music or movies from the internet, you have to be aware of copyright and legal
issues for the content that you want to download.
E - Commerce
You can buy and sell products, such as books and electronic goods, over the
Internet. You can also pay for these goods online by using your credit card.
When you buy something online, if you use your debit or credit card, you
should be careful to use only web pages that have the https secure protocol.
HTTPS (Secure Connection) allows confidential data to pass safely from

your web browser to a distant server via the Internet.
Online Banking
You can use the Internet to perform banking transactions, such as viewing
details of your bank account and transferring money from one account to
another.
Online Communities
Newsgroups: Newsgroups are online
discussion forums dedicated to specific
topics. There are newsgroups available for all
kinds of topics, such as computers, literature,
social issues, current affairs, and more. These
newsgroups are called Usenet. Newsgroups
can be subjected to inflammatory messaging.
Posting such inflammatory messages is called
flaming.
114
Chat Groups/Rooms: Chat groups or rooms are websites that you can use
to communicate instantly with other people who have logged on to the same
website. When you chat with someone, it means that you type a line of text
and then press the Enter key to send the message to them. The words that
you typed appear on the screens of the other participants, who can then
respond in kind. You can even use audio and video media while chatting so
that you can talk and see the person with whom you are chatting. You can also
transfer files to other participants. There are many chat rooms available that
cater to different topic areas. Depending on your topic of interest, you can sign
in to a chat room. You need to sign in to the chat room so that other people
in the chat room can know that you are online. Today, you can also use
mobile devices such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
laptops to chat online. Chat rooms are not often closely monitored. Therefore,
there can be incidents of inappropriate chat, use of explicit language, and
harassment. Online chat groups can also be a target for online predators and
a channel for identity thefts.
Blogs: Blogs are online diaries or journals. The word was derived from web
log and soon became blog. You can post articles, daily events, or your
thoughts on any subject. Blogs are like personal diaries; you can restrict
access to people who can view and comment on your postings. You can
either post your articles on specific websites that allow you to post blogs or
you can create your own website.
www.blogger.com or www.wordpress.com are examples of online blogs.
Similar to other online communities, blogs are often subjected to offensive
language, graphic content, flaming, and spam.
Social Networking Websites: A social networking website facilitates building
online social groups for people who share common interests. On such
websites, you must create an account and a profile. People who use the
website can view your profile and you can visit their profiles. Similar to instant
messaging, you can add contacts or friends, share files, and hold discussions
on a social networking website. For example, Facebook, Google+, and
Twitter are the most famous ones. You can use some social networking
websites only for business purposes. Such websites help you share ideas,
post job openings, contact clients, and promote your products or services.
On some social networking websites, anyone can easily access personal
information provided by the users of the website. Malicious users can misuse
the information available on such websites.
& ,'

"
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging allows you to communicate with other computer users over
the Internet. However, unlike e-mail messages, you can send and receive
messages immediately.
Instant messaging is similar to a telephone conversation; the only difference is
that you are typing your conversation. Instant messaging works just like a chat
room, but it allows only your friends and colleagues to see if you are online
and start a conversation.
115
To use instant messaging, you need instant messaging software along with
an Internet connection. You can download the messaging software from
the Internet and install it on your computer. For this topic, Windows Live
Messenger is used. Most instant messaging software works in a similar way.
After you install the software, you need to create an account. You need to
provide a user name and password. You may also be asked to provide your
personal details, but this is optional.
After you have created your account, you can log on and add the user
names of your friends and colleagues who use the same instant messaging
application. When you log on, the people in your list will know that you are
online and can send messages to you.
To send a message to someone who is online, you need to double-click

!! ! =
"
" "
message in that window. Most instant messaging applications provide a
number of emoticons that allow you to express your emotions through icons.
)

6

)

6

Most instant messaging applications allow you to change your status, such
as Online, Busy, Away, or Out to lunch, to indicate whether you are available
for chatting or not. In case you do not want the people in your list to see that
you are online, but you would still like to be able to send messages to some of
them, you can set your status to Appear offline. Depending on the application
you use for instant messaging, there can be many more options.
116
Connecting to the Internet

To connect to the Internet, you need:
za computing device,
za connection device and media, and
zan Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Dial-Up Modem Connection

A modem is an electronic device that converts
computer data into audio signals (analog). This
conversion process is called Modulation. These
audio signals can then be transmitted over a normal
phone line. At the receiving end, another modem
converts the audio signals back into computer data (digital
signals). This conversion process is called Demodulation.
Modulation and Demodulation are where the name modem
comes from. A typical modem can transfer data up to 56Kbps. Dialup modems mostly have two phone ports, one for a land line and the
other for a phone machine.
Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities %)
'-'>!
of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a dialed
connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) via telephone lines. The

Internet protocol packets and control information into and from analogue
audio frequency signals, respectively. Modern dial-up modems typically have
a maximum transfer speed of 56 Kbps.
ISDN
ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. ISDN lines are connections
that use ordinary phone lines to transmit digital signals instead of analog
signals. With digital signals, data can be transmitted at a much faster rate with
a traditional modem. Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line
technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines
than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. Nowadays, ADSL is the
most commonly deployed types of DSL. When a service provider or ISP offers
ADSL, the customer receives service that is not guaranteed to be the same
speed in both directions. ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps
when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps
when sending data (known as the upstream rate).
117
3
1 Phone line wall jack
1
2 Phone line splitter

4
3 Computer
4 Modem
5 Ethernet cable
6 Phone
6
Both Internet and telephone can be used at the same time
ADSL modem
Cable Modem
A cable modem is a type of modem that connects your computer to a local

cable TV line and provides Internet access. A cable modem is more accurately
described as a network interface card. Cable modems run over coaxial cable,
which allows much faster data transfer rates than phone wiring and ADSL.
Cable modem connections are digital, not analog. The actual bandwidth of
a cable modem is up to 27 Mbps while downloading and 2.5 Mbps while
uploading.
A Cable Internet Modem
118
T1 and T3 Lines
A T1 line is a high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting data at a
rate of approximately 1.5 Mbps. A T1 line is typically used by small or mediumsized companies with heavy network traffic. It is referred as leased line. A T1
line is too expensive for individual use.
A T3 line is a high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting data at
a rate of 45 Mbps. A T3 line is wide enough to transmit full motion, real-time
video, and very large databases over a busy network. The backbones of the
internet are made up of T3 lines.
Satellite Connection
Satellite connection lets users download data from the internet to your PC
up to 512Kbps. This connection requires a receiver and satellite antenna to
connect to the satellite. Satellite connection is mostly used in rural areas that
do not have broadband connection like ADSL.
Fiber Internet
Fiber internet is the fastest internet access technology in the world. Fiber optic
cables transfer data using light, which provides better and faster performance
compared to copper wires. It provides up to 9 Gbps of speed depending on
the country.
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Wireless Internet Connections

Wi-Fi
Wireless networking, which is often just known as Wi-Fi, is a way of getting
broadband internet without wires. Wi-Fi allows you to connect several
computers at once, anywhere in the house or, if you have a laptop, to even
use your computer in the garden. You do not need to install extra phone
lines or cables. Today, millions of people connect to the internet using Wi-Fi
'!"_"
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! ! wireless
fidelity.
119
Wi-Fi is widely installed in cafs, airports, and many other public buildings.
If you have seen someone at your local coffee shop surfing on the internet
with a laptop computer, it means they are using a Wi-Fi network. Some major
cities around the world are providing cheap Wi-Fi access called Muni-WiFi
(Municipality Wi-Fi).
WIMAX
A Muni Wi-Fi Hot Spot
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless

communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 Mbps data rates. It
is a part of a fourth generation (4G) of wireless communication technology.
The main advantage of WiMAX is its wireless range. WiMAX has a signal
radius of about 50 km (30 miles), whereas WiFi has only 30 meters. The main
advantage of wireless is its mobility: You can use it wherever you want (within
the ISPs range).
A WiMAX CPE (Consumer

Premises Equipment) Device
A WiMAX Mini CPE Device
ISPs and Connection Speeds

* If you have an internet connection in your home, find out which ISP you are using and what type
of connection method.
* What kind of Internet connection opportunities do you have in your town?
* What is the price and speed of each type of connection?
120
WWW (World Wide Web)

The World Wide Web consists of an interconnected system of sites and
servers all over the world. It is a huge collection of web pages, all of which
are mutually interconnected with each other. These pages can contain text,
pictures, videos, sound, and much more information. Using the web is a bit
like flipping through a huge book that has been written by millions of authors.
The World Wide Web is also called WWW or the web.
Sometimes people use the words the Internet and World Wide Web
synonymously, but they are different. The WWW is a component of the
Internet that presents information in a graphical interface. Internet users can
think of the WWW as the graphical version of the Internet.
Imagine that you and your family have decided to go on a holiday to Fairy
Chimney, and you would like more information about the place in advance.
You will probably speak to your friends who have already visited that place or
search for books that provide the information you want. As a result, you spend
a lot of time gathering this information. By using the web, you can quickly get
information such as hotel details or any places you want to visit.
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Web browser, web page, and website are three keywords for understanding
the web.
Web Browser
A web browser is a software program that enables you to view and interact
with various resources on the web. An example of a widely used web browser
Internet Explorer, which displays both text and graphics. Some
browsers, such as Internet Explorer 7, offer a new feature called tabbed
browsing to facilitate better web browsing. Using tabs, you can view multiple
websites in a single browser window and easily switch from one website to
another.
Some websites may contain content in the form of animation, video, or audio
files. To view these files, you need additional programs known as add-ons.
An add-on is a software program that adds features to your browser and
enhances your Internet experience. Add-ons provide added functions by
allowing the web browser to access and run files included in web pages. For
example, Adobe Flash Player is a browser add-on that is required to view
high-quality videos by using web browsers. Other examples of browsers are
Opera, Firefox, Safari, and Google Chrome.
121
How does a webpage appear in different browsers?

Step 1: Download and install Opera, Firefox, Safari, and Chrome browsers with the help of your
teacher.
Step 2: Type http://www.todayszaman.com in address bar of all of the browsers you installed.
Step 3: Compare the different appearances of the browsers.
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A Web page is a formatted text document on the web that a web browser can
display. Most web pages on the Internet allow you to quickly move to another
web page. You can do this by clicking a hyperlink, commonly called a link.
Clicking a link opens the new web page in your web browser. You can access
existing web pages or even create and publish new web pages on the web.
You can create web pages by using a software language known as Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML). Web browsers use HTML to display web pages.
Hypertext is a method of linking text with other text that helps you to easily
browse through related non-sequential topics on the same page or on other
web pages. WWW consists of millions of hypertexts.
Web Page
Step 1: Open a blank notepad file on your desktop.
Step 2: Type these HTML codes in your file
<html>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
<p>This is my first web page!!!</p>
</body>
</html>
Step 3: Save this notepad file as helloweb.html
Step 4: Double-click on the file or open it in a web browser.
Web Site
A website is one or more web pages that reside on a single server. This server
is known as a web server and is connected to the Internet. The first web page
displayed when you access a website is known as the home page.
Top 10 sites of the web

Go to http://www.google.com/adplanner/static/top1000/ and make a list of the most visited sites on
the web.
123
Structure of Your Website

Imagine that you are designing a website for your school. Draw the structure of the site on draft
paper and then draw it on your computer. You can use an online tool or a desktop application to
draw the site map on your computer. http://www.writemaps.com and http://www.slickplan.com are
two websites to draw a site map. Smart Draw is a desktop application to draw a site map. You can
download Smart Draw software from http://www.smartdraw.com and install it on your computer.
home
about
team
services
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contacts
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Every website on the web is stored on a server computer that is part of a vast
network. To access a website, you need to access the computer on which the
website is stored. Just as every house has a unique address, each computer
on the web is identified by a unique address, known as the Internet Protocol
(IP) address. The IP address is a numeric address that specifies the exact
location of a computer on the web. You can access a computer on the web
by using an IP address, such as 192.168.0.1.
The IP address is linked to a corresponding domain name because it is
easier to remember names than a string of numbers. For example, the
corresponding domain name for the IP address 209.85.231.104 can be www.
google.com. Web browsers can use either the domain name or the IP address
to locate and display a Web page.
My IP Address
Step 1: Go to Start Menu >Run
Step 2: Type cmd then press the Enter key to reach the command window.
Step 3: Type ipconfig then press the Enter key. You will see a result like the following figure. Your IP
address is also indicated.

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whatismyip.com
Step 5: After that, compare these two addresses.

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A website for a domain is accessed with the help of a unique alphanumeric

address known as the web address or the Uniform Resource Locator (URL),
which specifies the protocol to be used and the exact location of the website.
A protocol is a standard method of transferring data between different
computers. In the example
http://www.microsoft.com/learning/default.asp
http indicates what protocol to use and microsoft.com/learning/default.asp
specifies the exact location of the web page. The following table lists the
components of a URL.
125
Element
Description
http://
Indicates the protocol to be used to access a file. It is a

hypertext page to be displayed in your browser.
www
Indicates that the website is on the Web.
microsoft
Indicates the name of the domain (server name).
.com
Indicates the type of domain. It is a commercial site.
/learning/
default.asp
Indicates the path of the document in the server.
A URL also includes a domain name suffix that indicates the type of
organization to which the website belongs. For example, in the domain name
microsoft.com, the domain name suffix is .com. The following table lists some
examples of common domain name suffixes.
Suffix
Long Form
Indicates that the website is for:
.com
commercial
a commercial organization
.edu
education
educational institutions, such as schools,

colleges, and universities
.net
network
network-oriented organization or an ISP
.org
organization
a non-profit organization
.info
informative
data of an informative nature
.museum
museum
a museum or an individual of the museum

profession
There are also country-level domains specifically used by a country or an

independent territory. Some examples of country-level domains include .ke
for Kenya, .in for India, and .jp for Japan.
Searching the Web

With billions of web pages on the World Wide Web, how can you find exactly
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Search
engines are specialized websites that help you find what you are looking for
on the web. All you have to do is to type in one or more keywords; the search
engine will then look for matching websites from all over the web.
Performing a Search
There are numerous search engines available, but the most popular ones are
Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. Each one has its own unique features, but the
process of conducting a search is very similar on all of them.
126
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Currency Converter
Click in the search text box, type currency, and then click search. After clicking, the search engine
filters its database to locate any web pages that match your search criteria (i.e., contain the word
currency).
Browse through the result list to find a currency converter.
If you do not find a currency converter, type currency converter in the search box.
When you find a currency converter, convert 1 USD (United States dollar) to your local currency.
Do these same steps but this time you use other browsers (like Bing, Google) and compare the
results.

Other Search Engines
Go to a browser and search for any other browsers, then complete the missing search engine names
below.
1. Google
6. __________________
2. Yahoo!
7. __________________
3. Bing
8. __________________
4. __________________
9. __________________
5. __________________
10. __________________
127
. Google Chrome ,

, built-in search
bar
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zUsing the Search Bar: Most browsers have a built-in search bar, located
on the right side of the address bar. To conduct a search, just type what
you are looking for (known as the search term) in the search bar; then
press Enter. Your browser will then take you to the search engine's website
to show you the search results, which is a list of all of the websites that
contain your search terms.

built-in search bar.
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Related Searches
A search engine will often recommend related searches that may be more
specific than the search terms you used. Related searches are usually listed
at the bottom of the page. Bing also lists them to the left of the search results.
The Search Engine may recommend

related searches.
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Advertisements
Search engines may include
advertisements along with the
search results. These ads are
picked by the search engine
based on your search terms, and
they look a lot like the actual
search results. While they may be
useful in some cases, it is usually
more effective to focus on the

Advertisements
Search
Results
Google puts its ads (which it calls

Sponsored Links) at the top and
to the right of the search results.
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Improving Your Searches

As you gain experience with search engines, you will be able to conduct
increasingly effective searches, which means it will become quicker and
easier to find what you are looking for. Here are a few tips for improving your
searches:
zTake suggestions: As you are typing in your search terms, the search
engine will try to guess what you are searching for and will show a list of
search suggestions (similar to related searches, except they appear while
you are typing). These can provide you ideas for search terms that you
may not have thought of.
Search
Suggestions
129
zzSearch phrases: Put quotes around a phrase so each word in the phrase is
not searched for separately. For example, if you put quotes around online
typing tutorials, the search engine searches for that entire phrase in a
web page. However, if you simply type online typing tutorials, the search
engine searches for each of the words individually, which may not give you
the results you desire.
zzExclude words: Use a hyphen (-) at the beginning of a word to exclude
search results containing it. For example, macaroni -cheese. In many search
engines the word NOT (in all caps) is used, as in macaroni NOT cheese.
zzUse OR: You can use OR (all caps) to include either of two words. For
example, soup recipe tofu OR fish should return recipes for soup that
contain tofu or fish (or both). You could also search for soup recipe tofu
OR fish OR chicken OR beef.
zzGet Help: Go to your search engine's Help page for more specific information
on a particular engine.
zzSpecialized Searches: Are you looking for news articles, images, videos,
or online stores? You can use a specialized search to search for a specific
type of content.
For example, if you conduct an image search, the search engine will find and
display images for you instead of finding links to pages that may or may not
have relevant images.
Searching an Image
130
Look up information about your city.

Search for images and information about a city that you want to visit. Then prepare a WordPad
document that is at least two pages long.
True/False
Expression
1.
Broadband is faster than a dial-up connection.
2.
Yahoo! and Google are examples of Internet browsers.
3.
Online means connected to the Internet.
4.
A browser is a program that can display web pages.
5.
A modem converts the computers digital signals to analog signals and vice
versa so that a computer can send and receive data via telephone lines.
6.
It is possible to save a web page as a file on your computer.
True
False
131
Test Questions
1. A company that provides a
service to let you connect to

the Internet via their servers
is known as?
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likely to take the most time to
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a number of ways, if given the

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using a computer but you are

network, which group of additional items would you need?
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The story is the vehicle we use to make sense of our lives

Jim Trelease
Digital storytelling combines traditional storytelling with digital technology.
Thus, anyone with a computer and story to tell can create a short video that
can be produced on the web, CD, or DVD. This is usually a 2- to 6-minute
video or a mini-video. Digital stories can be as creative or a simple as you
want to make them. All you need are pictures, a computer program, music, a
recorded audio narration, video clips, and a story to tell. In this practice, you
will prepare a digital story about the life cycle of butterflies.
Resources Needed for Digital Storytelling

There are three main resources needed for digital story telling: equipment,
multimedia materials, and the story content.
Equipment
zPersonal computer with Windows Photostory or Moviemaker or any other
video or digital storytelling software programs installed. For this practice,
you will use Photo Story 3.0, which is free and can be downloaded from
the Internet.
zMicrophone or headphone set.
zDigital camera
zScanner
zInternet access
Photos, Video Clips, and Music

You can make your own photos and videos for your projects, but you can also
use free music, sound effects, and pictures.
Websites containing free materials that may be useful for school projects:
zhttp://www.freedigitalphotos.net
zhttp://www.freeimages.co.uk/
zhttp://www.zooburst.com/
zhttp://freekidsmusic.com
zhttp://littlebirdtales.com
zhttp://www.freephotobank.org
zhttp://pics4learning.com/
Story Content
1. A good story should have a beginning, middle, and conclusion (an end).
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134
Beginning: The beginning introduces who, what, when, where, and

why as well as the conflict.
2.
Middle: The middle demands that the characters deal with the conflict.
How characters in the story behave and what they do step by step to
resolve the conflict.
Conclusion: Conclusion is the result of the choices made by the

characters in the dealing with the conflict.
A good story should have well-defined characters, including their age,

gender, role in the story, and why they are in the story.
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interest of the audience but not have them feel that the story is too long.
There are many advanced programs that you can use to create digital
storytelling, such as Microsoft MovieMaker, Photo Story 3.0, Slide Show Movie
Maker, Photo to Movie, Pinnacle Studio, and Ulead VideoStudio.
Microsoft Photo Story 3.0 is a free program. You can create digital stories by
adding voice, music, effects, and transitions. Your presentation can be saved
as a movie and stored on a DVD, placed on your website, or e-mailed.

Step1: Open Photo Story 3.0 for Windows
Open Photo Story 3.0 for Winddows (Start -> All Programs ->Photo Story for
Windows). You will see three options in the welcome window; select Begin
a new story to create a new project, select Edit a project to edit an existing
project, or select Play a story to play a previously saved project.
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Chapter 6: Digital Storytelling
135
Step 2: Importing Pictures

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Lifecycle of Butterflies.
Begin a new story, click on the button,
then navigate to the directory where your butterfly pictures
are stored and import them.
After your pictures are imported, you will see them on the
TimeLine. You can now select them individually and edit as
you wish.
zCorrect the color levels

zFix Red Eye
zRotate
zClick on Edit to crop the photo and add some photo effects
(e.g., Black and White, Colored Pencil)
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Choose to Remove Black Borders from your photos and

set their order.
Step 3: Add a Title to Your Pictures
Add a title to the pictures (see examples below) and relevant

text to other pictures.
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Clicking the Record button and read the following text into the microphone:

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Step 5: Add Background Music

Click the Create Music button, select and
then click the OK button.
Step 6: Save Your Story

Save your project in .wmv format.

Use the Photo Story program to prepare a project about Good vs. Evil.
Project Instructions:
1. Use an Internet search engine to find photos or use a digital camera to take photos. Save each
picture to your My Pictures Folder. (You should have at least 10 photos.)
2. Open the Photo Story program
3. Import and arrange pictures in your project.
4. Add text to describe your pictures.
5. Narrate your pictures.
6. Add background music.
Chapter 6: Digital Storytelling
137
Notes
138
Practice: Creating a Greeting Card

It is obvious that sharing happiness will increase it while sharing pain will
reduce it. Thus, it is better to share pain or gain, especially with the people we
care about. Greeting cards are one of the most efficient and easiest ways to

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words, but also with its design.
Many advanced applications exist for creating greeting cards, brochures,
business cards, etc., such as Corel Draw and Adobe Photoshop. Microsoft
Publisher is an entry-level desktop publishing application that is easy to use
and fast to produce a product. You will use Microsoft Publisher to create a
greeting card (a birthday card) for this practice. When you finish your project,
it will be look like the following example.
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Step 1: Opening the Templates Gallery
Open the Microsoft Publisher application (Start -> All

Programs -> Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Publisher). You
will see the screen shown below. There are many categories
of templates. Select greeting cards from the template
categories.
.

140
Step 2: Selecting a Template

Select a particular template according to your purpose (All Birthday -> Birthday 78).
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Step 3: Editing the Text

You will see the page navigation along the left side of the program. You can select the page that you will work on
in this pane. Select the pages and text boxes, and then change the text. (Having a mother like you is the best
gift I have ever got. Happy Birthday, Mom!)

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Chapter 7: Desktop Publishing
141
Step 4: Formatting the Text

Change the font properties and
alignment settings of the text.
You can use Text Box Tools
ribbon or Home ribbon to format
your text. The Text Box Tools
ribbon appears once you select
a text box on the window.
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Step 5: Adding Images
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You can add a picture to your document. There are three options to use to
add a picture:
1) Use the Picture button from the Insert menu.
2) Use the Picture Placeholder button from the Insert menu.
3) Use the Clip Art button from the Insert menu.
Click the Clip Art button to select an image from the Clip Art collection.

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Step 6: Background Color

Arrange the background color from the Page Design ribbon. Click the
Background button and select a background color, texture, pattern, or picture.
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Certificate of Participation
Infomatrix is an international informatics project competition held
in Romania to encourage young people to apply their imagination,
passion, and creativity to technological innovations. Visit the official
website of the Infomatrix (www.infomatrix.ro) and prepare a
participation certificate for the Computer Art category participants.
143
Practice: A Dream, People Always

Wanted to Do
From the early ages of history, people have always wanted to fly. However,
as humans, we do not have the inherent ability to fly. Therefore, people
have sought tools or machines to be able to fly. They created machines like
airplanes and helicopters. Now it is time for you to fly by creating a paper
plane. It is simple with Microsoft Publisher; you will select paper folding
templates after you open the program. In the paper folding templates, you will
see some templates related to airplanes. Open one and print out the design.
On the second page of the template, you will see the instructions to create it.
Step 1: Selecting a Plane Template from a Templates

Category
Open Publisher. Click the File tab, then New,

and select Paper Folding Projects from More
templates in the Templates Gallery. Then
select Classic from Installed Templates
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Step 2: Selecting a Color Scheme
On the right side of the same window you will see the Customize
section. Select an appropriate color scheme, such as Citrus, and
click the Create button.
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146
Step 3: Editing Text Boxes
Click on the text boxes and type something in

them.
On the left side you will see Page Navigation,
where you can jump between pages. On page 2,
there are instructions for folding the paper. If you
follow those steps, you will be able to complete
the project successfully.
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148
Paper Plane Flying Contest

After you finish your project, organize a paper plane flying contest with your classmates. This
competition can combine two sections, including best designed plane and plane that goes furthest.
Good luck!
Practice: Impress Your Friends with

Your Amazing Design
In life you may participate in social activities such as clubs and competitions
or you may work in a company. Sometimes you may need to inform people or
you may want to convince them to do something. You can create a poster or
a brochure to impress people and inform them about your ideas.
Some important features are included in designing a brochure. First of all, we
should know the topic and target audience. The text should not include too
much information because if it does, then the audience will not read it. The color
and pictures used are also important of course. In short, the design should
be harmonized. When you insert an item or picture into your document, there
should be proportion among
the items with regard to size
and color. For instance,
background items should be
smaller than items close to
us. Thus, planning the layout
of a poster or document is
important. We should choose
a suitable font type, color,
and size to create a good
impact on the audience.
You can use Microsoft
Publisher to create a
brochure. The brochure
can be an advertisement for
your school or club. It can
be about an activity, such as
a competition or a reading
program.
It
completely
depends on you. You can
work on any size of paper,
depending on your needs.
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149
Step 1: Create a New File from the Templates Gallery

Open Publisher. Click the File tab, New, and More Blank Page Sizes, then
choose A3 (Landscape) paper size from the Templates Gallery and click the
Create button.

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150
Step 2: Inserting Pictures into the Document

Insert a picture from InsertoPicture of the Home menu on the ribbon. Choose
a suitable picture for your project, then click the Insert button. The pictures for
this project are included in the CD given with this book. For the foreground
pictures, we used PNG pictures since you can use this type of picture without
white or any other color in the background, like the kites, balloons, sun, and
clouds used in this document.
Step 3: Editing Pictures

Click on the picture you want to change and then the Format button will
appear on the ribbon. You can edit your pictures, like bringing them to the
front or sending them to the back using the Format menu. After you click on
the picture, you can rotate or resize the picture using the buttons around it.
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151
Step 4: Inserting a Text Box and Editing Text

Click the Insert menu and the Draw Text Box button, then draw a text box in
a suitable area. After you insert the text box, type your text. If you need to edit
it at any time, just click on the text box and edit the text box.
Step 5: Inserting Clip Art

Click Insert ribbon -> Clip Art and a clip art pane will appear along the right
side of the window. Type Kite in the search box and select the following
pictures: a boy flying a kite, a girl with a kite, and a pink kite.
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152
School Charity Club

Design a poster for a School Charity Club asking students to donate items that they have not used
since last year. Here is a sample, but you should create your own design.
Do a favor today!
Donate an item that you do not use
since last year. Support us on
donation campaign for needy
people
153
Practice: Book Cover Design
Since the book has a special

page size, click on the Create
New Page Size button in the
Custom section. In Create
New Page Size box, enter the
required sizes.
There are some principles to consider when creating a book cover. Both sides
of the covers should be considered as one in terms of color and shape. The
content of the book and the age of the readers should be considered as well.
The front cover should include the book title, subject, authors, and illustrators.
The back cover should include the ISBN number, publishing house, and
distribution addresses. The spine of the book should have the book title, class
name, publisher house, and authors name.
Your book cover is shown below. Now as a project you will create an
alternative cover for your book. Use alternative colors, images, and a layout.
The front and back covers should use the 21.5x24.5 paper size while the spine
of the book should be 1x24.5
Creating a Custom Page Size
154

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155
Notes
156
Practice: The Last Samurai

Samurai is the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan. The
following picture depicts the statue of Great Saigo Takamori, the last samurai,
with his hunting dog and short sword in Tokyo's Ueno Park. Born on February
7, 1827, Takamori died on September 24, 1877, while making a final stand
against Meiji imperial forces.
In this practice, you will edit the picture of the statue and place it on a web
page. You will crop and resize the image then save the picture in the jpeg
format.
There are many different types of simple and advanced photo editing software
programs, including Paint.Net, Pixia, PhotoPos, 5DFly Photo Design, Adobe
Photoshop, and Gimp Photoscape. These programs allow you to edit
and manage your pictures by resizing, correcting the color, changing the
brightness, and compressing them.
You will use the Microsoft Office Picture Manager program for this practice.
This program provides you with image correction and some basic editing
features. It is included with the Microsoft Office Suite.

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158
Step 1: Open the Microsoft Office Picture Manager

Open the Microsoft Office Picture Manager (Start -> All Programs -> Microsoft
Office -> Microsoft Office Tools -> Microsoft Office Picture Manager).
Step 2: Selecting a Picture

Open the picture that you want to work on. Select Add a new picture shortcut
from the task pane, then browse your local disk to locate the picture and click
the Add button.
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!
"
Step 3: Edit the Picture

Sometimes pictures can be too large to fit into your document or cannot be
seen clearly; in addition, you may need to use only a part of a picture, so you

"
"
="

operations for use with pictures:
zResize: Allows you to change the dimensions of a picture.
zCrop: Allows you to cut out unwanted parts of a image.
zBrightness and contrast: Allows you to adjust the difference between light
and dark tones.
zColor: Allows you to correct the color settings of a picture.
zCompress: Allows you to make the file size smaller to ensure faster loading.
Chapter 8: Photo Editing
159
From the task pane, select Edit Pictures and apply the following settings:
1) Crop the picture
Before Cropping a Picture
After Cropping
2) Adjust the color of the picture (Picture > Color)

3) Flip the picture horizontally, compress the picture, and save it in JPEG
format
Estimated total size

Original: 1.39 MB
Compressed: 39.4 KB
After Applying Color Correction
160
The Final Picture
The Happiest Moments of My Life

Taking photos frequently will make you a better photographer. Using your camera every day will
help you learn its limits. Collect all your best photos into one folder.
Tips:

\

\

^

photo of someone new that you meet, something you ate for the first time, or something you just
learned how to do.
^

^

^|

^

^

important to you.

\

\\

% '&A
161
Practice: Making a Photo Collage

A photo collage is a collection of pictures that are put together to make
a single picture. The traditional art involves cutting pictures into pleasing
shapes or trimming out specific images for placement, but digital photo
manipulation opens many new possibilities, including blending images to
make a seamlessly realistic picture.
&
'' '
There are many advanced applications that you can use to create photo collage,
such as Picture Collage Maker Pro, Photo Collage 3.0, Wondershare
Photo Collage Studio, and Google Picasa. Google Picasa is software that
helps you organize, edit, and share your photos. It is free and easy to use.
162
Step 1: Open Picasa

Open the Picasa application (Start -> All Programs -> Picasa 3 -> Picasa 3).
You will see the program screen when you open Picasa.
&)

Step 2: Create a Picture Collage

Select the Create menu, then Picture Collage...
You have total artistic control over your collage content and layout. Experiment
with six different collage types in the hands-on collage creation screen. To
create a collage, follow the instructions below:
1.
Select the photos you would like to include in your collage.
2.
Click the Collage button in the Photo Tray. You can also create a collage
for all photos contained in a folder or album by clicking the Create Photo
Collage button located in the folder or album header.
3.
On the collage creation page, use the Settings and Clips tabs to control
the appearance and content of your collage:
zCollage style
zSettings
zAdd more photos
''

163
My Photo Collage
Using Picasa, prepare a photo collage for the following subjects:
^

\

\

\
^

\|
|

164
Programming can be defined as the process to develop different solutions

(algorithms) for a specific problem and then choosing the most efficient one.
Computer programming is a process of giving step-by-step instructions to
a computer to solve a well-defined problem using programming language.
Afterwards, the computer would be able to determine the solution of the problem
for varying input values. We can deduce the following facts from this definition:
1. First of all, there must be a problem to solve in
order to make a program.
2. Every problem requires a different solution.
3. There is a step-by-step process that should
be followed in the solution of the problem.
4. Programming languages are used to tell
the solution to the computer.
A programming language is a tool to express
our solution to the computer. It is a kind of
communication bridge built between human
beings and the electronics area. Programming
is totally different; it is the art of solving
problems. You are not going to use any
programming language in this book;
instead you are going to use flowchart
symbols to express your solution to the
computer. A flowchart is a diagram that
represents an algorithm showing the steps
as boxes of various kinds as well as their
order by connecting them with arrows.
Programming languages are beyond
the scope of this book. However,
you will find the related C++ codes of
flowcharts at the side of the pages to get
familiar with the programming syntax.
Programming skills will help you to gain the ability
to examine daily life problems that you encounter
from different points of view, creating alternative
solutions and choosing the most efficient one for you.
Understanding programming alone is not enough to
make you a successful member of society, but it will
definitely contribute to your success in different areas.
C++ codes have been written

in DevCPP. You can also run
your C++ codes in Microsoft
C++ Express version and
Linux.
166
Flowchart IDE
You will find a free flowchart programming IDE (Integrated Development
$ !
X ! *

com), where you can draw and run flowcharts.
By using the FCPRO program, you can do the following:

zDesign your own flowcharts.
zSave your flowcharts to disk and open them whenever you need.
zExport your flowcharts as BMP files.
zRun your flowcharts, reading the input from the user and displaying the output.
zDebug your flowcharts by stepping through them and inspecting the values
of variables and expressions by using the Watches.
Download and install FCPro

from the site http://book.
zambak.com to develop your
flowcharts.
zCompile your flowcharts into standalone Win32 Console applications.

zConvert flowcharts to their corresponding pseudo code programs and vice
versa.
zLearn all about flowcharts, pseudo code, and the way FCPro works by using
the user-friendly integrated help system.
Main Menu
File Buttons
Flowchart Symbols
(controls) Buttons
4 Erase Button
Run and Debug Buttons
Zoom Buttons
Edit Box: Edit the content of

the selected control here.
Drawing Pan: Build your

flowchart in this pan.
Input Box: Enter the input

values here.
10
Output Pan: See the

program-user interaction
and output here.
10
9
11
11
12
Watches: You can trace the current

values of the variables here.
Chapter 9: Flowchart Programming
12
Description: You can type a brief

description of your program here.
167

Z
~ _

Z
~ _
\

\

programs, by tradition, is the first program taught at the beginning of any programming class. This
program has no input or process, but only a line of output. Make the program yourself and run it in
FPro.
//Hello World
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout <<"Hello World!"<<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
.='''V&
My Program
Create a program that displays two lines of text:

Z

_
&
J!D .+
168
Flowchart Symbols (Controls)

A flowchart graphically shows the steps that need to be followed to solve a
specific problem, such as sorting numbers or calculating weekly expenses.
The different shapes in a flowchart are used for specific purposes. The input,
output, decision, and process symbols are all different from one another.
You can use Edit -> Line Up

Flowchart and View -> Show
Connectors options to auto
arrange your flowcharts.
Terminal (Start, End): The terminal symbol marks where the flowchart starts
and where it ends. The starting terminal contains the word while the
ending terminal contains the word
Input (Get, Read): The input symbol is used for getting data from the user.
The data is stored in variables.
Process (Do): A process symbol denotes that a process (arithmetic, logic, or

assignment) will be carried out.
Decision (If): This is a decision making and branching symbol. You can
!
"
"|
="
can set loops and execute either part of the program depending on the result
of the logical expression in the decision symbol.
Output (Print, Display): An output symbol is used for printing a message,

values of variables, and results of expressions.
Flow Line (Arrow): Arrows indicate the sequence of steps and the direction
of flow.
Connector (Joining): The connector symbol connects two parts of a

flowchart. It is usually used to connect two pages of a flowchart when you
are manually drawing a flowchart on paper. In FCPro, it is used to prevent an
arrow intersect with a flowchart symbol for a better view.
169
The shapes of the flowchart symbols in some other sources can be slightly
different.
Sum of Two Numbers

1. Make a program that reads two numbers and displays their sum. Use three variables num1 and
num2 for this program to keep the input values as well as sum to keep the result.
//Sum of Two Numbers

#include <iostream>
int int main()
{
int num1, num2, sum;
cin >> num1 >> num2;
sum = num1 + num2;
cout <<Sum is <<sum<<endl;
system(PAUSE);
return 0;
}
2. Run the program in trace mode using the Step button (

in the Watches window.
) and trace the values of the variables
3. Make the same program only with two variables: num1 and num2.
A variable is a symbolic name (e.g., num, surname, sum, a, result) that

stands for a value that can change. The values of variables are stored in
the memory. Variables enable the same program to execute various sets
of data.
170
Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

In mathematics and computer programming, an operator is a symbol that
represents a specific action. For example, a plus sign (+) represents the
^!

FCPro Arithmetic Operators

Operator
Description
Example
Addition
3 + 5 is equal to 8.
Subtraction
13 - 15 is equal to -2.
Multiplication
4*7 is equal to 28
Integer Division
12/4 is equal to 3 and 7/3 is equal to 2.
//
Fractional Division
7//2 is equal to 3.5 and 20//5 is equal to 4.
Modulus
16%5 is equal to 1, 3%5 is equal to 5, and

-11%3 is equal to -2.
Assignment Operator (=)

Assignment operator is the most common operator used with all programming
languages. It is used to assign a value to a variable on the left side of the
assignment operator. If the value already exists in that variable, it will be
replaced with a new value. There is always a variable on the left side and a
value, variable, or expression on the right side of the assignment operator.
*^ !$
$

*^
$
$

"

_*
the result of the expression.
Output
1. Determine the output of the following
flowchart manually.
2. Draw the flowchart on the computer and
compare your result with the actual output.
//Output
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int a=1, b=2;
a = a+b;
b = a*2;
cout<<a+b<<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
171
Mini Calculator
Make a program that calculates the sum,
difference, product, and quotient of two
numbers.
//Mini Calculator
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
cin >> num1 >> num2;
cout << <<num1+num2<<endl;
cout << <<num1-num2<<endl;
cout <<
<<num1*num2<<endl;
cout << <<num1/num2<<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
What Does It Do?

Examine the following flowchart and determine the problem that the flowchart has been designed for.

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int A, B;
cin >> A >> B;
cout << <<A*B<<endl;
cout <<
<<2*(A+B)<<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
172
What Does It Do?

Determine the purpose of
the following flowchart.
//Name Surname
#include <iostream>
#include <String>
int main()
{
string name, surname;
cin >> name >> surname;
cout <<surname << << name<<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
Debug the Program

The following flowchart aims to read three letters and print them in reverse order, but the output is
different than expected. Correct the error(s) in the flowchart to make it run correctly.
//Reverse Order
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
char char1, char2, char3;
cin >>char1>>char2>>char3;
cout <<char3<<char1<<char2<<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
173
Swapping Two Variables

In programming, the act of swapping two variables refers to mutually exchanging the values of
the variables. Many of the sorting algorithms utilize swaps to change the positions of data. Make a
flowchart to demonstrate the swapping operation.
Decision Making
Decision making is an ability given to mankind. We use our decision-making
skills to solve problems by selecting one course of action from several
possible alternatives. In programming, decision making is used for branching
and looping.
Relational and Logical Operators

A relational expression compares the values of two arithmetic values or
arithmetic expressions. Relational and logical expressions are called Boolean
expressions. The result of a Boolean expression is either true or false.
The logical operators compare Boolean expressions and return a Boolean
result. Both relational and logical expressions are often used to make a test
expression for decision making that controls program flow.
FCPro Relational Operators

Operator
Description
Example
>
Greater Than
3 < 5 is true.
<
Less Than
A < A is false.
>=
Greater Than or Equal

to
A*A >= 0 is true.
<=
Less Than or Equal to
3 <= 2 is false.
==
Equal to
A*B == B*A is true.
!=
Not Equal to
J

FCPro Logical Operators

Operator
Example
&&
AND
(2 > -1) && (A==A) is true.
||
OR
(A>=0) || (A<0) is true.
NOT
J

!
174
Description
Open or Closed 1
The following \

`

`
otherwise. Make the flowchart in FCPro, run it in step mode, and observe the program flow for
different negative and positive input values.

$
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int num;
cin >> num;
if (num > 0)
cout <<
<<endl;
else
cout <<$ <<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
TRUE
FALSE
" !
"= ! ! |

! |
$ "
!
from the right arrow if the condition in the symbol is true.
175
Open or Closed 2
^

`

|
`

|

~`

\

your flowchart.)
What Does It Do?

Examine the following flowchart and determine what it does.
%
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int num;
cin >> num;
if (num < 0)
num = -num;
cout <<num<<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
176
Output
What is the output of the following program? Try to find it manually, and then run the program on
the computer and compare the outputs.

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int a=3,b=-1;
if (a>b)
if (b>0)
a = a-b;
else
a = a+b;
else
if (b<0)
b=a+b;
cout << a+b <<endl;
system(
);
return 0;
}
Even or Odd
Even numbers are evenly divisible by two whereas odd numbers are not. Modulus operator (%) can
be used to determine if a given number is even or odd. Make a program that reads a number and

`

177
Maximum
1. The following flowchart has been designed to determine the largest of three numbers. Draw the
flowchart on the computer and run it for various input values.
2. Make the same flowchart without using the fourth variable (i.e., the variable max).
//The Maximum Value

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int a,b,c,max;
cin >>a>>b>>c;
if (a>b && a>c)
max = a;
else if (b>c)
max = b;
else max = c;
cout << max <<endl;
'. PAUSE45
return 0;
}
In Order or Not
Make a program that reads three numbers and determines if the numbers are given in ascending
order. For example 1, 3, and 4 are in ascending order but 2, 3, and 1 are not.
178
Output
What is the output of the following program?
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int num=7;
while(num>0)
{
cout<<num<<endl;
num = num-2;
}
'. PAUSE45
return 0;
}
179
Test Questions
1. What is the output of the following flowchart?
" W4
"
,"
"
"
,"WW4
"WW
" ;W
" 4W
" 44

" <
180
," <
"3 2
" 4
" <
"X545
,"X54X5
"X5X4X5
"X5X45
"X5X45
!
0
"
," 4
" 4
" 44
" 54
"F:,"2F::
"0D:
"J:DD
".&.

" 5
," X5
"
" G
"
" &.
," :F
"%0
"
" &.:F
181
"
," 5
"
"
" 5
10. The random(x) function generates a random
number in the range of [0..X-1]. Which one of

the following can be the output of the given
flowchart?
"<
,"44
"
"5
"
182
11. What does the following flowchart do?
"-

6!,6"
,"-

6!,,

;;"
"'!'

!
!, ;;"
"'!'

!
!,,

;;"
"-

6!,6,',("
12. What does the following flowchart do?
"-

!,8!'"
,"-

!,''"
"-

!,''"
"-
,
!,
6"
"-
,
!,7"
!
0
Problems
1. (Average) Make a program that computes the
average grade of a course. The quiz scores
are whole numbers between 0 and 10. There
are four scores. Your program should print
the average and declare whether the student
passed or failed. The minimum average to pass
is five.
4. (Leap Year) Leap years are years with an extra
day (February 29); this happensalmost every

four years. Generally, leap years are divisible
by four, but century yearsare special, they
must also be divisible by 400. Make a flowchart
to determinewhether a given year is aleap year
or not.
2. (Area) Make a program that calculates the
shaded area in the following figure (take Pi =

3).
3. (Triangle) Make a program that determines if

three numbers represent the lengths of the
sides of a triangle. The sum of the lengths of
any two sides of a triangle always exceeds the
length of the third side.
a. Make the program with only relational operators.

b. Make the program with relational and logical
operators.

183
Notes
184
Computer
C
t Science
S i
Book
B k1
Chapter 1
Chapter 5
Chapter 9
1. D
8. B
1. A
8. C
1. C
8. E
2. A
9. A
2. C
9. C
2. A
9. A
3. A
10. C
3. B
3. E
10. D
4. D
4. B
4. B
11. D
5. A
5. A
5. C
12. A
6. C
6. A
6. A
7. A
7. C
7. B
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PhotoPos 158
Picasa Interface 163
Picture Collage Maker Pro 162
Pixels 29
Pixia 158
Plotter 31, 32, 44
Pointing 25
Power Connector 18
Power Cords 17
Power Supply 17, 20, 21
PPT 59
Presentation Software 41
Printer 30, 31, 32, 44
Process 169
Processing 9, 19, 22
Programming 166
Programming language 166
PS/2 Keyboard
PS/2 Mouse Connector 18
PSD 59
PSTN 117
Q
QWERTY 22
R
RAM 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34,
37, 38
RAM Slots 17
RAR 59
Recent Places 63
Recycle Bin Icon 51
Relational Operators 174
Resize 159
Ribbon Cable 17
Right Clicking 25
ROM 17, 18, 19, 22, 36
ROM-BIOS 18
Row Keys 89
RTF 59
Safari 121, 122

Sata Connectors 18
Satellite Connection 119
Scanners 27
Screen Saver 56
Scroll Wheel 24
Search 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,
131, 132
Search Bar 128
Searching 113, 126
Search Phrases 130
Search Terms 128, 129
Seek Time 33
Serial Communications Port 18
Server 12
Shrink a Partition 71
Single-Task 48
Site Map 124
Snap 56
Snipping Tool 80
Social Networking Websites 115
Software 10, 17, 18, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44
Sound Recorder 80
Speaker 31, 32, 44
Special Keys 23
Speech Recognition 83
Sponsored Links 129
Spreadsheet Programs 41
SSD 34, 37, 38
Start Button 53, 74, 76
Sticky Notes 81
Storage Devices 32
Super Computers 11
SWF 59
System Software 40
System Unit 17, 21
System Unit Devices 17, 21
T1 Line 119
T3 Line 119
Tablet PC 13
Taskbar 52, 83
Template 141, 144, 145, 150
Terminal 169
TFT 29
The User Folder Icon 51
TMP 60
Touch Screen 25
TXT 60
Typing 88, 89, 90, 92
U
Upper Case 89
USB Flash Disk 35
USB Flash Drives 32, 35
USB Ports 18
User Account 73, 74, 85
V
VDU 29
VGA Port 18
VIA Nano 19
Video Card 17
W
Wallpaper 56, 57, 85
WAN 110, 111, 132
WAV 60
Web 114, 115, 121, 122, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127, 128, 130,
131, 132
Web Browser 121
Webcam 27
Web Site 123
Website Structure 124
Wheeling 25
Wi-Fi 119, 120
WIMAX 120
Windows 7 46, 48, 49, 52, 63, 69,
70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 81, 85
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Copyright Zambak Yaynclk ve

CHAPTER 1: COMPUTER BASICS 7

What is a Computer? ..................................................... 8

Digital Camera .................................................................27

The Fundamental Operations of a Computer ................... 9

Mainframe Computers (Enterprise Servers) ......................12

Laptop Computers ..........................................................13

Hard Disk ........................................................................33

Tablet PCs ......................................................................13

Solid State Drives ............................................................34

Floppy Diskette ................................................................35

Palmtop Computers (PDAs) .............................................14

Computer Hardware ..................................................... 17

Magnetic Tape ................................................................35

Mainboard (Motherboard) ................................................18

Compact Disc (CD) ........................................................36

CPU (Central Processing Unit) .........................................19

Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) ...........................................36

Blu-ray Disc (BD) ...........................................................37

Input Devices ............................................................... 22

System Software ............................................................40

Operating Systems ........................................................40

Touch Screen ..................................................................25

Application Software ......................................................41

CHAPTER 2: OPERATING SYSTEMS

Managing User Accounts ............................................. 73

Standard User Account.....................................................73

Main Tasks of an Operating System..................................46

Types of Operating Systems......................................... 47

Burning CDs and DVDs ................................................ 75

Multi-User and Multitasking...............................................48

MICROSOFT WINDOWS 7............................................. 49

The Computer Icon...........................................................50

Working with Windows................................................. 53

Aero Desktop Experience..................................................54

Changing Wallpaper and Screen Saver.......................... 56

Working With Files and Folders..................................... 58

Common File and Folder Operations..................................62

Windows Explorer ........................................................ 62

CHAPTER 3: FAST TYPING

Formatting a Partition .......................................................71

Fast Typing is Useful..................................................... 88

Fast Typing is not so Difficult........................................ 88

Home Row Keys (A, S, D, F and J, K, L, ;).......................89

How Fast You Are ........................................................ 89

Connecting to the Internet ......................................... 117

Start to Learn ............................................................... 90

Dial-Up Modem Connection ...........................................117

CHAPTER 4: WORD PROCESSING

Cable Modem ................................................................118

T1 and T3 Lines ............................................................119

Basic Functions of Word Processor Software...................94

Fiber Internet .................................................................119

Wireless Internet Connections .................................... 119

Practice: Class Time Table ............................................100

WWW (World Wide Web) ........................................... 121

CHAPTER 5: THE INTERNET

Overview of Web Addresses....................................... 124

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networks ..111

Performing a Search ......................................................126

Uses of Internet ......................................................... 112

Improving Your Searches ...............................................129

Test Questions ........................................................... 132

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