ISBN-13:978-1534813328 IS de pe AMazon

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Since the 1980s there has been a significant lowering of the platinum loading of polymer
electrolyte fuel cell electrodes from about 410 mg cm2(platinum black) to about 0.4 mg cm2 or
even less (carbon supported platinum), by the introduction of ionomer (liquid Nafion)
impregnated gas diffusion electrodes, extending the three-dimensional reaction zone. From the
1990s to the present studies have been carried out to decrease the loss of performance during
cell operation due both to the presence of liquid water causing flooding of the catalyst layer and
mass transport limitations and to the poisoning of platinum by the use of reformed fuels. This
review deals with the developments in electrode configuration going from dual layer to three layer
electrodes. The preparation methods, the characteristics and the optimal composition of both
diffusion and reactive layers of these electrodes are described. The improvement in the
performance of both CO tolerant anodes and cathodes with enhanced oxygen reduction by Pt
alloying is also discussed.

Electrochemical studies on low catalyst loading gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells
are reported. The best performance is obtained with an electrode formed from 20 wt% Pt/C, 0.4 mg Pt
cm2 and 1.1 mg Nafion cm2 in the catalyst layer and 15% PTFE in a diffusion layer of 50 m thickness,
for both the cathode and the anode. However, it is also observed that the platinum requirement can be
diminished to values close to 0.2 mg Pt cm2 in the cathode and 0.1 mg pt cm2in the anode, without
appreciably affecting the good characteristics of the fuel cell response. The experimental fuel cell data were
analysed using theoretical models of the electrode structure and of the fuel cell system. It is seen that most
of the electrode systems present limiting currents and some also show linear diffusion components arising
from diffusion limitations in the gas channels and/or in the thin film of electrolyte covering the catalyst
particles.

Oxygen evolution from acid solutions has been investigated on two kinds of RuO2-based
electrodes; compact and cracked (porous) films. The kinetic study has been carried out by
means of potentiostatic curves. A method is suggested to estimate the surface
concentration of active sites. The reaction order with respect to active sites and the
activation energy have been determined. The mechanism is shown to differ on the two
kinds of film in relation to theS(site)-OH bond strength and the surface concentration of
intermediates. The behaviour of films on silica glass substrates is reported for the first
time.
The interfacial ohmic losses between the bipolar plate and the MEA can significantly reduce the
overall power output from a SPFC. For graphitic bipolar plate materials, these losses are
insignificant relative to stainless steel, where the existence of a passive film on the surface greatly
reduces electrical conductivity. In this paper we have evaluated different bipolar plate materials,
and present long-term fuel cell data for Poco graphite, titanium, 316 and 310 stainless steel. The
properties of the passive film on the surface of 316 and 310 stainless steel are markedly different.
Although both were adequately corrosion resistant in a fuel cell environment, 310 tended to
produce higher fuel cell performance and like 316, no degradation was observed after 1400 h

testing. Analysis of the passive film indicated that this increased performance was related to the
decreased thickness of the oxide film.

This review focuses on the use of inorganic oxide semiconductors for the photoassisted
generation of hydrogen from water. Representative studies spanning approximately three
decades are included in this review. The topics covered include a discussion of the types
of water photosplitting approaches, an ideal photoelectrolysis system, an examination of
why oxide semiconductors are attractive for this application, a review of both classical
and more recent studies on titanium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, and other binary metal
oxides, perovskites and other ternary oxides, tantalates and niobates, miscellaneous
multinary oxides, semiconductor alloys and mixed semiconductor composites, and twinphotosystem configurations for water splitting.

Ethanol electrooxidation was investigated at platinum based electrodes: Pt, PtSn, Pt

Re dispersed on a high surface area carbon powder. The atomic composition of the
bimetallic catalyst was varied and the best results were obtained with an atomic ratio Pt:X
close to 100:20. The electrocatalytic activity of Pt, PtSn and PtRe was compared using
cyclic voltammetry and long-term electrolyses at constant potential. Under voltammetric
conditions and in a single direct ethanol fuel cell, PtSn was the most active catalyst.
During electrolysis ethanol was oxidized to acetaldehyde (AAL), acetic acid (AA) and
carbon dioxide. On PtSn/C and PtRe/C, the ratio AA/AAL was found to be always lower
than unity. Otherwise, PtSn electrocatalysts were the most selective towards the
production of CO2 compared to Pt and PtRe electrodes.
direct ethanol fuel cell electrooxidation ethanol platinum rhenium

The electrochemical oxidation of phenol in the presence of NaCl for wastewater treatment was
studied at Ti/SnO2 and Ti/IrO2 anodes. The experimental results have shown that the presence of
NaCl catalyses the anodic oxidation of phenol only at Ti/IrO2 anodes due to the participation of

electro-generated ClO in the oxidation. Analysis of the oxidation products has shown that initially
organo-chlorinated compounds are formed in the electrolyte which are further oxidized to volatile
organics (CHCl3).

4.

Theory and operation of a steady-state pH

differential water electrolysis cell
The reversible potential for conventional water electrolysis is rather high, 1.23 V at ... . In this paper we present a new water electrolysis process using a
steady-state pH differential. ... as a function of te...
O. Teschke in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1982)
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Article

5.

A novel method of hydrogen generation by water

electrolysis using an ultra-short-pulse power supply
A novel method of hydrogen generation by water electrolysis using ultra-short-pulse power supply is ... pulse with the width of 300 ns, electrolysis takes
place with a mechanism dominated by ... from the conventi...
Naohiro Shimizu, Souzaburo Hotta, Takayuki Sekiya in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2006)
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Article

6.

Antioxidant effects of reduced water produced by

electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions
Antioxidant vitamins and enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase are considered to function as scavengers against
reactive oxygen species and to provide protection against rea...
K. Hanaoka in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2001)
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Article

7.

High temperature water electrolysis using metal

supported solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC)
The use of renewable energy has attained increasing interest over the past years. For a wider utilisation of renewable energy sources such as wind,
photovoltaic, solar thermal power and others chemical energy car...
G. Schiller, A. Ansar, M. Lang, O. Patz in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2009)
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Article

8.

Hydrogen peroxide production by water electrolysis:

Application to disinfection
Hydrogen peroxide was produced by direct current electrolysis using only two electrodes, a carbon felt...2...coated titanium anode. The required oxygen
was supplied by oxidation of water and by transfer from the ...
P. Drogui, S. Elmaleh, M. Rumeau, C. Bernard in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2001)
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Article

9.

Advances in water electrolysis technology with emphasis

on use of the solid polymer electrolyte
Efforts to improve water electrolysis technology are being made using three promising ... ) development of solid polymer electrolyte
(SPE) water electrolysers, (b) increasing the operating temperature of alkaline...
P. W. T. Lu, S. Srinivasan in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1979)
10.

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Article

Polymer anion-selective membranes for electrolytic

splitting of water. Part II: Enhancement of ionic
conductivity and performance under conditions of
alkaline water electrolysis

An attempt was made to increase the ionic conductivity of novel, heterogeneous, anion-selective membranes by increasing the porosity of their surface
skin. This was based on the addition of a water-soluble compon...
Jaromr Hnt, Martin Paidar, Jan Schauer, Jan itka in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2012)
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Article

11.

Characterization of membrane-electrode assemblies for

solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis
The development of medium size SPE (Solid Polymer Electrolyte) water electrolysers requires satisfactory membrane-electrode assemblies.
Pt...2...Kinetic parameters for the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction...
P. Millet, T. Alleau, R. Durand in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1993)
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Article

12.

Tritium separation from light and heavy water by bipolar

electrolysis
Using multiple bipolar electrolytic separation of hydrogen isotopes with Pd-25%Ag electrodes, the mathematical feasibility of this method for tritium
separation was shown and experimentally verified. Separatio...
M. Petek, D. W. Ramey, R. D. Taylor in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1981)
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Article

13.

The effect of temperature on the water electrolysis

reactions on nickel and nickel-based codeposits
Usually, an increase in the temperature of operation leads to a reduction in the voltage of operation of commercial water electrolyzers. The present work
analyzes this effect in connection with the overpotenti...
A. C. Ferreira, E. R. Gonzalez, E. A. Ticianelli in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1988)
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Article

14.

Influence of current distribution on electrode potentials in

bipolar water electrolysis cells of the sandwich type
The potential and current density distributions in a bipolar electrolytic cell for water electrolysis were computed and the solution given as...
J. Divisek in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1984)
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Article

15.

Nine years of research and development on advanced

water electrolysis. A review of the research programme
of the Commission of the European Communities
The development of advanced water electrolysis was one of the main tasks of ... has been concentrated on the development of
alkaline water electrolysis, as this process appears particularly promising. (Waterelectrolysis
Hartmut Wendt, Giancarlo Imarisio in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1988)
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Article

16.

The influences of the electrolyte and the physical

conditions on ozone production by the electrolysis of
water
The electrosynthesis of ozone at ambient temperature can be achieved using anodes (preferably PbO2) in aqueous, buffered electrolytes (neutral to
slightly acidic media). Traces of highly adsorbing anions raise th...
Jordanis C. G. Thanos, Heinz P. Fritz in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1984)
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Article

17.

New solid polymer electrolyte composites for water

electrolysis
A new procedure for the preparation of SPE-electrocatalyst composites has been developed. In this procedure, noble metal cationic species are chemically
reduced within a solid polymer electrolyte. The metallic pa...
P. Millet, M. Pineri, R. Durand in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1989)
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Article

18.

Investigation of water electrolysis by spectral analysis. I.

Influence of the current density
The potential (or current) fluctuations observed under current (or potential) control during gas evolution were analysed by spectral analysis. The power
spectral densities (psd) of these fluctuations were meas...
C. Gabrielli, F. Huet, M. Keddam, A. Sahar in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1989)
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Article

19.

In situ activation of cathodes during alkaline water

electrolysis by dissolved iron and molybdenum species
In situ activation on polished pure Co, Fe, Ni and Pt cathodes by the dissolution of molybdenum in 30 wt % KOH at 70C was investigated at 100 mA
cm2. The effect of adding molybdate to the elect...
L. Brossard, J. -Y. Huot in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1991)
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Article

20.

Bifunctional electrodes for an integrated waterelectrolysis and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with a solid
polymer electrolyte
An alternative concept of an integrated water electrolysis/hydrogen-hydrogen fuel cell using metal electrocatalysts...2 a storage efficiency of 50% was
calculated; with the alternative concept of oxidation and r...
J. Ahn, R. Holze in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1992)
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Article

Preparation and characterization of thin films of

LaNiO3 for anode application in alkaline water
electrolysis

21.

LaNiO3 electrodes were prepared, in the form of thin films on platinum by the methods of spray pyrolysis and sequential coating of mixed metal nitrate
solutions followed by thermal decomposition. The films were a...
R. N. Singh, L. Bahadur, J. P. Pandey, S. P. Singh in Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (1994)