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5
Worked Example
High Current Measurements
Contents
Introduction
Types of AC current transformer
Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram
Errors in current transformers
Clamp meter
DC current transformer
Rogowski coil
Introduction
For the measurements of large currents in D.C circuit use lowrange ammeters with suitable shunts resistance.
For measuring high voltage low range voltmeters are used with
high resistance connected in series.
This method neither convenient or nor practical for high A.C
current and voltage instruments.
Therefore, Instrument transformers are employed in conjunction
with standard low-range A.C instruments.
The purpose is to reduce the line current or supply voltage to a
value small enough to be easily measured with meters of
moderate size and capacity.
In other words, they are used for extending the range of A.C
ammeters and voltmeters.
Instrument Transformers
Types of Instrument Transformer:
Current Transformer (CT) : Used for the measurement of current.
Potential Transformer (P.T) : Used for the measurement of
voltage.
CT 220 KV
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The measuring instruments can be placed for away from the high
voltage side by connecting long wires to the current transformer.
This ensures the safety of instruments as well as the operator.
A current transformer can be used to extend the range of current
measuring instruments like ammeters (more than 100 A).
The power loss in current transformers is very small as compared
to power loss due to the resistance of shunts.
Very high voltages and amperes can be measured with full safety
to the operator.
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Equivalent Circuit of CT
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Equivalent Circuit of CT
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Equivalent Circuit of CT
Ip
Rp
Xp
Is
Rs
Np:Ns
Xs
Is
Io
Ie
Vp
Re
Im
Xm Ep
Es
ZL = RL + jX L
Vs
Ideal
CT
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Ip
Rs
Np:Ns
Is
Io
Ie
Vp
Re
Im
Xm
Ep
Es
ZL = RL + jX L
Vs
Ideal
CT
The primary internal voltage drop does not affect the exciting current
and the errors. Therefore the primary internal impedance is not
indicated in the diagram.
The leakage reactance is negligible where continuous ring cores and
uniformly distributed secondary windings are concerned.
Electrical Measurements (BEF 23903)
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Ip
Is
Io
Ie
Es
Re
Im
Xe
Vs
ZL = RL + jX L
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Phasor Diagram of CT
Is-Secondary Current
Ip
-Ep
KTIs
Ip - primary Current
Ie
Im
Im - magnetizing component of Io
Iw - core loss component of Io
Is
Es
m - main flux.
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Ns
Kt
Np
where
Ns = No. of turns in secondary winding
Np = No. of turns in primary winding
K act
Ip
Is
Electrical Measurements (BEF 23903)
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K nom
I p (rated )
K nom K t
I s (rated )
I p (rated )
I s (rated )
Ns
Np
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Flux developed in
core,
Induced emf at
primary winding, E1
Induced emf at
secondary winding, E2
N1
N2
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Michael Faraday
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Example 1
[Answer: 5 A, 1 V]
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Example 2
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Exercise
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Example 3
An application requires a 20:5 CT ratio, but only a 50:5 CT is available.
Given that the number of primary turns (Np) is 3.
Determine the number of secondary turns that need to be added so
that a 20:5 actual ratio will be obtained.
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Ip
Rp
Xp
Is
Rs
Np:Ns
Xs
Is
Io
Ie
Vp
Re
Im
Xm Ep
Es
Vs
ZL = RL + jX
L
Ideal
CT
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Ratio Error
Not all the primary current passes through the secondary circuit.
Part of it is consumed by the core, which means that the primary
current is not reproduced exactly.
The relation between the currents in this case will be:
Ns
'
Is
I s I o KT I s I o
Np
Percentage ratio error:
K nom K act
100%
K act
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Current Error
Current error is an error that arises when the current value of the
actual transformation ratio is not equal to rated transformation
ratio.
Current Error %
I s ' I p
Ip
100%
K nom I s I p
Ip
100%
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I s' I p
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Example 4
The primary winding of a 1000/5A, 50 Hz current transformer has a
single turn. Its secondary burden consists of a non-inductive
impedance of 1.4 .
If the iron loss in the core is 1.4 W at full load and magnetizing mmf is
80 AT. Calculate the maximum flux in the core.
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Bar Type CT
Window Type CT
Bushing Type CT
Wound Type CT
Electrical Measurements (BEF 23903)
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Outdoor CTs
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Clamp Meter
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Current Output
Voltage Output
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