●

PHARMA

●
Primary drugs Secondary drugs

med/trasm = mediator, transmitter

Exp. Tool = experimental tool
Recreat= drug used for recreational purposes
Antag= antagonist

RANG AND DALES 6ED, 2008

 ●
1 – Cholinergic transmission

●
AGONISTS
- acetylcoline (med/transm) - carbachol
- suxamethonium - pilocarpine
- nicotine (recreat)
●
ANTAGONISTS
- atropine - tropicamide
- tubocurarine - pirenzepine
- hexamethonium - atracurium
- vecuronium - α-bungarotoxin (exp.tool)
- oxybutinin
●
ANTCHOLINESTERASES & RELATED DRUGS
- neostigmine - pyridostigmine
- edrophonium - pralidoxime: cholinesterase reactivator
 ●
2- Noradrenergic transmission
●
AGONISTS
Adrenaline (epinephrine) (med/transm) Colidine
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) (med/transm) phenylephrine
Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
salbutamol

●
ANTAGONISTS
Propanolol Prazosin
Atenolol doxazosin
Metoprolol
bisoprolol

●
ANTiCHOLINESTERASES & RELATED DRUGS
Cocaine Guanethidine (exp.tool)
Tyramine (exp.tool) Reserpine (exp.tool)
Methyldopa Imipramine
Amphetamine (recreat) - α-methyltyrosine (exp.tool)
phenelzine
 ●
3- 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
& purines
●
Drugs acting on 5-HT receptors
5-HT (serotonin) (med/trasnm) Ergotamine/dihydroergotamine
LSD (recreat) Metoclopramide (high dose)
Ondansetron Granisetron
Methylsergide Pizotifen
Triptans (e.g. sumatriptan) ketotifen

●
D/mediators acting on purinoceptors or purine uptake
Adenosine (med/transm) dipyridamole
Theophylline
Caffeine (recreat)
ATP (med/transm)
ADP (med/transm)
clopidogrel

●
5-HT, 5-hydroxyptamine; LSD, lysergic acid
diethylamide
 ●
4- Local hormones
●
Eicosanoids & related substances (all med/transm)
Prostaglandins E & F Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Prostaglandin I2(prsotacyclin, epoprostenol)
Thromboxane A2
leukotrienes
●
Leukotriene antagonists (e.g, montelukast)
Histamine (med/transm)

●
Histamine antagonists
Kinins (bradykinin, tachynins) (med/transm) Icatibant (bradykinin antagonist) (exp.tool)

●
Cytokines (all: med/transm)
Interleukins
Chemokines
Tumour necrosis factor
●
Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: etanercept, infliximab
Interferons (med/transm)
Colony-stimulatingfactors (med/transm)
5- Anti-inflamatory & immunosuppressant Ds
●

●
Cyclo-oxigenase inhibitors (NSAIDS)
Aspirin Naproxen
Paracetamol (acetominophen) Coxibs (e.g. celecoxib)
Ibuprofen
indometacin
●
Histamine antagonists
Mepyramine Terfenadine
Promethazine Fexofenadine
ranitidine cimetidine
●
Drugs used in gout
NSAIDs Colchicine
allopurinol Probenecid (prophylaxis)
sulfinpyrazone
5- Anti-inflamatory & immunosuppressant Ds
●

●
Immunossupressant drugs
Azathiprine Anakinra (interleukin-1-antagonist)
Ciclosporin
Tacrolimus
Methotrexate
prednisolone

●
Tumor
Infliximab
necrosis factor antagonist
etanercept

●
Other disease-modifying antirheumatic Ds
Auranofin
Hidroxychloroquine
Penicillamine
sulfasalazine
 ●
6- Cannabinoids & related Ds
∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (recreat) nabilone
Anandamine (med/transm)

●
ANTAGONIST
rimonabant
/ inverse agonist
 ●
7- peptids & proteins
●
Renin-angiotensisn system
Angiotensin 2
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Inhibitors (e.g. captopril)
AT1 antagonists (“sartans”, e.g. losartan)

●
Various peptides
Bradykinin (med/transm) Icatibant (exp.tool)
Natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic Bosentan
peptide, B-type natriuretic hormone, C- type Calcitonin gene-related peptide
natriuretic hormone) (med/transm) (med/transm)
Endothelin (med/transm) Atosiban
Calcitonin (med/transm) Aprepitant
Oxytocin (med/transm) Tolvaptan
Substance P (med/transm) Cholecystokinin (med/transm)
Vasopresin (med/transm) octreotide
 ●
8- Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (med/transm)
L-Ng-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) (exp.tool)
Glyceryl trinitrate
nitroprusside
 ●
9- The heart
●
Antidysrhythmic Ds (Vaughan-Williams classification)
CLASS 1 – lidocaine Flecainide
CLASS 2 - metoprolol –
CLASS 3 - amiodarone Sotalol
CLASS 4 - verapamil –
UNCLASSIFIED – adenosine –
digoxine
●
Antianginal
NITRATES
drus
Glyceryl trinitrate
Isosorbide mononitrate

-ß-BLOCKERS
Metoprolol

CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS
diltiazem
 ●
10- The vascular system
●
Antihypertensive Ds (A,B,C & D)
A: ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING enzyme inhibitors & angiotensin 2 (AT1 receptor) antagonists

Captopril Lisinopril
Enalapril Trandolapril
Losartan irbesartan
Candesartan

B: ß-adrenoceptor antagonists
metoprolol
C: calcium antagonists

Amlodipine
Nifedipine
D: thiazides & related diuretics

Bendroflumethiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indapamide
chlortalidone
 ●
10- The vascular system
- α1-adrenoreceptor antagonists

doxazosin

Other vasodilators
hydralazine Minoxidil
nitroprusside

Centrally acting Ds

Methyldopa
monoxidine
 ●
10- The vascular system
●
Ds used in heart failure & shock
DIURETICS

Furosemide
Amiloride
Spironolactone
eplerenone
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS & AT1 ANTAGONISTS: SEE
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES TABLE ABOVE

CARDIAC GLICOSID

digoxin
Ds ACTING ON ADRENOCEPTORS
Carvedilol Dobutamine
Bisoprolol dopamine
metoprolol
VASODILATORS

Hydralazine
Isosorbide mononitrate
 ●
10- The vascular system
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Epoprostenol
Iloprost
Sildenafil
bosentan
●
11- atherosclerosis & dyslipidaemia
Simvastatin Pravastatin
Atorvastatin Gemfibrozil
ezetimibe Fenofibrate
Nicotinic acid
Colestyramine
Fish oil
 ●
12- Haemostasis & thrombosis
●
Oral anticoagulants & related Ds
Warfarin ximegalatran
Vitamin K (antag)

●
Heparin-related ds & related ds
Heparin Protamine (antag)
enoxaparin fondaparinux

●
Antiplatelet ds
Aspirin Dipyridamole
Clopidogrel epoprostenol
abciximab
●
Fibrinolytic ds & inhibitors of fibrinolysis
Streptokinase
Tissue plasminogen activator
Tranexamic acid (ihibitor)
 ●
13- Haematinics & related Ds
Ferrous sulfate filgastrin
Desferrioxamine (iron chelator)
Folic acid
Hydroxocobalamin
epoietin
 ●
14- Respiratory system
●
-β2-adrenoceptor agonists
Salbuterol Terbutaline
salmeterol formeterol

●
Inhaled glucocorticoids
Beclometasone
mometasone

●
Inhaled muscarinic antagonists
ipratropium tiotropium

●
Xanthine alkaloids
theophylline
 ●
14- Respiratory system
●
Leukotriene antagonists & 5-lipoxygenase ihnibitors
Montelukast
zileutin

●
Anti-immunoglobulin E omalizumab

●
Antitussive drug
codeine
 ●
15- The kidney
●
Thiazides & related diuretics
See table 10 above on the vascular system

●
Loop
furosemide
diuretics burmetanide

●
K+ sparing diuretics
Spirolactone Triamterene
amiloride eplerenone
 ●
15- The kidney
●
Osmotic diuretics
mannitol

●
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
acetazolamide

●
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) V2 agonists &
antagonists
Desmopressin Demeclocycline (antag)

●
Anion exchange resin
sevelamer
 ●
16- Gastrointestinal system
●
Ulcer-healing Ds / H2 receptor antagonists
ranitidine cimetidine

●
Proton pump inhibitors
Omeprazole
lansoprazole
●
Antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori
Amoxicillin
Claritromycin
Metronidazole
●
Prostaglandins analogues
misoprostol
●
Aluminum complexes
sucralfate
●
Laxatives
Lactulose Sodium picosulfate
senna
 ●
16- Gastrointestinal system
●
Antiemetics
Phenothiazines Granisetron
Antihistamines Nabilone
Domperidone aprepitant
Metoclopramide
ondansetron
●
Antidiarrhoeal Ds
Codeine
loperamide
●
Ds for inflammatory bowel disease
Prednisolone
mesalazine
sulfasalazine
●
Antispasmodics
Hyoscine
cyclizine
●
Gastric Secretagogues
Gastrin (med/transm) pentagastrin
17- Endocrine pancreas & related Ds
●

●
Hormones
Insulin Amylin (med/transm)
Insulin glargine Somatostatin (med/transm)
Insulin lispro
Glucagon

●
Ds that
Tolbutamide
act on the sulfonylurea receptor
Nateglinide
glibenclamide gliburide

●
Biguanides
Metformin
17- Endocrine pancreas & related Ds
●

●
Α-Glucosidase inhibitor
acarbose

●
Thiazolidinediones
Rosiglitazone
pioglitazone
 18-Obesity
●

Leptin (med/transm) Neuropeptide Y (med/transm)

Sibutramine
Fenfluramine
rimonabant
 ●
19-Adrenal cortex & pituitary
●
Glucocorticoids & related Ds
Hydrocortisone Metyrapone (block synthesis)
Prednisolone (med/transm)
dexamethasone

●
Mineralocorticoids
Fludrocortisone
(& their antagonists)
Eplerenone (antag)
Spironolactone (antag)

●
Pituitary hormones & related ds
Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) (med/transm)
Growth hormone (med/transm)
Somatostatin (med/transm)
Octreotide Sermorelin (growth hormone – releasing hormone analogue)
Vasopresin (med/transm) Lanreotide
Oxytocin (med/transm) desmopressin
Prolactin (med/transm)
Gonadorelin
bromocriptine
 20 - Thyroid
●

●
Hormones & precursors
Thyroxine (med/transm)
Liothyronine (med/transm)
Calcitonin (med/transm)
iodine/iodide

●
Antithyroid
Carbimazole
ds
Propylthiouracil
Radioiodine (131I)
 21- Reproductive system
●

●
Oestrogens
Oestradiol (med/transm)

●
Antioestrogens
tamoxifen clomiphene

●
Progestins
Progesterone (med/transm) norethisterone

●
Antiprogestogens
mifeprisone

●
Androgens
Testosterone (med/transm)
 ●
21- Reproductive system
●
Antiandrogens & related ds
Cypoterone Bicalutamide
flutamide Finasteride (5-α reductase inhibitor)

●
Gonadotrophin-releasing
Buserelin
hormone analogues
goserelin

●
Ds acting on the uterus
Ergometrine atosiban
Oxytocin
Dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2)

●
Erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil
tadalafil
 ●
22- Ds & bone
Parathyroid hormone (med/transm) Calcitonin
Vitamin D Teriparatide
Calcium salts Etidronate
Oestrogen (med/transm) Strontium ranelate
Raloxifene
Alendronate
risedronate
●
23 – Chemical mediators in the CNS
●
Neurotransmitters & related Ds
Glutamate Ketamine (NMDA channel blocker) (recreat)
NMDA (exp.tool) Strychnine (exp. Tool) (glycine antag)
Glycine (med/transm) Baclofen
GABA (med/transm) Bicuculline (GABAa antag)

●
Amines
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) (med/transm) Melatonin (med/transm)
Dopamine (med/transm)
5-hydroxytryptamine (med/transm)
Acetylcholine (med/transm)
Histamine (med/transm)
 ●
24- Neurodegenerative diss
●
Parkinson's dis
Levodopa Selegiline
Carbidopa Benzatropine (benztropine)
bromocriptine Amantadine
Apomorphine
MPTP (exp.tool)

●
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
riluzole

●
Alzheimer's dis
Donepezil Rivastigmine
memantine galantamine
 ●
25- General anesthetics
●
Inhalational
Halothane Ether
Fluranes (enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, chloroform
sevoflurane)
Nitrous oxide

●
Intravenous
Propofol ketamine
Etomidate
thiopental
 ●
26- Anxiolytic, hypnotic & related Ds
●
Benzodiazepines & related Ds
Temazepam Nitrazepam
Diazepam Lorazepam
midazolam Flumazenil (antag)

●
Barbiturates phenobarbital

●
Other
Buspirone (5-ht1a receptor agonist)
 27- Antipsychotic ds
●

●
classic
Chlorpromazine Fluphenazine
haloperidol thioridazine

●
Atypical
Clozapine Risperidone
olanzapine sulpiride
 ●
28- Ds used in affective disorders
●
Tricyclic antidepressants
amitriptyline imipramine

●
Selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors
Fluoxetine fluvoxamine
sertraline
●
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Moclobemide ("RIMA") Phenelzine
tranylcypromine
●
Miscellaneous antidepressants
venlafaxine Trazodone
bupropion
●
Mood stabilizers
Lithium
carbamazepine
 ●
29- Antiepiletic ds & centrally
acting muscle relaxants
Phenytoin Phenobarbital
Carbamazepine Diazepam
Valproate Clonazepam
Vigabatrin ethosuximide
Gabapentin
Lamotrigine
baclofen
●
30- Analgesics & related substances
●
Opioids & related ds
Morphine Methadone
Codeine Diamorphine
Fentanyl Naltrexone (antag)
Pethidine
Naloxone (antag)
●
Mild analgesic
Aspirin
paracetamol
●
Other analgesic ds
Tramadol
Carbamazepine
Gabapentine
amitriptyline

●
Other compounds involved in nociception
Enkephalins & endorphins: dynorphin (med/transm)
Substance P (med/transm)
Capsaicin (exp. tool)
 ●
31- Centrous nervous system
stimulants & psychotomimetics
Amphetamine (recreat) Methylphenidate
Cocaine (recreat) MDMA ("ecstasy")
Caffeine (recreat) LSD (recreat)
Phencyclidine (recreat)
Strychnine (exp.tool)
Bicuculline (exp.tool)
Pentylenetetrazol (exp.tool)
LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide;
MDMA, methylenedioxymethamphetamine
 ●
32- D dependence & D abuse
Opiates (morphine, heroin) Δ9-tetrahydrocannabionol (recreat)
Nicotine (recreat) Amphetamine (recreat)
Ethanol (recreat) Solvents (recreat)
Cocaine (recreat) benzodiazepines
33 – Local anesthetics & other ds that
●

affect sodium or potassium channels

●
Local anesthetics
Lidocaine Tetracaine (amethocaine)
Bupivocaine (& levobupicaine) ropivacaine
●
Selective sodium channel blocker
Tetrodotoxin (exp.tool)

●
Potassium channel antagonists
Tetraethylammonium (exp.tool)
sulfonylureas
●
Potassium channel activators
nicorandil Minoxidil
cromakalim
 34 - Antibacterial agents
●

●
Bacterial cell wall inhibitors
Benzylpenicillin piperacillin
Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone)
vancomycin
●
Topoisomerase inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
●
Folate inhibitors
trimehoprim sulfonamides
●
Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors
Gentamicin
Amikacin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
clarithromycin
●
Antianaerobe d
metronidazole
●
Antimycobacterial
Isoniazid
agents
Ethambutol
Rifampicin Streptomycin
pyrazinamide dapsone
 ●
35 – Antiviral agents
●
DNA polymerase inhibitors
aciclovir Foscarnet
Ganciclovir
Tribavirin (rivabirin)
●
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Zidovudine (AZT) Didanosine
efavirenz zalcitabine
●
Protease inhibitor
Saquinavir

●
Immunomodulators
Interferons (med/transm)
●
Neuraminidase inhibitors
zanamavir
●
Inhibitor of HIV fusion w host cells
enflurvitide
 36- Antifungal ds
●

●
Polyene antibiotics
Amphotericin B nystatin

●
Azoles
fluconazole miconazole

●
Antimetabolites
flucytosine

●
Others
Terbinafine
Echinocandin B
 ●
37 – Antiprotozoal ds
●
Antimalarials
Cloroquine Pyrimethamine plus
Quinine sulfadoxine
Artemesenin
primaquine
●
For Pneumocystis pneumoniae
Co-trimoxazole (high dose) pentamidine

●
Amoebicidal ds
metronidazole

●
Leishmanicidal ds
Antimonials (e.g. Stibogluconate)
pentamidine
●
Trypanosomicidal ds
suramin pentamidine
●
Toxoplasmicidal ds
pyrimethamide-sulfadiazine
 ●
38 – Anthelminthic ds
●
Broad spectrum
mebendazole

●
Roundworm, threadworm
Piperazine
Levamisole (roundworm)
●
Schistosomes
praziquantel

●
River blindness
ivermectin
 ●
39 – Cancer chemotherapy
●
Alkylating agents & related compounds
Cylophosphamide Lomustine
Melphalan Busulfan
cisplatin chlorambucil
●
Antimetabolites Fluorouracil
Cytarabine
Methotrexate Mercaptopurine
Thioguanine gemcitabine
pentostatin
●
Cytotoxic antibiotics
Doxorubicin dactinomycin
bleomycin
●
Plant derivatives
Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine) etoposide
Taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel)
●
Hormones & related ds
Prednisolone
Dexamethasone anastrazole
Flutamide
Buserelin
tamoxifen
●
Monoclonal antibodies
Rituximab
trastuzumab