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-- (not what you or someone else think he said) be able to write a four
point summary.
DARWIN SAID
1. More individuals are produced than can survive. (Individuals NOT species)
2. Individuals VARY. (Individuals NOT species)
3. Individuals that have traits suited to their surroundings are more likely to
survive and reproduce. (any given characteristic or feature may be well
suited in one setting and poorly suited in another).
4. If traits can be passed on to offspring, then the offspring of the surviving
organisms will also be more likely to reproduce in the same surroundings.
(suitable parental traits may only be suitable to offspring if the
surroundings do not change)
DARWIN DID NOT SAY.
1. Anything about how STRONG or WEAK an individual is in reference to
survival.
2. Anything about COMPETITION in terms of mate selection and feeding
efficiency.
3. Anything about ADAPTATION. The ability for an individual to adapt is NOT
and example of evolution.
OVER ALL.
Nothing is guaranteed
Biological Evolution II
- Relationship between mass extinctions and adaptive radiations and key evolutionary
innovations and adaptive radiations.
Sexual recombination
Radiation
Chemicals
Spontaneous
SAME regulatory genes control homologous regions in FRUIT FLY and MOUSE
- End member models of speciation (phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium) process,
results, expected geologic record.
PHYLETIC GRADUALISM:
1. Transformation of ancestral population into descendants.
2. Transformation is constant & slow.
3. Transformation involves large numbers of individuals.
4. Transformation occurs over a wide geographic range.
CONSEQUENCES: fossil record of species consists of a long sequence of
continuous, graded intermediate forms. Any breaks in morphology in a sequence
are due to imperfections of the geologic record (missing link)
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM:
1. New species arise by splitting of lineages.
2. New species evolve relatively rapidly.
3. Small ancestral population gives rise to a new species.
4. New species originate in a very small geographic range (peripheral
isolate)
CONSEQUENCES: In a local stratigraphic section a species origin should be
marked by a sharp morphological break (migration of descendent into the area)
-
Patterns and causes of convergent evolution and divergent evolution (examples of each).
Tertiary mammals
Cretaceous Birds/Crocodiles
Jurassic Dinosaurs
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION: when unrelated groups have the same life mode
(results in the same morphology)
Fish Shark
EXAMPLES:
Dolphin = Land Mammal
Eastern Coral Snake (venomous) VS. Scarlet King Snake (nonvenomous)
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION: when related groups have evolved a different life
mode (avoid competition) results in the different morphologies
Ex) Galapogos Finches
ITERITIVE EVOLUTION: repeated evolution and extinction of a morphology or
life mode
REPLACEMENT: replace one group with another after first becomes extinct
DISPLACEMENT: one group pushing aside another group. Old idea now in
disfavor. Mammals did not push aside reptiles.
HETEROCHRONY: changes in the onset or timing of features during
development, relative to an organisms ancestor.
Ex. delayed birth/early puberty/early adulthood
NEOTENY (early development): retention of juvenile characteristics in
adult hood.
HYPERMOPHOSIS: extended development or more stages
Fossil Preservation
-
Definition of "fossil" and how to apply it; e.g., what is a fossils and what is not. Classification of fossil preservation (ways fossils can be preserved)
Pre-civilization
Paleoenvironments (interpretation)
Aesthetic
non-traumatic death
robust skeleton
2. ALTERED
EXAMPLES:
PETRIFIED (turned to stone) = Replacement & Permineralization
47 Mill. Yr. old primate = Carbonization
Very common with PLANTS = Carbonization
INDIRECT EVIDENCE:
D ear
Kingdom
K ING
Animalia
Phylum
P HILIP
Chordata
Class
C AME
Mammalia
Order
O VER
Carnivora
Family
F OR
Felidae
Genus
G OOD
Felis
Species
S OUP
Catus
- observed general patterns of change in both diversity and disparity in multicellular animals from
Proterozoic through to today.
- Know relative sequence (not numerical dates) of evidence for evolution of multicellular life: trace
fossils (Proterozoic); embryos and Ediacaran fauna (late Proterozoic), small shelly fossils (early
Cambrian), Burgess Shale soft bodied (middle Cambrian)
- Importance of Burgess Shale & Chengjiang (preservation & time of Cambrian Explosion).
TWO PLACES WITH SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION FOR PRESERVING ALTERED
SOFT PART:
Chengjiang
Burgess Shale
Mid-Cambrian
Where? China
Banff, BC
how does the Great Ordovician Diversification Event compare to the Cambrian
Explosion?
why do trilobites have such an excellent fossil record, but most other Arthropods (a very
successful group) do not.
- What is the basic difference between brachiopods and bivalves? Which would you expect to
find in a Paleozoic rock vs. a Modern Sea.?
Which groups are responsible for reef formation in the Cambrian, vs. middle Paleozoic,
vs. today.?
From a good representative picture and a multiple choice or short matching list of names,
be able to recognize a: trilobite, brachiopod, bryozoan, graptolite, cephalopod (straight or
coild), tabulate coral, rugose coral, blastoid, crinoid, extinct mollusk (hyolithid), extinct
echinoderm.
- What features do all members of these groups share (defines the group)?
Brachiopods (calcite shell, small body, large filter feeding organ, symmetry
through shell)
Mollusks (most with aragonite shell, muscular foot, large fleshy body)
Bivalves(symmetry between shells, prominent muscle scars)
Cephalopods- (shells with internal partitions, chambers)
Echinoderms internal plates of calcite, 5 rows of tube feet, no head crinoids
small body with arms
Blastoids bulbous body without arms
Corals skeletons of calcite or aragonite, tentacles with stinging cells.
Invasion of Land
- when did it happen, which groups came on land first.
FIRST groups on land bacteria, algae, & fungi BUT there is no fossil
record
-what physical challenges did life on land pose (relative to in sea)?
no herbivors, predators
Our Appalachians
For ANY Mountain, the TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF is a result of either:
active uplift (collision or volcano)
or
differential erosion (hard rocks =high ; weak rocks = low)
-Names (Coastal Plain to Appalachian Plateau) and characteristics (age to Era, major rock type,
level of deformation) of Geologic Provinces
GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES
(extend along the entire east coast)
COASTAL PLAIN
o Undeformed Cretaceous
o Cenozoic Sedimentary Rock
PIEDMONT
o Deformed & Metamorphosed Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks
o Paleozoic Igneous Intrusions
o Extends BENEATH COASTAL PLAIN
BLUE RIDGE
o Deformed & Metamorphosed Proterozoic Rocks (hard crystalline)
o Major THRUST FAULTS to West
PLATEAUS
WILSON CYCLE: the opening & closing of ocean basins (the break up and
formation of continents)
1. Begins with a SUPERCONTINENT
2. Heat UPLIFTS (buldge) then extension RIFTS the continent.
3. Divergent Boundary, ocean widens (young, narrow to wide, mature)
4. Change in relative plate motion subduction zone forms (Ocean
Continent Collision)
5. Ocean Basin Closes Ocean-Continent Convergent Margin
6. Continent Continent Collision
7. Ends with a SUPERCONTINENT
normal faults
Ex) by ago: failed rifting of Pannotia supercontinent: valley fill sediments form
Grandfather Mt.; Mt Rogers, VA; Smoky Mountains
SEA FLOOR SPREADING
Ex) rocks of Rich Mt. & Howard Knob (amphibolite = metamorphosed basalt)
PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGIN
-History of the Appalachian Mountain System: names and geologic time (e.g,. Ordovician) of
orogenies, their associated clastic wedges and the tectonic cause of the orogeny. (Grenville,
Taconic, Acadian and Alleghenian)
ORDOVICIANMOUNTAINBUILDINGcollisionwithTaconicIslandArc
CLASTICWEDGE:
o Sedimenterodedfromaprevioushighland
o ConglomeratetoShale
o Rivers,Deltas,AlluvialFans
ClasticWedgesaremoreCOARSEGRAINED&THICKER
TOWARDSOURCE
TheAppalachianMountainsformedasaresultofthe
collisionofNorthAmerica&Africa
WilsonCycleendswiththeendofthePaleozoic
CarolinasareinthemiddleofPangea
StartofNEWWilsonCycle=EarlyMesozoic
TriassicRiftBasinsSCtoCAformstheAtlantic
SUMMARYOFABOVE
AppalachianMt.SystemTimeLinewithresults(evidence)
1.AssemblyofRodiniasupercontinentGrenvilleOrogeny(1.1by).
LocalrocksinBoone(CranberryGneiss)partofthecoreofmetamorphicrocksina
chainthatextendsacrossmostmoderncontinents(thenassembledasRodinia).Middle
Proterozoic.
2.Failedriftofsupercontinent(0.75by).
LocalrocksoftheGrandfatherMt.Formation,Mt.RogersandSmokeyMts,displaythe
sequencerocksexpectedinariftsystem(immatureclasticsediments,mixedmaficfelsic
intrusive&extrusive).Noevidenceofmarineorpassivemarginsedimentsimmediately
followingfailedrift..
3.Successfulriftofsupercontinent(~0.5by).
LocalrocksofearlyCambrianshowexpectedsequencefromrift,followedbypassive
marginlimestones.WestsideofBlueRidgefromGAtoPA.LocallyatLinvilleGorge
andCaverens
4.Passivecontinentalmargin(Cambrian).
LocalrocksofthickCambrianlimestonesanddolomites.Locallyrocksof
JohnsonCityandBristonTNextendfromGAtoPA(e.g.Worley'sCave).
5.Subductionzoneandislandarcformsoffshore.
CambrianandOrdovicianvolcanicashbedspresentinpassivemarginlimestones(from
TNtoMO).Latercollision.
6.CollisionwithIslandArcformsTaconicMts.(Ordovician).
Regionalmetamorphism,rockterrainsofwesternPiedmontaddedtoNorthAmerica
(separategeologichistoryuptothatpoint)
7.Iapetuscontinuestoclose&collisionwithmicrocontinentscausesmountainsin
Devonian.
8.NorthAmericacollideswithAfricatoformPangeasupercontinentcauseverylarge
mountains,AlleghanianOrogeny(latePaleozoic)
evidence
9.Pangeabeginstobreakup(riftbasins)TriassicyoungAtlantic
evidence
10.ReturntopassivemarginasAtlanticgrows(Cretaceous)
evidence
11.Differentialerosion,andlateupliftcausespresenttopogoraphy,
sedimentaccumulatesonCoastalPlain(Cenozoic)
evidence