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RESEARCH BRIEF
One in three kids in the United States is overweight or obese. Obese youth have
elevated risk for health problems like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood
pressure, unhealthy blood cholesterol patterns, and other health risks related to
cardiovascular disease.1 Obesity can also have serious ramifications for kids cognitive
development2 and affect school attendance.3, 4
Because children spend so much time at school, schools have a unique
opportunity to help children become more healthy and active. The Institute of Medicine
has called on school leaders to offer more opportunities for children to be physically
active before, during and after the school day.5 Further, both childhood obesity and
poor academic performance tend to be clustered in schools with a high percentage of
lower-income, minority students, creating a student health issue that is especially
problematic in those communities.
There is a growing body of evidence indicating that physical activity and fitness
can benefit both health and academic performance for children. This research brief
reviews published scientific articles that examine how physical activity and fitness may
help school-aged children maximize their academic performance. It also provides an
overview of the effects of physical activity on the developing brain. Together, the
activelivingresearch.org
RESEARCH BRIEF
| January 2015
This graph indicates the number of published articles each year that examined
the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and academic
performance among children. A meta-analytic review suggests that the effects
6
size of these studies has significantly increased over time.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
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1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
KEY FINDINGS
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| January 2015
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FIGURE 2
These two brain images, taken from the top of the head, represent the
average amount of students neural activity during a test following sitting and
walking for 20 minutes. The color blue represents lower neural activity, while
the color red denotes higher brain activity in a given region.
activelivingresearch.org
RESEARCH BRIEF
| January 2015
Pre-Test
9 Months Later
FITKids
(Intervention)
Waitlist
(Control)
Hillman et al. (2009). Neuroscience, 159, 1044-1054.
CONCLUSIONS
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| January 2015
REFERENCES
page5
17 Tomporowski
Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, et al. Evidence based physical
activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr. 2005;146(6):732-737.
18 Kibbe
19 Caterino
Geier AB, Foster GD, Womble LG, et al. The relationship between
relative weight and school attendance among elementary
schoolchildren. Obesity. 2007;15(8):2157-2161.
20 Mahar
MT, Murphy SK, Rowe DA, Golden J, Shields AT, Raedeke TD.
Effects of classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task
behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006:38(12):2086-94.
21 Hillman
22 Kamijo
Welk GJ, Jackson AW, Morrow JR, Haskell WH, Meredith MD, Cooper
KH. The association of health-related fitness with indicators of
academic performance in Texas schools. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(3
Suppl):S16-S23.
Fedewa AL, Ahn S. The effects of physical activity and physical fitness
on childrens achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 2011;82(3):521-535.
Ahamed Y, Macdonald H, Reed K, Naylor P, Liu-Ambrose T, McKay H.
School-based physical activity does not compromise childrens
academic performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2007;39(2):371-376.
10 Gao
11 Carlson
SA, Fulton JE, Lee SM, et al. Physical education and academic
achievement in elementary school: Data from early childhood
longitudinal study. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(4):721-727. doi:10.2105/
AJPH.2007.117176.
12 Castelli
13 Pesce
14 Budde
15 Coe
DP, Pivarnik JM, Womack CJ, Reeves MJ, & Malina RM. Effect of
physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in
children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(8):1515-9.
16 Carlson,
CH, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Castelli DM, Hall EE, Kramer AF.
The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic
achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience.
2009;159(3):1044-1054. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.057.
K, Pontifex MB, OLeary KC, et al. The effects of an afterschool
physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent
children. Dev Sci. 2011;14(5):1046-1058.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x.
23 Khan
24 Kamijo,
2011, 1046-1058.
25 Chaddock
26 Monti
27 Kamijo,
2011, 1046-1058.
28 Chaddock
29 Chaddock
30 National
31 Office
32 Carlson
33 Travlos
34 Institute
of Medicine, 2013.
2008, 721-727.
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