Physics 1401

Formula Sheet Exam 3

One-dimensional kinematics

displacement: x x f xi

total distance traveled

total time
instantaneous speed v (magnitude of the instantaneous velocity)

average velocity: vav

instantaneous velocity: v lim vav = lim

average acceleration: aav

average speed

x x f xi
=
t
t f ti
t 0

t 0

v v f vi
=
t t f ti

x
t

v
t
One-dimensional motion with constant acceleration (4 facts):
(1) v = v0 + at

instantaneous acceleration: a lim aav = lim

t 0

t 0

1
(v 0 + v ) t
2
1
(3) x = x0 + v0t + at 2
2
2
2
(4) v = v0 + 2a( x x0 )

(2) x = x 0 +

Free fall (positive direction for y taken to be upward)

x y and a g in the above 4 facts:
(1) v = v0 gt
1
(v 0 + v ) t
2
1
(3) y = y0 + v0t gt 2
2
(4) v 2 = v02 2 g ( y y0 )

(2) y = y 0 +

Vectors
The resultant vector for several vectors is the vector sum. For example, if you have three displacements
d1 , d 2 , and d 3 , the resultant displacement R is given by:
R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 .

If a vector A is written in component form as A = Ax x + Ay y then:

Getting magnitude and direction of A from the components:

A=

Ax2 + Ay2 (magnitude of A )

= tan 1

Ay
Ax

(direction of A )

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Getting components from magnitude and direction:

Ax = A cos (x component of A )
Ay = A sin (y component of A )

understood to be the angle that

A makes with the positive x axis

Projectile Motion

x direction (motion with constant velocity):

ax = 0
v x = v x0

x = x 0 + v x0 t

y direction (free fall ... positive direction for y taken to be upward):

(1) v y = v y 0 gt

1
v y0 + v y t
2
1
(3) y = y0 + v y 0t gt 2
2
2
2
(4) v y = v y 0 2 g ( y y0 )

(2) y = y 0 +

Newtons Laws of Motion

Two kinds of forces: contact forces (objects in contact with one another) and field forces (objects
not in contact with one another). Gravity is the only field force we will deal with in this course.
F = ma (Newtons 2nd law)
implies two statements:

Fx = ma x and

Fy = ma y

Weight: W = mg
Normal forces: in general, whenever two surfaces are in contact, each surface exerts a force on
the other in a direction that is perpendicular to the two surfaces.

Friction forces

Two kinds: the force of static friction , f s and the force of kinetic friction, f k :

f s s N (force of static friction)

f k = k N (force of kinetic friction)
s = " the coefficien t of static friction" ; k = " the coefficien t of kinetic friction"

Strings and Springs

Strings
the tension in a string always pulls on the objects attached to the ends of the string
Springs

Hookes law: F = kx . k = the spring constant or the force constant.

Work required to stretch or compress a spring a distance x from its equilibrium length:
1
W = kx 2
2
1
Potential energy stored in a spring: U spring kx 2
2

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Translational Equilibrium

F =0

a =0.

The statement immediately above really implies two sets of statements:

Fx = 0 and
Fy = 0
a x = 0 and a y = 0 .

Circular Motion

Centripetal acceleration: a cp =

v2
r

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work: W Fd cos

Kinetic energy: K

1
mv 2
2
Work-energy theorem: Wnet = K
Work required to stretch or compress a spring a distance x from its equilibrium length:
1
W = kx 2
2

Potential Energy and Conservative Forces

Work done by a conservative force: Wc = U , for some potential energy U

Gravitational potential energy (near surface of Earth): U grav mgy

Potential energy stored in a spring: U spring

Total mechanical energy: E K + U

1 2
kx
2

Linear Momentum

Linear momentum: p mv
Newtons second law:
p
t
(instantaneous net force equals instantaneous rate of change of linear momentum). Implies the
following:
p
F =
av
t
(average net force equals average rate of change of linear momentum).
F = lim

t 0

Impulse: I

Impulse-momentum theorem: I = p

av

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Collisions

Two broad categories: head-on and glancing

For each category, three classes:
1. elastic: p and K conserved
2. inelastic: p conserved, K not
3. completely inelastic: p conserved, K not, objects stick together
Head-on collisions:
1. elastic:

m1 v1i + m 2 v 2i = m1 v1 f + m 2 v 2 f (p-conservation)

2.
3.

inelastic:

v1i + v1 f = v 2 i + v 2 f (other equation derived in class)

m1 v1i + m 2 v 2i = m1 v1 f + m 2 v 2 f (p-conservation)

completely inelastic:

m1 v1i + m 2 v 2i = (m1 + m 2 )v f (p-conservation)

Glancing collisions:

p xi = p xf

p yi = p yf

Rotational Kinematics

s
(s = length of arc swept out)
r
angular displacement: f i

average angular velocity: av

instantaneous angular velocity: lim

average angular acceleration: av

instantaneous angular acceleration: lim

angle in radians:

f i
=
t
t f ti
t 0

f i
=
t
t f ti

t 0 t

* understood to be in radians in all of the above

2

Period (time required for one complete revolution): T =

Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration (4 facts):

(1) = 0 + t
1
( 0 + ) t
2
1
(3) = 0 + 0 t + t 2
2
(4) 2 = 02 + 2 ( 0 )

(2) = 0 +

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Rotational and Linear Quantities

v t = r

Centripetal acceleration: a cp = r 2

rigid object: Every point in the object has the same angular velocity as every other point in the
object. Every point in the object has the same angular acceleration as every other point in the
object.

a t = r

Rolling Without Slipping

v = r ( v = translational speed of center of rolling object)

v point of contact = 0 at each instant

Rotational Kinetic Energy and Moment of Inertia

General Formula for Moment of Inertia for Collection of N Point Masses: I

mi ri2
i =1

Moments of Inertia for Distributed Objects: Table 10-1 will be given.

1
Rotational Kinetic Energy: K rot I 2
2
1
1
2
Total Kinetic Energy: K total = K trans + K rot = Mv CM
+ I CM 2
2
2
(Note: Here v CM is the translational velocity of the center of mass and I CM is the moment of
inertia about the center of mass.)

Torque and Angular Acceleration

Torque: rF (r is the moment arm)

Relation Between Torque and Angular Acceleration (Newtons Second Law for Rotational
Motion):
net = I

Equilibrium
Three conditions required for true equilibrium (translational and rotational equilibrium):
1.

Fx = 0 (i.e., a x = 0 )

2.

F y = 0 (i.e., a y = 0 )

3.

net = 0 for any axis (i.e., = 0 about any axis)

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Angular Momentum

Angular momentum: L I .
For point particle of mass m moving with speed v at an angle with respect to the radial
direction: L = rmv sin .
L
Newtons Second Law for Rotational Motion: net =
.
t
Note here that net is the average net external torque.

Table 10-1: Moments of Inertia for Uniform, Rigid Objects of Various Shapes

Gravity

Fgrav = G

m1m2
r2

(Newtons law of universal gravitation)

G = 6.67 1011

N m2
kg 2

(gravitational constant)

m1m2
(gravitational potential energy of any two masses m1 and m2 )
r
mM E
for mass m a distance r from center of Earth: U grav = G
r
2GM E
escape speed (on Earth): ve =
RE
U grav = G

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Oscillations About Equilibrium

Relationships among frequency, angular frequency and period for sinusoids:

1
f =
T
= 2 f
T=

Mass on Spring

x = A cos ( t + ) (most general form of displacement as a function of time)

k
m

m
k
Simple Pendulum
L
T = 2
g
T = 2

Waves and Sound

v=f
v = 343 m/s (speed of sound in air at standard temperature and pressure)
Doppler Effect
u
Moving observer: f = f 1
v
Moving source: f = f

1
1

Solar System Data

radius of Earth: RE = 6.37 106 m

radius of Moon: RM = 1.74 106 m

mass of Earth: M E = 5.97 1024 kg

mass of Moon: 7.35 1022 kg

mass of Sun: 2.00 1030 kg

Earth-Moon distance: 3.84 108 m

Earth-Sun distance: 1.50 1011 m

u
v