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  • P. Van Alfen - New Light On The 7th C. Yassi Ada Shipwreck. Capacities and Standard Sizes of LRA 1 Amphoras (JRA 9, '96)

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    P. Van Alfen - New Light on the 7th c. Yassi Ada Shipwreck. Capacities and Standard Sizes of LRA 1 Amphoras (JRA 9, '96)

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    P. Van Alfen - New Light On The 7th C. Yassi Ada Shipwreck. Capacities and Standard Sizes of LRA 1 Amphoras (JRA 9, '96)

    Загружено:

    Dragan Gogic
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    1185, Ludwig Koenen ‘ara and from Nessana, In Zoara, for example, an orchard is called gannath Pherore and sennath Nikarkos,“garden-ofPhera" and “garden-of-Nikarch". Another orchard was called epiph-yanima, *By-the-Shore-of-the-Sea,"® In the same fashion in roll #10, a dry-orchard fs called gunmath al-salam, “Garden-ot-Peace”. The word slam could be Nebataean or Arabic, bat in Nabatacan the article al occurs ooly in conjunction with proper names (J. Cantineau, Le [Nabatéen I. 61f), Thus the syntax seems to indicate that ganneth al-salam should be under. ‘Stood as Arabic. However, it cannot be exchaded that, infact, the phrase means “the orchard of ‘AtSelanm, thus pointing to a former owner In this way, the name could be Nabatacan, a= though for the éth c this would be unlikely. Another name in roll #10 is beth al-ok(hbar, probably “the House-of the-Great-One”, In the context the name refers to a large building Complex in Petra. A number of names of fields begin with a generic category aram or haran, followed by another Arabic name or Word. Arabic heram means “sacred”. We know of a slton Iieratikon, a "sacred wood land” in the province of Third Palestine, possibly not fer from Petra. This and an analogous term from Egypt (lpi suggest that ham denotes land once belonging to a temple. It retained its traditional name. But whatever the precise meaning of such names the habit of naming property inthis particular way with Arabic names should be lunderstood as part ofthe Semitic hertage of the region of Petra, ‘VII The end of Petra? Despite maintaining the glory ofthe past, rifts in society were visible. In the archive, for example, some people were unable to pay their taxes and, in the proces, lot their possessions forrcher people who could afford the burdens (ct. also n.23); but the overwhelming picture is of| Petra as s viable ity with a functioning hinterland throughout the 6th c. In the 7th c, how- fever, came the Persian was, which may or may not have affected the area, and the Islamic onquest. In 630 Ala on the Gulf of Aqaba and subsequently also Udhruh/ Augustopolis with ‘Djatba just north of it negotiated an annual tax in exchange for protection by the Muslim for- ‘ces The reports do not mention Petra. This has been seen as proof of Petras total loss of img tance, and confirmation was provided by the presumed destruction of Petra by the eath-quake Of 551, But this earthquake evidently did not affect Petra; and it is hard to imagine that Tdhruh/ Augustopolis city whose land was under the authority of the tax collectors” office in Petra (see above and 1.6), should by 630 have achieved a greater importance than the metro- polis We must look for a different explanation for Petra's absence from the reports on the Islamic conquest. The center of the city in its easly defensible position may have been bypassed by the invading forces. Perhaps there was nether a treaty nor a battle but the city found itself cut off from its hinterland. Did the people leave the city at this point and with- {avr to the mountains? Some continued to live in Petra, some even inthe ruins ofthe church in ‘which the papyri were found, But this does not prove a continuation ofthe city. Unfortunately we donot know when precisely the church burnt down. In any event the Islamic conquest severed the city’s ties with the Byzantine empire and ended its r6le as a metropolis of the Third Province of Palestine. Probably this was also the end of the city of Petra, although it is not known how long this process took. Department of Classical Studies, University of Michigan 25 P, Baths 215%, and 22.106, 16:74; for other exemples see P. Babatha 1630, P. Salome ine. #869 Rockefeller Maseurn(H. M. Cotton, ZPE 15 [195] 188207, line, 2a editors noe). 26 Thus K Schmit Korte and, in response to my paper atthe Annual Meting ofthe sae Society forthe Promotion of Classi Studies in Tel Aviv (186), H. M, Cotton 29 Georgios of Cypras, Deer. ris Rom 1057 ed. H, Galzer; Georgios uses both ar [mand ohcov Inet Prok, Fw, L234 {PC 87.212C}, Lampe, Pattie Grek Lecco, 5); on the locaton of this ston see now D. F, Graf In is paper on the "Via Militars and the Limes Arablcus” (XVI Inter. (Cong of Roman Ponte Stas 1995] (thank the author for sending me copy of his ex ae Eg Ph: Mayerson, "The frst Muslin attacks on Southern Palestine (AD 635-634)," TAPA 95 (1968) 18550, exp 168-7 (rep in Mont. aupa 0.15] 67-75); ZT. Fema, Economics. (upra m5) 25848. New light on the 7th-c. Yassi Ada shipwreck: capacities and standard sizes of LRA1 amphoras Peter G. van Alfen Introduction ‘Three decades ago, from 1961 to 1964, a team of underwater archaeologists from the University of Pennsylvania, led by George F. Bass, excavated an eatly 7th >. A.D. Byzantine shipwreck at Yassi Ada near Bodrum, Turkey. Since publication of the Yassi Ada final report {1982.1 new questions and methods of investigation have prompted further shady ofthe ship's cargo carried in ‘globular’ and ‘elindrica’ amphoras. Presented here are the results of 2 e= Sudy of the cylindrical amphoras and a preliminary re-interpretation of the nature of the argo and function ofthe ship. A restudy ofthe globular amphoras is currently underway. ‘This nee wor on the Yassi Ada cargo amphoras was inspired by F H. van Doominck, e's seat sody of th. tnphors am the shipwick exten eye Lima Tee Vn Doomine’s discovery of a remariable degiee of precision inthe mology of these mphorss led to the conason tat Byzantine peters productd highy sandarcized jos designe to cary specie weights of ed wine, white wine, orci! Measurement of the 102 ine {mphorss recovered from the Serge Litas wreck has shown that thet volume capacities iterscorelate to weight capacities in Byzantine Mpa (pounds) for red and white wine Noteorer seiner diners sich mninum vide and eral danees of he Iouth openings, appeat to corelate in mort cases to some multiple of C3 bexrutor, the ‘Sderoog being a Byoantine near easement equal to 195 cn To fae such pression & not Known in amphores trom the Hellenistic or Roman periods, Eaves poten dd produce Amphoris of many standard sizes, but lines and volametic measurements vred considerably from aro jar? At some unknown pint in lt nig the much ore complex sod conti strological system exhibited by the Serge Limam smphorns began to emg ‘he Ys Ad clinds ampores exit» sme smi dere: of meng precision a those fom Serge Liman and also apes to belong fon capes sjtem base on the Byzantine hepa This metrological closeness has potently sigan: ramifiations i the ren of lte-antigue exchange and economisthat wl be ica Blo Methodology! The evidence presente here elles upon accurate armphora measurements. Ths, mention mst be mad of the methodology that was followed in taking these measurements, since tiers to ome extent from thet ‘commonly used: Before measurement ofthe cin amphores ould beta, as ena tha he as be throughly cleaned, both inside and out of ary marine concrelion deposits, Even small amounts of 1G. Bos nd FH van Dooce, Yl Ad A eethsnury Byzantine spared (Colle ‘Station 1982). eo pare (olege 2 Theserge Lina nal pot foaming Prtininary work onthe amps rary workon th por pperd i. 1. ‘ran Doominck, Jr, "The amphoras: old fas fom the north” INA Nestlter 153 (1988) 2223 and Ghng un wegitineenthcetay bya fe matogy fte Gas Wre apora Query nao) Btn pons sphows tom te Icey shpat is Shed onne or yar oe ery 6 (259 8, iene on hase a een apr ogy he un smd M8, Wala ropes eansingsmphors cpacen” in). Enero nd, Calan ads snp CH Sup 1s oa sat The meth ded ee wee ed by van Doone forth Sr Liman typ 195 and 1994 {de post te eg van Domes 185 fp nh 190 Peter G. van Alfen oneretion can affect the accuracy of capacity, weight, and linear messuremens. Once cleaned, the nese ‘Simsnsions of pavticula toll significance were taken ins consistent an exacting manne Height was determined by placing th amphora in a horizontal position ona level able and supporting the jareo its ongtudinal axis Fa parallel with the surface ofthe table. A drfing ale Was then eto projec vertically down tothe surface the citance between the base and rim. Calipers were wed o ease the masimum lamer both ajacnt to nd midway between the handles, and thetwo measurements ware verge Jn order to determine whether o not the internal mouth diameter of ach clinical amphora was of 3 “consistent, precise dimension that could accommodate a standard-sized stopper several stoppers in 3 progression of sizes an with slightly tapering edges were fathioned from 5 em#hick shew of styrofoam. Soe the internal mouth diameters ofthe amphoras ranged fom 43 077 em and the Serge Lan stnphoras had standatc-azed stoppers that were some multiple of 05 Sacro the styrofoam stoppers were gives diameters of 25, 30,35, and 40 Béerutos (4S, 58, 68, and 78 cm) In the majority af cases one of the loppers would sit ighy inthe mouth ofthe arnphora with ts upper fce located G05 con below the in Had thesopper differed in diameter by only eos it woud pat have ben sultable for thal amphors Only those amphoras that were complete or nearly complete were chosen for weight and capacity ‘measurements, Those that had smal oles, or had potion ofthe rimy neck, or hands missing, Were econstrcted with modeling clay ofthe same approximate specific ravty as the fabric ofthe ars. Because ‘esi moisture inthe fabric an weigh up to several hundred grams ll he amphoras were st et ot in the sun unt the weight no longer deceased trough molture evaporation before her emp weights were recorded CCapacitin were measured in one of two ways depending on the amphors’ sate of preservation. “Amphores that did net feak were set upright and weighed on Bastr 830 top lading dgtal scale. The famphora was then filed with water tothe neck-shoulder junction, As water was absorbed into the day, ‘mote water was added to maintain this level. Once the ate of absorption became negligle the weight was ‘eotded. The ariphors was then emptied and weighed once mors to termine he weit in kograms ofthe ‘water that the amphora contained and thus the amphora’s capacity in ters. Thereafter the entire process ‘was repeated fie quick sucesion Capacity mensurements othe top ofthe et were then terre in ‘he same manner This method was so accurate that he dffrence between the thes cnpocity messuements taken at both level foreach jar didnot exceed a er grams Leaky amphoras, however, required a different procedure. Styrofoam beads, in carefully measured Increments, were poured ino the amphors and the jar was shaken with each increment fo nsure compaction tthe beads, Capuclty measurements were again recorded at the uncon of neck and onder andthe op of theslm and repeated several mes fer eachjpr. Alhough capacty messurements with styrofoam bea cn be Inconsistent a inaccurate every effort as taken t0 minimize this error. To chek the securty ofthe ‘measurement, several of the amphora that hadlbeen measured with water rere re-mensied with re beads ‘The margin of diference inthis experiment was never ore than 2% ‘The amphoras ‘The ship's cargo originally comprised an estimated 900 amphoras of two classes. Of the 622 amphoras recorded during the excavation, 103 were cylindecal and designated type 1 in the final publication; 719 larger, globular jars were designated type 2% Divers in the early 1960s Drought a small representative sample of both classes of amphoras to the surface, Removed to ‘one side ofthe excavation site, the femaining jars were lft until the early 1980s, when most of 5 One incomplete cyindsical amphors ws ried rom the shipwreck wih ts potery sherd oper in place. The upper surace of he stopper ret 0.5 cm below the ifr photograph of this or and Stopper, see O. Alpizen, AH. Grdas and B.Derkaya, Comarca enpors of he Bot Mise of Unieraater Archaeology maritime trade of he Medieranaon In ancien ines (Bodrum 1955) Us. 23. ‘About 165 roughly rounded amphorasherd stoppers were found on the wreck ste. The stoppers freien came, elegant (Ben as nd vn Deak pe a 1606), © Bass and van Dootinck eupen m2) 155, 26-62 ‘The 7th-c. Yassi Ada shipwreck: the LRAl amphoras 191 them were raised from the seabed and taken to the Bodrum Museum of Underwater [Archaeology for conservation and study. At present, 71 cylindrical and over 600 globular mphoras are stored in the museum; approximately 140 jars remain at Yassi Ada, ‘The cylindrical amphoras belong to one ofthe mest if no the most, common and widely dispersed amphora lasses of the atartique an early Byzantine periods. Numerous designations hae ben ven this ‘nus electing its extensive scholvly attention: British Bi, Ballana 6, Egat 164 and 168, Keay Ll, ‘Kasmanov Xl, Peacock snd Willams Class 4, Scorpan 88, and LRAT (Late Roman Amphota 1) are the ‘ost commonly cited? Far the sake of clarity, amphorae ofthis general cls wil be cefered to a LRM, those specfaly fom the Yassi Ads shipwreck, YAI. Silay, the Yas Ad poblt jr wil be refered toas YA2 andthe general as by one fits common designations, LRAZ (Late Roman Amphora 2) Posssly first appearingin the sthe- Ab, the LRA1 dass continod int the 7, having Hs most requen ccurrence {nthe th c8 Distribution of BRAT amphoras extends over much of the ancient word, frm the Levant Britain and fom th Black Sea region to North Afiea> The large numberof finds have rovenled 9 great variety of body shapes and sizes, decoration and fabrics The YAT amphoras show s similar variation, ‘Glerete differences ia measurement fabri and workmanship make possible to identify 11 YAL types within the 71 amphoras studied. Bocause the VAL jars ave 2 unique ard ighly dated set, the following ‘aslo is ofered as 2 contribution toward a claileation of erly 7th. LRAT types. The catalog 30 ‘Sos important metrological data Ua foe the basi of arguments presented bel ‘Where s applicable, references othe YA1 amphoras described and illustrated inthe Yass Ada final report (upra a.) ae found following the abbreviation "YAISS2", The numberof complete sphocas is Inacate for each type; these are the amphoras that were used in height empty weigh, and capacty Ieaturement- Both the range i mansurements forthe ae within ype and thir averages are given the rangeinthe measurements I minimal usually no more thin few mullmeters. Included with the averaged ‘measurements are the cortespending measurements in Byzantine Birra, an here x tendency foward tulips of 5 Séxruhogshould be noted. Two capacities ace provided: ove, the "body capacity, denotes ‘apa al the neckshouler junction the oh, the fll capac, denotes capacity tothe top of them. Suetion mask indices that ahora preservation was sch ha the mensurerent could not be ake absie Inclusions are graded as ne (60250 micro), madiam (25050 cons), soars (0 tons tomo, ey ‘courte (1.2 mm, or super cose (= 2 mm). An estimation of the quaniity of inclusions i exprese ‘numerically.’ indieates the lusion frre, that its common, and’ that iss common the parties are touching one another Because It was beyond our eapabilty to state eth certainty the mineral Composition ofthe Inclusion, only thei colori nated, except in two enees. For general purposes, ‘snd Ineans any glsslike or quarts like inlsion, and ‘mics like any non-letlightrfecting inclusion. The [Mansel si eer chars were used to determine fabric color. The fabric coor listed for ach type isan 7 British Bit A, C. Thomas, “Imported pottery in dask-age western Briain.” Metical Archacolgy 3 (0955) 86111, Ballina GS. Fad, Enea at Bellona 1996-1959 (Cato 1963) Eglo 164 and 165 M Eglo eta I, Lepore cpt: quatre sien dartsnat ot 'tchnnges on Bass-Egypte (Genbve 1977 Keay Lill.) Keay, Late Ranan potery sn the stern Metiteranoa 2 iypalagy endemic sty the Catalan evidence (BAR Int. Sr. 186, Oxford 198); Kuzmanov XE G-Kusmanov,"Typologie teronologie de amphoras de In hate fw tol 0 em wie, The whee ‘dgss run ureveni roan below the lower handle tachment to the rasition of body to ase. The 198 Peter G. van Alfen. te yp Yh ew nee hn eon he sour ut wien spy Cae ee ee en roti hase I, bee amps of LEAL amherst ul commen hh bt In th ‘gees Ne a RA ep AU Scion er age Fae ey eee ae Fhe Sharia Sacer ces oa ge allen BS Tk Staidave Type VI ‘ola numberof examples: Number ofcompiste example: Height 29.0 cm (200 Boi) Height at ax. ameter 224m (115 Boxes) Maximum diameter: 174m (2.0 Binh) Intrioe mouth diameter 49cm (25 rio) Empry weight 2456 kg Body opacity: 43901 Full capacity: 45821 Fabric Color: surface: 25VR 5/4 (redsh brown); fabric beneath surface exfoliation: 1OYR 6/4 ight ‘lowsh Bove. inclusion: sand, fin costes to very cones 2); micaHke, fine (2) mesium (0); blag, medium 10 date very coms super ene) reds mediom to course) super cease (I gey, conse {By super onte Moe" 0 oo rn Desrpton: Where the surface hae been chipped away, the fabric below i very course, Numerous fildetand lvery nile parle sc even. General Description (fig. 9) ‘A well-defined side les below a dramatically everted and rounded tp; the mouth is small an Fee pase ee foe cay atanade whee ages aco eWay he {Est Eclow the lower Randle sachin, the ther ur sbove She boay-bnse tension, The gloves {hat form the bends are cel spaced, harow snd shallow. The boxy mirseton ke the bases smooth: Qual isabove avenge Parallels ‘Nene Type VIE ‘Total number of examples: 1 [Number of compet examples? Haight: 46:9

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