Physics

First examinations 2009

Diploma Programme

Data booklet

Diploma Programme

Physics
Data booklet

First examinations 2009

International Baccalaureate Organization

Buenos Aires

Cardiff

Geneva

New York

Singapore

Diploma Programme
Physicsdata booklet

Published September 2007

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4025a

Contents
Fundamental constants

Metric (SI) multipliers

Unit conversions

Electrical circuit symbols

EquationsCore and AHL

EquationsOptions SL

11

EquationsOptions SL and HL

13

EquationsOptions HL

15

Physics data booklet

Fundamental constants
Quantity

Symbol

Approximate value

Acceleration of free fall

(Earths surface)

9.81m s 2

Gravitational constant

6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2

Avogadros constant

NA

6.02 1023 mol1

Gas constant

8.31J K 1 mol1

Boltzmanns constant

1.38 1023 J K 1

StefanBoltzmann constant

5.67 108 W m 2 K 4

Coulomb constant

8.99 109 N m 2 C2

Permittivity of free space

8.85 1012 C2 N 1 m 2

Permeability of free space

4 107 T m A 1

Speed of light in vacuum

3.00 108 m s 1

Plancks constant

6.63 1034 J s

Elementary charge

1.60 1019 C

Electron rest mass

me

9.110 1031 kg = 0.000549 u = 0.511MeV c 2

Proton rest mass

mp

1.673 1027 kg = 1.007276 u = 938 MeV c 2

Neutron rest mass

mn

1.675 1027 kg = 1.008665 u = 940 MeV c 2

Unified atomic mass unit

1.6611027 kg = 931.5 MeV c 2

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Physics data booklet

Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix

Abbreviation

Value

tera

1012

giga

109

mega

106

kilo

103

hecto

102

deca

da

101

deci

101

centi

102

milli

103

micro

106

nano

109

pico

1012

femto

1015

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Physics data booklet

Unit conversions
1 light year (ly) = 9.46 1015 m

1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly

1 astronomical unit (AU) = 1.50 1011 m
1 radian (rad) =

180

1 kilowatt-hour (kW h) = 3.60 106 J

1 atm = 1.01105 N m 2 = 101kPa = 760 mm Hg

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Physics data booklet

Electrical circuit symbols

cell

battery

lamp

ac supply

switch

ammeter

voltmeter

variable resistor

resistor

potentiometer

light-dependent
resistor (LDR)

thermistor

transformer

heating element

operational
amplifier
(op-amp)

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Physics data booklet

EquationsCore and AHL

Note: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only. Vector notation has not been used.

Core

AHL

Topic 1: Physics and physical

measurement

If y = a b
then y = a + b
If y =

ab
c

then

y a b c
=
+
+
y
a
b
c

AV

AH
AH = A cos
AV = A sin

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core

AHL

Topic 2: Mechanics

s=

u+v
t
2

s = ut + 12 at 2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
F = ma

p = mv
F=

p
t

Impulse = F t = mv
W = Fs cos

EK = 12 mv 2
EK =

p2
2m

EP = mg h

power = Fv
a=

v 2 4 2 r
= 2
r
T

Topic 3: Thermal physics

P=

F
A

Q = mcT

Topic 10: Thermal physics

PV = nRT
W = P V

Q = U + W

Q = mL

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core

AHL

Topic 4: Oscillations and waves

2
T

Topic 11: Wave phenomena

v
f = f

v us

moving source

v = v0 cos t ; v = v0 sin t

v uo
f= f

moving observer

v = ( x0 2 x 2 )

f =

x = x0 sin t ; x = x0 cos t

EK = 12 m 2 ( x0 2 x 2 )
EK (max) = 12 m 2 x0 2

v
f
c

ET = 12 m 2 x0 2

= 1.22

v= f

I = I 0 cos 2

n1 sin 2 v2
=
=
n2 sin 1 v1

n = tan

path difference = n
path difference = ( n + 12 )

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core

AHL

Topic 5: Electric currents

Topic 12: Electromagnetic induction

Ve = 12 mv 2

= BA cos

I=

q
t

R=

V
I

R=

= Bvl

= N
t

I s Vp N p
= =
I p Vs N s

L
A

P = VI = I 2 R =

V
R

= I (R + r)

I rms =

I0
2

Vrms =

V0
2

V0 Vrms
=
I 0 I rms

R = R1 + R2 +

R=

1 1
1
= + +
R R1 R2

Pmax = I 0V0
Pav = 12 I 0V0

Topic 6: Fields and forces

F =G

m1m2
r2

g=

F
m

F=

q1q2
40 r 2

F =k

E=

F
q

Topic 9: Motion in fields

q1q2
r2

V =

Ep
m

V =

V =

Gm
r

V=

g=

V
r

E=

Ep
q

kq
q
=
r 4 0 r
V
x

F = qvB sin
F = BIL sin

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core

Topic 7: Atomic and nuclear physics

E = mc2

AHL

Topic 13: Quantum physics and nuclear

physics

E = hf
hf = + Emax
hf = hf 0 + eV
p=

EK =

n2 h2
8me L2

x p

h
4

E t

h
4

N = N 0 e t
A=

N
t

A = N = N 0 e t
T1 =
2

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ln 2

EquationsCore and AHL

Core

AHL

Topic 8: Energy, power and climate

change

power = 12 A v3
power per unit length = 12 A2 gv
I=

power
A

albedo =
Cs =

total scattered power

total incident power

Q
AT

power = AT 4
power = e AT 4
T =

10

( Iin I out ) t
Cs

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Physics data booklet

EquationsOptions SL
Option A: Sight and wave phenomena

v
f= f

v us

v uo
f= f

moving source
moving observer

v
f = f
c

= 1.22

I = I 0 cos 2

n = tan

Option B: Quantum physics and nuclear physics

E = hf

E t

hf = + Emax
hf = hf 0 + eV
p=

N = N 0 e t
A=

n2 h2
EK =
8me L2
h
x p
4

h
4

N
t

A = N = N 0 e t
T1 =
2

ln 2

Option C: Digital technology

G=

RF
R

G = 1+

RF
R

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11

EquationsOptions SL

Option D: Relativity and particle physics

v2
c2

t = t0
L=

12

L0

E t
R

h
4

h
4mc

E = hf

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Physics data booklet

EquationsOptions SL and HL
Core (SL and HL)

Extension (HL only)

Option E: Astrophysics

L = AT 4

L mn

max (metres) =
d ( parsec ) =
b=

2.90 103
T (kelvin)

1
p ( arc-second )

where 3 < n < 4

v
c

v = H 0d

L
4d 2

d
m M = 5lg
10
Option F: Communications

n=

1
sin C

attenuation / dB = 10 lg

G=
I1
I2

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RF
R

G = 1+

RF
R

13

EquationsOptions SL and HL

Core (SL and HL)

Extension (HL only)

Option G: Electromagnetic waves

1 1 1
= +
f v u

min =

2d sin = n

P=

1
f

m=

hi
v
=
ho
u

2nt = m

M=

f
M= o
fe
m=
s=

hc
eV

i
o

2nt = ( m + 12 )

2nt cos = m
2nt cos = ( m + 12 )

D
+1
f

m=

D
f

D
d

sin =

n
d

x n
=
D d

x
= (n+ 12 )
D
d
d sin = n

14

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Physics data booklet

EquationsOptions HL
Option H: Relativity

EK = ( 1) m0 c 2

v2
c2

E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m02c 4

t = t0
L=

f g h
= 2
f
c

L0

u x =

ux v
uv
1 x2
c

Rs =

E0 = m0c 2

t =

E = m0c 2

2GM
c2
t0
R
1 s
r

p = m0u
Option I: Medical physics

IL = 10 lg
I = I 0e

I
I0

where I 0 = 1.0 1012 W m 2

Z = c
1
1 1
= +
TE TP TB

x = ln 2
1
2

dose equivalent = absorbed dose quality factor

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15

EquationsOptions HL

Option J: Particle physics

E t

h
4

h
R
4mc

E = hf

Ea2 = 2 Mc 2 E + ( Mc 2 ) 2 + (mc 2 ) 2

h
p

EK = 32 kT

E = mc 2 + EK

16

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