1.

A 1V signal (Vs) with a 600 source resistance is connected to an oscilloscope which

has an input impedance of Ri = 1 M in parallel with capacitance Ci = 30pF. The
coaxial cable connecting the source to the oscilloscope has a 100 pF capacitance.
Calculate the oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi) when the signal frequency is 100 Hz.
2. An integrated circuit chip contains 105 transistors. The transistors have a mean current
gain of 20 and a standard deviation of 2. Calculate the following:
(a) the number of transistors with a current gain between 19.8 and 20.2. 7960
(b) the number of transistors with a current gain greater than 17. 93.32%
3. Design a signal conditioning for a grounded load that converts a 0-10V input to a 420mA output current. The circuit is to be powered from 15-V regulated supplies.
4. Explain the functioning and hence obtain the transfer functions for the op-amp based
all pass filters working in all pass phase lead and all pass phase lag modes. Use one of
the relevant transfer function from the above designs to design an all pass phase lag
circuit to produce a phase shift of -135 at 1kHz.
5. Design a signal conditioning for a grounded load that converts a 4-20mA input current
to a 0-10V output voltage. The circuit is to be powered from 15-V regulated supplies.

6. A strain guage based experimental setup makes use of full bridge configuration.
Obtain an expression for the off null bridge voltage. Also describe techniques for strain
gauge calibrations, thermal compensation and obtaining maximum sensitivity.
7. Describe the Aggregation of errors (one numerical example each) from separate
measurement system components.
A. Error in a sum
B. Error in a difference
C. Error in a product
D. Error in a quotient
8. In the arrangement shown A, B, C and D are resistance strain gauges bonded to a steel
ring. These form the four arms of a Wheatstone bridge, so as to give temperature
compensation and to offer maximum possible sensitivity. When a force is applied, the
compression of rubber block is 1mm and the output of bridge is 4units. For calibration
of the bridge circuit, a shunt resistance of 0.2 M is connected parallel to A and an
output of 1.2units is observed. Find the compression modulus of rubber used. [5]
Gauge factor=2.2, Resistance of gauge element =120 , Youngs modulus E= 2x105
N/mm2, r=40mm, b=15mm, t=1.5mm where r is the mean radius of the ring, b its
width and t its thickness. (For the ring, strain at the gauge location is given by
1.1Pr/(Ebt2), P being the force applied on the ring.)

9. A force measuring device, using resistance strain guage, is shown in Fig., R1 is an

active guage and R2 a dummy guage for thermal compensation. R1=R2=R3=R4= 120.
Guage factor = 2.5, maximum guage current is limited to 30mA. Find the required
battery voltage. If a calibrating resistance Rc = 1.2M is used and connected parallel
to R1, trace shift on oscilloscope reads 5units. Find the corresponding trace shift due to
the applied force. If thermal compensation were not used what would have been the
output voltage if temperature is increased by 10C? Temperature coefficient of guage
material = 10-5/C. Take oscilloscope I/P impedance as infinity. Due to force P, strain

in the guage is = 10-5.

10. A load cell is formed of a hollow steel cylinder loaded axially as shown in adjoining
Figure. The four strain gauges are so connected to enhance the signal and provide the
thermal compensation. The load cell has a cross sectional area of 2cm2. Youngs
modulus of steel is 2.07x1011N/m2 and Poissons ratio of 0.3. Given the strain gauge
resistance of 1000, and Gauge factor is 2.1. The current in each gauge has the upper
limit of 20mA. Calculate, i. Supply voltage, ii, current in the detector arm if it consists
of a micro ammeter of 500 , when the load cell is subjected to a force of 105N. [8]

11. Draw an equivalent circuit of PZT, connecting cable and the voltage measuring device.
Derive a mathematical expression for frequency response of PZT using this
combination. Sketch the typical response plot. Use the frequency response to find the
suitability of PZT for measurement of a constant force.

12. The capacitance level transducer making use of two concentric cylinders is to be used
to measure the height (level) h of liquid in a tank between 0 and 7 m. The total height l
of the transducer is 8 m and the ratio b/a of the diameters of the concentric cylinders is
2.0. The dielectric constant of the liquid is 2.4 and the permittivity of free space 0 is
8.85pFm1. The transducer is incorporated into the deflection bridge of Figure below
with R2 = 100 , R3 = 10 k and s = 15V.
(a) Calculate the value of C0 so that the amplitude Th is zero when the tank
is empty.
(b) Using this value of C0 calculate Th at maximum level.

13. In a POT transducer, the POT has a a resistance of 24k. During a measurement POT
moves between 20mm and 60mm positions.
a) If the voltmeter of 15k is used to read the output voltage find out the error due to
loading at the above mentioned two positions.
b) If the error is to be kept within 3% what should be the resistance of the voltmeter
14. A thermistor is to monitor room temperature. It has a resistance of 3.5k at 20C with
a slope of -10%/C. The dissipation constant of this device is 5mW/ C. It is proposed
to use this thermistor in the divider circuit of Fig. 3 to provide 5.0V at 20 C. Evaluate
the effects of self heating.

15. Figure 4 shows a circuit with variable air gap parallel plate capacitor as sensing
element. Show that the circuit acts as a velocity sensor for small displacements, find
the proportionality constant between the voltage Vout(t) and the input velocity.
Assume nominal, (zero displacement) capacitance (Cs) as 50pF and the nominal,
(zero displacement) distance between the capacitor plates x0 as 5mm. Use the other
circuit parameters as RF=100k and supply voltage Vs(t) = 100V.

16. The resistance R k of a thermistor at K is given by

R = 1.68 exp
This thermistor is incorporated into the deflection bridge as shown in figure. Assume
that the Vout is measured with the help of a detector of infinite input impedance.

i)
ii)

Calculate the range of Vout for input temperature of 0 50C. [4]

the non-linearity at 12 C as a percentage of full-scale deflection.

iii)

Calculate the effect on the range of Vout of reducing the detector impedance to
1k
17. New Problem

18. A temperature sensor is exposed to a sudden change of 20oC to 80oC as shown in Fig.
2. The sensor outputs 0.02 volts for every oC of temperature and has a time constant
of 2.3s. (a) What is the sensor output voltage at 1.5s? (b) At what time, t, does the
sensor output become 1.0 volts? [5]

T( oC )
80
Sensor o
0.02 V/ C

V(t)

20
t

19. Fig. below shows an arrangement for calibration of an accelerometer. The mass m is
constrained to move vertically with harmonic motion. Resistance R1 and R3 are
bonded along the length of the strip and R2 and R4 are bonded along the width of the
strip. Strip width = 20mm. Thickness of the strip = 1mm. The gages, each of 120
and gauge factors of 2, form the four arms of a Wheatstone bridge. The output of the
bridge is connected to one channel of an oscilloscope, while that from the
accelerometer is connected to second channel. Calibration is done by connecting a
1M resistance, parallel to R1, giving a shift of 2cm on the oscilloscope. During
accelerometer calibration, output of the acceleration corresponds to a shift of 5cm
while that of the strain gauge bridge gives a shift of 3.2cm, on the respective channels.
Oscilloscope sensitivity on accelerometer channel is = 20mV/cm. [6]
Find the sensitivity of the accelerometer in mV/g. Given, Youngss modulus of strip
material = 7x1010N/m2, Poissons ratio = 0.3.

20. It is proposed to use three 4-bits identical DACs for implementing a 12-bit DAC.
Assume that b0 represents LSB, b11 MSB of the 12 bits proposed DAC. Design an opamp based summer which will sum the outputs of the three DACs so as to generate an
effective 12 bits DAC. Assume input bits are assigned as b3b2b1b0 to 1st DAC, b7b6b5b4
to 2nd DAC and b11b10b9b8 to 3rd DAC.
21. A balloon is equipped with temperature and altitude measuring instruments and has
radio equipment that can transmit the output readings of these instruments back to
ground. The balloon is initially anchored to the ground with the instrument output
readings in steady state. The altitude-measuring instrument is approximately zero
order and the temperature transducer first order with a time constant of 15 seconds.
The temperature on the ground, T0, is 10C and the temperature Tx at an altitude of x
metres is given by the relation: Tx =T0 - 0.01x.
(a) If the balloon is released at time zero, and thereafter rises upwards at a velocity of
5 metres/second, draw a table showing the temperature and altitude measurements
reported at intervals of 10 seconds over the first 50 seconds of travel. Show also in the
table the error in each temperature reading.
(b) What temperature does the balloon report at an altitude of 5000 metres?
22. A pressure transducer consists of a Bourdon tube elastic element connected to a
potentiometer displacement sensor. The input range of the Bourdon tube is 0 to 104
Pa and the output range is 0 to 1 cm. The potentiometer has a length of 1 cm, a
resistance of 10 k and a supply voltage of 10 V. If the input pressure is 5 103 Pa,
calculate:
(a) the displacement of the potentiometer wiper (assume a linear Bourdon tube)
(b) the open circuit transducer output voltage
(c) the voltage indicated by a voltmeter of resistance 10 k connected across the
potentiometer.

23. Figure below shows a bridge for temperature measurement using two RTDS RA and
RB. Ra is maintained at t1 while Rb senses the unknown temperature T2. At T1 both
have same resistances Ro. and R2 = R3.

24. New Question

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26. New Problem

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28. New Problem

29. New Problem

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