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Power Systems Stability and

Control
Dr. Naeem Iqbal

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POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS

Stability and Control
Second Edition
K. R. Padiyar
3 Modeling of Synchronous Machine
4 Excitation and Prime Mover Controllers
5 Transmission Lines, SVC and Loads
6 Dynamics of a Synchronous Generator Connected to Infinite Bus
7 Analysis of Single Machine System
8 Application of Power System Stabilizers

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HISTORY OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

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Power System Stability

1. Steady-State or Small Signal Stability
A power system is steady state stable for a particular steady state
operating condition if, following any small disturbance, it reaches a
steady state operating condition which is identical or close to the predisturbance operating condition.
2. Transient Stability
A power system is transiently stable for a particular steady-state
operating condition and for a particular (large) disturbance or sequence
of disturbances if, following that (or sequence of) disturbance(s) it
reaches an acceptable steady-state operating condition.

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System Operating States

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States of Operation and System Security

1. Normal Secure State: Here all equality (E) and inequality (I) constraints
are satisfied. In this state, generation is adequate to supply the existing load
demand and no equipment is overloaded.
Also in this state, reserve margins (for transmission as well as generation)
are sufficient to provide an adequate level of security with respect to the
stresses to which the system may be subjected. The latter may be treated as
the satisfaction of security constraints.

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2. Alert State: The difference between this and the previous state is that
in this state, the security level is below some threshold of adequacy. This
implies that there is a danger of violating some of the inequality (I)
constraints when subjected to disturbances (stresses). It can also be said that
security constraints are not met. Preventive control enables the transition
from an alert state to a secure state.

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3. Emergency State: Due to a severe disturbance the system can enter

emergency state. Here I constraints are violated. The system, however,
would still be intact, and emergency control action (heroic measures) could
be initiated to restore the system to alert state. If these measures are
not taken in time or are ineffective, and if the initiating disturbance or a
subsequent one is severe enough to overstress the system, the system will
break down and reach 'In Extremis' state.

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4. In Extremis State: Here both E and I constraints are violated. The

violation of equality constraints implies that parts of system load are lost.
Emergency control action should be directed at avoiding total collapse.
5. Restorative State: This is a transitional state in which I constraints are
met from the emergency control actions taken but the E constraints are
yet to be satisfied. From this state, the system can transit to either the
alert or the normal state depending on the circumstances.

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The power system emergency is defined as due to either a

(i) viability crisis resulting from an imbalance between generation, loads and
transmission whether local or system-wide or
(ii) stability crisis resulting from energy accumulated at sufficient level in
swings of the system to disrupt its integrity.

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Hierarchical measurement/control structure of ancillary services

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Totally Integrated Power

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Marking Policy
ITEMS
Sessional 1
Sessional 2
Simulations
Homework/Quiz
Class Participation

%
15
15
10
5
5

Sub-Total Sessional
Terminal

50
50

Questions in Paper:
Part a: Descriptive
Part b: Matlab Simulation/PSCAD Simulation
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