Head First Java

Table of Contents
Dedication.............................................................................................................................. 2
What they're saying about Head First..................................................................................... 3
Praise for Head First Java............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Praise for other Head First books co-authored by Kathy and Bert................................................................................................................................................ 3
Other related books from O'Reilly.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Intro....................................................................................................................................... 7
Who is this book for?....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
We know what you're thinking........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
And we know what your brain is thinking...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Metacognition: thinking about thinking......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Here's what WE did:........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Here's what YOU can do to bend your brain into submission........................................................................................................................................................ 7
What you need for this book:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Last-minute things you need to know:............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Technical Editors............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Other people to credit:..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Just when you thought there wouldn't be any more acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1. Breaking the Surface............................................................................................ 19

Section 1.1. The Way Java Works.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Section 1.2. What you'll do in Java................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Section 1.3. A very brief history of Java........................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Section 1.4. Sharpen your pencil................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 1.5. Sharpen your pencil answers..................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Section 1.6. Code structure in Java............................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Section 1.7. Anatomy of a class...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Section 1.8. Writing a class with a main........................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Section 1.9. What can you say in the main method?.................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Section 1.10. Looping and looping and......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Section 1.11. there are no Dumb Questions.................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Section 1.12. Conditional branching.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Section 1.13. Coding a Serious Business Application.................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Section 1.14. Monday morning at Bob's........................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Section 1.15. Phrase-O-Matic........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Section 1.16. Fireside Chats........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Section 1.17. Exercise: Code Magnets........................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 1.18. Exercise: BE The compiler....................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Section 1.19. JavaCross 7.0........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 1.20. Mixed Messages....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 1.21. Pool Puzzle................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Section 1.22. Exercise Solutins: Code Magnets:........................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 2. A Trip to Objectville............................................................................................. 45

Section 2.1. Chair Wars................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Section 2.2. Brain Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
Section 2.3. Making your first object............................................................................................................................................................................................ 54
Section 2.4. Making and testing Movie objects............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Section 2.5. Quick! Get out of main!............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Section 2.6. Running the Guessing Game..................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Section 2.7. Who am I?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63
Chapter 3. Know Your Variables........................................................................................... 67

Section 3.1. Declaring a variable................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Section 3.2. "I'd like a double mocha, no, make it an int."........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Section 3.3. You really don't want to spill that............................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Section 3.4. Back away from that keyword!.................................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Section 3.5. This table reserved..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Section 3.6. Controlling your Dog object...................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Section 3.7. An object reference is just another variable value.................................................................................................................................................... 73
Section 3.8. There are no Dumb Question.................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Section 3.9. Java Exposed............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 3.10. Life on the garbage-collectible heap........................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Section 3.11. Life and death on the heap....................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Section 3.12. An array is like a tray of cups................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Section 3.13. Arrays are objects too............................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Section 3.14. Make an array of Dogs............................................................................................................................................................................................. 78
Section 3.15. Control your Dog...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Section 3.16. A Dog example......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Section 3.17. Exercise: BE the compiler........................................................................................................................................................................................ 81
Section 3.19. Pool Puzzle............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Section 3.20. A Heap o' Trouble................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Head First Java, 2nd Edition. Head First Java, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 0596009208
Prepared for e.simons@icarin.fiuc.org, Eduard Simons
Copyright 2005 Bert Bates and Kathy Sierra. This PDF is made available for personal use only during the relevant subscription term, subject to the Safari Terms of Service. Any other use
requires prior written consent from the copyright owner. Unauthorized use, reproduction and/or distribution are strictly prohibited and violate applicable laws. All rights reserved.
Section 3.21. Five-Minute Mystery............................................................................................................................................................................................... 85

Section 3.22. Exercise Solutions: Code Magnets.......................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Section 3.23. Puzzle Solutions....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Chapter 4. How Objects Behave............................................................................................ 89

Section 4.1. Remember: a class describes what an object knows and what an object does........................................................................................................ 90
Section 4.2. The size affects the bark............................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Section 4.3. You can send things to a method.............................................................................................................................................................................. 92
Section 4.4. You can get things back from a method.................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Section 4.5. You can send more than one thing to a method....................................................................................................................................................... 94
Section 4.6. there are no Dumb Questions................................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Section 4.7. Reminder: Java cares about type!............................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Section 4.8. Cool things you can do with parameters and return types....................................................................................................................................... 97
Section 4.9. Encapsulation............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
Section 4.10. Encapsulating the GoodDog class......................................................................................................................................................................... 100
Section 4.11. How do objects in an array behave?....................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Section 4.12. Declaring and initializing instance variables........................................................................................................................................................ 102
Section 4.13. The difference between instance and local variables............................................................................................................................................ 103
Section 4.14. there are no Dumb Questions................................................................................................................................................................................ 103
Section 4.15. Comparing variables (primitives or references).................................................................................................................................................... 104
Section 4.16. Exercise: BE the compiler...................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
Section 4.17. Who am I?............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Section 4.18. Mixed Messages..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Section 4.19. Pool Puzzle............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 109
Section 4.20. Five Minute Mystery.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 110
Section 4.21. Puzzle Solutions...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Chapter 5. Extra-Strength Methods..................................................................................... 113

Section 5.1. Let's build a Battleship-style game: "Sink a Dot Com"............................................................................................................................................ 114
Section 5.2. First, a high-level design.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 115
Section 5.3. The "Simple Dot Com Game" a gentler introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 116
Section 5.4. Developing a Class.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Section 5.5. BRAIN POWER........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 117
Section 5.6. There are no Dumb Questions................................................................................................................................................................................. 121
Section 5.7. There are no Dumb Questions................................................................................................................................................................................. 124
Section 5.8. Exercise: BE the JVM.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 136
Section 5.10. Java Cross............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 138
Section 5.11. Exercise Solutions................................................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Chapter 6. Using the Java Library....................................................................................... 143

Section 6.1. In our last chapter, we left you with the cliff-hanger. A bug................................................................................................................................... 144
Section 6.2. So what happened?.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 145
Section 6.3. How do we fix it?...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 146
Section 6.4. Option one is too clunky.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Section 6.5. Option two is a little better, but still pretty clunky................................................................................................................................................. 147
Section 6.6. Wake up and smell the library................................................................................................................................................................................. 150
Section 6.7. Some things you can do with ArrayList................................................................................................................................................................... 151
Section 6.9. Java Exposed............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 153
Section 6.10. Comparing ArrayList to a regular array................................................................................................................................................................ 154
Section 6.11. Comparing ArrayList to a regular array................................................................................................................................................................. 155
Section 6.12. Let's fix the DotCom code...................................................................................................................................................................................... 156
Section 6.13. New and improved DotCom class.......................................................................................................................................................................... 157
Section 6.14. Let's build the REAL game: "Sink a Dot Com"...................................................................................................................................................... 158
Section 6.15. What needs to change?........................................................................................................................................................................................... 159
Section 6.16. Who does what in the DotComBust game (and when)......................................................................................................................................... 160
Section 6.17. Prep code for the real DotComBust class............................................................................................................................................................... 162
Section 6.18. The final version of the Dotcom class.................................................................................................................................................................... 168
Section 6.19. Super Powerful Boolean Expressions.................................................................................................................................................................... 169
Section 6.20. Ready-bake Code................................................................................................................................................................................................... 170
Section 6.21. Ready-bake Code.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 171
Section 6.22. Using the Library (the Java API)........................................................................................................................................................................... 172
Section 6.23. You have to know the full name of the class you want to use in your code.......................................................................................................... 173
Section 6.26. How to play with the API....................................................................................................................................................................................... 176
Section 6.27. Code Magnets......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 179
Section 6.28. JavaCross 7.0......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180
Section 6.29. Exercise Solutions.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 181
Section 6.30. JavaCross answers................................................................................................................................................................................................. 182
Chapter 7. Better Living in Objectville................................................................................. 183

Section 7.1. Chair Wars Revisited................................................................................................................................................................................................ 184
Section 7.2. BRAIN POWER........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 185

Section 7.5. brain power.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 206
Section 7.6. there are no Dumb Questions................................................................................................................................................................................. 207
Section 7.7. Exercise: Mixed Messages....................................................................................................................................................................................... 210
Section 7.8. Exercise BE the Compiler......................................................................................................................................................................................... 211
Section 7.9. Exercise Solutions: BE the Compiler....................................................................................................................................................................... 213
Chapter 8. Serious Polymorphism....................................................................................... 215

Section 8.1. Did we forget about something when we designed this?........................................................................................................................................ 216
Section 8.2. BRAIN POWER....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 220
Section 8.4. Pool Puzzle.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 250
Section 8.5. Exercise Solutions.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 251
Chapter 9. Life and Death of an Object................................................................................ 253

Section 9.1. The Stack and the Heap: where things live............................................................................................................................................................. 254
Section 9.2. Methods are stacked................................................................................................................................................................................................ 255
Section 9.3. What about local variables that are objects?.......................................................................................................................................................... 256
Section 9.5. If local variables live on the stack, where do instance variables live?.................................................................................................................... 257
Section 9.6. The miracle of object creation................................................................................................................................................................................. 258
Section 9.7. Construct a Duck..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 260
Section 9.8. Initializing the state of a new Duck......................................................................................................................................................................... 261
Section 9.10. Using the constructor to initialize important Duck state..................................................................................................................................... 262
Section 9.11. Make it easy to make a Duck.................................................................................................................................................................................. 263
Section 9.12. Doesn't the compiler always make a no-arg constructor for you? No!................................................................................................................. 264
Section 9.15. Wait a minute... we never DID talk about superclasses and inheritance and how that all fits in with constructors.......................................... 268
Section 9.16. Making a Hippo means making the Animal and Object parts too....................................................................................................................... 270
Section 9.17. How do you invoke a superclass constructor?....................................................................................................................................................... 271
Section 9.18. Can the child exist before the parents?................................................................................................................................................................. 272
Section 9.19. Superclass constructors with arguments............................................................................................................................................................... 273
Section 9.20. Invoking one overloaded constructor from another............................................................................................................................................ 274
Section 9.21. Now we know how an object is born, but how long does an object live?............................................................................................................. 276
Section 9.22. What about reference variables?........................................................................................................................................................................... 278
Chapter 10. Numbers Matter............................................................................................... 291

Section 10.1. MATH methods: as close as you'll ever get to a global method............................................................................................................................ 292
Section 10.2. The difference between regular (non-static) and static methods......................................................................................................................... 293
Section 10.3. What it means to have a class with static methods............................................................................................................................................... 294
Section 10.4. Static methods can't use non-static (instance) variables!.................................................................................................................................... 295
Section 10.5. Static methods can't use non-static methods, either!........................................................................................................................................... 296
Section 10.6. Static variable: value is the same for ALL instances of the class.......................................................................................................................... 297
Section 10.7. Initializing a static variable................................................................................................................................................................................... 299
Section 10.8. static final variables are constants........................................................................................................................................................................ 300
Section 10.9. final isn't just for static variables........................................................................................................................................................................... 301
Section 10.10. there are no Dumb Questions............................................................................................................................................................................. 302
Section 10.11. Math methods...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 304
Section 10.12. Wrapping a primitive........................................................................................................................................................................................... 305
Section 10.13. Before Java 5.0, YOU had to do the work........................................................................................................................................................... 306
Section 10.14. Autoboxing: blurring the line bet ween primitive and object............................................................................................................................. 307
Section 10.15. Autoboxing works almost everywhere................................................................................................................................................................ 308
Section 10.16. But wait! There's more! Wrappers have static utility methods too!................................................................................................................... 310
Section 10.17. And now in reverse... turning a primitive number into a String.......................................................................................................................... 311
Section 10.18. Number formatting.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 312
Section 10.19. Formatting deconstructed.................................................................................................................................................................................... 313
Section 10.20. The percent (%) says, "insert argument here" (and format it using these instructions)................................................................................... 314
Section 10.21. The format String uses its own little language syntax......................................................................................................................................... 315
Section 10.22. The format specifier............................................................................................................................................................................................. 316
Section 10.23. The only required specifier is for TYPE............................................................................................................................................................... 317
Section 10.24. What happens if I have more than one argument?............................................................................................................................................. 318
Section 10.25. So much for numbers, what about dates?........................................................................................................................................................... 319
Section 10.26. Working with Dates............................................................................................................................................................................................. 320
Section 10.27. Moving backward and for ward in time............................................................................................................................................................... 321
Section 10.28. Getting an object that extends Calendar............................................................................................................................................................. 322
Section 10.29. Working with Calendar objects........................................................................................................................................................................... 323
Section 10.30. Highlights of the Calendar API........................................................................................................................................................................... 324
Section 10.31. Even more Statics!... static imports..................................................................................................................................................................... 325
Section 10.32. Lunar Code Magnets........................................................................................................................................................................................... 330
Chapter 11. Risky Behavior.................................................................................................. 333

Section 11.1. Let's make a Music Machine................................................................................................................................................................................... 334
Section 11.2. We'll start with the basics....................................................................................................................................................................................... 335
Section 11.3. First we need a Sequencer...................................................................................................................................................................................... 336
Section 11.4. Something's wrong!................................................................................................................................................................................................ 336

Section 11.5. What happens when a method you want to call (probably in a class you didn't write) is risky?......................................................................... 337
Section 11.6. Methods in Java use exceptions to tell the calling code, "Some thing Bad Happened. I failed."......................................................................... 338
Section 11.7. The compiler needs to know that YOU know you're calling a risky method........................................................................................................ 339
Section 11.8. An exception is an object of type Exception....................................................................................................................................................... 340
Section 11.9. If it's your code that catches the exception, then whose code throws it?.............................................................................................................. 341
Section 11.10. there are no Dumb Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................. 342
Section 11.11. Flow control in try/catch blocks........................................................................................................................................................................... 344
Section 11.12. Finally: for the things you want to do no matter what........................................................................................................................................ 345
Section 11.13. Sharpen your pencil:Flow Control....................................................................................................................................................................... 346
Section 11.14. Did we mention that a method can throw more than one exception?................................................................................................................ 347
Section 11.15. Exceptions are polymorphic................................................................................................................................................................................. 348
Section 11.16. Multiple catch blocks must be ordered from smallest to biggest........................................................................................................................ 350
Section 11.17. You can't put bigger baskets above smaller baskets............................................................................................................................................. 351
Section 11.18. Sharpen your pencil.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 352
Section 11.19. When you don't want to handle an exception................................................................................................................................................... 353
Section 11.20. Ducking (by declaring) only delays the inevitable.............................................................................................................................................. 354
Section 11.21. Getting back to our music code......................................................................................................................................................................... 356
Section 11.22. Code Kitchen......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 357
Section 11.23. Making actual sound............................................................................................................................................................................................ 358
Section 11.24. Your very first sound player app.......................................................................................................................................................................... 360
Section 11.25. Making a MidiEvent (song data).......................................................................................................................................................................... 361
Section 11.26. MIDI message: the heart of a MidiEvent............................................................................................................................................................. 362
Section 11.27. Anatomy of a message.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 362
Section 11.28. Version 2: Using command-line args to experiment with sounds...................................................................................................................... 364
Section 11.29. Exercise: True or False......................................................................................................................................................................................... 366
Section 11.30. Exercise: Code Magnets....................................................................................................................................................................................... 367
Section 11.31. JavaCross 7.0........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 368
Section 11.32. Exercise Solutions: True or False........................................................................................................................................................................ 369
Section 11.33. Code Magnets....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 369
Section 11.34. JavaCross Answers............................................................................................................................................................................................... 370
Chapter 12. A Very Graphic.................................................................................................. 371

Section 12.1. It all starts with a window...................................................................................................................................................................................... 372
Section 12.2. Your first GUI: a button on a frame...................................................................................................................................................................... 373
Section 12.3. Getting a user event............................................................................................................................................................................................... 375
Section 12.4. Getting a button's ActionEvent............................................................................................................................................................................. 378
Section 12.5. There are no Dumb Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................. 380
Section 12.6. Make your own drawing widget............................................................................................................................................................................ 382
Section 12.7. Because life's too short to paint the circle a solid color when there's a gradient blend waiting for you.............................................................. 385
Section 12.8. BULLET POINTS.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 386
Section 12.9. We can get an event............................................................................................................................................................................................... 387
Section 12.10. Let's try it with TWO buttons.............................................................................................................................................................................. 390
Section 12.11. Java Exposed: This weeks interview: Instance of an Inner Class....................................................................................................................... 398
Section 12.12. There are no Dumb Questions............................................................................................................................................................................. 400
Section 12.13. Code Kitchen........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 404
Section 12.14. Exercise: Who am I?............................................................................................................................................................................................. 412
Section 12.15. Exercise: BE the compiler..................................................................................................................................................................................... 413
Section 12.16. Pool Puzzle............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 414
Section 12.17. Exercise Solutions: Who am I?............................................................................................................................................................................. 415
Section 12.18. Pool Puzzle............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 416
Chapter 13. Work on Your Swing......................................................................................... 417

Section 13.1. Swing components.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 418
Section 13.2. Layout Managers.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 419
Section 13.3. How does the layout manager decide?.................................................................................................................................................................. 420
Section 13.4. The Big Three layout managers: border, flow, and box........................................................................................................................................ 421
Section 13.6. Playing with Swing components............................................................................................................................................................................ 431
Section 13.8. Code Kitchen.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 436
Section 13.9. Making the BeatBox............................................................................................................................................................................................... 437
Section 13.10. Exercise: Which code goes with which layout?................................................................................................................................................... 442
Section 13.11. Code Fragments.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 443
Chapter 14. Saving Objects.................................................................................................. 447

Section 14.1. Capture the Beat..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 448
Section 14.2. Saving State............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 449
Section 14.3. Writing a serialized object to a file........................................................................................................................................................................ 450
Section 14.4. Data moves in streams from one place to another................................................................................................................................................ 451
Section 14.5. What really happens to an object when it's serialized?......................................................................................................................................... 452
Section 14.6. But what exactly IS an object's state? What needs to be saved?........................................................................................................................... 453
Section 14.7. If you want your class to be serializable, implement Serializable......................................................................................................................... 455
Section 14.9. Deserialization: restoring an object...................................................................................................................................................................... 459
Section 14.10. What happens during deserialization?............................................................................................................................................................... 460

Section 14.12. Saving and restoring the game characters........................................................................................................................................................... 462
Section 14.13. The GameCharacter class..................................................................................................................................................................................... 463
Section 14.14. Object Serialization.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 464
Section 14.15. Writing a String to a Text File.............................................................................................................................................................................. 465
Section 14.16. Text File Example: e-Flashcards.......................................................................................................................................................................... 466
Section 14.17. Quiz Card Builder (code outline)......................................................................................................................................................................... 467
Section 14.18. The java.io.File class............................................................................................................................................................................................ 470
Section 14.19. The beauty of buffers............................................................................................................................................................................................ 471
Section 14.20. Reading from a Text File..................................................................................................................................................................................... 472
Section 14.21. Quiz Card Player (code outline)........................................................................................................................................................................... 473
Section 14.22. Parsing with String split()................................................................................................................................................................................... 476
Section 14.24. Version ID: A Big Serialization Gotcha............................................................................................................................................................... 478
Section 14.25. Using the serialVersionUID................................................................................................................................................................................. 479
Section 14.26. Code Kitchen....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 480
Section 14.27. Saving a BeatBox pattern..................................................................................................................................................................................... 481
Section 14.28. Restoring a BeatBox pattern............................................................................................................................................................................... 482
Section 14.29. Sharpen your pencil: Can they be saved?........................................................................................................................................................... 483
Section 14.30. Exercise: True or False........................................................................................................................................................................................ 484
Section 14.31. Code Magnets....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 485
Section 14.32. Exercise Solutions............................................................................................................................................................................................... 486
Chapter 15. Make a Connection........................................................................................... 488

Section 15.1. Real-time Beat Box Chat........................................................................................................................................................................................ 489
Section 15.2. Connecting, Sending, and Receiving..................................................................................................................................................................... 491
Section 15.3. Make a network Socket connection....................................................................................................................................................................... 492
Section 15.4. A TCP port is just a number: A 16-bit number that identifies a specific program on the server......................................................................... 493
Section 15.5. To read data from a Socket, use a BufferedReader............................................................................................................................................... 495
Section 15.6. To write data to a Socket, use a PrintWriter......................................................................................................................................................... 496
Section 15.7. DailyAdviceClient code.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 498
Section 15.8. Writing a simple server......................................................................................................................................................................................... 500
Section 15.9. DailyAdviceServer code.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 501
Section 15.10. Writing a Chat Client........................................................................................................................................................................................... 503
Section 15.11. Java has multiple threads but only one Thread class.......................................................................................................................................... 507
Section 15.12. What does it mean to have more than one call stack?........................................................................................................................................ 508
Section 15.13. Every Thread needs a job to do: A method to put on the new thread stack........................................................................................................ 510
Section 15.14. To make a job for your thread, implement the Runnable interface..................................................................................................................... 511
Section 15.15. The Thread Scheduler........................................................................................................................................................................................... 514
Section 15.16. there are no Dumb Questions............................................................................................................................................................................... 517
Section 15.17. Putting a thread to sleep....................................................................................................................................................................................... 518
Section 15.18. Using sleep to make our program more predictable........................................................................................................................................... 519
Section 15.19. Making and starting two threads......................................................................................................................................................................... 520
Section 15.20. What will happen?............................................................................................................................................................................................... 520
Section 15.21. Um, yes. There IS a dark side. Threads can lead to concurrency 'issues'............................................................................................................ 521
Section 15.22. The Ryan and Monica problem, in code.............................................................................................................................................................. 523
Section 15.23. The Ryan and Monica example........................................................................................................................................................................... 524
Section 15.24. We need the makeWithdrawal ( ) method to run as one atomic thing............................................................................................................... 527
Section 15.25. Using an object's lock........................................................................................................................................................................................... 528
Section 15.26. The dreaded "Lost Update" problem................................................................................................................................................................... 529
Section 15.27. Let's run this code................................................................................................................................................................................................ 530
Section 15.28. Make the increment() method atomic. Synchronize it!...................................................................................................................................... 531
Section 15.30. The deadly side of synchronization..................................................................................................................................................................... 533
Section 15.31. New and improved SimpleChatClient.................................................................................................................................................................. 535
Section 15.32. Ready-bake Code: The really really simple Chat Server..................................................................................................................................... 537
Section 15.34. Code Kitchen........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 540
Section 15.35. Exercise: Code Magnets....................................................................................................................................................................................... 541
Section 15.36. Exercise Solutions................................................................................................................................................................................................ 543
Section 15.37. Five-Minute Mystery............................................................................................................................................................................................ 544
Chapter 16. Data structures................................................................................................ 546

Section 16.1. Tracking song popularity on your jukebox............................................................................................................................................................ 547
Section 16.2. Here's what you have so far, without the sort:...................................................................................................................................................... 548
Section 16.3. But the ArrayList class does NOT have a sort() method!..................................................................................................................................... 549
Section 16.4. ArrayList is not the only collection........................................................................................................................................................................ 550
Section 16.5. You could use a TreeSet... Or you could use the Collections.sort() method......................................................................................................... 551
Section 16.6. Adding Collections.sort() to the Jukebox code..................................................................................................................................................... 552
Section 16.7. But now you need Song objects, not just simple Strings....................................................................................................................................... 553
Section 16.8. Changing the Jukebox code to use Songs instead of Strings................................................................................................................................ 554
Section 16.9. It won't compile!.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 555
Section 16.10. The sort() method declaration............................................................................................................................................................................. 555
Section 16.11. Generics means more type-safety......................................................................................................................................................................... 557
Section 16.12. Learning generics................................................................................................................................................................................................. 558
Section 16.13. Using generic CLASSES....................................................................................................................................................................................... 559

Section 16.14. Using type parameters with ArrayList................................................................................................................................................................. 560
Section 16.15. Using generic METHODS..................................................................................................................................................................................... 561
Section 16.16. Here's where it gets weird.................................................................................................................................................................................... 562
Section 16.17. Revisiting the sort() method................................................................................................................................................................................ 564
Section 16.18. In generics, "extends" means "extends or implements"...................................................................................................................................... 565
Section 16.19. Finally we know what's wrong............................................................................................................................................................................. 566
Section 16.20. The new, improved, comparable Song class....................................................................................................................................................... 567
Section 16.21. We can sort the list, but....................................................................................................................................................................................... 568
Section 16.22. Using a custom comparator................................................................................................................................................................................. 569
Section 16.23. Updating the Jukebox to use a Comparator........................................................................................................................................................ 570
Section 16.24. Sharpen your pencil: Reverse Engineer.............................................................................................................................................................. 570
Section 16.25. Sharpen your pencil: Fill-in-the-blanks.............................................................................................................................................................. 572
Section 16.26. Uh-oh. The sorting all works, but now we have duplicates................................................................................................................................ 573
Section 16.27. We need a Set instead of a List............................................................................................................................................................................ 574
Section 16.28. The Collection API (part of it)............................................................................................................................................................................. 575
Section 16.29. Using a HashSet instead of ArrayList.................................................................................................................................................................. 576
Section 16.30. What makes two objects equal?........................................................................................................................................................................... 577
Section 16.31. How a HashSet checks for duplicates: hashCode() and equals()........................................................................................................................ 578
Section 16.32. The Song class with overridden hashCode() and equals().................................................................................................................................. 579
Section 16.33. there are no Dumb Questions............................................................................................................................................................................. 580
Section 16.34. And if we want the set to stay sorted, we've got TreeSet..................................................................................................................................... 581
Section 16.35. What you MUST know about TreeSet................................................................................................................................................................. 582
Section 16.36. TreeSet elements MUST be comparable............................................................................................................................................................. 583
Section 16.37. We've seen Lists and Sets, now we'll use a Map.................................................................................................................................................. 584
Section 16.38. Finally, back to generics...................................................................................................................................................................................... 585
Section 16.39. Using polymorphic arguments and generics...................................................................................................................................................... 586
Section 16.40. But will it work with ArrayList<Dog> ?.............................................................................................................................................................. 587
Section 16.41. What could happen if it were allowed................................................................................................................................................................. 588
Section 16.42. Wildcards to the rescue........................................................................................................................................................................................ 591
Section 16.43. Alternate syntax for doing the same thing.......................................................................................................................................................... 592
Section 16.45. Exercise: BE the compiler, advanced.................................................................................................................................................................. 593
Section 16.46. Solution to the "Reverse Engineer" sharpen exercise......................................................................................................................................... 594
Section 16.47. Exercise Solution.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 595
Section 16.48. BE the compiler solution..................................................................................................................................................................................... 596
Chapter 17. Release Your Code............................................................................................ 598

Section 17.1. Deploying your application.................................................................................................................................................................................... 599
Section 17.2. Imagine this scenario............................................................................................................................................................................................ 600
Section 17.3. Separate source code and class files...................................................................................................................................................................... 601
Section 17.4. Put your Java in a JAR.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 602
Section 17.5. Running (executing) the JAR................................................................................................................................................................................ 603
Section 17.6. Put your classes in packages!................................................................................................................................................................................ 604
Section 17.7. Preventing package name conflicts....................................................................................................................................................................... 605
Section 17.8. Compiling and running with packages.................................................................................................................................................................. 607
Section 17.9. The -d flag is even cooler then we said.................................................................................................................................................................. 608
Section 17.10. Making an executable JAR with packages.......................................................................................................................................................... 609
Section 17.11. So where did the manifest file go?........................................................................................................................................................................ 610
Section 17.12. Java Web Start...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 614
Section 17.13. The .jnlp file.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 616
Section 17.14. Steps for making and deploying a Java Web Start app........................................................................................................................................ 617
Section 17.15. What's First?......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 618
Section 17.16. True or False......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 619
Section 17.17. Summary-Cross 7.0.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 620
Chapter 18. Distributed Computing.................................................................................... 624

Section 18.1. Method calls are always bet ween two objects on the same heap......................................................................................................................... 625
Section 18.2. What if you want to invoke a method on an object running on another machine?............................................................................................. 626
Section 18.3. Object A, running on Little, wants to call a method on Object B, running on Big............................................................................................... 627
Section 18.4. But you can't do that.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 627
Section 18.5. The role of the 'helpers'......................................................................................................................................................................................... 629
Section 18.6. Java RMI gives you the client and service helper objects!.................................................................................................................................... 631
Section 18.7. How does the client get the stub object?............................................................................................................................................................... 637
Section 18.8. How does the client get the stub class?................................................................................................................................................................. 638
Section 18.9. Be sure each machine has the class files it needs................................................................................................................................................. 639
Section 18.10. Sharpen your pencil: What's First?..................................................................................................................................................................... 640
Section 18.11. Yeah, but who really uses RMI?........................................................................................................................................................................... 641
Section 18.12. What about Servlets?........................................................................................................................................................................................... 642
Section 18.13. A very simple Ser vlet........................................................................................................................................................................................... 644
Section 18.14. HTML page with a link to this servlet................................................................................................................................................................. 644
Section 18.16. Just for fun, let's make the Phrase-O-Matic work as a servlet............................................................................................................................ 646
Section 18.17. Phrase-O-Matic code, servlet-friendly................................................................................................................................................................. 647
Section 18.18. Enterprise JavaBeans: RMI on steroids.............................................................................................................................................................. 648
Section 18.19. For our final trick... a little Jini........................................................................................................................................................................... 649

Section 18.20. Adaptive discovery in action............................................................................................................................................................................... 650
Section 18.21. Self-healing net work in action............................................................................................................................................................................ 652
Section 18.22. Final Project: the Universal Service browser...................................................................................................................................................... 653
Section 18.23. How it works:....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 654
Section 18.24. The classes and interfaces:.................................................................................................................................................................................. 656
Section 18.25. Sharpen your pencil............................................................................................................................................................................................. 661
Section 18.26. Congratulations!.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 665
Appendix A. Final Code Kitchen.......................................................................................... 666

Section A.1. Final BeatBox client program.................................................................................................................................................................................. 667
Appendix B. The Top Ten Topics that almost made it into the Real Book............................. 676
Section B.1. #10 Bit Manipulation............................................................................................................................................................................................... 677
Section B.2. #9 Immutability...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 678
Section B.3. #8 Assertions........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 679
Section B.4. #7 Block Scope........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 680
Section B.5. #6 Linked Invocations............................................................................................................................................................................................. 681
Section B.6. #5 Anonymous and Static Nested Classes............................................................................................................................................................. 682
Section B.7. #5 Anonymous and Static Nested Classes, continued........................................................................................................................................... 683
Section B.8. #4 Access Levels and Access Modifiers (Who Sees What).................................................................................................................................... 684
Section B.9. #4 Access Levels and Access Modifiers, cont......................................................................................................................................................... 684
Section B.10. #3 String and StringBuffer/StringBuilder Methods............................................................................................................................................ 686
Section B.11. #2 Multidimensional Arrays.................................................................................................................................................................................. 687
Section B.12. And the number one topic that didn't quite make it in... #1 Enumerations (also called Enumerated Types or Enums).................................. 688
Section B.13. Using "if" and "switch" with Enums..................................................................................................................................................................... 689
Section B.14. #1 Enumerations, completed................................................................................................................................................................................ 690
Section B.15. Five-Minute Mystery: A Long Trip Home............................................................................................................................................................. 691
Section B.16. Five-Minute Mystery Solution.............................................................................................................................................................................. 692
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Licensed by
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Head First Java

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Breaking the Surface............................................................................................ 19

Chapter 2. A Trip to Objectville............................................................................................. 45

Chapter 3. Know Your Variables........................................................................................... 67

Section 3.21. Five-Minute Mystery............................................................................................................................................................................................... 85

Chapter 4. How Objects Behave............................................................................................ 89

Chapter 5. Extra-Strength Methods..................................................................................... 113

Chapter 6. Using the Java Library....................................................................................... 143

Chapter 7. Better Living in Objectville................................................................................. 183

Section 7.4. there are no Dumb Questions.................................................................................................................................................................................. 198

Chapter 8. Serious Polymorphism....................................................................................... 215

Chapter 9. Life and Death of an Object................................................................................ 253

Chapter 10. Numbers Matter............................................................................................... 291

Chapter 11. Risky Behavior.................................................................................................. 333

Section 11.4. Something's wrong!................................................................................................................................................................................................ 336

Chapter 12. A Very Graphic.................................................................................................. 371

Chapter 13. Work on Your Swing......................................................................................... 417

Chapter 14. Saving Objects.................................................................................................. 447

Section 14.11. There are no Dumb Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................. 461

Chapter 15. Make a Connection........................................................................................... 488

Chapter 16. Data structures................................................................................................ 546

Section 16.13. Using generic CLASSES....................................................................................................................................................................................... 559

Chapter 17. Release Your Code............................................................................................ 598

Chapter 18. Distributed Computing.................................................................................... 624

Section 18.19. For our final trick... a little Jini........................................................................................................................................................................... 649

Appendix A. Final Code Kitchen.......................................................................................... 666

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