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(a)
Alkane
(b)
C14H30 + 21.5 O2
14 CO2 + 15 H2O
OR
2 C14H30 + 43 O2
28 CO2 + 30 H2O
(c
i)
(cii)
(d)
Using PV = nRT
6 x 105 x 67.0 x 10-6 = n x 8.31 x293
n = 0.165 mol
(e)
P1
T1
P2
T2
6 105
P2
293
278
(ai)
(cold)
2 NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g)
(aii)
(bi)
(bii)
(ci)
(cii)
(ciii)
(ai)
(aii)
2 ClO2 + O2 + 2H2O
(a)
(b)
(ci)
..
..
:Cl
.. :C:Cl
.. :
x.x.x x
x
(cii)
(di)
(dii)
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl
HO
Cl
HO
C
Cl
Cl-
(e)
COCl2 + CH3CH2OH
COCl(OCH2CH3) + HCl
Or
COCl2 + 2 CH3CH2OH
COCl(OCH2CH3)2 + 2 HCl
(fi)
(fii)
Thre are 2N-atoms, each with a lone pair of electrons. If one lone pair of
electrons is used for delocalization together with the carbonyl group, there is
still one pair of electron on N to accept a proton.
(gi)
O.N =(+3)(4)
2(OCNH2)2 + 3 NO2
O.N = (-4)(3)
You may multiply the equation by 2
(gii)
It is a (a) photochemical pollutant (smog) (b) toxic gas (c) catalyses acid rain
in industrial zones.
(a)
CH3COCl
Compound C
O
C
O
CH 3
OCH 3
CH2 CH=CH 2
Dilute HNO3
Compound C
OH
O 2N
OCH 3
CH 2CH=CH2
Na
Compound C
O -Na+
OCH3
CH 2CH=CH 3
Tollens reagent
Compound A
CH=CHCOO-
or -COOH
(bi)
OH
Br
OCH3
Br
CH 2CH
CH2
OH
(bii)
COOH
HO
CH 3
(ci)
OCH 3
CH=CHCH 2 OH
(cii)
CH=CHCH 2 OH
CH=CHCHO
CH=CHCH 2 OCOCH 3
+ H 2O
atm-2
b)i)
CH3CH2CH2CHO
+39.6
39.6
ii)
iii)
At higher pressure, equilibrium will shift to the right to form more butanal.
Hence formation of butanal is favoured as formation of less number of moles
of gas would reduce the change.
iv)
S has negative sign, as system becomes more orderly with formation of less
number of moles of gas.
v)
G < 0
H - TS < 0
H < TS
S = -ve therefore H = -ve
vi)
ci)
Reaction II: KMnO4 / H+, heat under reflux or K2Cr2O7 / H+, heat under reflux
Reaction III: LiAlH4 in dry ether. Reflux
cii)
PBr3 or PBr5
Conc H2SO4 at 170oC followed by Br2 in CCl4
di)
Comparing C-X bond energies, C-I bond is weaker than C-Br bond. Hence
rate of reaction should be faster for 2-iodobutane.
dii)
2-bromobutane
NaCN
in alc.
CN
LiAlH4
H3C
CH
CH2
NH2
CH2
CH3
CH
Cold
NaOH in
CH2
ethanol
CH3
and
H
H
C
Cold
H3C
CH3
HO
CH2 CH
KMnO4 (aq)
CH2 CH3
OH
H3C
KMnO4 (aq)
CH
CH
OH
OH
e)
1-bromobutane 6/10
2-bromobutane 4/10
There are 10 positions where by the radical can substitute on butane. If a radical
substitute any position marked (a), it will form 1-bromobutane and if a radical
substitutes at position marked (b), 2-bromobutane will be formed.
2a)
b)
Rxn
Add dil HCl to
white powder
Add dil NaOH to
white powder
(separate new
sample)
MgO
dissolves
Observation
Al2O3
dissolves
SiO2
Insoluble
Insoluble
dissolves
dissolves
c)
NaCl + aq
Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
NaCl ionic compound, dissociates completely in water
hydration of ions through ion-dipole interactions. The hydrated ions has low
charge density, no hydrolysis => neutral
PCl5 + 4H2O
H3PO4 + 5HCl
PCl5 is a simple discrete molecule which undergoes hydrolysis giving rise to
acidic solution.
di)
ii)
H2O + SOCl2
SO2 + H2O
iii)
SO2 + 2HCl
H2SO3
White ppt of AgCl formed
Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
AgCl (s)
Orange Cr2O72- turned green Cr3+
CH3
O
C
ii)
OH
O
C
HO
I
II
III
acid base
nucleophilic substitution
hydrolysis
iii)
Ca (s)
+178
+
+590 +
1150
Ca2+ (g)
LE
ii)
CaF2 (s)
2F (g)
LE
2(-328)
+
2F- (g)
q+qr+ + r-
-1220
+158
Ca (g)
Hf
F2 (g)
b)
CaF2 (s)
i)
Ksp
ii)
=
=
=
Hsoln =
=
=
ci)
ii)
Mg (NO3)2
MgO + 2NO2 + O2
Ca2+ ion being larger than Mg2+ ion Ca2+ has lower charge density than Mg2+
ion, hence Ca2+ ion less polarizing power, higher temperature needed before
distortion of electron cloud that is decomposition, takes place.
d)
(CH3CO2)2Ca : (HCO2)2Ca
1
:
1
i)
ii)
(CH3)2CO
CH3CHO
HCHO
Test 1
Reagent
Condition
:
:
CH3CHO, HCHO
(CH3)2CO
2
1
2
aq AgNO3, aq NH3
heat
-
Ag mirror seen
solution remained clear
Test 2
Add H+/KMnO4 to the solutions which gave Ag mirror and heat.
Test vapour given off with aq Ca(OH)2, white ppt is formed by HCHO.
H+(aq) + CN- (aq)
4ai)
HCN
ii)
[H+] [CN-]
[HCN]
-10
4.9 X 10 = [H+]2
0.100
[H+] =
7.00 X 10-6 mol dm-3
Ka =
% molecules ionized =
=
iii)
NaCN
Solid NaCN ionizes in solution to give CN- ions. Hence amt of CN- (aq) ions
in solution increase and to reduce this increase position of equilibrium will
shift to the left and hence % of HCN molecules ionized decreases.