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4.8
Diaphragm Design
In structural systems, the framing of floor and roof components provides a function beyond the support of the gravity
loads. The horizontal framing is designed as a diaphragm to
collect and transmit lateral forces from wind or earthquakes
to the vertical components of the lateral-force-resisting system. It also provides lateral bracing to the vertical elements
and protects them against abnormal loading.
Precast concrete diaphragm systems are as varied as the
components that form the horizontal framing. Hollow-core
floors may be designed as diaphragms with perimeter reinforcing and grouted joints, or may be the form for reinforced
cast-in-place topping. Double-tee systems may include
untopped or pretopped tees, pretopped tees with pour strips
at the ends, or tees with cast-in-place topping that can be
designed as the diaphragm.
In many precast concrete structures, the configuration and
behavior of the diaphragm may be very simple. Rectangular
floors or roofs spanning between precast concrete frames or
walls provide connectivity and lateral-load distribution and
can easily be modeled as a deep horizontal beam. In other
cases, the features of the structure may create more complex
conditions. The features may include excessive horizontal
spans between the vertical components of the lateral-forceresisting system, large openings or discontinuities, large torsion effects from the eccentricity of the lateral force with
respect to the center of stiffness, or lateral transfer requirements due to vertical discontinuities.
4.8.1
In precast concrete floors and roofs without composite topping, the individual components composed of a floor or roof
diaphragm must be connected together to act as a single diaphragm. Joints between precast concrete components, which
are parallel to the lateral-force-resisting system, must contain
connections to resist the diaphragm shear forces as well as
chord tension/compression forces at the edges of the diaPCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION
CHAPTER 4
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CHAPTER 4
Maximum
shear
between
components
= 2a VL
C
Lateral load W = wC
Shear at wall
= VR = VL
Weld plates
designed for
shear force
Shear at
interior
support
= VQ/l
Section A-A(1)
Chord force T = M/b
b3
(s1) s2)
VL = W/ 2
VR = W/ 2
Shear on diaphragm
(reaction)
Beam dowel
in grouted
end joint
Typical hollow-core roof
Section A-A(2)
M = WC/ 8
Moment on diaphragm
Fig. 4.8.1 Analogous beam design of a diaphragm.
4.8.1.3
Collector Forces
CHAPTER 4
Steel angle
Reinforcing
bar
Edge of member
Plan
Plan
Section
Section
Note:
a. Not suitable for diaphragms in high-seismic areas, pending further research.
b. Recommendations for welding of reinforcing bars in Section 6.7.3 must be closely followed.
Fig. 4.8.2 Typical flange weld plate details. See Chapter 6 of this handbook for design of welds and connections.
457
CHAPTER 4
4
Grouted shear key
bays at
Elevator
typical
typical
Shear
walls
Ramp down
bays at
t Ramp up
Stair
well
Fig. 4.8.4 Collector force demand diagram for shear walls in a parking garage.
458