Chapter 13

13.1 13.4

K o = (1 sin )(OCR ) sin

Problem
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

13.5 13.8
Problem
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
Note:

(deg)
35
33
29
40

Ko
0.634
0.627
0.515
0.463

Po = 12 K o H 2

z = H /3

143.44 kN/m
8,607.1 lb/ft
176.13 kN/m
8,625.7 lb/ft

1.67 m
5.67 ft
2m
6 ft

K a = tan 2 (45 2 )

(deg)

Ka

a ( z = H ) = K a H

Pa = 12 K a H 2

z = H /3

(0.307)(110)(14) ()(0.307)(110)(14)2
4.66 ft
= 472.7 lb/ft2
= 3309.4 lb/ft
(0.361)(99)(22)
()(0.361)(99)(22)2
28
0.361
7.33 ft
2
= 786.2 lb/ft
= 8648.8 lb/ft
(0.248)(17.6)(5)
()(0.248)(17.6)(5)2
37
0.248
1.67 m
2
= 21.8 kN/m
= 54.56 kN/m
(0.207)(19.5)(9)
()(0.207)(19.5)(9)2
41
0.207
3m
= 36.32 kN/m2
= 163.47 kN/m
1. Pressure distribution is similar to that shown in Figure 13.11a., i.e.,
a = 0 at z = 0 and a = K a H at z = H
2. z = distance measured from the bottom of the wall
32

0.307

13.9 13.12 K p = tan2 (45 + 2)

Problem
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12
Note:

(deg)

Kp

p ( z = H ) = K p H

Pp = 12 K p H 2

()(3.254)( 117)(11)2
= 23,033 lb/ft
()(4.203)(101)(16)2
38
4.203
= 54,336 lb/ft
()(3)(16.6)(7)2
30
3.0
= 1220.1 kN/m
()(2.662)(20.5)(12)2
27
2.662
= 3929.1 kN/m
1. p( z=0) = 0; triangular pressure distribution
32

3.254

(3.254)(117)(11)
= 4187.9 lb/ft2
(4.203)(101)(16)
= 6792 lb/ft2
(3)(16.6)(7)
= 348.6 kN/m2
(2.662)(20.5)(12)
= 654.8 kN/m2

z = H /3

3.67 ft
5.33 ft
2.33 m
4m

2. z = distance measured from the bottom of the wall

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28

13.13 K a = tan 2 45 = tan 2 45 = 0.361. Refer to the figure.

2
2

z = 0 ft:

a = a Ka = 0; u = 0

z = 7 ft:

a = (103)(7)(0.361) = 260.28 lb/ft2; u = 0

z = 14 ft:

a = [(103)(7) + (127 62.4)(7)](0.361) = 423.5 lb/ft2

u = (62.4)(7) = 436.8 lb/ft2

Area No.
Area
1
910.98
()(7)(260.28) = 910.98 =
2
(260.28)(7) = 1,821.96
3
571.27
()(7)(423.5 260.28) =
4
1,528.8
()(7)(436.8) =
4,833 lb/ft
Resultant: Taking the moment about the bottom of the wall,
7

7
7
7
(910.98) 7 + 3 + (1821.96) 2 + (571.27) 3 + (1528.8) 3

z=
4833
= 4.09 ft

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32

13.14 K a = tan 2 45 = 0.307. Refer to the figure.

2

2
z = 0 ft: a = q Ka = (250)(0.307) = 76.75 lb/ft ; u = 0
2
z = 10 ft: a = [250 + (10)(115)](0.307) = 429.8 lb/ft ; u = 0
2
z = 24 ft: a = [250 + (10)(115) + (122 62.4)(14)](0.307) = 685.96 lb/ft

u = (62.4)(14) = 873.6 lb/ft2

Area No.
Area
1
(76.75)(24) = 1,842
2
()(10)(429.8 76.75) = 1,765.25
3
(14)(429.8 76.75) = 4,942.7
4
()(14)(685.96 429.8) = 1,793.12
5
()(14)(873.6) = 6,115.20
Pa = 16,458 lb/ft
Location of resultant: Taking the moment about the bottom of the wall,

(
) 4 +(
) 14 + 10 + (4942.7) 14
1842 2 1765.25
3
2

+ (1,793.12) 14 + (6,115.2) 14

3
3

= 7.55 ft

z=
16458

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13.15

30
34

K a (1) = tan 2 45 = 0.333; K a ( 2) = tan 2 45 = 0.282.

2
2

Refer to the figure.

z = 0 m:

a = q Ka(1) = (21)(0.333) = 6.99 kN/m2; u = 0

z = 4 m:

a = [(16.5)(4) + 21](0.333) = 28.99 kN/m2

a = [(16.5)(4) + 21](0.282) = 24.53 kN/m2
u=0

z = 9 m:

a = [(16.5)(4) + (20.2 9.81)(5)](0.282) = 33.26 kN/m2

u = (9.81)(5) = 49.05 kN/m2

Area No.
Area
1
(6.99)(9) = 62.91
2
()(4)(28.99 6.99) = 44
3
(5)(24.53 6.99) = 87.7
4
()(5)(33.26 24.53) = 21.82
5
()(5)(49.05) = 122.62
Pa = 339.05 kN/m
Location of resultant: Taking the moment about the bottom of the wall,

z=

(62.91) 2 + ( 44) 5 +

4
5
5
5
+ (87.7) + ( 21.82) + (122.62)
3
2
3
3
339.05

= 3.01 m
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28

13.16 K p = tan 2 45 + = 2.77. Refer to the figure.

2

z = 0 ft:

p = 0 ; u = 0

z = 7 ft:

p = 1 zK p = (103)(7)(2.77) = 1997.17 lb/ft 2 ; u = 0

z = 14 ft:

p = [(103)(7) + (127 62.4)(7)](2.77) = 3249.7 lb/ft2

u = (62.4)(7) = 436.8 lb/ft2

Area No.
Area
1
()(7)(1997.17) = 6,990.09
2
(7)(1997.17) = 13,980.19
3
()(7)(3249.7 1997.17) = 4,383.8
4
()(7)(436.8) = 1,528.8
Pa = 26,883 lb/ft
Location of the resultant: Taking the moment about the bottom of the wall,

7
7
7
(6990.09) 7 + 3 + (13980.19) 2 + (4383.8) 3 + (1528.8) 3

= 4.76 ft
z=
26883

13.17 a. Use Table 13.2: For = 10 and = 36, Ka = 0.270

a = zK a = (19)( 4)(0.270) = 20.52 kN/m 2

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b. Equation (13.24):
Pa =

1
1
K a H 2 = (0.27)(19)( 4) 2 = 41.04 kN/m
2
2

Location and Direction of Resultant: At a distance of H/3 = 4/3 = 1.33 m

above the bottom of the wall inclined at an angle = 10 to the horizontal.
13.18

a. Use Table 13.3: For = 10 and = 36 , Kp = 3.598

a = zK p = (19)( 4)(3.598) = 273.44 kN/m 2

b. Equation (13.25):
Pp =

1
1
H 2 K p = (19)( 4) 2 (3.598) = 546.89 kN/m
2
2

Location and Direction of Resultant: At a distance of H/3 = 4/3 = 1.33 m

above the bottom of the wall inclined at an angle = 10 to the horizontal.
13.19 a. H = 5 m; cu = 17 kN/m2; = 21 kN/m2; = 0

K a = tan 2 45 = 1; a = z 2cu
2

At the top (z = 0 m):

a = 2cu = (2)(17)
= 34 kN/m 2
At the bottom (z = 5 m):

a = (21)(5) (2)(17)
= 71 kN/m 2
The pressure diagram is shown.

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b. Eq. (13.41): z o =
c. Eq. (13.43): Pa =

2c u

( 2)(17 )
= 1.62 m
21

1
1
H 2 2cu H = ( 21)(5) 2 ( 2)(17)(5) = 92.5 kN/m
2
2

d. Eq. (13.45):

2c 2
1 2
H 2cu H + u
2

1
(2)(17) 2
= (21)(5) 2 (2)(17)(5) +
= 120 kN/m
2
21

Pa =

Resultant measured from the bottom:

z=

H zo 5 1.62
=
= 1.126 m 1.13 m
3
3

13.20 a. a = o K a 2c K a

o = z + q; Ka = 1.
At z = 0 ft:

o = 11 kN/m2

a = 11 (2)(17) = 23 kN/m 2
At z = 5 m:

o = (21)(5) + 11 = 116 kN/m2

a = 116 (2)(17) = 82 kN/m 2

The pressure diagram is shown.
b. a = 0; ( zo + q) 2c = 0
zo =

2c u q

34 11
= 1.09 m
21

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c. Referring to the diagram in Part a,

d.

Pa =

1
1
(3.91)(82) ( 23)(1.09) = 147.8 kN/m
2
2

Pa =

1
(3.91)(82) = 160.3 kN/m
2

Location of the resultant from the bottom of the wall:

28

13.21 K a = tan 2 45 = tan 2 45 = 0.361;

2
2

Pa =

3.91
= 1.3 m
3

K a = 0.6. Eq. (13.44):

1
2c 2
K a H 2 2 K a cH +

1
( 2)(750) 2
2
= (0.361)(122)(33) ( 2)(0.6)(750)(33) +
= 3502.18 lb/ft
2
122
13.22 Use Eqs. (13.53) and (13.54). = 0; = 12; = 34; = 119 lb/ft3; H = 32 ft
1
K a H 2
2
[Eq. (13.53)]
21,392 lb/ft
21,381 lb/ft
Pa =

Part

Ka

1
2

(deg)
14
21

[Eq. (13.54)]
0.3511
0.3509

Pa is located at a vertical distance of 32/3 = 10.67 ft above the bottom of the

wall and is inclined at an angle to the normal drawn to the back face of
the wall.

13.23 a. = 38; = 90 = 90 5 20 = 65
Weight of wedge ABC =

1
(11.6)(7.1)(128) = 5271 lb/ft = 5.271 kip/ft


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The weight of each of the wedges

CBE, EBF, FBG, GBH =

Wedge
ABC
ABE
ABF
ABG
ABH

1
( 20)( 4)(128) = 5120 lb/ft = 5.12 kip/ft
2

Weight (kip/ft)
5.271
5.271 + 5.12 = 10.391
10.391 + 5.12 = 15.511
15.511 + 5.12 = 20.631
20.631 + 5.12 = 25.751

The graphical construction is shown. Pa = 5.2 kip/ft

b. =

(1680)(9.81)
= 16.48 kN/m 3 ; = 30; = 90 10 30 = 50
1000

Weight of wedge ABC =

1
(5.25)( 2.5)(16.48) = 108.15 kN/m
2
117

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The weight of each of the wedges

CBE, EBF, FBG, GBH =
Wedge
ABC
ABE
ABF
ABG
ABH

1
(1)(6.5)(16.48) = 53.56 kN/m
2

Weight (kip/ft)
108.15
108.15 + 53.56 = 161.71
161.71 + 53.56 = 215.27
215.27 + 53.56 = 268.83
268.83 + 53.56 = 322.39

The graphical construction is shown. Pa = 125 kN/m

13.24 From Eqs. (13.66) and (13.67), * = + and * = + .

kh
1 kv

= tan 1

0.1
= tan 1
= 5.71
1 0

* = 9 + 5.71 = 14.71

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 * = 12 + 5.71 = 17.71
Pa ( * , * ) =

1
H 2Ka
2

2
=
3
From Table 13.5, for * = 14.71 and * = 17.71, the value of Ka 0.582.
From Eq. (13.70):

cos 2 ( + )
Pae = Pa ( , )(1 k v )

2
cos cos
*

cos 2 (9 + 5.71)
1

= (0.582)(19)(6) 2 (1 0)
= 190.41 kN/m
2
2

cos(9) cos (5.71)

CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

13.C.1 Refer to Table A.1 to prepare the following table:

= 10
= 0

= 10
= 20

The graph of

(kN/m3)

Ka(R)

Ka( R)

16.5
17.7
19.5
16.5
17.7
19.5
16.5
17.7
19.5

28
32
36
28
32
36
28
32
36

0.402
0.354
0.314
0.471
0.414
0.365
0.612
0.518
0.447

6.633
6.265
6.123
7.771
7.327
7.117
10.09
9.168
8.716

Pa
versus backfill inclination angle, , is shown on the
0.5H 2

next page.
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The above chart shows that for any backfill inclination and any wall height
H, the active force Pa per unit length of the wall decreases as the soil friction
angle (or the compacted unit weight) increases. For a desired level of Pa (at a
given ), a compaction unit weight could be estimated from the chart for field
specification.

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