Chapter 5

The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror
are :
(1) The height of the image ,hi= the height of the
object,ho
(2) The distance of image ,v = the distance of
object,u
(3) Virtual image (appears to be behind the mirror)
(4) Laterally inverted (left and right are
interchanged)
(5) Upright
LESSON 1
Understanding reflection of light
Common terminology of reflection of light on a plane
mirror
Normal
A line at right angles to the

mirrors surface.
Incident ray
A ray of light that is directed

onto the mirrors surface.
Reflected ray
A ray that is reflected by the

mirrors surface.
Angle of
incidence
The angle between the incident

ray and the normal
Angle of
reflection
The angle between the reflected

ray and the normal
Example2
A boy is at a distance 5 m from a plane mirror. The mirror
is moved away from the boy by 2 m. What is the distance
between the boy and his image.
Solution
Example 3
The diagram shows two plane mirrors set an angle 100o to
each other. A ray strikes one of the mirrors as shown at
angle of incidence of 45o . Redraw and complete the
diagram showing the path of the ray and calculate the
angle of reflection at which it leaves the second mirrors.
AO
ON
OB
i
r
:
:
:
:
:
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Laws of reflection
The first law
The second law :
The angle of incidence is equal

to the angle of reflection.
The incident ray, the normal and
the reflected ray all lie in the
same plane.
Characteristics of an Image Formed by a Plane Mirror

by drawing Ray Diagram
Common terminology of reflection of light

on a curved mirror
Example 1 : Complete the following ray diagram:
Concave mirror
Pole of mirror , P
Convex mirror
:
Centre of curvature , C :
170
The centre point on

the curved mirror
The geometric centre
of a hollow sphere of which
the concave or convex mirror
is a part.
Principal axis ,PFC
Principal focus , F
Focal point :
For convex mirror :

A ray parallel to the principal axis is
reflected as if it came from F. F
A point through
which all rays traveling
parallel to the principal axis
converge to or appear to
diverge from after reflection
by the mirror.
Radius of curvature, r :
Focal length , f
A line which passes

through the centre of
curvature ,C and the pole of a
curved mirror, P
Distance between
the pole, P and the
centre of curvature, C.
Ray 2
The distance
between the principal
focus ,F and the pole of the
curved mirror, P.
A ray through F is reflected parallel to

the principal axis.
For concave mirror :
Relationship between f and r
r = 2f
For convex mirror :
Relationship curvature of mirror and f
A ray towards F is reflected parallel to the

principal axis.
The more curved the mirror , the shorter its focal length, f.
Ray 3
For concave mirror :
Characteristics of an Image Formed by a curved Mirror

by drawing Ray Diagram
A ray through C is reflected back along its own

path.
We must draw any two of three rays to determine the

position of the image. There are three
Ray 1
For concave mirror
:
For convex mirror :
A ray parallel to the principal axis is

reflected to pass through F.
A ray towards C is reflected back along its own

path.
171
..................................................................................
Image formed by a Concave Mirror

A
u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C)
u < f ( Object between F and P )
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
E
..................................................................................
B
u > 2f or u > r ( Object, O is beyond C )
u = f ( Object, O is at F )
..................................................................................
F u = ( Object ,O very far from the lens)
..................................................................................
C
f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is between F

and C.
..................................................................................
The distance object,
u
172
Characteristics of image
Conclusion
u < f
u =f
f <u < 2f
u = 2f
u > 2f
u=
Image formed by a Convex Mirror
A
Uses of the reflection of light
u < f ( Object between F and P )
Plane mirror
(1) A mirror periscope can be built by mounting two
plane mirrors in a cardboard tube.
(2) A rear view mirror and a side mirror of a car in
order to enable the driver see objects at the back
and side of the car.
(3) Plane mirror acts as an anti-parallax error mirror
in electrical instruments such as the voltmeter
and the ammeter.
Concave mirror
(1) A shaving mirror or a make-up mirror used
a wide-aperture concave mirror with a large
radius of curvature.
(2) A torchlight or a headlight of motor vehicles
used concave parabolic mirror to produce a
beam of parallel light rays.
..................................................................................
Application :
...................................................................................
Convex mirror
(1) Convex mirror are mounted at a sharp corner of
a road so that the drivers are able to see
oncoming cars on the blind side of the corner.
(2) Convex mirror hung on the corner of ceilings in
supermarkets serve to provide a wide field of
view activities happening in the shopping area.
f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is between F

and C)
..................................................................................
Application :
................................................................................
The object
distance, u
u < f
f <u < 2f
173
Where is the image of the bulb formed and its

characteristic?
A
B
C
5
The diagram shows a girl stands at the side of a boy

in front of a mirror. They are both the same distance
from the mirror.
Where does the girl see the boys image?
The diagram shows four lamps in front of a plane

mirror. The card prevents the observer at M from
seeing the lamp directly.
Which lamps image can be seen?
The diagram shows a wall clock .
TUTORIAL 1
1
At P and virtual
At Q and real
At R and virtual
The diagram shows a single ray of light being

directed at a plane mirror.
What are the angles of incidence and reflection?
A
B
C
D
2
Angle of
incidence
40o
40o
50o
50o
Angle of
reflection
40o
50o
40o
50o
The diagram shows a mirror is titled at an angle of

40o to the bench. A ray of light is directed so that it
hits the mirror at an angle of 10o to the surface of the
mirror.
What is the angle of reflection?

A
C
3
10o
40o
B
D
20o
800
The diagram shows an image is formed by a mirror.

At which point the object is placed?
What is the time shown by the image of the wall

clock in a plane mirror as seen by a student.
A
C
8
01:40
07:10
B
D
04:50
10:20
Diagram shows a student looking at a plane mirror.
The diagram shows a ray of light from a small bulb

strikes a plane mirror.
The image observed by the student is
174
What is the region of the image of the ruler seeing by

an observer , when the observer look through the
hole?
Diagram shows an object O at a distance in front of a

plane mirror CD. The plane mirror is moved by a
distance 4 cm at LM.
A
B
C
D
13
between 0 cm mark and 30 cm mark

The diagram shows a point object, O is positioned in

front of a plane mirror .
What is the distance between object and the

new image of the object?
A
C
10
11
12 cm
24 cm
B
D
16 cm
32 cm
A boy stands in front of a plane mirror a distance 5

m . When the boy moves toward the mirror by 2 m ,
what is the distance between the boy and his new
image?
In order to view the image of O in the mirror, you

must be between the points
A
C
A
C
2m
6m
B
D
4m
8m
14
The diagram shows a patient sitting in a testing room

in front of a chart.
12
3m
7m
B
D
B
D
U and Y
Y and Z
The figure shows a light ray being incident to the

surface of plane mirror MN. The mirror is then
rotated anti-clock wise through an angle 10o.
What is the new angle of reflection of the light ray?
What is the distance of image of the chart from the

patient?
A
C
U and V
W and Y
A
C
4m
10 m
15
The diagram shows a half-metre rule has a hole at 15

cm mark and is hung vertically. A plane mirror is
placed in front of the ruler.
175
300
100
B
D
150
50
The diagram shows five light rays A, B,

C ,D and E from an object, O and is reflected by a
concave mirror to form an image I. Which of the
light ray is not correct?
22
16
The characteristics of an image , formed by a convex

mirror for all positions of the object are
A
B
C
D
17
The light bulb in the torch light is positioned at the

focal point of the mirror so that
diminished
same size of object
A
B
C
light is reflected to focal point

light is reflected to all directions
light is reflected as parallel beam
(a)
Diagram 23. 1 shows the positions of an

object O and the image I of the objects is
formed by a plane mirror M.
magnified
23
An object is placed at a distance 18 cm from a

concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. What is the
characteristics of the image formed?
A
B
C
D
19
diminished, real and inverted

magnified , real, and upright
diminished ,virtual and upright
magnified , virtual and inverted
A concave mirror has a focal length 20 cm. What

happen to the size of image when an object is placed
at a distance of 40 cm in front of the mirror?
A
C
18
The diagram shows of a parabolic mirror in a torch

.light
real , inverted and magnified

virtual , inverted and magnified
real , upright and diminished
virtual , upright and diminished
A concave mirror has a focal length 15 cm. The

image formed by the mirror is virtual, upright and
magnified. What is the object distance?
Diagram 23.1
A
C
20
8 cm
20 cm
B
D
15 cm
30 cm
Complete Diagram 23.1 showing the path of

the ray, including the in Incident ray, reflected
ray and normal.
The figure shows a candle placed in front of a

concave mirror of focal length, f.
(b)
Diagram 23.2 shows two plane mirrors JK and

LM which have been placed at a right angles to
each other.
The image formed is

A
B
C
D
21
real, upright and magnified

real, inverted and diminished
real, inverted and magnified
virtual, upright and diminished
Diagram 23.2
Complete Diagram 23.2 to show the ray diagram path
until it emerges from the both the mirrors.
Which of the following states the right reason for

replacing a plane mirror are used as rear- view
mirrors in motor vehicles with a convex mirror ?
A
B
C
D
(c)
To shine the object

To widen the field of view
To produce a brighter image
To produce a sharper image
176
Write down the word " REFLECTION "

when the word is seen by a person in a plane
mirror.
24
Diagram 24.1, shows a girl standing 5 m from a plane

mirror in a wash room.
The girl can see the image of the word WASH
ROOM located 4 m behind her.
Diagram 25.1
Diagram 24.1
Diagram 24.2 shows the top view of the girl in the
wash room.
(a)
(b)
Diagram 24.2
State the characteristics of the image of the girl
formed in the mirror.
..
(b) What is the distance between the girl and the image
of the WASH ROOM sign?
(c) The mirror is then moved 2.0 m towards the girl.

What is the new distance between the girl and the
new image of the WASH ROOM sign?
.
[ 1 mark ]
(d) Draw the image formed in the mirror of the WASH
ROOM sign.
(a)
(e)
In Diagram 24.3, an observer can see the image of

the moon crescent, in the mirror .
26
Diagram 25.2
An object is placed at a distance ,u from a concave
mirror, M. The table shows the characteristics of
image , when the distance u is varied.
Object
distance
, u /cm
10
20
30
40
Diagram 24.3
In diagram 24.3, draw a ray diagram to show how the
observer can see the image.
25
On Diagram 25.1 Draw rays to indicate the

part of the front of the lorry which can be seen
in the mirror by the car driver.
Diagram 25.2 shows a plane mirror and a
curved mirror. The mirrors have the same size.
The wing mirror of a car is often curved .
Draw rays from observer to the plane mirror
and the curved mirror to explain how the
curved mirror give more advantage than the
plane is used as a wing mirror of a car.
Diagram 25.1 shows the positions of the eye of a car

driver , the wing mirror of the car and the front of a
lorry.
Image
Characteristics
Real, inverted, same size as the object
(a) Name the light phenomenon that is involved to

form the image by the mirror.
.
(b) Using the information in the table, determine
the focal length of the mirror M.
...
(c) Give the reason for your answer in (b).
177
(d)
(e)
Complete the table

An object is placed at a distance 50 cm from
the concave mirror M.
(i) Draw a ray diagram in the space below to
show the formation of the image.
(d) What is the advantage of using this type of mirror

in the shop?
28
.......................................................................
Diagram 28.1 shows the image of a patients teeth
seen in a mirror used by a dentist.
Scale : 1 cm : 10 cm
(ii)
Diagram 28.1
Name the type of the mirror used by the dentist.
..
(b) State the light phenomenon that causes the
image of the teeth.
..
(c) State two characteristics of the image formed.
(d) In Diagram 28.2 below, the arrow represents

the teeth as the object of the mirror. Complete
the ray diagram by drawing the required rays to
locate the position of the image.
What is the characteristics of the image?
(a)
..
(iii) What is the characteristics of the image
when the concave mirror M is replaced
by a convex mirror of focal length same
as the mirror M.
27
Diagram 27.1 shows a mirror at the corner of a shop.
Mirror
Diagram 27.1
Diagram 28.2
(a) Name the type of mirror shown in Diagram 27.1.
29
...
(b) Name one characteristic of the image formed by
the mirror.
Diagram 29.1 and Diagram 29.2 show the parallel

rays of light directed toward the curved mirrors, J and
K. CP is the radius of curvature, and F is the focal
point of the mirrors.
.......................................................................
(c) Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image is
formed.
Diagram 29.1
(a)
(b)
178
Diagram 29.2
What is meant by focal length.

Using Diagram 29.1 and Diagram 29.2 ,
compare the curvature of the mirrors and their
focal lengths. Hence relate the curvature of the
mirrors and the focal lengths.
(c)
Diagram 29.3 shows a cross section of a

parabolic reflector used in a car headlamp.
The headlamp has two bulbs , X and Y. Bulb X
is located at the focal point of the reflector
while bulb Y is above bulb X.
Common terminology of refraction of light
between two medium of different optical densities
Normal
:
A line at right angles to the
boundry of the surface of the medium.
Diagram 29.3
Incident ray
:
A ray of light that is directed
onto to the boundry of the surface of the medium
Explain what happens to the light rays from

the bulb when only:
(i) bulb X is switched on
(ii) bulb Y is switched on
You may use diagrams to illustrate your
answers.
LESSON 2 REFRACTION OF
LIGHT
Reflected ray
:
A ray that is refracted when passing
through the different medium.
What is meant by Refraction

Refraction of light is a phenomenon where the direction
and speed of light are changed ( change in velocity) when
it crosses the boundry between two materials of different
optical densities.
Angle of
incidence
The angle between the incident

ray and the normal
Angle of
refraction
The angle between the refracted

ray and the normal
The law of refraction

The first law
:
The ratio of the sine of the angle
( Snells Law)
of incidence to the sine of the angle
of refraction is constant.
Three ways in which a ray can travel through two

mediums
1
When a ray of light travels from optically less dense
medium to optically denser medium , the ray is bent
towards the normal.
After entering the denser medium the speed of
light decreases.
The second law :

The incident ray, the normal and
the refracted ray all lie in the
same plane
Refractive index (n)
Refractive index,n is defined as,
n = sin i
sin r
2
When a ray of light travels from optically denser
medium to optically less dense medium , the ray is bent
away from the normal.
After entering the less dense medium the speed of light
increases.
where n = Refractive index

i = the angle in medium less dense
r = the angle in denser medium
A material with a higher refractive index has a higher
density.
The value of refractive index , n 1
The refractive index has no units.
The refrective index can be also defined as ,
3
When a ray of light crosses the boundry between two
different mediums at a right angle or the incident ray
parallel to normal, the ray is not bent
but the speed of light is different.
The angles of incidence and refraction are zero.
n = speed of light in vacuum (air)

speed of light in medium
n = va
vm
And
179
n = Real depth
Apparenth depth
n=H
h
Example 4
The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1 and the
speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 ms-1 . Determine the
refractive index of glass.
Example 1
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air to the
block X.
Solution
Example 5
The apparent depth of a fish is 0.50 m. Calculate the real
depth of the fish.
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33)
Calculate the refractive index of the block X.

Solution
Solution
Example 2
Example 6
Complete the following ray diagrams:
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from a glass

block to air.
[ Refractive index of glass = 1.54 ]
(a)
Determine the value of the angle .

Solution
(b)
Example 3
The diagram shows a light ray entering in a glass prism.
Example 7
The figure shows an man observing the base of a
swimming pool . The base of the pool appear to be
shallower.
The real depth of the swimming pool is 2.0 m.
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ]
Draw the ray light after it passes through a point P and

determine the angle of refraction when the ray light
entering the air again.
Solution
180
(a)
What is the apperent depth of the swimming pool?
(b)
In figure above ,draw a ray diagram from point Z to

show how the point Z appear shallower.
The glass block is replaced again on its outline on the

paper.
A ray of light from the ray box is directed along incidence
line.
The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ.
The glass block is removed again.
The point O and P is joined and is drawn as line OP.
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Tabulate the data:
Sinus i
Sinus r
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph Sin r against Sin i
Experiment to investigate the relationship between real

depth and apparent depth.
Hypothesis:
The apparent depth increases as the real depth increases.
.Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between apparent depth and
the real depth
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: real depth
Responding variable: apparent depth
Fixed variable: Refractive index
List of apparatus and materials:
Pin,ruler,water,retort stand ,tall beaker
Arrangement of the apparatus:
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the

angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
Hypothesis:
The angle of refraction increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of refraction.
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of refraction
Fixed variable: Refractive index
Glass block, ray box, white paper protractor,power supply
The procudere of the experiment which include the

method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
A pin is placed at the base of the beaker as object O.
The another pin is clamped horizontally onto the retort
stand as image position indicator, I
The beaker is filled with water.
By using a ruler ,the real depth of the pin is measured = H
The pin O is seen vertically above the surface of the water.
The position of pin I is adjusted until parallax error
between the pin O and the pin I is non- existent.
By using the ruler again ,the position of pin I is measured
as the apparent depth = h
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other value of H
Tabulate the data:
H
h
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph h against H
The procudere of the experiment which include the

The glass block is placed on a white paper.
The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the
white paper and labelled as ABCD.
The glass block is removed.
The normal ON is drawn.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured =
i
181
Diagram (a)
Diagram (b)
Arrange the optical density of the mediums, in

ascending order.
A
C
A light ray travels from medium P to medium Q.

Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the
path of the light ?
[ Medium P denser medium and Medium Q less
dense ]
The diagram shows a light ray travels from liquid L

to liquid M.
Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the

path of the light ?
[ Refractive index of liquid M > Refractive index of
liquid L ]
amplitude of light rays

intensity of light rays
strength of light rays
velocity of light rays
Figure shows a light ray travelling from medium R to

medium S.
Which of the following is true?

A
B
C
Q, R, P
R, P, Q
When light travels from one medium to another,

refraction take place. Refraction is caused by the
change in the
A
B
C
D
B
D
TUTORIAL 2
1
P, Q, R
Q, P, R
The speed of light in medium R is larger than

the speed of light in medium S
The optical density of medium R is larger than
the optical density of medium S
The refractive index of medium R is larger than
the refractive index of medium S
The diagram shows a light ray which travels from the

air to the glass.
What is the refrective index of the glass?
Diagram (a) shows a ray of light propagates from

medium Q to medium P .
Diagram (b) shows a ray of light propagates from
medium R to medium P .
182
Sin S
Sin Q
Sin P
Sin R
Sin Q
Sin R
Sin R
7
Sin S
The refractive index of the water is
The diagram shows a light ray travels from the air

into medium X.
distance between the observer and the image of the

fish?
A 25 cm
C 37 cm
12
What is the refractive index of medium X?

A
C
8
0.85
1.31
B
D
4
. What is the
3
1.24
1.41
B 34 cm
D 41 cm
The diagram shows a coin is put at the base of the

beaker. The image of the coin appears to be 5 cm
from the base of the beaker.
The diagram shows a light of ray travels from the air

into a glass block.
What is the refractive index of the liquid?

A
What is the refractive index of the glass block?

A
C
9
B
D
1.45
1.62
13
The speed of light in the air is 3 x 108 ms-1 . What is

The speed of light in a plastic block?
[ Refractive index of plastic = 1.2 ]
A
C
10
1.38
1.51
1.0 x 108 ms-1

2.0 x 108 ms-1
B
D
11
5
8
13
8
Diagram 13.1shows a mother observing the legs of

her son in the pool . His legs appear to be shorter
because of a light phenomenon.
Diagram 13.1
(a)
What is the apparent depth of the pool?

0.1 m
0.9 m
1.5 x 108 ms-1

2.5 x 108 ms-1
The diagram shows a boy appearing shorter when he

is in a swimming pool. The depth of the water in the
pool is 1.2 m.
A
C
8
13
11
5
B
D
0.3 m
1.1 m
(i)
Name the light phenomenon

involved.
..
(ii) Explain how the phenomenon occurs.
..
..
..
(iii) In Diagram 13.2 , draw a ray diagram
from point P to the eye to show how the
legs appear shorter.
Diagram shows an observer looking at a fish

swimming in a pond.
Diagram 13.2
(b)
.
183
The depth of water is 0.4 m.

Calculate the distance of the image of the foot
at point P from the surface of the water.

14
Diagram 14.1 and Diagram 14.2 show an identical

pencil is immersed in the distilled water and sea
water respectively.
Diagram 14.1
Diagram 14.2
(a)
Based on Diagram 14.1 and Diagram
14.2,
(i)
compare the bending of the
pencil
..
(ii)
compare the density of distilled
water and the sea water
..
(iii)
state the relationship between
the density of water with the bending
of the pencil
..
(b)
Based on Diagram 14.1, compare the size of
the observed pencil inside and outside the
distilled water
(c)
Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram
14.1 and Diagram 14.2
.
(d) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to
complete the sentence below.
Phenomenon in (d) happens because of
the change in (velocity, frequency) of the
light.
Diagram 15.1
An optical pin placed in the beaker. Water is poured

into the beaker so that the real depth, of the optical pin
is H
Looking from above, an image of the optical pin is
observed. The location of the image is determined
using a movable optical pin, using the non-parallax
method. In this way, apparent depth, h can be
measured.
The experiment is repeated by adding water so that H
is varied and the corresponding apparent depth, h
obtained is as shown in Diagrams 15.2,15.3, 15.4,
15.5, and 15.6 .
(e) Diagram 14.3 shows a coin in a beaker filled

with water. In Diagram 14.3 , draw a ray
diagram from a coin to the eye to show how the
image of the coin is formed.
Diagram 15.2
Diagram 14.3
15
An experiment is carried out to study the relationship

between real depth, H and apparent depth, h. The
arrangement of the apparatus for the experiment is
shown as in Diagram 13.1.
184
Digaram 15.3
Diagram 15.4
Diagram 15.5
(a)
Diagram 15.6
For the experiment described , identify;

(i) the manipulated variable
....................................................
(ii) the responding variable,
..........................................................
(iii) a constant variable.
...........................................................
(b)
Based on Diagrams 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5 and

15.6, measure apparent depth, h with your ruler.
Tabulate your results for H and h in the space
below.
(c)
Plot graph of h against H .
(d)
Use your graph in (c), to state the relationship

between real depth, H and apparent depth, h.
....................................................................
....................................................................
State one precaution that should be taken
during this experiment
....................................................................
....................................................................
(e)
185
The conditions for the occurrence of total internal

reflection.
(1)
(2)
The light ray must be travel from an optically

denser medium to less dense medium.
The angle of incidence must be greater than the
critical angle.
The Critical Angle, c

The angle of incidence in an optically more dense medium
which results in angle of refraction of 90o in an optically
less dense.
Determine the relationship between Refractive index (n)
and Critical angle (c)
n = sin i
sin r
=
n=
Example 1
LESSON 3 - TOTAL INTERNAL

REFLECTION
The diagram shows a light ray entering in a glass prism.

What is meant by Total Internal Reflection

The total reflection of a beam of light at the interface of one
medium and another medium of lower refractive index
(optically less dense) , when the angle of incidence to the
second medium exceeds a specific critical angle.
Ray diagram to show how the Total Internal Reflection
happen ?
(a)
(b)
Determine the critical angle of the glass.

Draw the ray light after it passes through a
point P until the direction of the ray of light
unchanged.
Solution
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Angle of incidence ,i1 is small.

Produces a strong refracted ray and a weak
reflected ray.
Angle of incidence is increased as i2.
Produces a refracted ray and a reflected ray
whose intensity has increased compared to the
situation in (1)
Angle of incidence is increased to the critical
angle, c.
The refracted ray travels along the water-air
boundary.
Angle of incidence , i3 > c.
No refraction occurs.
All the light is reflected within the water .
Total internal reflection occurs.
Example 2
Figure shows a light ray AO travelling from medium X to
the air.
[The refractive index of medium X = 2.0 ]
Draw the ray light after it passes through the point P when
186
(a) = 25o
(b) = 30o (c) = 35o
Solution
Natural phenomena and Use of Total Internal

Reflection.
A ray light experiences two total internal reflections
at each prism. The two prisms are to invert the image
(upside down and right-to-left.) But the lenses in the
binoculars also invert the image and so the prisms put
it back the right way again.
So the final image in binoculars is upright ,not
laterally inverted and magnified.
Mirages
In the time when the weather is hot , the incidence ray from
the sun passes through a dense air layer to a less dense air
layer.
Finally , the ray of passes through the air layer close to the
road surface at an angle of incidence greater than the
critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs at this layer.
The observer sees the image of the sky on the surface of the
road as a pool of water.
Fibre optics
Prism periscope
The external wall of a fibre optic is less dense than the
internal wall.
When light rays travel from a denser internal wall to a less
dense external walls at an angle that exceeds the critical
angle, total internal reflection occurs.
The advantages of the fibre optics:
(i) Cheap
(ii) easily handled
(iii) More information can be transmitted
The periscope is built using two right angled prisms made

of glass .
The critical angle of the prism is 42o .
The angle of incidence is 45o is greater than the critical
angle.
Total internal reflection occurs.
The characteristics of the images are
(i) Virtual
(ii) Upright
(iii) Same size as the
object.
Advantages of the prism periscope compared to mirror
periscope,
(i) The image is brighter
(ii) No multiple images is formed (very clear)
Binocular
187
TUTORIAL 3
1
Which of the following diagram correctly shows the

total internal reflection of ray of light?
[ Refractive index of medium X = 1.3
Refractive index of medium Y = 1.5 ]
Which of the following shows total internal

reflection?
The diagram shows a semi-circular plastic block is

placed in a liquid.
A ray of red light travelling in glass strikes the glassair boundary . Some light is reflected and some is
refracted. Which diagram shows the paths of the
rays?
Which of the following is correct?
A
B
C
D
One of the diagram below shows the path of a beam

of light that is incident on a water-air surface with
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Which one is it?
188
Density of the plastic block is less than

density of the liquid
Refractive index of the plastic block is
less than refractive index of the liquid
Critical angle of the plastic block is less
than critical of the liquid
Angle of incidence is less than critical
angle of the liquid
The diagram shows a ray of light passing through

medium M to medium N.
Which comparison is correct ?
Which of the following is correct?

A
B
C
7
A
B
The angle of reflection is 55o

The critical angle of medium M less than 35o
Density of medium M less than the density of
medium N
The figure shows a ray of light PO traveling in a

liquid strikes the liquid-air boundary.
[ The critical angle of the liquid = 45o ]
Density of prism A < density of prism B

Critical angle of prism A < critical angle of
prism B
Refractive index of prism A < refractive index
of prism B
11
Which of the following shows the correct critical

angle , c of the semi- circular glass block ?
12
The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air

into a plastic block with an angle of incidence ,X.
What is the critical angle of the plastic?
13
The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air into

a glass prism.
In which direction does the light move from O ?

A
C
8
OQ
OS
B
D
OR
OT
A ray of light incident on one side of a rectangular

glass block. If the angle of refraction in the glass
block is 40o ,
which one of the following diagrams best represents
this ray?
[ The critical angle of glass is 42o ]
The diagram shows a light ray, P, directed into a glass

block. The critical angle of the glass is 42o.
In which direction does the light move from point Q?
What is the critical angle of the glass?
A
C
14
10
C
15
189
B
D
50o
70o
The refractive index of water is 1.33.

What is the critical angle of the water.
A
The figure shows a ray of light is incident in air to

the surface of Prism A and B.
40o
60o
44.5o
48.8o
B
D
46.9o
49.2o
The figure shows a ray of light AO traveling in

medium X strikes the medium X-air boundary.
[ The refractive index of medium X = 1.12 ]
19
In which direction does the light move from O ?
16
A
OE
B
OD
C
OC
D
OB
Which of the following not applies the principle of
total internal reflection?
A
C
17
Prism binocular
Optical fibre
B
D
The glass block is cut into two prisms P and Q as

shown in Diagram 19.1 Either one of the prism is
suitable to be used as one of the component in the
binocular. [ Refractive index of the glass = 1.5 ]
Mirror periscope
Road mirage
Prism P
The diagram shows a cross- section of a fibre optic

cable.
(a)
(b)
Which comparison is correct ?

A
B
C
18
(c)
Density of P < density of Q

Density of P >density of Q
Density of P = density of Q
(d)
Prism Q
Diagram 19.1
Calculate the critical angle of the glass
In Diagram 19.1 above , draw a ray diagram

for prism P and Q when the light enter both
prism at point X .
Based on your answer in (b), which is
the suitable prism can be used in the binocular.
Diagram 19.2 below shows a binocular.
Diagram 18 shows a ray of light XO is incident to a

glass prism ABC
[The refractive index of glass is 1.5]
Diagram 19.2
Based on your answer in (c), draw
the correct position of the prism in the
box and complete the ray diagram in the
diagram above.
(ii) What is the function of the eyepiece
lens?
..
Diagram 20.1 shows a driver that is driving
under a hot sun, sees a pool of water
appearing on the road ahead, but the pool of
water disappears as the car approaches it.
(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Diagram 30
Why is the ray of light XO entering the prism
in a straight line?
...........................................................................
..........................................................................
Determine the critical angle of the glass prism.
20
By using certain calculations, draw the

complete path of a ray started from Y until the
direction of the path of ray unchanged.
(a)
Diagram 20.1
Name this natural phenomenon as
observed by the driver.
190
(b) State the physics concept that is involved

in this phenomenon.
(c)
(a)
(i) How is the density of the cool air

compare to the density of the warm
air?
What is meant by critical angle?

Tick ( ) the correct answer in the box
provided.
The angle of incidence when the angle of
refraction is 90o .
(ii) When light rays propagates from a

denser medium to a less dense
medium, state what happen to the
direction of the refracted rays.
The angle of incidence when the incident ray is

totally reflected.
(b)
Based on Diagram 21 how does the

cats eye help the driver?
(ii) Complete the path of the ray of light in

Diagram 21
(c) Explain why the light ray does not bend when it
enters prism at point A.
............
(d) Based on Diagram 21 what happen to the light
ray after passing point B?
............
(e) Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram 21.
............
.
(iii) Complete Diagram 20.2 to show
the formation of the natural
phenomenon as shown in Diagram
20.1.
(i)
Diagram 20.2
21
Diagram 21 shows a cats eye fixed into a road

to help drivers when it is dark or foggy.
22
Diagram 22 shows the structure of an optical fibre

used in telecommunications.
Diagram 22
Optical fibres are made of fine strands of glass. Each single
glass fibre (inner core) is coated with a thin layer of another
type of glass (outer cladding).You are required to give
some suggestions in designing an optical fibre which can
carry more information.
Explain your suggestions base on the following aspects:
refractive index of the inner and outer glass
the properties of material used for optical fibre
the thickness of the glass
the packing of the optical fibre
Diagram 21
191
(ii) Concave lens @ Diverging lens @ Negative lens
Common terminology of lenses
Optical centre , P
A point which all rays traveling through this
point pass through the lens in a straight line.
Principal axis , AB
A straight line which passes through the optical centre ,P at
a right angles to the plane of the lens.
Principal focus (Focal point ,F)
A point on the axis to which incident rays of light traveling
parallel to the principal axis , converge after refraction
through a convex lens.
Or
A point on the principal axis from which incident rays of
light traveling parallel to the principal axis appear to
diverge after refraction through a concave lens.
Focal length , f
The distance
between the principal focus ,F and the optical centre ,P.
Object distance , u
Distance of the object from the optical centre,P
Image distance , v
Distance of the image from the optical centre,P
LESSON 4
UNDERSTANDING LENSES AND Use of
Lenses in Optical Devices
Power of lenses (P)
Introduction
Power of a lens =
1
Focal length
A lens is a transparent material which consists of at least

one curved surface.
Images formed by lenses due to the phenomenon of
refraction of light.
Rays of light travelling through the optical centre pass
through the lens in a straight line.
Rays of light from objects at infinity ( distant objects) are
parallel rays.
Or
P = 1
@
f (m)
.
=
100
f( cm)
The unit of power of a lens is Dioptre (D) or m -1

Convex lens : the power is taken to be positive
Concave lens : the power is taken to be negative
Types of lenses
(i) Convex lens @ Converging lens @ Positive lens
Example 1
A convex lens of focal length 40 cm. Determine the power
of the lens.
192
Solution
Example2
A lens with a power - 5D.
(a) Calculate the focal length of the lens.
(b) What is the type of the lens?
(c) f < u < 2f
Solution
Experiment to estimate the focal length of a convex lens.

(d) u = 2f
A convex lens is turned to face a distant object.

The position nof the screen is adjusted until a sharp
inverted image is formed on the screen.
The distance of the screen from the optical centre of the
lens is measured = x
The focal length of the lens = x
Experiment to estimate the power of a convex lens.
A convex lens is turned to face a distant object.
The position nof the screen is adjusted until a sharp
inverted image is formed on the screen.
The distance of the screen from the optical centre of the
lens is measured = x
The focal length of the lens = x
The power of the lens is determined by using the formula
Power =
1
.
Focal length
To determine the characteristics of images formed by

convex and concave lens by using ray diagrams.
(e) u > 2f
Ray diagrams for Convex lens

(a) u < f
(f) u
(b) u = f
193
v = image distance
magnification
ho = object height
m = linear
hi = image height
Sign Conventions
Convex lens
Object
Always +
distance
Object is always placed
,u
to the left of the lens
....................
Conclusion:
Image
distance,
v
Object
distance ,u
u<f
u=f
f <u< 2f
u = 2f
u > 2f
u=
Ray diagrams for Concave lens
(a) u < f
+ if the image is real

( image is formed on
the right side of the
lens.
- if the image is virtual
( image is formed on
the left side of the lens.
Focal
Always +
length, f
Power
Always +
of
length,
P
Linear magnification, m
ImI =1
ImI >1
ImI <1
Example 3
(b) f<u <2f
Concave lens
Always +
Object is always
placed to the left of
the lens
+ if the image is
real ( image is
formed on the right
side of the lens.
- if the image is
virtual ( image is
formed on the left
side of the lens.
Always Always -
Size of image
Image and object are the
same size
Enlarged image
Diminished image
An object of height 2 cm is placed at 30 cm from a

convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm.
What is
(a) the image distance
(b) the linear magnification
(c) the image height
(d) the characteristics of the image
Conclusion:
Object distance ,u
u<f
f < u < 2f
To determine the characteristics of images formed by
convex and concave lens by using ray Lens equations
f = focal length
Solution
Example 4
An object of height 6 cm is placed at 20 cm from
a concave lens of power 2.5 D.
What is
(a) the image distance
(b) the image height
(c) the linear magnification
(d) the characteristics of the image
Solution
u = object distance
194
Structure : A thick convex lens

Meaning of real image and virtual image
A real image is one which can be cast on a screen.
A virtual image is one which cannot be cast on a screen.
Effect on the image produced when the upper
portion of a lens is covered by a card.
The size and position of the image is the same as before.
The brightness of the image, however , is reduced.
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the
object distance ,u and the image distance, v for a convex
lens.
Hypothesis:
The image distance ,v decreases as the object distance
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the object distance,
u and the image distance, v.
Manipulated variable: object distance, u
Responding variable: image distance, v
Fixed variable: focal length of the lens, f
Convex lens, lens holder, white screen, cardboard with a
cross-wire in a triangular cut-out , light bulbs and ruler
Normal adjustment : Object distance, u < focal length , f

Ray diagram :
Characteristics of final image :

Telescope
Function : To see a distant object ( object at infinity)
Structure : Objective lens ( very long focal length)
Eyepiece : (very short focal length)
fo >>>> fe
Normal adjustment : Fo and Fe at same point
Or Distance between two lenses = fo + fe
Ray diagram:
The procedure of the experiment which include the

The distance between the cardboard and the convex lens is
measured by using a ruler , u
The screen is moved back and forth until a sharp image is
formed on it.
The distance between the screen and the lens is measured ,
v.
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other object
distances ,u.
Tabulate the data:
u
v
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph v against u

Magnification of a telescope :
Optical devices use lenses

There are many types of optical devices used lenses such as
magnifying glass, microscope, telescope, camera and slide
projector etc. For every types of the devices we must learn
about the uses of the instruments, lens characteristics is
used, normal adjustment of the instruments , ray diagrams
and the characteristics of the final image which are
formed .
fo
fe
Microscope
Function : To see a tiny object
Structure : Objective lens ( short focal length)
Eyepiece : (short focal length)
fe >fo
Magnifying glass
Normal adjustment :
Function : To magnify image of an object
Ray diagram:
195
fo < u < 2fo

A
B
C
D
4
The unit of the power of lens is Watt

The power of a convex lens is negative
A lens with a shorter focal length has a
lower power
The rays of light passes through the optical
centre of lens without any refraction
Diagram shows light rays passing through a convex

lens .
What is the distance P ?

A
B
C
D
Image distance
Object distance
Focal length
Optical length
The diagram shows the action of a magnifying glass.

Which point is the principal focus of the lens?
The diagram shows an image ,I is formed by a

convex lens.
Where is the position of the object?
The diagram shows an image ,I is formed by a

concave lens.
Where is the position of the object?
TUTORIAL 4
1
The image produced by a lens is caused by the

A
B
C
D
total internal reflection of ray

diffraction of ray
refraction of ray
reflection of ray
Which of the following drawing is not correct path

of the light rays?
196
Figure shows four light rays A,B,C and D passing

through a convex lens. F is the focal point of the
length. Which of the following path of the light rays
is not correct?
14
An object is placed 25 cm in front of a convex lens

and its image is formed at infinity. If the object is
placed 20 cm in front of the lens , the image is
A
B
C
15
9
What is the power of a convex lens which has a focal

length 50 cm ?
A
C
10
Which of the following is not true?

A
B
C
Focal length
-2.5 x 102 m
-2.5 x 10-2 m
-2.5 x 102 m
-2.5 x 10-2 m
16
17
18
The diagram shows an object which is placed at u cm

from centre of a convex lens. The focal length of the
lens is 20 cm.
B
D
20.0 cm
40.0 cm
magnified, virtual, upright

diminished, virtual, upright
magnified, real, inverted
diminished, real, inverted
An object is placed at 18.0 cm from a convex lens

of focal length 20.0 cm.
What is the characteristics of image ?
A
B
C
D
19
15.0 cm
25.0 cm
The characteristics image is produced by a concave

lens is
A
B
C
D
parallel
converge
diverge
The focal length of the lens is 60 cm

The linear magnification is 1
The image I is a real image
A convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm is turned to

face a distant object. The position of the screen is
adjusted until a sharp inverted image is formed on the
screen.
What is the distance of the screen from the lens ?
A
C
less than f
between f and 2f
same as 2f
more than 2f
A light bulb is placed at the principal focus of a

convex lens. After travelling through the lens the rays
of light is
A
B
C
13
Type of length
Concave lens
Concave lens
Convex lens
Convex lens
The diagram shows an object ,O is placed in front of

a convex lens produced an image , I.
0.2 D
2.0 D
A convex lens of focal length ,f. The lens produces a

enlarged , virtual and upright image. The object
distance is
A
B
C
D
12
B
D
The power of a lens is - 40 D. What is the type

of the lens and its focal length?
A
B
C
D
11
-0.2 D
-2.0 D
inverted
smaller than object
formed on the same side as the object
virtual, upright and magnified

real, inverted and magnified
virtual ,upright and diminished
real, inverted and diminished
The diagram shows an image I of an object O is

formed by a convex lens.
Which of the following characteristics of the image is

not correct when u is 10 cm ,15 cm , 35 cm and 45
cm from the lens?
u / cm
A
B
C
D
10
15
35
45
Characteristics of the
image
What is the linear magnification of the image?
Virtual and bigger

Virtual and bigger
Real and smaller
Real and smaller
A
C
197
0.5
3.0
B
D
1.0
4.0
20
An object is placed at a distance30 cm from a convex

lens with a focal length of 25.0 cm.
What is the linear magnification ?
A
C
21
B
D
5
8
10
20
10
5
5
8
Distance between the lens /cm

24.0
30.0
30.0
24.0
16.0
The diagram shows the design of a simple

astronomical telescope.
The focal length of the lens P is fp and the focal
length of the lens Q is fQ.
Which statement is correct?

A
B
C
magnified, upright, virtual

magnified, upright, real
magnified ,inverted, virtual
magnified, inverted, real
Choose the most suitable combinations of the lens

that be used to construct a microscope.
Objective lens
Eyepiece
A
Concave lens of
Concave lens of
focal length 3 cm
focal length 120 cm
B
Convex lens of
Convex lens of focal
focal length 3 cm
length 120 cm
C
Concave lens of
Concave lens focal
focal length 3 cm
length 5cm
D
Convex lens of
Convex lens of
focal length 3 cm
focal length 5 cm
31
Diagram 31 shows an image of letters FIZI when

viewed through a glass of water.
Which of the following pairs of lens are used to

construct a telescope?
A concave lens of focal length 3 cm and a

concave lens of focal length 120 cm
B
A convex lens of focal length 3 cm and a
convex lens of focal length 120 cm
C
A concave lens of focal length 100 cm and a
concave lens of focal length 120 cm
D
A convex lens of focal length 100 cm and a
convex lens of focal length 120 cm
25 Which of the following statements about the objective
lens and eyepiece of a telescope?
Power of objective lens Power of eyepiece
A
low
high
B
high
low
C
low
low
D
high
high
fP is shorter than fQ
The power of lens P is higher than lens Q
The image of lens P is real whereas the image
of lens Q is virtual
The image magnification is the ratio fQ to fP
30
26
Linear
magnification
5
5
4
4
0.2
Focal length/ cm
A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass.

What are the characteristics of the image?
A
B
C
D
24
29
Which of the following combinations is the

characteristics of a magnifying lens ?
A
B
C
D
23
A
B
C
D
E
The upright image is formed

The size of the image is reduced
The brightness of the image is reduced
Object
distance/ cm
A telescope has two convex lens of power 4.0 D and

20.0D respectively.
3
5
A convex lens is used to produce a real, magnified

and inverted image. What is the effect on the image
produced when the upper portion of the lens is
covered by a coin ?
A
B
C
22
2
4
27
Two convex lens of power 2.5D and 20 D

respectively is used in a telescope. What is the
distance between the lens in normal adjustment?
A
C
8.0 cm
22.5 cm
B
D
17.5 cm
45.0 cm
Diagram 31
198
(a)
State the light phenomenon that causes the

image FIZI to be enlarged.
(b)
What is the change size of the image if the

water is replaced with a transparent liquid of a
greater density?
The glass of water is replaced with a lens M

with focal length of 10 cm. The distance
between the book cover and the centre of the
lens is 8 cm.
It is observed that the image FIZIK is enlarged.
(i) Name the type of lens M.
..
(ii) Calculate the distance of the image from
lens M.
(c)
Diagram 32.2
(a)
(b)
33
(iii) In the space below sketch a ray diagram

to show how the image is formed.
32
State the image characteristics drawn on

Diagram 32.2.
........
The focal length, f of a thin lens is 20 cm.
Calculate the image distance, v of an object
placed at 10 cm from the lens.
Diagram 33 shows an object, O with height 2 cm

placed on the left side of a convex lens, X. The focal
length of the convex lens is 10 cm.
Diagram 32.1 shows a flower look bigger when view

through an optical device.
Diagram 33
(a)
In Diagram 23 ,complete the ray

diagram to form an image.
(b)
State the characteristics of the image

formed.
(c)
If the object is placed at a distance 30

cm from the lens, calculate:
Diagram 32.1
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Name the optical device used in Diagram

32.1
...........
Name the light phenomenon that
involved.
...........
On the Diagram 32.2, draw a ray diagram
to show how the flower image look
big.
(d)
(i)
the image distance.
(ii)
Linear magnification.
You are given another convex lens, Y

with power 2 D. You are required to
create a simple astronomical telescope
using convex lenses X and Y.
(i)
199
Which lens is suitable to

be
objective lens and eyepiece?
Objective lens:
Eyepiece
:
(ii)
Give one reason to your

answer in
(d) (i).
34
A student carried out an experiment to investigate the

relationship between the imagemagnification, M and
the image distance, v, of a given lens.
The results of the experiment are shown in the graph
of v against M in Diagram 34
(ii)
k =
Calculate the value of the focal length, f,
of the lens.
f =
(d)
Determine the image distance, v, when the

magnification M = 0.8
(e)
State one precaution that should be taken

during this experiment.
Diagram 34
(a)
(b)
(c)
The image distance, v, can be determined from

the intercept of the v-axis Show on the graph of
v against M on Diagram 34 how you determine
v and state its value in the space below.
v=
State the relationship between v and M.
The focal length, f , of the lens is given by the
35
f
formula
= 0.976
k
where k is the gradient of the graph.
(i)
Calculate the gradient of the graph of v

against M
Show on the graph how you determine
the gradient.
200
Diagram 35.1 and Diagram 35.2 show the parallel

rays of light directed towards the convex lenses J and
K. Both the lenses produce real images. F is the focal
point for each lens.
Diagram 36.2 shows the photo picture of the cat is

captured at a long distance by using the same
camera.
Diagram 35.1
Diagram 36.1
Diagram 35.2
(a)
(b)
(i)
What is meant by focal length?
(ii)
Using Diagram 35.1 and Diagram

35.2, compare the thickness of the
lenses and the effects it has on the
refracted rays to make a deduction
regarding the relationship between
the thickness of the lenses and their
focal length.
Diagram 35.3 shows the ray diagram of a

microscope.
Diagram 36.2
Based on the above information and observation:
(a) State one suitable inference.
[1 mark]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(c) With the use of apparatus such as a convex
lens, an object illuminated by a light bulb and
other apparatus, describe an experimental
framework to investigate the hypothesis stated
in (b).
In your description, state clearly the following:
Diagram 35.3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Aim of the experiment.

Variables in the experiment.
List of apparatus and materials
Arrangement of the apparatus.
The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data.
(vii) The way you would analyse the data.
[10 marks]
Suggest and explain how to modify the

microscope to be a telescope, based on the
following aspect:
Lenses use to produce the largest and the
brightest image
The position of the lenses
Handling the telescope
36
Diagram 36.1 shows photo picture of a cat

is captured by a digital camera at a short
distance.
201
Fe : Focal point of eyepiece.

Titik fokus kanta mata.
Fo : Focal point of objective lens.
Titik fokus kanta objektif.

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The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror

A line at right angles to the

A ray of light that is directed

A ray that is reflected by the

The angle between the incident

The angle between the reflected

The second law :

The angle of incidence is equal

Characteristics of an Image Formed by a Plane Mirror

Common terminology of reflection of light

Example 1 : Complete the following ray diagram:

The centre point on

Principal axis ,PFC

For convex mirror :

A line which passes

A ray through F is reflected parallel to

For concave mirror :

Relationship between f and r

Relationship curvature of mirror and f

A ray towards F is reflected parallel to the

Characteristics of an Image Formed by a curved Mirror

A ray through C is reflected back along its own

We must draw any two of three rays to determine the

A ray parallel to the principal axis is

A ray towards C is reflected back along its own

Image formed by a Concave Mirror

u < f ( Object between F and P )

u > 2f or u > r ( Object, O is beyond C )

f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is between F

Uses of the reflection of light

u < f ( Object between F and P )

f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is between F

Where is the image of the bulb formed and its

The diagram shows a girl stands at the side of a boy

The diagram shows four lamps in front of a plane

The diagram shows a wall clock .

The diagram shows a single ray of light being

What are the angles of incidence and reflection?

The diagram shows a mirror is titled at an angle of

What is the angle of reflection?

The diagram shows an image is formed by a mirror.

What is the time shown by the image of the wall

Diagram shows a student looking at a plane mirror.

The diagram shows a ray of light from a small bulb

The image observed by the student is

What is the region of the image of the ruler seeing by

Diagram shows an object O at a distance in front of a

between 0 cm mark and 30 cm mark

The diagram shows a point object, O is positioned in

What is the distance between object and the

A boy stands in front of a plane mirror a distance 5

In order to view the image of O in the mirror, you

The diagram shows a patient sitting in a testing room

The figure shows a light ray being incident to the

What is the new angle of reflection of the light ray?

What is the distance of image of the chart from the

The diagram shows a half-metre rule has a hole at 15

The diagram shows five light rays A, B,

The characteristics of an image , formed by a convex

The light bulb in the torch light is positioned at the

light is reflected to focal point

Diagram 23. 1 shows the positions of an

An object is placed at a distance 18 cm from a

diminished, real and inverted