SUMMARY of BALL VALVE

PARTS OF VALVE
Body
Body seal
Trim : a wetted parts , The part where media (fluid) passes through in-out (Ball, Seat, Stem)
Ball/Disc/Gate
Seat Ring
Seat Insert
Body Seal
Sealant Injection : Applied on seat and seal. Kind of viscous sealant liquid that will injected into
seat or seal when they exhausted.
Stem O Ring, Trunnion O ring
Spring
Stem
Trunnion
Note :
Seal and O- ring generally have same function to seals or prevent the leakage of two parts that
assembled. The different is seal use for seals the moving/dynamic component otherwise O-ring
seals the static component/part.

Sealant
Injection

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Part of
Valve

CLASIFICATION of MATERIALS
MATERIAL

Polymers

METAL

Ferrous

STEEL

Low

Alloy

CAST IRON

Ceramics

Non-Ferrous
Al, Cu, Mg,
ect

High Alloy

Low Carbon

Stainless
Steel

Medium
Carbon

Tool Steel

High Carbon

Low alloy has carbon content 0.25 1.4 wt% and High alloy has chromium (Cr) content at least 11 wt%.

Some standards for low alloy are : ASTM A595, A618, A356, ect.
Some standards for high alloy are : ASTM A389, A747, A995, ect.
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Category of Stainless Steels :

1. Ferritic SS : Composed of ferrite (BBC)
2. Martensitic SS : Can be heat treated
3. Austentic SS : Austenite () phase field is extended to room temperature. Most corrosion resistant.
4. Precipitation Hardening (PH) SS : Ultra High strength due to precipitation hardening.
5. Duplex SS : Ferrite + Austine (22 wt% max)
6. Super Duplex SS : Ferrite + Austine (25 wt% min)
FORGING, CASTING, BAR & TUBULAR
Forging
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces.
Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging, warm
forging, or hot forging. Forging offers uniformity of composition and structure. Forged steel is
generally stronger and more reliable than castings and plate steel due to the fact that the grain flows of
the steel are altered, conforming to the shape of the part.
The advantages of forging include:
Generally tougher than alternatives
Will handle impact better than castings
The nature of forging excludes the occurence of porosity, shrinkage, cavities and cold pour issues.
The tight grain structure of forgings making it mechanically strong. There is less need for
expensive alloys to attain high strength components.
The tight grain structure offers great wear resistance without the need to make products
superhard We have found that, on a blank HRC 38-42 forged grinder insert wear/wash is about
the same as a high alloy HRC 46-50 cast grinder insert. The difference being a HRC 46-50
casting does not have the ductility to handle high impact grinding.

Casting
Steel castings are used when cast irons cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance. Castings
used for a wide range of wearparts and components that are too large, complicated, intricate or
otherwise unsuitable for the forging process. Steel castings are categorized into two general groups:
carbon steels and alloy steels. Alloy steel castings are broken down into two categories: low-alloy
steels and high-alloy steels. Low-alloy steels contain less than 8% alloying content and high-alloy
steels have 8% or more.
The advantages of casting include:
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No real upper size limit in casting weight

Large range of alloy choices

As forgings remain solid, custom alloys are far more difficult to get into production whereas with
casting, alloys including Chrome, Nickel and Moly can be added at the molten stage.

Tooling is often less expensive than forge dies

Smaller production runs required

Complicated/complex parts are no problem

Bar
A Steel bar is an item used for creating weaponry and armour. Steel Bar also called by Rebar
(Reinforcement Bar) is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced
concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression.
Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension. To compensate
for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile loads.

Turbular
Is a steel in the shape of a cylinder or long narrow rectangle; tube-shaped steel.

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Material
Forging
Carbon Steel (CS)

A.105
A.350-LF2

Standards (ASME B16.34)

Casting
Bar
A.216 WCB
A.353-LCB
A.217-WC1

Low Temperature Carbon

Steel (LTCS)
316 SS

A.182-F1

A.352-LC1

A.182-F316

A.351-CF8M
A.351-CF1DM

316L SS

A.182-F316L

A.351-CF3M

304 SS

A.182-F304

A.351-CF3
A.351-CF10

304L SS

A.182-F304L

A.351-CF3

A.182-F51

A.351-CD3MN

Duplex SS

A.890-F51
A.995
A.182-F55
A.995-CD3MWCUN
* UNS = Unified Numbering System (Alloy Designation System)

Super Duplex SS

A.182-F53

A.675
A.182 F1

Turbular
A.672-B65
A.106-C
A.691-CM70
A.691-CM75

A.182-F316
A.479-316
A.182-F316L
A.479-316L
A.182-F304
A.479-304
A.182-F304L
A.479-304L

A.312-TP316
A.358-316
A.312-TP316L
A.376-TP304
A.312-TP304
A.312-TP304L

A.479 UNS 531803

A.790 UNS 531803

A.479 UNS 532750

A.790 UNS 532760

MATERIAL LIST FOR SEAT/SEAL

1. Elastomers
Elastomers are the seats and seals of the valve industry. Having the right elastomer can make the
difference of a valve failing or lasting years in service. Elastomers typically have a lower
melting/critical temperature than steel and knowing about them can go a long way to choosing the right
valve. Keep in mind that like steel, elastomers come in a variety of grades and variations with different
mechanical/chemical properties.
a. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)
is a common synthetic seat material well known as the brand Teflon by DuPont. PTFE is used in
many seal/seat material due to its low friction. high chemical resistance, and fire resistant
properties. PTFE comes in a variety of grades typically being able to withstand temperatures of up
to 260*C and down to - 240*C; however pressure in the line impacts temperature thresholds.
Typically PTFE is used on 150#, and 300# ANSI valves; for larger pressure classes PTFE is not
used due to its inability to decompress after being pressurized in line.
b. RTFE (reinforced tetrafluoroethylene)
is a variation on PTFE (teflon) that typically has 15% glass filled fibre adding to the pressure that
PTFE can normally withstand. RTFE should not be used in hydrofluroic acid and hot spring
caustics (due to a reaction with the glass).
c. EPDM - ethylene-propylene diene monomer
EPDM has good abrasion and tear resistance with excellent chemical resistance to a variety of acids
and alkalines. It is susceptible to attack by oil, strong acids and strong alkalines and should not be
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used in compressed air lines. It has good weather and ozone resistance working in temperature
ranges of -20*F to 225*F. EPDM performs adequately in ketones and alcohols.

d. Neoprene
this all purpose polymer has high resisliency, low compression, flame resistance and
animal/vegetable oil resistance. It is primarily used for pulp and paper applications given that it is
not recommended for oxidizing acids, chlorinated solvents, esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons
and hydraulic fluids. Neoprene is good for temperatures of -20*F to 225*F.
e. Viton (Fluorocarbon)
This Dupont fluorocarbon elastomer is compatible with a broad range of chemicals. Due to its
extensive chemical compatibility this material is a common seat/seal material in valves. It performs
well in mineral acids, salt solutions, chlorinated hydrocarbons and petroleum oils. Viton works from
-20*F to 400*F but is not suitable for steam, amine, or hot water service.
f. Buna-N - Buna-N (Hycar or Nitrile)
is an all purpose polymer with good resistance to water, solvents, oil and hydraulic fluids. It also
displays good compressions, tensile strength and abrasion resistance. As Buna-N is unaffected by
paraffin base materials, oils, alcohols, and glycerins it performs well in process areas. It works up to
225*F but should not be used in high polar solvents (acetons, ketones) chlorinated hydrocarbons,
ozone and nitro hydrocarbon service.
2. Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic seals offers minimum resistance to movement combined with maximum protection in
this vacuum-formed solution. Thermoplastic is a type of plastic that made from polymer resins. When it
heated, it will becomes homogenized liquid and will becomes hard when in cooled.
a. PEEK - Poly Ether Ether Ketone
is a high performance engineered thermoplastic. PEEK is considered a premium seat material with
its excellent water/chemical resistance and due to the fact it is unaffected by continuous exposure to
hot water/steam. PEEK is good for temperatures of -70*F to 600*F. PEEK is non-porous, high
strength for high pressure applications and is suitable for high corrosion environments. PEEK
typically adds to the torque requirement of the valve given the rigidity of the material.
b. Nylon
Nylon seats are offered as a standard in many higher pressure and low temperature applications.
Nylon seats are a common seat material for 600# valves though may appear in a variety of ANSI
classes/pressure ratings. Nylon can be used in air, oil and other gas media but are not suited for
strong oxidizing agents. Nylon comes in many variations and is typically good for temperatures
ranging from -70*F to 200*F.
c. Devlon

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is a high molecular weight polyamide made by Devol specifically tailored for high
temperature/pressure applications. Devlon comes in a variety of grades with Devlon V-API being the
most common in the industry. Devlon is light weight yet performs well in impact and corrosive
environments; Devlon works in temperatures of -40*c to 93*C.

d. Delrin
is a type of polyoxymethylene (acetal, polyacetal and ployformaldehyde). It is a thermoplastic used
in seat material due to its high stiffness, low friction and excellent strength. A product of DuPont,
Delrin is susceptible to acids though it has high heat resistance and low water absorption. Delrin is
good for temperatures of -40*C to 150*C. It can also be known as Hostaform, Celecon, Kepital,
Duracon, Lupital and Ultraform.
Elastomer Vs Thermoplastic
Elastomer : characterized by wide-meshed crosslinking of the knotted molecular chains. This type of
crosslinking means that the materials have a high level of dimensional stability but are still elastically
malleable. By applying load (for instance tensile load) the chains become disentangled, but after removal
of the load they relax again. Like thermoset polymers, elastomers are not meltable.

Thermoplastic : Unlike elastomer, the molecular chains of thermoplastic are not crosslinked. They
consequently demonstrate plastic elastic behavior and are thermoformable (meltable, weldable). This
formability is reversible, in other words can be repeated as often as required as long as the material is not
thermally demaged by overheating.

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Indicator of Resistance
Pressure
Chemical/others
unaffected by
paraffin base
Good
materials,
compression,
-40 C to 165 C
automotive fluid
tensile strength
Low tempt.
(oils, coolant,
(14500 PSI) and
performance
fuel), alcohols, and
abrasion
glycerins it
resistance
performs well in
process areas

Compatibilities

ELASTOMERS

Temperature

BUNA-N or HNBR
Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene
Rubber
(Low Tempt. & AED)

VITON of FKM or FPM

(Grades: B, GF, GLT & AED)

-29 C to 149 C
Or
-40 F to 400 F

AFLAS or FEPM
(Tetraflouroethylene Propylene)

230 C
heat resistance
with continuous
service
temperature

PTFE [TFE-Teflon]
(Polytetrafluoroethylene)

-40 C 204 C

Reinforced-TFE
(15% fiber glass filled)

EPDM

NEOPRENE

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Tensile
Strength: 1285
psi, Elongation:
286%

Good in
hydrocarbon
service

excellent
resistance to
chemical, sour gas,
and hydrocarbons
Low Pressure
(ANSI 150#,
300#)

excellent chemical
resistance

-40 C 232 C

Mid Pressure

Good chemical
resistance

-20 F - 225 F

Not use in
compressed air
lines

Excellent on Acid
& Alkaline
abrasion & tear
resistance

Low
compression

Animal &
vegetable oil

-29 C to 82 C
or

Not be used in
high polar
solvents (acetons,
ketones)
chlorinated
hydrocarbons,
ozone and nitro
hydrocarbon
service.
Compact with a
broad spectrum of
chemicals,
petroleum oil,
mineral acid, salt
solition and
cloronite
hydrocarbon.
Not for Steam,
amine or hot
water service
well suited to
ozone treated
water. used for
high purity or
highly aggressive
applications
Most used
Not be used in
hydroflouroic acid
and hot strong
caustics (due to a
reaction with the
glass).
Performs
adequately in
ketones and
alcohols.
Not for petroleum
oils, strong acid
& strong alkaline
Pulp & paper
industry.

resistance.
Flame resistance

-20 F to 225 F

NYLON
(Grades: Lauramid, SMX, Devlon)

- 70 F 200 F
Low temperature
performance

High pressure
performance
For ANSI 600#

PEEK

-70 F 600 F

High pressure
application
ANSI 600#

excellent
water/chemical
resistance

DEVLON

High
temperature
application (-40
C 93 C)

High Pressure
application

Corrosive
resistance

DERLIN

High heat
resistance
-40 C -150 C

High stiffness
and excellent
strength

PRESSURE & TEMPERATUR RATINGS BASED ON ANSI B16.5 2009

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not recommended
for oxidizing
acid, esters,
aromatic
hydrocarbon and
hydraulic fluids
can be used in air,
oil and other gas
media. Not suit
for strong
oxidizing agent
suitable for high
corrosion
environments
Devlon is light
weight yet
performs well in
impact and
corrosive
environments
high stiffness, low
friction, is
susceptible to
acids and low
water absorption

END VALVE CONNECTION

There are 5 types of end valve connection:
1. Flange End
2. Butwelding End
3. Ring Type Joint
4. NPT or Screwed or Threaded
5. Socket Weld
1. Flange End
Flange end has 2 types of ring joint flange :
a. Flat Face Flange (FF Flange)
For low pressure operation and for low valve class (ANSI 150)

b. Rised Face Flange (RF Flange)

For medium valve class (ANSI 300 and ANSI 600)

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2. Butwelding End
Perfect to be used for such applications that require higher pressure and/or temperature in pipelines.
Also, it is ideal for all types of valves, and for use in those areas where repeated dismantling is not
required.

3. Ring Type Joint

For high valve class (ANSI 900 , 1500, 2500, 4500)
Has 2 types, there are :
o Slip On Ring Type
o Weld Neck Ring Type Joint

4. NPT or Screwed or Threaded

These types of end connections are suitable for low pressure piping systems. These are affordable and
ensure quick assembly to the users, without any difficulty. In some cases, these connections may be
welded around the joint, once they are assembled. However, this is not much in practice as it may cause
some troubles in the efficient use of these types of valve end connections.

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5. Socket Weld
These types of connections are socketed so as to have a plain spigot end of the pipe. These are used on
valves that are made up of steel, and for such applications that require higher pressure and/or higher
temperature in pipelines that do not necessitate repeated disassembling. They ensure leakproof
connections, that too for a long time span.

VALVE DETAIL
Transition Pup
Is the extend pipe that welded on valve end (usually depend on customer request)

Anti Static Current & Anti Blow Out Stem

A device to prevent static current the occur in valve while operation. The static current has to be
prevented due to causing spark in valve. It is very dangerous is medium that through this vale is
flammable. Anti static device placed at stem to ball and stem to body. Anti blow out stem needed if the
valve stem is securely mounted in the valve, even in case of a packing failure the integral shoulder in the
valve body and the shoulder machined on the stem prevents blow-out of the stem.

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Bore Type:
1. Full Bore Type
the hole diameter of its ball is the same size with the pipe size
full bore have less pressure drop
usually used for blow down, piggable line, production manifold, pipeline etc
2. Reduce Bore Type
the hole diameter of its ball is lower than pipe size
full bore have high pressure drop
usually used for production separator, suction scrubber, glycol generator etc.

Seat Design :
1. Single Piston (Self Release Seat Design)
When the pressure in the valve cavity reach certain pressure (total force from cavity pressure >
total force causing by upstream pressure), The trapped pressure will has enough force to push seat
and relief the valve cavity pressure.

2. Double Piston Effect (Double Isolation -and-bleed Valve or DIB valve design)
The pressure can not pass from upstream or downstream line.
Design for upstream only or downstream only line blocking.
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 There is one type design for upstream & downstream, that is Double-Block-And-Bleed Valve

3. PMSS (Primary Metal Secondary Soft)

The seat design is a two-piece configuration that provides both metal and soft sealing, in one seat.
The "primary metal" makes contact with the spherical surface of the ball, and alone provides
fairly good sealing. The "secondary soft" is an elastomer o-ring that fits into a groove created by
the assembly of the inner and outer seat ring. The o-ring will provide zero leakage on both gas
and liquid test (ISO 5208 Rate A). Both the metal portion of the seat, as well as the o-ring, are in
contact with the ball at all times. The PMSS is considered a soft seal by the industry. Valve
manufacturers (at least everyone who has been copying Grove designs forever) will use this seat
design up to and including Class 600 valves, in sizes up to NPS 60.

4. PSSM (Primary Soft Secondary Metal)

Reverse from PMSS, the primary soft makes contact with the spherical
surface of the ball and the secondary metal makes contact with seat ring.
Some manufacturer improves with add a resilient material that inserted into
the metal seat holder to provide a soft action if in case the soft insert goes
burnt by fire, then spring loaded seats insure metal to metal sealing.

Ball type:
1. Trunnion Mounted Ball design
Solve Floating ball designs problem
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 An advantage of trunnion ball design over floating ball is the lower operating torque of the
ball.
This is particularly advantageous when the ball valve is actuated because it reduce the size of
the actuator and hence the overall costs of the valve actuation package.
2. Floating Ball design
the ball is suspended in the flowing medium held in position by the compression of the two
elastomeric seats against it.
The shaft is connected to a slot at the top of the ball which allows the ball to be driven travel
through a quarter turn (90 degrees).
capable of bi-directional shut off.
Problem : As the nominal bore size of the ball increases, the weight of the ball also increases,
and also the area subjected to the line pressure also increases. This has the overall effect of
increasing the load (force) acting on the ball. There comes a point where it is no longer
possible for the seats to support the ball

The key difference beteween a floating ball valve and a trunnion mounted ball valve is how each achieves
a line seal. Trunion mounted ball valves are uses a spring mechanism and/or line pressure assistance to
drive the upstream seat against the stationary ball. The surface area exposed to the pressure through the
relatively small passageway is actually just the back of the seat. The floating ball valve utilize natural line
pressure to press and seal the ball against the downstream seat. The line pressure is exposed to a greater
surface area - the entire upstream face of the ball, which is an area equal to the actual pipe size.
Note : From the specification of both trunnion & floating, I could see that floating ball for ANSI 300
max and trunnion ball > 300#, but I still could not find the common ANSI and size.

Body Type:
1. Welded
Welded ball valves guarantee the absence of leakages along all the valve's life, with no
requirement for maintenance operations. This is a highly important requisite especially for ball
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valves installed onto underground and submarine pipelines. It is also often chosen for hazardous
fluids.
2. Top entry
The ball can be taken out removing the top cover. It can be repaired on site.
3. End entry
The body is one piece. The ball is entered from the axial entry.
4. Split body
there are two or three pieces. It allows easy inspection and maintenance of all internal parts.

Stem Type
Sometime in plant we have to install the valve to unachievable area by operator (the area that operator
can not accesses). So we use extension stem to set the handwheel being achievable to operate. In the
other case, we need to apply extension stem for cryogenic service that run in super low temperature
(until -196 C).

INSPECTION
1. Visual Inspection
Visual inspection method refers to Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS). For casting of
valves, flanges and fitting are using MSS-SP-55. Visual inspection shall following these type bellow :
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Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
Type VI
Type VII
Type VIII
Type IX
Type X
Type XI
Type XII

hot tears & cracks

Shrinkage (Penyusutan)
Sand Inclusion
Gas Porosity
Veining (Berurat)
Rat tails
Wrinkles, Laps, Folds & Coldshuts
Cutting Marks
Scabs
Chapless
Weld repair area
Surface Roughness

2. Non-Destructive Test (NDT)

2.1. Radiography Examination
Is a Non Destructive Examination (NDE). This examination refers to ASTM E.94 and ASTM E.142 as
quality control standard. By using radiography instrument, the sensitivity of radiography shall be
following :
2 -4T for wall thickness 19 mm (0.75 in)
2-2T for wall thickness > 19 mm (0.75 in)
The acceptance criteria of this examination shown by table 1-1 for wall thickness 50 mm, table 1-2
for wall thickness 50 mm 115 mm and table T 1-3 for wall thickness 115 mm 305 mm :

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2.2. Magnetic Particle Examination

This examination exist for ferromagnetic metal (Chromium(IV) oxide, Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, Ferrite
(magnet), etc). The maximum acceptance indication is following :
Casting (ASTM E.709)
a. Linier Indication
- 8 mm (0.3 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 13 mm (0.5 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm(0.5 in) 25 mm (1.0 in)
- 18 mm (0.7 in) long for wall thickness > 25 mm (1.0 in)
b. Rounded Indication
- 8 mm (0.3 in) for diameter 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 13 mm (0.5 in) for diameter > 13 mm (0.5 in)
Forgings & Rolled or Wrought Material (ASTM A.275)
c. Linier Indication
- 5 mm (0.2 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 10 mm (0.4 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm(0.5 in) 25 mm (1.0 in)
- 15 mm (0.6 in) long for wall thickness > 25 mm (1.0 in)
d. Rounded Indication
- 5 mm (0.2 in) for diameter 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 8 mm (0.3 in) for diameter > 13 mm (0.5 in)

2.3. Liquid Penetrant (ASTM E.165)

This examination exist for non-ferromagnetic metal. The maximum acceptance indication is following:
Casting (ASTM E.709)
a. Linier Indication
- 8 mm (0.3 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 13 mm (0.5 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm(0.5 in) 25 mm (1.0 in)
- 18 mm (0.7 in) long for wall thickness > 25 mm (1.0 in)
b. Rounded Indication
- 8 mm (0.3 in) for diameter 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 13 mm (0.5 in) for diameter > 13 mm (0.5 in)
Forgings & Rolled or Wrought Material (ASTM A.275)
a. Linier Indication
- 5 mm (0.2 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm (0.5 in)
- 10 mm (0.4 in) long for wall thickness 13 mm(0.5 in) 25 mm (1.0 in)
- 15 mm (0.6 in) long for wall thickness > 25 mm (1.0 in)
b. Rounded Indication
- 5 mm (0.2 in) for diameter 13 mm (0.5 in)
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8 mm (0.3 in) for diameter > 13 mm (0.5 in)

2.4. Ultrasonic Examination

This examination exist for casting by following ASTM A.609 and also for forgings, bars, plates,
turbular that following ASTM A.388.
a. Straight Beam Examination
Not acceptable if : the test piece that has 6.4 mm (0.25 in) flat bottomed hole diameter shows
indication where the thickness same or greater from the depth of its defect.
b. Angle Beam Examination
Not Acceptable if : The test piece 60 deg V notch that has 25 mm (1.0 in) long not showing the
depth of test piece greater than 5% from its nominal wall thickness.
3. Pressure Test
3.1 Hydrostatic Shell Test
This test shall be mead with water or kerosene or other suitable fluid that has viscosity not greater than
water. Each valve shall be given by pressure test with the gage pressure not less than 1.5 times
pressure ratings at 38 oC (100 oF). The test duration based on valve size following :
According API 6D standard

According API 598 standard

Valve Size (NPS)
NPS 2
2 NPS 6
8 NPS 12
14 NPS

Test Duration (Sec)

15
60
120
300

Visually detectable leakage through the pressure boundary is not acceptable

3.2 Hydrostatic Seat Test
The test pressure not less than 1.1 times of pressure ratings at temperature 38 oC (100 oF). The test
duration based on valve size following :
According API 6D standard

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According API 598

Valve Size (NPS)
-4
6

Test Duration (min)

2
4

Visually detectable leakage through the pressure boundary is not acceptable

*NPS = Nominal pape size
*DN = Diameter Nominal

MATERIAL CERTIFICATE
For material certificate usually following the European Standard EN 10204 that has some type :
Type 2.1
: The document states that product in compliance with requirement without including the
test result. Prepared by manufacturer
Type 2.2
: The document compliance with material test result based on non-specific inspection
Type 3.1
: Issued by manufacturer
Type 3.2
: Issued by manufacturer and purchaser as witness

RELATED CODES & STANDARDS

API Spec, 6D

Spec. for pipeline valve

API Spec, 6FA

Spec. for fire test for valve

API std. 1104

Standard for welding oh pipeline related facilities

API 607

Fire test dor soft seated turn valve

API 598

Valve inspection & testing

ASME Sec.V

Non-Destructive Examination

ASME B 16.5

Pipe flanges and flanged fittings

ASME Sec.IX

Welding specification

ASTM A370

Standard test methods & definitions of mechanical testing steel product

BS-5351

Steel ball valves for petroleum, chemical & allied industries

MSS-SP-53

Quality standards for steel castings and forgings for valve, flanges and fittings
and other component (Particle examination method)

MSS-SP-55

Quality standards for steel castings and forgings for valve, flanges and fittings
and other component (Visual method)

Prepared by :
Teuku Johar Pratama
Product Engineer - PT. Gravalty Solution

SAE Stainless Steels

200 Seriesaustenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
201austenitic; hardenable through cold working
202austenitic; general purpose stainless steel
300 Seriesaustenitic chromium-nickel alloys
301 highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good
weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304.
302 same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
303 easier machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in
accordance with ISO 3506.
304 the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance
with ISO 3506.
304L extra low carbon version of 304 used extensively in welding.
309 offers better temperature resistance than 304
316 the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy
addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. 316 steel is used in the manufacture and
handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic
contamination. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride
corrosion compared to type 304. SS316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants. Most
stainless steel watches are made of this. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506. 316Ti
(which includes titanium for heat resistance) is used in flexible chimney liners, and is able to withstand
temperatures up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest possible temperature of a chimney fire.
316Lextra low carbon version of 316.
317Alloy 317LMN and 317L are molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels with greatly increased
resistance to chemical attack as compared to the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels
such as Alloy 304. In addition, 317LMN and 317L alloys offer higher creep, stress-to-rupture, and tensile
strengths at elevated temperatures than conventional stainless steels. All are low carbon or "L" grades to
provide resistance to sensitization during welding and other thermal processes. The "M" and "N"
designations indicate that the compositions contain increased levels of molybdenum and nitrogen
respectively. The combination of molybdenum and nitrogen is particularly effective in enhancing
resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in process streams containing acids, chlorides, and
Prepared by :
Teuku Johar Pratama
Product Engineer - PT. Gravalty Solution

sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures. Nitrogen also serves to increase the strength of these alloys.
Both alloys are intended for severe service conditions such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
321similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium.
400 Seriesferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
405a ferritic especially made for welding applications
408heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
409cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
410martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
416easy to machine due to additional sulfur
420Cutlery-grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
430decorative, used for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and
corrosion resistance.
440a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it, which allows for much better edge retention
when the steel is heat-treated properly. It can be hardened to around Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one
of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica
swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known as razor blade steel. Available in four grades:
440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon
in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered a more
desirable choice in knifemaking than 440A except for diving or other salt-water applications.
446For elevated temperature service.
500 Seriesheat-resisting chromium alloys
600 Seriesmartensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Type 630 is most
common precipitation-hardening stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.
650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase
precipitation.
15-5 Stainless Steel

Prepared by :
Teuku Johar Pratama
Product Engineer - PT. Gravalty Solution

Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the
aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to
choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties.
17-4 Stainless Steel
Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the
aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to
choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties. This alloy is very similar to 15-5 except
that 17-4 tends to have more ferrite, and is slightly more magnetic.
17-7 Stainless Steel
Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the
aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to
choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties. 17-7 has exceptionally high strength and
hardness, as well as the corrosion resistance normally associated with stainless. It is one of the more
formable of the PH grades.
NEMA
Enclosur
e:
Your
choices
are...

Type 4

Constructed for indoor or outdoor use. Provides a degree of

protection against contact with enclosed equipment, falling
dirt, rain, sleet, snow and windblown dust, splashing water
and hose-directed water. Undamaged by external formation
of ice on enclosure.

Type 4X

Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to

provide a degree of protection to personnel against
incidental contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a
degree of protection against falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow,
windblown dust, splashing water, hose-directed water, and
corrosion; and that will be undamaged by the external
formation of ice on the enclosure.

Type 7

Constructed for indoor use in hazardous locations classified

as Class I, Division 1, Groups A, B, C or D as defined by
NFPA70.

Type 9

Enclosures constructed for indoor use in hazardous locations

classified as Class II, Division 1, Groups E, F, or G as defined
in NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency) 70.

Other
NEMA
Enclosur
e
Prepared by :
Teuku Johar Pratama
Product Engineer - PT. Gravalty Solution

Prepared by :
Teuku Johar Pratama
Product Engineer - PT. Gravalty Solution