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Consumption in Diesel Engine. This study is basically about how to reduce diesel
consumption in diesel engines with the use of magnets. Other than fuel consumption,
magnet also helps in reducing unburned hydrocarbon in the emission. The magnet device
clamped on the fuel line connected before the fuel injector and run the engine. The design
is totally simple and light.
Todays hydrocarbon fuels leave a natural deposit of carbon residue that clogs
stalling, loss of horsepower and greatly decreased mileage on cars are very noticeable.
Most fuels for internal combustion engine are liquid, fuels do not combust until they are
vaporized and mixed with air. Most emission motor vehicle consists of unburned
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. Unburned hydrocarbon and
oxides of nitrogen react in the atmosphere and create smog. Smog is prime cause of eye
and throat irritation, noxious smell, plat damage and decreased visibility. Oxides of
nitrogen are also toxic. Even when fuel is still clear and bright, microscopic fuel
components agglomerate forming larger clusters and organic compounds. (i.e. chaotic
form) This continuous process affects combustion and engine performance which causing
loss of power, excessive fuel consumption, smoking engines, damage to injection systems
and carbon soot build up in lube oil, emission filters and catalytic converters.
There are different methods (MPFI, EGR, PCV, catalytic) used which not only
gives proper combustion of fuel in engine but also minimize the rate of emission through
I.C. engine. One new modern technique to reduce the emission & gives proper
combustion is use of MAGNETIC FUEL CONDITIONER (MFC).
ABTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the fuel
magnetization on the performance of diesel engine. Permanent
magnets are cheap, light in weight, safe and at the same time, it is
environmental friendly. The magnet device is easy to attach on the fuel
line because it is small.
The magnets help to disperse the hydrocarbon cluster into smaller
particles which will improve the efficiency of combustion. This will
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
From the earlier research work carried out, it is widely
recognized that lean combustion is one of the most promising methods to
improve fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions in a spark ignition
engine. Even though the advantages of lean burn combustion were
demonstrated in the early part of this century only a few researchers,
attempted for improvement, which is insignificant. The scope and the
problems associated with the lean combustion were investigated widely in the
last two decades (Germane 1983). There have been many prototypes and
production engines adapting various methods of achieving lean combustion.
But the problems associated and the best methods of achieving the lean
combustion are still under investigation.
2.2 SURVEY ON LEAN COMBUSTION
The methods available to achieve the lean mixture combustion are:
1. Optimizing combustion chamber for increased airmovement
2. Optimizing the ignition system
3. Optimizing fuel system and charge stratification
4. Using fuel blends
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5. Catalytic activation of charge and
6. Magnetic activation of charge
Some of the important works in each method has been briefly
reported in the following sections.
2.2.1 Lean Combustion by Optimizing Combustion Chamber
Pre-combustion chamber engine is one of the earlier models to
increase the air-movement developed by Noguchi et al (1976) of Toyota. This
engine was provided with a pre-chamber in which the fresh air-fuel
mixture flows through an orifice during the compression stroke resulting in
strong eddies of mixture within the pre-chamber.
In order to meet the emission and fuel economy standards for
European countries Brandsetter (1980) of Volks Wagon Company developed a
simpler, but very effective concept, that of lean burn pre-chamber engine.
In 1984, the first generation Toyota lean burn system was
commercialized. A lean mixture sensor, which detects the lean Air-Fuel ratio
(A/F) from O2 concentration in the exhaust gas and a feed back control
system, was used in the first-generation engines (Matsushita et al 1985).
However, there was a problem in the sensor to acquire readings. Hence, the
third-generation system was introduced in 1992 to overcome the problem by
a combustion pressure sensor which can directly detect the lean misfire limit
from the cylinder pressure was employed (Inoue et al 1993).
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2.2.2 Lean Combustion by Optimizing Ignition System
Anderson and Asik (1985) conducted experiments on a fast burn
single cylinder engine to investigate the ignition variables that affect engine
performance and lean limit. Nakamura et al (1982) studied the effects of
multipoint spark ignition on combustion duration, fuel consumption and lean
misfire limit.
Wyczalek et al (1975) of General Motor Corporation had developed
a new ignition system called plasma jet ignition system and it was fitted to a
4-cylinder, 140 cubic inch engine to evaluate its performance. This plasma jet
velocity was greater than the initial rate of flame propagation and penetrates
the mixture in advance of the initial flame front leading to substantial
increase in rate and stability of combustion of lean mixture. The test results
showed that there was decrease in NOx emission and increase in HC emission.
2.2.3 Lean Combustion by Optimizing Fuel System and Charge
Stratification
Takeda et al (1985) investigated the lean mixture operation and
transient response of a central injection system along with the effects of
design variables on its performance. It was observed that both charge
distribution and transient engine response were affected by the fuel spray
angle. Widening the spray angle improved the air-fuel distribution but
worsened the transient engine response. This problem was solved by off
setting the injector away from the central axis of the throttle body and
optimizing the fuel spray angle.
Quader (1974) developed a method to achieve lean mixture
operation by stratification of air-fuel mixture along the cylinder axis. Axial
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charge stratification with the richest mixture near the top of the combustion
chamber and the leanest mixture near the piston top was obtained by
imparting swirl to the intake air and by injecting the fuel into the inlet port just
before the end of intake stroke. Test results showed increased combustion
stability, tolerance to lean mixture, decreased fuel consumption and lower NOx
emissions.
2.2.4 Lean Combustion by Using Fuel Blends
Koeing et al (1976) investigated the lean combustion of methanolgasoline
blends in a single cylinder SI engine. The lean misfire limit was
extended by using a blend containing 40% methanol compared to the base fuel.
Torque and thermal efficiency increased significantly. CO, CO2 and HC
in the Figure 2.2. In para H2 molecule, which occupies the even rotation levels
(quantum number), the spin state of one atom relative to another is in the
opposite direction rendering it diamagnetic.
Figure 2.2 Spin orientation of hydrogen atom
This spin orientation has a pronounced effect on the behavior of the
gas molecule. The coincident spins render ortho-hydrogen exceedingly
unstable and more reactive than its para-hydrogen counterpart.
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2.3.1.2 Structure dispersion of fuel molecules
Hydrocarbons have basically a cage like structure. That is why
during the combustion process oxidizing of their inner carbon atoms is
hindered. Furthermore they bind into larger groups of pseudo-compounds.
Such groups form clusters (associations). The access of oxygen in the right
quantity to the interior of the groups of molecules is hindered and it is this
shortage of oxygen to the cluster that hinders the full combustion. In order to
combust fuel, proper quantity of oxygen from air is necessary for it to oxidize
the combustible agents.
Figure 2.3 Structure dispersion of fuel molecules in fuel line
In accordance with Vander Waals' discovery of a weak clustering
force, there is a very strong binding of hydrocarbons with oxygen in such
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magnetically activated fuel, which ensures optimal burning of the mixture in
the engine chamber (Tretyakov 1985).
2.3.1.3 Charge disparity of fuel molecules
It is a well-known fact that Hydrocarbon fuels have to be carried to
the place of burning through a pipe (Jose Luis 1997). When hydrocarbon
flows through a strong enough magnetic field cutting the same
perpendicularly, as per Faradays law the whole unit acts similar to that of a
D.C. generator Pipe and the magnet acting as stator and the flowing
hydrocarbon as rotor. This renders a static positive charge to the molecules
and negative to the pipe i.e. the charges are reversed as against normal flow.
2.4 MAGNET - A SURVEY
2.4.1 Permanent Magnets
In a permanent magnet, each atom produces a net magnetic field
caused by its unpaired electrons. Since there are so many of these aligned
atoms in the material, the overall magnetic field is amplified to observable
levels (Paul Leangpanich 2004). Some materials show evidence of partial
magnetic attraction or repulsion under the influence of an outside magnetic
field. However, the ability of a material to maintain the magnetic dipole
(orientation) in the absence of an outside magnetic field is ferromagnetism,
which is the essence behind permanent magnets.
Ceramic magnetic material is used in many ferrous separation
systems. In normal use, a lifetime guarantee is given for its magnetic
properties. The material can be recognized by its matt black color.
Aluminium-Nickel-cobalt (AlNiCo) is an alloy made from Aluminium,
4.1.DIESEL ENGINE:
History :
Diesel engine was first invented by Rudolph Diesel. At first, Rudolph Diesel tried
to come up with powdered coal as a possible fuel but he failed as it is difficult to inject
into the cylinder and caused the prototype engine to explode. Then, Diesel discovered a
stable byproduct of the petroleum refinement process which is diesel fuel. He was the
first to prove that fuel can be ignited in high compression condition. Rudolf Diesel then
come up with his prime model of a single 10-foot iron cylinder with a flywheel and
operated by its own power for the first time at Augsburg, on August 10, 1893 shown in
Figure 1.Diesel again came with a new model of diesel engine with the theoretical
efficiency of 75% and substitutes steam engines which only have 10% of efficiency at
that time. Then, his engine was widely used in marine craft, trucks and factories.In
1970s, diesel engines were widely used in automobile industry especially in USA.
Currently, almost 50% of all new car manufactured in Europe is diesel engine based.
Principle of operation:
There are
four strokes in diesel engine which resulted from two complete rotation of crankshaft.
Figure 2 shows the 4 strokes of diesel engine which are intake, compression, power and
exhaust.
DIESEL FUEL
Diesel fuel is used to operate diesel engines. Diesel is referred to fossil fuel based
product which obtained by refining of crude oil. The oil must have several properties
such as proper viscosity, volatility and cetane number in order to be used as diesel fuel.
Volatility measures the tendency of a liquid to evaporate. Diesel fuel has lower
volatility compared to gasoline. There are two grades of diesel fuel for automotive
engines which is number 1 diesel and number 2 diesel. Number 2 diesel is most
recommended fuel to be used in automobile industry as number 2 diesel have higher
volatility and higher heating value. .
Viscosity refers to a liquids flow resistance. Liquid tends to flow more easily by
having low viscosity value. Diesel fuel must have lower viscosity value in order to flow
through flow-system lines and inject in the combustion chamber with less resistance. Oil
with high viscosity will not break into fine particles when injected which results in poor
combustion. Number 2 diesel having lower viscosity compared to number 1 diesel
making it more versatile.
Cetane number measures the tendency of the diesel fuel to be ignited in the
combustion chamber. Diesel fuel with lower cetane number takes more time to ignite
which may cause excessive ignition lag. Higher cetane diesel fuel able to ignite as soon
as it injected to the combustion chamber results in smooth pressure rise and prevent from
combustion knock occurs.
it changes their orientation in the direction opposite to the magnetic field. Thus, this
results in changes of molecule configuration and weaken the intermolecular force
between the molecules. In other words, magnetic field actually disperses the
molecules into more tiny particles and making the fuel less viscous. Figure 2.3 shows
how magnets help to disperse the molecules.
Emission is another hot topic of diesel engine. Emission of dangerous
gaseous such as oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur is the result of incomplete
combustion in the combustion chamber. Magnetic field can improve the combustion
level. Thus, automatically the amount of dangerous gaseous can be reduced. The
amount of unburned hydrocarbon also can be reduced as the combustion rate
improved.
Figure 2.3: The changes in fuel after passing through magnetic field
MAGNETS
Magnet is an object that produces continuous magnetic field around it which is
invisible but the effect of the magnetic field is notable. Magnets can attract all
ferromagnetic materials such as iron and also can attract and repel with other magnet.
There are many type of magnets in different range of dimension, shape and strength. The
most typical magnet used in science laboratory is made up of ferrite and neodymium
5.1.Neodymium Magnets
This magnet also known as Neo magnet which is most widely used type of rare
earth magnet and in bright silver colour. This is a permanent magnet which made from
alloy of neodymium, iron and boron and this magnet considered to be the strongest
magnet type among other permanent magnet. This magnet widely used in electronic
based companies and also as motor in cordless tools. The magnetic strength measured in
Gauss and permanent magnet has different strength at different region of the surface. The
strength of permanent magnets usually measured with ranges for an example, in the
project I use two neodymium magnets, one is around 1500 2000 Gauss and another is
around 2500 2800 Gauss. The strength of magnets measured by an instrument called
Gaussmeter or magnetometer.
Property
Neodymium
Remanence (T)
11.3
Coercivity (MA/m)
0.8751.99
0.12
0.55..0.65
320
Density (g/cm3)
7.37.5
250
1100
75
550650
Ferrite Magnets
Ferrite magnet is the compound of ceramic and Iron (iii) oxide. This is an
example of permanent magnet and used as ferrite cores in the transformer. Generally,
ferrite magnets are carbon black in colour and brittle because the present of ceramic
particle in the chemical compound. Ferrite magnets also considered as strong magnets but
not neodymium magnets.
Fig.6. MFC
such as plastic, copper or aluminium, to secure them to the fuel line. No cutting of the
fuel line and no hose and clamps are necessary to install this device, outside a fuel line
without disconnection or modification of the fuel or ignition system for producing
magnetic flux in the flow path of combustible fuel within the pipe. These units have been
installed without other fuel line or ignition adjustments to treat vehicles failing required
emission tests as an inexpensive retrofit accessory to give substantially immediate
improvements of up to the order of 80 % reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide
emissions
Fig.8.. Basic concept of a molecule and molecules showing different energy level
In Fig. 6 shows molecules of fuel has nucleus at it centre around which electrons are
orbiting, which having tendency to attract towards nucleus, due to which intermolecular
force of attraction increases & thus fuel particle are not actively interlocked with oxygen
during combustion & some un-burn fuel goes into exhaust & thereby causing incomplete
combustion [3,4,5]. When we apply magnetic field around fuel inlet lines, due to
magnetization we reduces intermolecular attraction of fuel molecule, which results in
better combustion of fuel.
8. PARAMETERS OF MFC:
8.1. Installation Position:
It is just before the carburetor or injector on inlet pipe or housing for maximum
alignment & maximum effect.
8.2.Polarity of magnet:
Fuel line is magnetized by South Pole and air line is magnetized by North Pole. Such
type of opposite polarity burns more completely, producing higher engine output, better
fuel economy, and more power and most important reduces the amount of pollutants. The
main benefit of such opposite polarity dissolves the carbon built up in carburetor jet,
spark plug electrode, injector nozzles and combustion chamber help to clean up the
engine parts and maintains the clean condition. Therefore the life of engine parts also
increases.
Maximum result is being obtained, if diameter is same or close to the system piping.
8.5.Magnetic flux:
Magnetic flux density which is varies differently on flat surface, core surface. It is
observed that maximum effect at centre.
8.7.Magnetic strength:
The strength of magnet depends on engine size. The magnetic flux density to be
imparted to fuel widely varies depending upon fuel, air or stream, combustion equipment
& its condition. In general the preferred range of Magnetic flux density is from 10001800 Gauss. Most preferred range for multi-cylinder is 1400-1800 Gauss. The field
strength is a function of engine size based on fuel consumption. In order to protect
magnet from effect of heat generated by engine magnet should provide insulation of
aluminium, copper or plastic to block radiant energy a layer of thermal insulation
(neoprene) to prevent heating & radiation
9. METHODOLOGY
The four stroke single cylinder diesel engine test rig will be prepared to run for all test.
The setup consists of an engine, an eddy current dynamometer, and an exhaust gas
analyser. Magnetic coil just installed before the injector on inlet pipe or housing for
maximum alignment & maximum effect .Two types of magnetic coils can used to
magnetize the fuel before entering the engine cylinder. This is done with aid of electric
magnetic coil which is placed on the pathway of fuel, approximately at one meter before
the carburetor system, to ensure that magnetizing takes place.
The fuel system is designed to facilitate for accurate measurement of the fuel flow rate.
The fuel consumption is measured directly by using the burette method. The fuel
consumption will be measured at different engine loading conditions and exhaust gas
measured by Exhaust gas analyzer. Engine performance including brake power, brake
specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency are studied using leaded gasoline with
magnetic effect and without magnetic effects. This procedure was done twice one for
without magnet installation and other for with magnetic coil installation and results will
be compared.
Magnetic fuel conditioner is used to maximize the mileage by using less diesel fuel. In
other words, magnetic fuel saver able to reduce the diesel consumption in the diesel
engine. Diesel fuels is in the form of liquid when its in the oil tank and the important
point is fuel will only combust when they are vaporized and mixed with the air. Thus,
something has to be done to break the particles into finer tiny particles to improve the
combustion. Magnets help to ionize the fuel . Fuel is basically from the groupings of
hydrocarbons. When the molecules of hydrocarbon flowing through a magnetic field, it
changes their orientation in the direction opposite to the magnetic field. Thus this results
in changes of molecule configuration and weakens the intermolecular force between the
molecules .
In other words, magnetic field actually disperses the molecules into more tiny particles
and making the fuel less viscous. Emission of dangerous gaseous such as oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulphur is the result of incomplete combustion in the combustion
chamber Magnetic field can improve the combustion level. Thus, automatically the
amount of dangerous gaseous can be reduced. The amount of unburned hydrocarbon also
can be reduced as the combustion rate improved .
Magnetic fuel saver is used to maximize the mileage by using less diesel fuel. In other
words, magnetic fuel saver able to reduce the diesel consumption in the diesel engine.
Many people still wondering how could a magnet changes a nonmagnetic liquids
properties. Magnetic effect on non-magnetic liquids is something we cannot see using
naked eyes. Thus, the best method to identify the working principle is by setup an
experiment.
Diesel fuels is in the form of liquid when its in the oil tank and the important point is
fuel will only combust when they are vaporized and mixed with the air. Thus, something
has to be done to break the particles into finer tiny particles to improve the combustion.
Magnets help to ionize the fuel. Fuel is basically from the groupings of hydrocarbons.
When the molecules of hydrocarbon flowing through a magnetic field, it changes their
orientation in the direction opposite to the magnetic field. Thus, this results in changes of
molecule configuration and weaken the intermolecular force between the molecules. In
other words, magnetic field actually disperses the molecules into more tiny particles and
making the fuel less viscous. Figure 2.3 shows how magnets help to disperse the
molecules.
Emission is another hot topic of diesel engine. Emission of dangerous
gaseous such as oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur is the result of incomplete
combustion in the combustion chamber. Magnetic field can improve the combustion
level. Thus, automatically the amount of dangerous gaseous can be reduced. The amount
of unburned hydrocarbon also can be reduced as the combustion rate improved.
RESULT TABLE
MERITS
No tools needed.
Lasts forever, simply remove from old car & install on new car.
Will pay for itself in only a few months in fuel savings alone.
Increased acceleration.
No fuel wastage
DEMERITS
Future SCOPE
The scopes of this project are:
i. Design the Magnet Device.
ii. Fabricate the Magnet Device.
iii. Theoretical analysis on the fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature
10. CONCLUSION
The study of fuel magnetism got importance in recent year due to its effect on
decreased fuel consumption and reduced exhaust emission. By establishing correct fuel
burning parameters through proper magnetic means (MFC) one can assume that an
internal combustion engine is getting maximum energy per liter as well as environment
with lowest possible level toxic emission. The resultant fuel burns more completely,
producing higher engine output, better fuel economy. With a magnetic field we can
increase the internal energy of the fuel, to cause specific changes at a molecular level.
Increasing the internal energy means molecules fly apart easier, join with oxygen easier
and ignite well to obtain easier combustion. The resultant conditioned fuel is magnetized
to burn more completely, producing higher engine output, better fuel economy, more
power and most importantly reduces the amount of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
in the exhaust.
11. REFERENCES :
1]Kushal Chaware:Review on Effect of Fuel Magnetism by varying
Intensity on Performance and Emission of single Cylinder Four
stroke Engine.Vol.3,Issue 1,Jan-Feb,2015 ISSN2091-2730.
[2] Shweta Jain, Prof. Dr. Suhas Deshmukh,2012 Experimental
Investigation of Magnetic Fuel Conditioner (M.F.C) in I.C.
engine,ISSN: 2250-3021 Volume 2, Issue 7 (July 2012), PP 27-31
[3]Barathal/ ponnusamy, magnet device to reduce diesel consumption
in diesel engine, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,university
Malaysia Pahang.
[4]Nitin Karande ,Sachine kumar Kore ,Sandip k.
Kumbhar:Experimental Study the Effect of Electromagnetic Field on
Performance & Emission of IC Engine.Vol.3,Issue 1,pp:(27-34) April
2015-September 2015
[5] V. A. Jundale, D. A. Pati:lAnalysis of Fuel and Exhaust Gases of SI
Engine by Using MagnetVol.3,Issue 4 ,April 2015.
P. Govindasamy and S. Dhandapani,Experimental Investigation of
Cyclic Variation of Combustion Parameters in CatalyticallyActivated and
Magnetically Energized Two-stroke SI Engine. journal of scientific and
industrial research vol.66, 2007;pp-457-463
[7]http://www.google.co.in [
[8]Textbook of Internal Combustion Engine: M.L.Mathur ,R.P.Sharma ,
V.Ganeshsn