Ts131 Large Solar PV Above 200kw or Rotating Generating Systems

Technical Standard TS 131
Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems

Published: January 2015
SA Power Networks
www.sapowernetworks.com.au
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
The use of this document is subject to the conditions stated in SA Power Networks disclaimer at the front of this document.
SA Power Networks 2015
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Authorised
01 October 2014
New document.
F. Hall
J. Ali
16 January 2015
Dot point added to Section 21.1. Cross reference numbers

in document corrected.
A. Lee
J. Ali
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Date
1.
Purpose .......................................................................................................6
2.
Scope ..........................................................................................................6
3.
Background .................................................................................................6
3.1
Embedded Generators Obligation to Advise ........................................................ 6
3.2
Relationship to the Service and Installation Rules ................................................ 7
3.3
NER Negotiated Access Standards ........................................................................ 7
3.4
NER Minimum Access Standards .......................................................................... 7
4.
Code Compliance.........................................................................................7
5.
Protection Systems......................................................................................8
5.1
6.
7.
Anti-Islanding ...................................................................................................... 9
5.1.1
Minimum Import Protection............................................................................. 9
5.1.2
Inter-Trip Protection .......................................................................................10
5.1.3
ROCOF and Vector Shift...................................................................................11
5.1.4
Under/Over Frequency ...................................................................................11
5.1.5
Under/Over Voltage........................................................................................11
5.2
Synchronising Facilities ....................................................................................... 11
5.3
Over-Current and Earth Fault .............................................................................. 12
5.4
Voltage Unbalance.............................................................................................. 12
5.5
Circuit Breaker Fail.............................................................................................. 13
5.6
Battery/Battery Charger or UPS Integration Protection ....................................... 13
5.7
Protection Equipment Requirements .................................................................. 13

5.7.1
Protection Testing and Commissioning ............................................................13
5.7.2
Protection Labelling and Security ....................................................................14
5.7.3
Protection Redundancy ...................................................................................14
Fault Level ................................................................................................. 14

6.1
Generating System Fault Level Contributions ...................................................... 14
6.2
SA Power Networks Ultimate Network Fault Levels ............................................. 15
Reactive Power Control ............................................................................. 15

7.1
Reactive Power Where Generators are also Customers ....................................... 15
8.
Real Power Control ................................................................................... 16
9.
Quality of Supply ....................................................................................... 16
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Contents
11. Fault Ride through Capability .................................................................... 18

12. Reclosing Co-Ordination ............................................................................ 18
13. Remote Monitoring and Control ................................................................ 19
13.1 Typical Remote Monitoring and Control Arrangements ....................................... 19
13.1.1
Large Solar PV Generating Systems 1MW or Less .............................................20
13.1.2
Non Export Above 5MW or Large Solar PV Above 1MW and Below 5MW .........20
13.1.3
Any Export Generating System or Large Solar PV 5MW and Above ...................22
13.2 Interface Signals ................................................................................................. 24
14. Generator Primary Plant ........................................................................... 25

14.1 General Requirements ........................................................................................ 25
14.2 Means of Isolation .............................................................................................. 25
14.3 Out of Phase Interrupting Capability ................................................................... 26
14.4 Protection VT and CT Requirements .................................................................... 26
14.5 Insulation Co-ordination ..................................................................................... 26
14.6 Asset Interface Labelling ..................................................................................... 27
15. Closed Transition Transfer Switches .......................................................... 27

16. Generator Earthing .................................................................................... 27
16.1 High Voltage Generators ..................................................................................... 28
16.2 Low Voltage Generators ..................................................................................... 28
17. Distribution Loss Factor (DLF) .................................................................... 28

18. Modelling Data.......................................................................................... 28
18.1 Generating Systems 5MW and Above ................................................................. 28
18.2 Generating Systems Less than 5MW ................................................................... 30
19. Metering ................................................................................................... 30

20. Project Completion.................................................................................... 31
20.1 SA Power Networks Site Visit Requirements ....................................................... 33
20.2 Commissioning Plan Requirements ..................................................................... 34
21. Pre-Connection Testing and Commissioning .............................................. 34

21.1 Pre-Connection Commissioning Documentation .................................................. 34
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10. Transfer Capacity....................................................................................... 17
23. Post Connection or Online Commissioning ................................................ 36

23.1 Quality of Supply Considerations ........................................................................ 37
24. Operating Protocols and Procedures ......................................................... 38

24.1 Operating Protocols ............................................................................................ 38
24.2 Operating Procedures ......................................................................................... 38
25. Compliance Monitoring and Maintenance................................................. 39

25.1 Frequency of Testing........................................................................................... 39
Appendices ....................................................................................................... 40
Appendix A: Preferred Connection Arrangements ........................................................ 40
A.1: Above 200 kW and 1MW LV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System ....................40
A.2: 1MW-1.5MW LV or 1MW-5MW HV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System ............41
A.3: 1MW LV Connected Non Export Rotating Gen-System ..........................................42
A.4: 1MW-1.5MW LV or 1MW-5MW HV Connected Non Export Rotating Gen-System ....43
A.5: Up to 5MW HV Connected Export Rotating Gen-System ..........................................44
A.6: 5MW-10MW HV Connected Export Rotating Gen-System ........................................45
A.7: Over 10MW Gen-System (33kV Connection) ...........................................................46
A.8: Over 10MW Gen-System (66kV Connection) ...........................................................47
Appendix B: Definitions ............................................................................................... 48

Appendix C: References ............................................................................................... 51
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22. Compliance Testing ................................................................................... 35
Purpose
This technical standard has been prepared to provide designers, contractors and consultants with
an understanding of SA Power Networks technical connection requirements for large embedded
generating systems that are solar PV above 200kW or rotating generating systems.
This document should be read in conjunction with NICC 270 Connection of large embedded
generation, which outlines the commercial and contractual aspects of SA Power Networks
connection requirements and is available on the SA Power Networks website.
2.
Scope
This technical standard is intended to provide a description of the technical connection
requirements for large embedded generating systems that are solar PV above 200kW or rotating
generating systems.
For SA Power Networks technical requirements for generating systems that are large solar PV up
to 200 kW, customers should refer to the document TS 130 - Technical standard for large solar PV
up to 200kW, available on our website.
This technical standard also outlines SA Power Networks requirements for closed transition
transfer switches. The technical requirements outlined in this technical standard, other than those
detailed in Section 16, do not apply to embedded generating systems that are connected via
compliant closed transition transfer switches.
It is not intended that these technical requirements limit or prohibit the connection of any
embedded generation. If a generating system is proposed that does not fit into any of the criteria
outlined in this document, it will be examined on its merits in line with the general requirements
for safety, security of supply and functionality that form the basis for this technical standard.
This document lists technical and information requirements that if met will allow safe and reliable
connection of generation capacity, subject to the power transfer capability at the point of
connection. It is not intended to form a guide on power system studies that may be required to
evaluate generation performance.
This technical standard does not constitute a detailed description of SA Power Networks or the
generators obligations under the Essential Services Commission of South Australias (ESCOSA)
Electricity Distribution Code (EDC) and the National Electricity Rules (NER). It is the responsibility
of the customer to ensure that their installation is compliant with the NER and the EDC.
3.
Background
3.1
Embedded Generators Obligation to Advise

Any customer proposing to connect a large embedded generation installation to SA Power
Networks distribution network must first advise SA Power Networks. Negotiations with SA Power
Networks for the possible connection of an embedded generating unit must precede any detailed
design, placement of orders for equipment and letting of contracts to avoid costs to the customer
arising from designs or equipment identified by SA Power Networks to be unsuitable for
connection to the distribution network.
SA Power Networks must undertake all necessary investigations to confirm that the proposed
connection of an embedded generating unit to the distribution network will not have any adverse
impact on the safety and/or security of the network.
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1.
Relationship to the Service and Installation Rules

This technical standard has been prepared to complement SA Power Networks Service and
Installation Rules, available from the SA Power Networks website. It is the responsibility of the
customer and their designers to ensure that the entire electrical installation, including the
Generating System, complies with both the Service and Installation Rules and this technical
standard.
3.3
NER Negotiated Access Standards

SA Power Networks will give appropriate consideration to negotiated access standards that are
proposed by the generator. It should be noted that, in the case of generator negotiated access
performance standards that impact on system security, SA Power Networks is required to seek
technical advice from AEMO.
In preparing and submitting generator negotiated access standards, generator customers should
provide the technical rationale, together with supporting information for assessment by SA Power
Networks.
Typically, when evaluating a generator Connection Application, SA Power Networks will give
consideration to the following issues:
Safety of personnel;
Plant and equipment is operated within ratings;
Operation of the existing system;
Future network development issues;
Continuity of supply considerations to existing customers ;
Quality of supply to existing customers; and
Capacity and operating mode of the proposed generator.
3.4
NER Minimum Access Standards

The acceptance of minimum access standards will depend on a number of factors, including the
proposed generation capacity and technology to be deployed. Consideration will also be given to
the connection location and existing customer supply issues.
SA Power Networks is obliged to seek advice from AEMO on the selection of access standards that
impact on system security issues.
4.
Code Compliance
The general installation must comply with all relevant Australian Standards, including but not
limited to those listed in Appendix C - References. All other relevant government and statutory
requirements must be adhered to, such as the Technical Regulations under the Electricity Act
1996, Electricity (General) Regulations 2012 and the WHS&W Act and Regulations 2012.
The generator and installation must comply with the following Standards, Codes, Regulations,
guides and technical standards:
National Electricity Rules (NER), as applicable;
Essential Services Commission of South Australia (ESCOSA) Electricity Distribution Code (EDC);
SA Power Networks Service & Installation Rules; and
SA Power Networks Technical Standards, as applicable to the generating system type and
nameplate capacity.
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3.2
Protection Systems
This section outlines the protection systems that may be required by SA Power Networks. If a
protection scheme is proposed that does not fit into any of the criteria outlined in these sections,
it will be examined on its merits in line with the general requirements for safety, security of
supply and functionality.
The protection scheme shall be designed in accordance with the applicable regulations and SA
Power Networks standards, which require a protection system that detects all credible fault types.
No later than three months prior to the commencement of commissioning, the embedded
generator must submit to SA Power Networks for review and agreement any protection system
details that have not been provided at the connection application stage. This may include but not
be limited to protection and control system settings.
Protection design at the connection point between the embedded generator and the SA Power
Networks distribution network will be capable of reliable discrimination between faults on the
generating system and the network, to ensure the security and reliability of supply to all SA Power
Networks customers.
In addition, the dispatch of embedded generation must not cause cycling of network protection or
control systems and consideration will be given to the co-ordination of plant and equipment
settings. Most of SA Power Networks distribution feeders are programmed for automatic reclosing 1.5 to 5 seconds after successful clearance of a feeder fault. Therefore, failure of the
customers equipment to rapidly disconnect during an SA Power Networks loss of supply event
may result in damage to embedded generators equipment.
The size and characteristics of the proposed embedded generation determines the type of
protection system that must be installed. Table 1 provides a summary of the protection
requirements applicable to your project. Examples showing different types of generation and the
protection schemes required for different capacities are shown in Appendix A.
Non Export
Protection Scheme
Export
1 MW
> 1MW
1 MW
> 1MW
Minimum Import
Yes
Yes
No
No
Inter-Tripping
No
No (1)
Yes (2)
Yes (2)
ROCOF and Vector Shift
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Under/Over Frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Under/Over Voltage
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Synchronisation (3)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Generator Over-current
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Generator Earth Fault
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Voltage Unbalance
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
HV only
Yes
HV only
Yes
No
Yes (3)
No
Yes (3)
Anti-Islanding
Customer CBF
Pole Slip
Set 1& 2 Protection(4)
No
No
No
Table 1: Generating system protection requirements
No (1)
Page 8 of 52
5.
Notes:
(1) May be required depending on generating system size and location
(3) Subject to NER S5.2 process outcome
(4) Refer examples in Appendix A
5.1
Anti-Islanding
This section describes the types of anti-islanding protection that may be required for Generating
Systems connecting to the SA Power Networks distribution network, as outlined in AS 4777. The
extent and type of anti-islanding protection will depend on the size and characteristics of the
proposed Generating System. Table1 provides a summary of the anti-islanding protection
requirements applicable to your project.
The embedded generating system must be disconnected whenever the distribution network is deenergised. For example, whenever the SA Power Networks substation circuit breaker and / or
recloser controlling the feeder that supplies the embedded generating systems connection point
operates either for a fault or switching operation, then the embedded generating unit must
automatically disconnect from the distribution network.
Anti-islanding protection schemes are required to operate within the reclose time of the
applicable SA Power Networks protection device. Generation installations should not be
reconnected to the network after restoration of grid supply without verification that normal
conditions have been restored for a minimum of 2 minutes.
The anti-islanding protection settings must be designed to ensure generator fault ride through
capability for remote network faults and reliable operation for islanding events. Anti-islanding
protection must not trip for fault ride through events unless agreed otherwise with SA Power
Networks. It should be noted that unscheduled tripping of generation capacity following system
fault events can produce significant voltage variations and may impact on SA Power Networks
quality of supply to other customers.
5.1.1
Minimum Import Protection

Non-export generating systems never export power to the distribution network and are
designed to ensure all generated electricity is consumed within the customers
premises.
Unless an inter-trip protection scheme is installed, all non-export embedded generating
systems must include minimum import power protection to detect an islanding
operation and to prevent the inadvertent export of electricity into the distribution
network. The minimum import protection scheme is in addition to other SA Power
Networks embedded generating unit network protection requirements.
The minimum import power protection must include three phase power monitoring
relays installed at the connection point, or other agreed location, to ensure a minimum
level of demand is continuously supplied by the Network.
This power monitoring protection is typically set to a threshold of 10% of the Agreed
Maximum Demand (AMD) of the customers installation. Whenever the electricity
import level from the distribution network drops below this threshold for more than
0.4 seconds, the embedded generating system must be automatically disconnected from
the distribution network. The minimum import protection circuit must be of fail-safe
design.
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(2) Typically not required for generation where all Generating Units are inverters
Where a Customer proposes to utilise minimum import protection and also plans to
return to SA Power Networks supply with a seamless or bumpless transfer, special
consideration must be given to the minimum import protection arrangement.
Under this scenario, and if determined feasible by SA Power Networks, the minimum
import protection may be temporarily inhibited for a short duration to allow the
seamless transfer of the customers facility to SA Power Networks supply. This
temporary inhibit is allowed to ensure the generating system is able to be unloaded to a
level that ensures correct operation of the uninhibited minimum import protection
scheme. The inhibit must be of fail-safe design.
Where SA Power Networks has agreed to a temporary inhibit of the minimum import
protection, reverse power protection must be installed to detect and prevent islanding
operation. The reverse power protection must be set as low as practical, taking into
account the protection relay, CT accuracy and generating unit synchronisation
characteristics. Typically, such protection will be set at 5% of the agreed connection
point capacity with a 1 second delay. The design of control systems will need to
minimise reverse power flow immediately following synchronisation.
5.1.2
Inter-Trip Protection
Inter-trip protection is required for any exporting embedded generator that does not
comply with AS 4777. Inter-trip protection may also be required in other cases where
the combined generation capacity represents a significant portion of the total area load,
or implementation of a minimum import protection scheme is not feasible.
The inter-trip protection scheme shall be installed so that the embedded generator is
disconnected from the Network when the distribution network is de-energised via SA
Power Networks network protection. The inter-trip scheme is in addition to other SA
Power Networks embedded generating unit network protection requirements.
Where an intertrip protection scheme has been deemed necessary, SA Power Networks
will, at the customers expense, install a communication link between the embedded
generator and the relevant SA Power Networks substation. Under some circumstances,
SA Power Networks may require diversity or duplication of these communications links.
The SA Power Networks communication link will be continuously monitored for
integrity. In the event that the communication link fails, the embedded generating will
be automatically disconnected from the distribution network until the communications
link is restored.
SA Power Networks will provide the inter-trip signal to an agreed interface panel
installed at an agreed location on the customers site. It will be the responsibility of the
customer to trip the agreed circuit breaker(s) on receipt of the inter-trip signal. The
intertrip signal from the interface panel to the agreed circuit breaker, including the
communications link, must be of fail safe design.
The customer must also include tripping of the generating facility in the even that DC
supply to the protection scheme is lost.
Further details on the interface requirements can be found in Section 14.
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Minimum Import Protection and Seamless Transfer
ROCOF and Vector Shift

ROCOF and vector shift protection may be required to detect islanding operation. If
deemed required, both ROCOF and vector shift protection elements must be included in
the protection scheme. Typically, ROCOF setting must not trip for excursions in system
frequency less than 4 Hz/second.
The ROCOF and vector shift protection settings must be based on the embedded
generators proposed distribution network connection arrangement and operating
requirements. The protection settings will be determined by SA Power Networks at the
design stage and subject to the results of the network study and subsequent engineering
report.
Generator customers shall submit details of their proposed ROCOF and vector shift
settings to SA Power Networks for approval prior to commissioning.
5.1.4
Under/Over Frequency
Under and over frequency protection must be installed to ensure the generating system
is disconnected from the Network when the system frequency varies outside the
nominated range. The frequency protection settings must be based on the embedded
generators proposed distribution network connection arrangement and operating
requirements.
In those scenarios where inter-trip or minimum import protection is not required, if the
generating system uses inverters that have internal under and over frequency
protection this scheme can be used as the main protection and a single back-up under
and over frequency protection scheme applied as the back-up protection.
5.1.5
Under/Over Voltage
Under and over voltage protection must be installed to monitor all three phases at the
connection point. This protection is set to ensure the generating system is disconnected
from the Network when the voltage varies outside predetermined values.
In the event that the generating system is located remote from the connection point, SA
Power Networks may accept use of a local voltage reference source for use with under
and over voltage protection.
The under and over voltage protection will be a two staged protection scheme,
incorporating short term (less than 1 second) and long term (10 minute) voltage
measurements. The customers protection relays must be capable of at least a two stage
protection scheme.
In the scenarios where inter-trip or minimum import protection is not required, if the
generating system uses inverters, that have internal under and over voltage protection,
this scheme can be used as the main protection and a single back-up under and over
voltage protection scheme applied as the back-up protection.
5.2
Synchronising Facilities
Synchronisation is the act of matching, within allowable limits, the voltage magnitude, phase
angle, and frequency of an embedded generator prior to closing the connecting circuit breaker. In
order to minimise disturbances to adjoining customers, all three quantities must be closely
matched across the connecting circuit breaker before closure.
In the case of synchronous generator units, automatic synchronising facilities must be installed at
the circuit breaker that interfaces with the distribution network and / or where ever else that it is
proposed to synchronise the embedded generating system with the distribution network.
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5.1.3
Synchronisation controls must provide for "clean" connection without potential for large reactive
power flows in or out of the embedded generating unit following network connection.
Synchronisation must produce voltage variations less than +/- 4% of the prevailing network
voltage at the network connection point and comply with the assigned flicker levels (refer to
Section 10 of this Technical Standard).
Automatic synchronising controls will operate inside the limits shown in Table 2:
Aggregated capacity
(kVA)
Frequency difference
(f, Hz)
Voltage difference
(V, %)
Phase angle
difference
(, O)
0 -500
0.3
10
20
>500 - 1,500
0.2
15
>1,500
0.1
10
Table 2: Generation synchronising requirements

The customer will undertake tests to demonstrate that at the moment of closing the connecting
circuit breaker, all three parameters are within the assigned range. Tests should also demonstrate
that if any of the parameters are outside the assigned range, the connecting circuit breaker will
not close. The use of manual synchronisation controls are not permitted except during
commissioning.
SA Power Networks circuit breakers are not fitted with synchronising facilities.
Asynchronous generating systems, including inverters, do not require installation of synchronising
facilities as the network electricity supply is required to facilitate starting and running of
generation capacity. However, the start-up (in-rush) current following energisation, must also
produce voltage variations less than +/- 4% of the prevailing network voltage at the network
connection point and comply with the assigned flicker levels (refer to Section 9).
5.3
Over-Current and Earth Fault

Unless otherwise agreed, over-current and earth fault protection must be installed on the
embedded generating system. This protection is used to detect faults within the embedded
generators installation and the distribution network.
This protection must coordinate with all relevant protection, including the distribution network
protection and any customers protection, and must include high speed protection, (ie no
intentional delay). The embedded generator's protection system must be capable of
discriminating between a fault that is internal or external to the generating system.
5.4
Voltage Unbalance
A voltage unbalance (or negative phase sequence) protection scheme must be installed for all
embedded generators. These schemes must be designed to protect the generator against
unbalance of system operating conditions and ensure the rapid disconnection of all embedded
generators.
Protection settings will be coordinated with and trip the generator for voltage unbalance
conditions greater than the values show in Table 3.
Page 12 of 52
Synchronising facilities are to include a dead bus check system to prevent the customer closing
the embedded generating unit onto the distribution network when it is de-energised.
Table 3: Generating system voltage unbalance requirements (source: NER Table S5.1a.1).
5.5
Circuit Breaker Fail

Circuit Breaker Failure (CBF) protection is required for LV connected embedded generators having
a capacity greater than 1 MW or any HV connected embedded generator.
The form of CBF protection is subject to agreement with SA Power Networks, but may include one
of the following:
CB auxiliary switch scheme;
Current based scheme; or
Remote back-up coverage via other plant.
Islanded system operation would not be considered suitable in the event of a down-stream CBF
event.
5.6
Battery/Battery Charger or UPS Integration Protection

The generating system must be automatically disconnected from the network in the event of a
failure of the direct current (DC) supply or UPS supply to the protection and control systems.
Where the protection scheme for a generating system involves an intertrip signal from SA Power
Networks, duplicate (ie Set 1 and Set 2) DC supplies must be provided.
5.7
Protection Equipment Requirements

All protection equipment must comply with the relevant IEC standards, as listed in Appendix C References.
Registered participants should note the provisions of NER clause S5.2.2 and the Electricity
Distribution Code and seek approval from SA Power Networks (and if required AEMO) for all
appropriate protection settings.
5.7.1
Protection Testing and Commissioning

Prior to connection to the distribution network, all protection equipment must be tested
and commissioned by a competent commissioning officer, in line with the requirements
of Section 21 of this technical standard.
The embedded generator must keep a written record of all protection settings and test
results. A copy of this record should be available at the connection point or as required
by SA Power Networks.
Page 13 of 52
Protection Labelling and Security

Protection systems should be clearly labelled and shall be permanent, indelible, legible
from viewing levels and suitable for the purpose which it is intended for the life of the
installation. Protection relay labelling is to include a notice Settings only to be changed
with prior approval from the distributor.
All protection systems must be tamperproof to prevent unscheduled changes of
settings.
SA Power Networks considers the following methods suitable to ensure settings are
tamperproof:
1) The fitting of a uniquely identifiable seal in such a manner that protection settings
cannot be modified without the removal of the seal.
2) Password protection, where in the presence of an SA Power Networks officer the
settings are password protected and the password is only then provided to a
responsible person of the customer.
5.7.3
Protection Redundancy
In the case that the protection and control schemes outlined in this section are already
incorporated internally within those schemes employing inverters, the internal inverter
protection schemes can be used as the main protection but back-up protection (external
to the inverter protection) will also be required.
The overall protection scheme must include sufficient redundancy to ensure that a
faulted element within the protection zone is disconnected from the distribution
network within the applicable fault clearance time with any single protection element
(including communications upon which that protection system depends) failing or being
out of service.
6.
Fault Level
6.1
Generating System Fault Level Contributions

Embedded generating systems may raise the fault levels of the distribution network beyond the
safe operating level of SA Power Networks and our existing Network users equipment.
Fault level contributions from any proposed generator installation must be determined at the
design stage and SA Power Networks can provide source impedance data to assist customers.
Depending on the network connection location, the embedded generator may need to select
appropriate generator, step up transformer and grounding options to mitigate potential fault
level issues. Alternatively approved fault mitigation equipment may be utilised to reduce fault
level contributions.
Any additional short circuit fault current sources are to be accurately defined and carefully
managed. The embedded generator will bear the costs that SA Power Networks may incur in
respect of applying any fault level control mitigation measures.
Section 8.1 of our NICC 270 Connection of large embedded generation contains specific fault
level information where the generating system is proposed to be installed in the Adelaide CBD.
Page 14 of 52
5.7.2
6.2
SA Power Networks Ultimate Network Fault Levels
As the Network fault levels are subject to change, the Network ultimate fault level should be used
for sizing any customer equipment for the customers proposed installations high voltage and low
voltage plant and switchgear.
SA Power Networks responsibility will be to ensure fault levels do not exceed these ultimate fault
levels. Table 4 provides indication of safe network fault rating design requirements.
Supply voltage
Fault level
400 V
Refer to NICC 802 11kV and 7.6kV to Low Voltage Mk7 Pad-Transformers
7.6 kV or 11 kV
20 kA
33 kV
25 kA
66 kV
31.5 kA
Table 4: Network fault rating design requirements
7.
Reactive Power Control

The majority of SA Power Networks zone substation transformers are fitted with on-load tap
changing (OLTC) facilities and will automatically act to restore network voltage levels within
minutes. In addition, Line Drop Compensation (LDC) controls may also be used to regulate the
network voltage at a location downstream of the zone substation. These controls are commonly
used to regulate network voltages and maximise transfer capacity to customers.
The connection of embedded generators to the distribution network may impact on SA Power
Networks ability to regulate network voltages. For this reason, SA Power Networks requires
embedded generating systems to control reactive power output, within their capability, to
maintain the connection point voltage to an agreed target or operate at an agreed power factor
such that voltage variations are maintained within prescribed limits.
The generating systems reactive power output must be controlled within an agreed range. A
generating system would typically be expected to be capable of continuously supplying or
absorbing reactive power to achieve a power factor of +/- 0.93 as measured at the connection
point. Subject to the appropriate network studies, generating systems not able to meet these
typical reactive power capabilities may still be considered acceptable.
In order to maintain satisfactory network voltages, the generating systems controllers will need
to operate with a tolerance of 2% of the maximum reactive power generation range.
In order to achieve this, the embedded generator may require additional sources of reactive
power (eg Statcoms, capacitors) or network augmentations to regulate network voltages within
acceptable limits.
The final operating reactive power requirements for the embedded generating system will be
identified by the network studies and included within the engineering report.
7.1
Reactive Power Where Generators are also Customers

In cases where a proposed generating system is connected to a connection point that also
supplies electrical load, the reactive power requirements at the connection point will be a
combination of the supply and generation requirements.
Page 15 of 52
The SA Power Networks system operates using a range of distribution voltages and the associated
fault levels may vary significantly depending on the network connection points nominal voltage.
When the site is exporting electricity, the generating system would typically be expected to be
capable of continuously supplying or absorbing reactive power to achieve a power factor of +/0.93 as measured at the connection point. Subject to the appropriate network studies, generating
system not able to meet the typical reactive power capabilities may still be considered
acceptable.
When the sites supplied load is greater than 30% of the maximum demand at the connection
point, irrespective of whether the generating system is generating electricity, the reactive power
requirements will be as per Section 6.5.3 of SA Power Networks Service and Installation Rules.
When the supplied load is less than 30% of the maximum demand at the connection point, SA
Power Networks will accept a power factor at the connection point outside the allowed range
provided this does not cause the system standards to be violated or plant limits (ie OLTC) to be
exceeded.
8.
Real Power Control

To ensure control over the real power in feed to the distribution network, adequate control
must be provided over the governor or primary energy source. The embedded generating units
real power output must comply with NER clause S5.2.5.14 - Active power control technical
requirements.
If required by SA Power Networks, the embedded generator will be fitted with Generation
Dispatch Limiter (GDL) controls to automatically reduce real power output to assigned levels and
maintain security and reliability of customer supply. SA Power Networks will issue a maximum
GDL signal to the embedded generator via a SCADA control interface and sent out generation
capacity must not exceed this limit.
Notwithstanding the requirements to install an operational GDL control scheme, any generating
system connected to SA Power Networks distribution network shall have the capability of ramping
real power output in response to an external signal.
Depending on the network connection location, SA Power Networks may also place restrictions on
the ramping of real power production to support the management of network voltages and
detailed studies may be required assess the impact of dispatch with existing generation capacity.
9.
Quality of Supply
Generating systems must not impact on the quality of supply to SA Power Networks other
network users. The generating system must comply with all applicable requirements of the NER,
the EDC and the Service and Installation Rules, including but not limited to:
Network voltage control;
Voltage fluctuations;
Harmonics; and
Voltage balance.
As part of any Application to Connect, SA Power Networks will undertake the required network
studies to determine compliance or otherwise based on assigned power quality of supply limits.
The results of the studies, and any associated operational constraints will be advised within either
the engineering report or Offer to Connect.
SA Power Networks assessment and allocation of power quality limits for generators will generally
be in accordance with the AS/NZS 61000 series. Subject to existing power quality limitations at
the proposed network connection point, SA Power Networks will give consideration to
establishing negotiated access standards in accordance with NER S5.2.5.2 -Quality of Electricity
Generated.
Page 16 of 52
The development of negotiated access standards for power quality, are analogous to the AS/NZS
61000 Stage 3 process and reflect acceptance of emissions levels on a conditional basis. It should
be noted therefore, that SA Power Networks may rescind the allocation of Stage 3 emission levels
as a result of changes in network configuration or connection of additional customers. In the
event that a reallocation of emission levels is required, SA Power Networks will advise the
generator at the earliest possible time.
It is the responsibility of the embedded generator to ensure ongoing compliance with their
assigned power quality obligations and undertake appropriate tests as required.
Unscheduled or scheduled disconnection of embedded generator capacity must not results in
changes to customer supply voltages (at the end of feeders) in excess of those defined in the NER
and EDC technical requirements. Detailed studies may be required to identify the extent of
customer voltage variations following tripping of an embedded generator.
The operation of an embedded generator must not cause any cycling of network protection or
control systems. This dispatch of generator capacity must not result in a material increases in the
number of transformer tap changer operations in the adjoining network.
10.
Transfer Capacity
The embedded generator transfer capacity into the distribution network will depend on a number
of factors including:
1. The network connection voltage;
2. Thermal and fault rating of network plant and equipment;
3. Characteristics of the network plant and equipment;
4. Proximity and capacity of adjoining loads and generating systems; and
5. Generation capacity.
Also depending on the capacity of the embedded generating system, dynamic stability studies
may be required to assess stability issues and identify the maximum generation capacity that can
be dispatched under normal and contingency operating conditions.
The thermal rating of the distribution assets must not be overloaded beyond acceptable limits
under any of the operational scenarios of the embedded generator. The distribution plant
affected may include the feeder conductors (both underground and overhead), line voltage
regulators, reclosers, circuit breakers, disconnectors, instrument transformers and power
transformers. Detailed investigations will be required to confirm the binding thermal limits that
may constrain generation transfer capacity.
Equally, the fault rating of any and all distribution network assets must not be exceeded under
any operational scenario of the generator.
Importantly, generating systems must comply with the provisions of NER clause S5.2.5.12 - Impact
on network capability, and as a minimum, must not restrict the ability to supply customer load or
power transfer capacity to an area by more than the embedded generator capacity.
Additional control systems may be required to support the management of embedded generator
dispatch under contingency operating conditions.
The sudden disconnection of embedded generation capacity should not produce network voltage
changes that impact on other network users and must be below levels specified under the NER.
Typically, the following maximum generating system connection capacities may be possible under
favourable conditions, but may be less depending on the individual distribution network
configuration:
Page 17 of 52
Up to 5 MW via an existing shared 11 kV distribution network, with an 11kV connection point.

Note: In weak areas a dedicated 11kV distribution network may be required ;
Up to 10 MW via a dedicated 11kV or 33kV distribution network; and
Greater than 10MW via a dedicated 33kV or 66kV substation supply.
It should be acknowledged that there can be significant variation in network characteristics,
plant thermal ratings and customer loads depending on location, and as such an accurate
assignment of transfer capacity cannot be made without undertaking the appropriate network
studies or calculations.
SA Power Networks does not permit the connection to either the low voltage (LV) or high voltage
(HV) distribution networks of single phase embedded generating unit installations unless the
unit(s) comply with AS 4777.
Examples showing different types of generation and the connection arrangement for different
capacities are shown in Appendix A.
11.
Fault Ride through Capability

The ability of an embedded generator to ride through selected network faults may be a
requirement for network connection depending on the location and capacity of the generator
unit.
While it is possible that tripping of a single generator unit due to a system fault may not cause
material impact on local customer supply, SA Power Networks may need to consider potential for
"cascade" or "co-incident" tripping of many embedded generator units following a network fault
and evaluate their combined impact on system security and reliability of supply to customers.
The above concerns are captured under NER clause S5.2.5.5 - Generating system response to
disturbances following contingency events.
SA Power Networks may need to evaluate the impact of both transmission and distribution faults
on generator performance. Depending on the outcome of these studies, embedded generators
may be required to ensure fault ride through capability.
12.
Reclosing Co-Ordination
SA Power Networks commonly use automatic reclosing on distribution networks to limit the
duration of interruptions to customers for momentary fault events. Reclosers and circuit breakers
can be automatically reclosed after a fault condition. Typically, 70% to 90% of faults on overhead
distribution network are transient in nature and by de-energising supply for a short time, the arc
will extinguish and supply can be restored if the initial fault does not result in equipment damage.
In effect, automatic reclosing allows immediate testing of a previously faulted portion of the
network and makes it possible to restore supply if the fault is no longer present. Typically, SA
Power Network reclose times vary between 1 and 5 seconds and are programmed to attempt to
reclose 1 to 3 times before permanently opening (locked out).
The connection of embedded generation to a distribution network means that the network can
potentially be energised after the network recloser or circuit breaker is opened. Unless the
embedded generating system is rapidly disconnected, the arc may not extinguish and result in
unsuccessful recloser or circuit breaker operations. This may lead to an extended supply outage to
many customers rather than a short term supply interruption.
Page 18 of 52
Up to 1.5MW via a dedicated transformer, with a 400V connection point. Note: In weak areas
a dedicated 11kV feeder may be required;
Assuming the arc was extinguished, the "islanded" feeder may drift in synchronism from the main
grid. If the network recloser or circuit breaker was to reclose, while the "islanded network" was
still supplied via the embedded generator, significant voltage transients may be generated. This
event will produce out of phase voltages that may result in:
1. Damage to the embedded generating system;
2. Transient over-voltages on the connecting network resulting in damage to customer
equipment and failure of surge arrestors;
3. Transformers and motors may experience high magnetic inrush and cause maloperation of
protection systems; and
4. Rapid changes in the out of phase voltages may cause damage to customer equipment over a
wide area.
For the above reasons, it is important to co-ordinate the tripping of Generating Systems with
feeder reclosing to prevent out of phase supply events. The protection requirements outlined in
Section 5 of this document have been designed to address these issues. However, it is the
responsibility of the customer to ensure the functional operation of all generation protection and
control system systems.
Depending on the capacity of the embedded generation facility and proximity of other embedded
generating system, SA Power Networks may require the installation of Inter-trip protection using
a reliable communications medium to automatically disconnect the generator in the event of a
reclose operation. SA Power Networks inter-trip requirements are listed in Section 5.1.2 of this
technical standard.
Long distribution networks, multiple sources of supply, multiple reclosers and voltage regulators
may contribute to the complexity of secure inter trip protection schemes. It should be noted that
the cost of designing, maintaining and installing these inter trip schemes will be borne by the
embedded generating system.
13.
Remote Monitoring and Control

The broad/general remote monitoring and control requirements for embedded generating
systems are outlined in this section. However, the exact requirements will be determined during
SA Power Networks assessment of the proposed embedded generating systems connection to
the distribution network. The nameplate capacity and operational requirements of the proposed
embedded generating system in relation to the capacity of the distribution network at the
proposed connection point will influence the actual interface and communications requirements.
13.1
Typical Remote Monitoring and Control Arrangements

This section outlines the typical remote monitoring and control arrangements that SA Power
Networks requires to facilitate a connection to the network.
SA Power Networks will receive SCADA and protection inputs (as applicable) as a form of real time
monitoring to SA Power Networks Network Operations Centre and is responsible for all
equipment on this end. SA Power Networks is also responsible for all associated equipment within
SA Power Networks communications network. This may include the following equipment:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Protection relays (eg. aux trip relays, directional distance relays);

Current and voltage transformers;
SCADA RTU;
DC power system;
Discrete digital signalling fibre or radio system (eg tele-protection scheme; multiplexing);
Private or public mobile carrier network equipment; and
SA Power Networks communications cubicle or cabinet.
Page 19 of 52
all equipment within the customers plant (isolators, circuit breakers, CTs, VTs),
the interface for all inputs and outputs required for the protection scheme,
the control room,
auxiliary supplies, and
generating system SCADA monitoring and control.
The customer is to provide and maintain a PSTN (public switched telephone network) telephone
facility for the purposes of backup operational communications between the Generator's
responsible operator and the SA Power Networks Network Operations Centre.
13.1.1 Large Solar PV Generating Systems 1MW or Less

This solution is only applicable for the generating systems that are large solar PV
generating systems 1MW or less.
SA Power Networks need to be provided with interval data on the electricity that the
solar PV generating system has produced, however this data is not required on a real
time basis. This requirement may be met by the installation of a remote read interval
meter that provides the required data to SA Power Networks metering database on a
weekly basis.
13.1.2 Non Export Above 5MW or Large Solar PV Above 1MW and Below 5MW
The solution shown in Figure 1 is only applicable for the following generating systems:
Non-exporting greater than 5MW; or
Large solar PV above 1MW and below 5MW.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of SCADA/Tel solution for non export above 5MW, or solar PV above
1MW and below 5MW
Page 20 of 52
The augmentation of SA Power Networks communications network will be at the customers

expense. The customer is responsible for:
Accommodation for SA Power Networks Equipment

Allocate space for SA Power Networks communications equipment adjacent to
customers equipment and ensure it is easily accessible. SA Power Networks is
responsible for providing, installing and commissioning its equipment. Allow for
600mm (W) x 400mm (D) wall space for a wall mount cubicle, including 1,000mm for
front access.
Provide an earth bonding point back to customer common earth bar.
Serial Interfaces
Provide serial RS232 as interface standard (compliant V24 and V28).
Provide serial DNP3 protocol for SCADA interface between customer PLC and SA
Power Networks RTU eg. GE Harris iBox.
DC Power System
Provide 24, 48 or 110 VDC from customers DC battery bank.
Provide single protected (circuit breaker) feed to an isolator located adjacent or
above SA Power Networks equipment.
The feed to be able to provide 50W of load.
The back-up time for the DC supply no less than 24 hours.
AC Supply
Provide 230V AC supply for commissioning purposes.
Communication Signal Fail-Safe
The PLC must be capable of receiving a pulse for a healthy communications signal
from SA Power Networks RTU every 60 seconds from which the customer PLC will
initiate an automatic controlled shutdown of the generating system in the event of a
communications failure indicated by the lack of any single pulse.
Fibre/Radio Connection to Customer Control Room
Allowance for entry of fibre or coaxial cable into the customer control room and
access to the SA Power Networks cubicle (ie cable ladder).
Allow for installation of external radio or private or public mobile carrier antenna.
SCADA Input/Output
Customer to liaise with SA Power Networks to provide a list of SCADA inputs for the
generating system.
Prior to beginning SA Power Networks SCADA works on site, the customers PLC must
be brought into SA Power Networks offices for factory acceptance testing and
confirmation that the PLC communicates correctly with SA Power Networks
equipment.
Control room Temperature
With air-conditioning, temperature range to be maintained below +30C.
Page 21 of 52
To facilitate connection of this size and type of generating system, the following
requirements must be met by the customer:
13.1.3 Any Export Generating System or Large Solar PV 5MW and Above
This solution is only applicable for the following generating systems:
Any export generating system; or
Any large solar PV greater than or equal to 5MW.
To facilitate connection of this size and type of generating system, the following
requirements must be met by the customer:
Accommodation and Requirements for SA Power Networks Equipment
The cubicle shall be located inside a suitable building, and any special environmental
consideration shall be identified (eg IP56 rating, temperature/climate control).
Allow for 800 mm (W) x 600 mm (D) x 2100 mm (H) floor space.
Allow for 1000 mm clearance for front and rear access to open doors.
Provide an earth bonding point back to customer common earth bar.
Figure 2: Block diagram of SCADA/Tel solution for any export or large solar PV 5MW and
above
Serial Interfaces
Provide an interface panel as a demarcation point within the customer site.
Provide serial RS232 as interface standard (compliant V24 and V28).
Provide serial DNP3 protocol for SCADA interface between Customer PLC and SA
Power Networks RTU.
Fail-safe contact arrangement with SA Power Networks digital I/O.
Page 22 of 52
Site Access
Escorted site access to SA Power Networks equipment for faults and maintenance
must be provided.
DC Power System
Provide 12, 24, 48 or 110 VDC from customers DC battery bank, connected to SA
Power Networks DC/DC converters.
Provide 2 x individual protected (circuit breaker) feeds to dual isolators located
adjacent or above SA Power Networks cubicle.
Each feed to be able to provide 100W of load.
The total back-up time for the DC feeds no less than 24 hours.
AC Supply
Provide 230V AC supply for commissioning purposes.
Circuit Breaker(S) (Disconnecting Generator(S))
The trip circuit to be a normally closed circuit.
Fibre/Radio Connection To Customer Control Room
Allowance for entry of fibre or coaxial cable into the customer control room and
access to SA Power Networks cubicle (eg cable ladder).
Allow for installation of external radio antenna.
Permissive Signalling Fail-Safe
With SA Power Networks RTU present in the SA Power Networks substation
(compulsory requirement), a 60-second watchdog pulse arrangement will be in place
which the customer PLC will initiate an automatic controlled shutdown of the
generating system in the event of a communications failure (either via customer PLC
or SA Power Networks RTU).
SCADA Input/Output
Customer to liaise with SA Power Networks to provide a list of SCADA inputs/outputs
for the generating system.
Prior to beginning SA Power Networks SCADA works on site, the customers PLC
must be brought into SA Power Networks offices for factory acceptance testing and
confirmation that the PLC communicates correctly with SA Power Networks
equipment.
Control room Temperature
With air-conditioning, temperature range to be below +30C.
Site Access
24-hour site access to SA Power Networks equipment for faults and maintenance
(escorted or non-escorted).
Page 23 of 52
Interface Signals
A detailed list of interface signals will be prepared as the embedded generator project progresses.
However, the following tables are intended to provide an indication of the typical SCADA interface
requirements for two generator units connected via a single HV connection point.
The control interface may need to include provision for a Generation Dispatch Limiter (GDL) that
provides for secure dispatch of embedded generation capacity and SA Power Networks will
confirm these requirements on a site specific basis.
SA Power Networks SCADA requirements are shown in Tables 5 to 8:
Digital Outputs (From SA Power Networks to
Generator)
Signal Condition
Permission to Connect
Granted/ Denied
Inter-trip Protection Sent (Exporting

Enabled/ Inhibit
Generators Only)
Table 5: SCADA Digital Output Requirements
Analogue Outputs (From SA Power Networks
to Generator)
Generator Dispatch Limiter Set Point
Signal Condition
Analogue Signal
Power Factor Set Point Control
Analogue Signal
Voltage Set Point Control
Analogue Signal
Network Voltage
Analogue Signal
Table 6: SCADA Analogue Output Requirements
Analogue Inputs (From Generator to SA Power

Signal Condition
Networks)
Generator Real Power Output
Analogue Signal
Generator Reactive Power Output
Analogue Signal
Generator Current (Amps)
Analogue Signal
Generator Voltage (Volts)
Analogue Signal
Number of Generating Units Connected
Analogue Signal
Generator Dispatch Capacity
Analogue Signal
Power Factor Set Point Control Acknowledged
Analogue Signal
Voltage Set Point Control Acknowledged
Analogue Signal
Table 7: SCADA Analogue Input Requirements
Page 24 of 52
13.2
Signal Condition
Normal/ Failed
Normal/ Failed
Normal/ Failed
Permission to Connect Received
Granted/ Denied
Generator Dispatch Limiter Set Point

Acknowledged
Yes/No
Generator Direct Trip Received
Normal/ Fault
Generator HV Circuit Breaker Status
Normal/ Fault
Generator HV Circuit Breaker Status
Open/ Closed
Generator 1 Ready Status
Available/ Unavailable
Generator 2 Ready Status
Available/ Unavailable
Generator 1 Status
Running/ stopped
Generator 2 Status
Running/ stopped
Permission to Connect Denied Time Expired

Enable/ Inhibit
Alarm
Inter-trip Protection Received (Exporting
Enable/ Inhibit
Generators Only)
Table 8: SCADA Digital Input Requirements
14.
Generator Primary Plant
14.1
General Requirements
The use of synchronous generators will impose out-of-phase switching duty on the circuit breaker
that is opened to disconnect the facility from the distribution system. Potentially, this circuit
breaker may see twice the normal phase-to-ground voltage under some system operating
conditions.
Other system events may produce higher voltages across the circuit breaker and the customer
should give consideration to these issues and the selection of plant having appropriate ratings.
For this reason, embedded generator circuit breakers will be capable of withstanding 220% of the
connecting rated voltage.
SA Power Networks circuit breakers and reclosers will not be used to separate, switch, serve as
breaker failure backup or isolate a customers network that the embedded generation is
connected to from the remainder of the network unless these devices are rated and tested as per
applicable standards for such an application.
14.2
Means of Isolation
The embedded generator must provide a means of isolation capable of disconnecting the whole
of the customers electrical system from the distribution network. This means of isolation must be
lockable, in the open position only, using an SA Power Networks padlock. The customer must
provide SA Power Networks safe and unhindered access to the means of isolation, at any
reasonable time.
The means of isolation must comply with SA Power Networks Service and Installation Rules.
Page 25 of 52
Digital Inputs (From Generator to SA Power

Networks)
All available AC and DC alarms
Mains AC Failure
DC Supply Battery Charger Failure
110 DC Supply Failure
Out of Phase Interrupting Capability

The operation of embedded generators may result in out of phase voltages across circuit breakers
or reclosers during reclose events or while normally open. The most severe conditions occur when
the islanded system and network phases are 180 degrees apart, at which point the steady state
voltage will be at least twice the system voltage at the time.
In addition, switching events may produce transient recovery voltages across switchgear during
system events (faults). The customer must give consideration to corresponding out-of-phase
switching currents under these conditions and ensure that circuit breakers are adequately rated.
14.4
Protection VT and CT Requirements

If required, the embedded generator must provide protection CTs cores for protection systems
and VT reference signals as required.
14.5
Insulation Co-ordination
The customer must ensure that the insulation level of its equipment downstream of the
connection point is appropriate for the normal and expected voltage range in accordance with the
provisions of AS 1824.1.
All equipment must be capable of withstanding, without damage, power frequency voltage and
impulse levels as nominated in Table 9. The lightning impulse withstand voltage level is under fullwave dry conditions using the standard 1.2/50 microseconds wave shaped.
Voltage
of
system
(kV)
Application
Minimum power
frequency withstand
voltage (kV rms)
Minimum lightning
impulse withstand voltage
(kV peak) [1]
3.3
All applications
16
40
6.6
All applications
20
60
7.6
All applications
28
95
11
All applications
28
95
33
All applications
70
170
66
All applications
140
325
Equipment connected to
neutrals
70
170
Transformer bushings
230
550
All other applications
275
650
132
Equipment connected to
38
110
neutrals
Table 9: Insulation coordination requirements
Note 1: Where equipment meeting these impulse levels is not available, the use of surge
arresters should be considered.
Page 26 of 52
14.3
Precautions should be taken to prevent transient voltages generated by the connecting loads,
capacitor banks and /or the distribution system for causing damage to generator components.
14.6
Asset Interface Labelling

Where embedded generation is connected and synchronised to the network, the asset interface
must be clearly labelled and defined for ownership and responsibility at the connection point and
all asset interface boundaries.
For more information on labelling please refer to SA Power Networks Service and Installation
Rules.
15.
Closed Transition Transfer Switches

Closed transition transfer switches must be compliant with AS/NZS 3947.6.1 Low-voltage
switchgear and control gear - Multiple function equipment - Automatic transfer switching
equipment, and AS/NZS 3439.1 Low-voltage switchgear and control-gear assemblies - Type-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies.
The transfer switch must be a proprietary device, provided as a packaged unit by an industry
recognised manufacturer. The auto changeover must not be assembled from individual
components within the switchboard.
Unless otherwise agreed in writing with SA Power Networks, the duration of the closed transition
of the load between the distribution network and the embedded generating unit, and vice versa,
must not be longer than 1 second.
In addition the closed transition transfer switches must comply with the Australian Standards
listed in this technical standard and SA Power Networks Service & Installation Rules.
This equipment must not cause interference to the quality of supply to our other customers and
must comply with the relevant standards AS/NZS 61000.3 (series) Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) Limits.
An embedded generating system that is connected via a compliant closed transition transfer
switch may be installed without the need for SA Power Networks to undertake detailed
investigations or enter into a connection contract for that particular generating system.
16.
Generator Earthing
The embedded generator is required to ensure that their generation and/or substation facilities
have an effective earthing system to limit step and touch earth potential rise to safe values and
ensure compliance with the requirements of Australian Standards.
In addition, generating systems supplied via a HV connection point must ensure they are
compliant with Section 9.11 of SA Power Networks Service and Installation Rules.
Suitable measures will be applied to ensure that remote earths cannot present a hazard to
telecommunication facilities and comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 3835 - Earth Potential
Rise - Protection of Telecommunications Network Users, Personnel and Plant.
In order to support co-ordinated neutral earthing outcomes, the following sections define
generator neutral earthing requirements:
Page 27 of 52
The customer must provide adequate lightning protection on their equipment in accordance with
AS/NZS 1768, such that the effect of a lightning strike anywhere within the customers electrical
installation is not transferred to SA Power Networks equipment.
High Voltage Generators

Unless otherwise agreed with SA Power Networks, high voltage embedded generating units
directly connected to the distribution network must have their neutral effectively isolated from
earth; (ie isolated or earthed via high impedance). This is to limit any contribution to a distribution
network earth fault and inhibit the flow of harmonic currents through the neutral.
16.2
Low Voltage Generators

Embedded generating units connected to the distribution network via a delta/star transformer,
(delta on the network side), may have their neutral directly connected to earth. However,
effective isolation of this neutral will normally be required to inhibit the flow of harmonic currents
through the neutral.
It is recommended that the embedded generator review and investigate suitable methods to limit
harmonic currents through neutral connections and apply tests as required during commissioning
and testing, to prove no adverse effect of their installation.
17.
Distribution Loss Factor (DLF)

Distribution Loss Factors (DLFs) are used to describe the average energy losses for electricity
transferred across a distribution network, between a distribution connected generator and a
transmission connection point for a given financial year. In effect, DLFs are a proxy for distribution
energy losses and their values are recalculated each year to reflect changes in:
Customer load;
Connected generation capacity;
Generation dispatch patterns; and
Network configuration.
DLFs are used in the settlement process for generator customers and will impact on the revenue
received from generation dispatch. It is important that generator customers give consideration to
the economic impact of DLF assignment and potential for their value to change (either due to
themselves or others) on their project economics.
For a generating system with a nameplate capacity greater than 10MW, SA Power Networks will
calculate the applicable DLF as part of the Application to Connect. For all other generating
systems, SA Power Networks will, on request from the customer and at the customers cost,
calculate the applicable DLF in line with Clause 3.6.3 of the NER.
Each year, SA Power Networks re-calculates DLF factors for embedded generators in line with
clause 3.6.3 of the NER and provides this to AEMO for publication on the AEMO internet site
(http://www.aemo.com.au).
18.
Modelling Data
18.1
Generating Systems 5MW and Above

For generating systems 5MW and above and where dynamic studies are required, customers will
be required to provide SA Power Networks with modelling data in accordance with the NER
Clause S5.2, to support system studies and the assessment of power quality and security of
supply. These information requirements are outlined in the AEMO publication titled "Data and
Model Requirements for generating systems of less than 30 MW" and are summarised in columns
3, 4 and 5 of Table 10.
Page 28 of 52
16.1
The customer may also be required to complete post commissioning tests (R2) to validate their
original generator models in accordance with the AEMO generating system Model Guidelines.
Table 10: AEMO Data and model requirements for generating systems less than 30MW, as per
AEMO website
AEMO Table notes:
1. Transmission connected generating systems of less than 30MW would need to apply for a
Variation Request in order to reduce this requirement.
S = Standard Planning Data; D = Detailed Planning Data; R = Registered Data
(R1 pre-connection, R2 post-connection)
2. To include functional block diagram of the system and encrypted model source code (ie PSSE
object code).
3. The model can be of a generic type that must fully describe the control systems and plant. For
example a participant with a synchronous machine must provide models of the synchronous
machine, AVR and PSS if applicable. Other models such as limiters and governor/turbine
modelling may also be requested.
4. Any detailed model should be provided according to AEMO's generating system modelling
guideline specifications.
5. Additional tests may be required to confirm performance standard requirements, which may
include test to confirm or calibrate the models.
6. Functional block diagrams provided with the data sheets must be for the model provided for
studies (eg generic model) and, if different, the actual block diagram for the installed plant.
7. Data to be provided with a connection application and to be confirmed at the time of
registration.
8. Only required if the plant requires negotiation of generator performance standards.
Page 29 of 52
For generating systems 5MW and above but where SA Power Networks have determined that no
dynamic studies are required, the data and model requirements are listed in our Application to
Connect forms, available from our website.
Generating Systems Less than 5MW

In the case of embedded generators who have an installed capacity less than 5MW, SA Power
Networks may require reduced information and modelling requirements. SA Power Networks
information requirements for these types of embedded generators are listed in our Application to
Connect forms, available from our website.
Depending on the proposed installed capacity, proximity of other generator units and network
connection location, generating systems with a nameplate capacity less than 5MW may require
additional generating modelling data. In these circumstances the model and data requirements
will be as per AEMO requirements, summarised in column 2 of Table 10.
Customers with generating systems less than 5MW may also be required to complete post
commissioning tests to confirm or calibrate their generator models and establish compliance with
any agreed generator performance standards (GPS).
19.
Metering
Revenue or NEM metering is required for the connection of all embedded generators (as outlined
in NICC 270 Connection of large embedded generation; section on metering) and is in addition to
the SCADA and remote monitoring requirements outlined in Section 13 of this technical standard.
If required, it is the obligation of the customer to ensure that the connection point has a metering
installation and that the metering installation is registered with AEMO.
The metering installation, including any current and voltage transformers required for metering
and/or protection of high voltage installations must be fully compliant with the NER, AEMO
Metrology Procedure, ESCOSAs Electricity Metering Code EMTC/08, and SA Power Networks
Service and Installation Rules.
Current and voltage transformers are always required for the purposes of metering services in
excess of 100 Amps and 400 Volts respectively.
It is a requirement that the metering installation is located on the customers side of the
connection assets and as close as practicable to the connection point. This arrangement will
eliminate the need for external service providers to work on live SA Power Networks equipment.
It shall be located on the customer's side of the connection point and comply with the NER,
ESCOSAs Electricity Metering Code and SA Power Network Service and Installation Rules.
Copies of NER compliant type test and routine test results as applicable must be provided for all
instrument transformers to SA Power Networks before the installation can be connected to the
distribution network.
The customer should note that the NER may require installation of check metering facilities
depending on the number of MW hours proposed to be generated.
The operational requirements of the generating system and national grid metering must be
addressed, with the role of Responsible Person / Metering provider / Meter data agent to be
decided by the embedded generator.
SA Power Networks will offer to undertake the roles of metering provider and Responsible Person
in accordance with the NER on a fee for service basis.
Page 30 of 52
18.2
Project Completion
Embedded generators connecting to SA Power Networks distribution network have an obligation
to permit and participate in the inspection, testing and commissioning of the generation facilities.
These requirements are outlined under NER Clause 5.7 - Inspection and testing and Clause 5.8 Commissioning and the generator customer should make themselves familiar with these
requirements.
The information provided in this technical standard complements the information AEMO have
published for registered participants, available at the following site:
http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Network-Connections/NEM_Generator_Distribution_NewConnection/Stage-6.
The SA Power Networks project completion stage is comprised of three distinct parts:
Part A:
Pre-connection off-line testing - Customer testing to ensure the generating system

is ready for connection
(Refer Section 21)
Part B:
Compliance testing - Customer testing to demonstrate that the facility complies

with SA Power Networks technical requirements
(Refer Section 22)
Part C:
Post connection On-line commissioning - Customer testing to demonstrate the

generating system performs as agreed
(Refer Section 23)
The following flow diagram provides an overview of the roles of SA Power Networks and the
customer in the project completion stage.
Page 31 of 52
20.
Customer
Time from
compliance test
Submit final settings
3 months prior
SA Power Networks
Review settings
Submit commissioning plan
Review commissioning plan
1 month prior
Refer Note 1
Off-line testing of the generator

and protection systems
Submit commissioning documents
2 business days prior
Complete compliance tests in

presence of SA Power Networks
Compliance Test
Review commissioning
documents
Witness compliance tests
Compliance
tests passed?
In parallel
Fail
Pass
Connect generator to network
Sign off commissioning plan
Refer Note 1
On-line commissioning of the

generator and any control systems
Submit your commissioning report
20 business days after
Review commissioning report
Commissioning
tests passed?
Pass
Fail
End
SA POWER NETWORKS COMPLIANCE TESTING PROCESS

Note 1: If we have previously advised, we will witness
you doing this testing.
Page 32 of 52
SA Power Networks Site Visit Requirements

As part of the projects completion, SA Power Networks may be required to attend site to witness
commissioning and compliance testing. Outlined within this section are the typical arrangements
for SA Power Networks to attend site.
SA Power Networks final site visit requirements will be advised in the engineering report or
Connection Offer. SA Power Networks attendance at site will be at the customers cost.
Depending on the generating system size, type and connection location, SA Power Networks may
permit the required witnessing to be carried out by a suitably qualified third party. The SA Power
Networks Project Manager assigned to the project will be able to provide a list of suitably
qualified third parties should you wish to pursue that option. Alternatively the customer may
submit a technical rsum of a third party suitable for SA Power Networks review and acceptance
of the third partys technical qualifications.
SA Power Networks typical site visit requirements for inspection, testing and commissioning are
shown in Table 11, along with the scenarios where a third party may undertake the same on SA
Power Networks behalf.
Testing and commissioning component
Third party testing allowed?
Site visit(s) during generators pre-connection

testing (refer Note 1), if advised as required at
the time of your Application to Connect.
Compliance witnessing (refer Note 2)
No
1MW or
non export
Yes
Export
No
Power quality or
fault level issues
1MW or
non export
Post connection commissioning (refer Note 2)
No
Yes
Export
No
Power quality or
fault level issues
No
Where dynamic studies were involved, site

visit(s) will be required to confirm any R2 or
No
model confirmation testing being undertaken
Table 11: SA Power Networks typical site visit requirements for inspection testing and
commissioning
Notes:
(1) Where dynamic studies were involved, the pre-connection testing may require SA Power
Networks to engage a consultant to verify any off line step response tests that are required.
(2) For small to medium generators, the compliance testing and post connection commissioning
may be done on the same day. In order for this to happen, the following must occur:
(3) This must have been nominated in the commissioning plan submitted; and
(4) The commissioning officer must be satisfied that the pre-connection testing was passed
successfully.
Page 33 of 52
20.1
Commissioning Plan Requirements

Customers must submit a commissioning plan to SA Power Networks one month prior to the
commencement of commissioning. This is required to allow for a review of the commissioning
plan and to support the scheduling of resources to attend and witness the commissioning tests.
SA Power Networks will review the nature and relative timing of embedded generator
commissioning tests with respect to the impact on other customers, coordination with other
network outages and advise accordingly.
The commissioning plan is to be divided into Part A: Pre-connection off-line testing, Part B:
Compliance testing and Part C: On-line commissioning.
The customer's commissioning plan is to be of sufficient detail to allow SA Power Networks to
understand the following:
1. What elements of the generating system are proposed to be tested;
2. For each element that is being tested, the specific steps that the customer proposes to test
this element;
3. Pass/ Fail criteria for each test, including any settings/values that are to be verified; and
4. The proposed timeframe for testing and commissioning.
In the event that the customer is required to complete post commissioning tests (R2) in
accordance with the AEMO generating system Model Guidelines, a copy of the (R2) test plan
should be included with the commissioning plan submitted to SA Power Networks one month
prior to commencement of commissioning.
21.
Pre-Connection Testing and Commissioning

Pre-connection off-line testing and commissioning is required to prove that the equipment that
has been installed is operating correctly under test conditions. It also confirms the required
functionality of each individual component prior to network connection and on-line testing and
operation.
SA Power Networks is entitled to witness customer testing and commissioning of those parts of
the generating system that may have direct impact on the network. This could include injection
testing for incoming circuit breakers, earth grid testing or other generator control system testing.
Where dynamic studies were required, the pre-connection testing may require SA Power
Networks to engage a consultant to verify any offline step response tests that are required, the
cost of which will be borne by the customer.
21.1
Pre-Connection Commissioning Documentation

Pre-connection commissioning records for all tests undertaken must be kept by the customer. SA
Power Networks requires some of these commissioning records be submitted to us for our review
and acceptance.
SA Power Networks will not attend site to complete the next phase of project completion until the
required documentation has been submitted.
The following commissioning documents must be submitted to SA Power Networks two clear
business days prior to the date you have arranged SA Power Networks to attend site.
Documents showing compliance with all relevant Standards, including:
A copy of the Electrical Certificate of Compliance;
For solar PV, a copy of the commissioning records in line with AS/NZS 5033;
Any other applicable off-line testing records, including HV and earthing systems as applicable);
Page 34 of 52
20.2
Protection test certificates (either type test results and injection test results as required);
A copy of the ESCOSA Generating Licence or correspondence from ESCOSA showing that
exemption has been granted; and
For generating systems greater than 5MW, evidence of registration with (or exemption from)
AEMO is required.
22.
Compliance Testing
Prior to connection of the generating system to the Network, SA Power Networks is entitled to
inspect and where necessary, require the customer to test those parts of the generating system
that may have a direct effect on the distribution network. This is to enable us to satisfy ourselves
that the generating system is acceptable for connection and complies in all respects with the
requirements of the engineering report and the applicable standards and regulations.
Compliance tests must be undertaken by suitably accredited parties having appropriate skills and
competencies. Depending on the generation type, capacity and location, either SA Power
Networks representatives or a suitably qualified third party will witness the compliance tests.
The extent of compliance testing will vary depending on the generation capacity and connection
configuration, but may include:
1. Injection testing: Simulation of system events by applying test signals to protection and
control systems and confirming the correct response of the generator unit control system; or
2. Controlled testing: Controlled testing of the protection and control systems by manipulating
relevant settings and confirming the correct response of the generating system circuit breakers
or isolation facilities.
Table 12 provides an indication of the compliance tests that may be required for given protection
and control elements. Where tests are nominated as required by both injection testing and
controlled testing, compliance can be undertaken based on either test method or a combination
of both.
Please note that this table is intended to be a guide only. The actual extent of pre-commissioning
testing and commissioning will vary depending on the type, size and connection location of the
embedded generating system and will be advised in the engineering report for your project.
Inverter (AS 4777 or equal)

Other generating system
generating system
Compliance requirement
Injection test
Controlled test
Injection test
Controlled test
Inhibits / Interlocks
No
Yes
No
Yes
Under/ Over frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Under/ Over voltage
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
ROCOF/ Delta V
Yes
No
Yes
No
Voltage unbalance
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Synchronisation
No
No
No
Yes
Pole slip
No
No
Yes
No
Inter-tripping
No
No
No
Yes
Circuit breaker fail
Yes
No
No
Yes
Minimum import
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (1)
Fault level interlocks
No
No
Yes
No
Table 12: Protection and control compliance test requirements
Page 35 of 52
Written statement from a competent protection technician certifying that the system is
installed as per engineering report and/or Connection Offer;
Notes:
Where minimum import testing is proposed through controlled testing this must occur
when the site load is at or near the agreed maximum demand.
Any deficiencies detected during the compliance tests must be resolved before making the final
network connection and a revised commissioning plan must be submitted. SA Power Networks
will not connect an embedded generating system that is unsatisfactory for reliable connection to
the distribution network.
23.
Post Connection or Online Commissioning

Post connection or online commissioning is required to confirm that the generating system
performs as expected and that operation is consistent with the performance standards included
in the Connection Offer or engineering report. The extent of post connection commissioning
testing will vary depending on the type, size and connection location of the proposed Generating
System.
Post-commissioning tests are also required to confirm that the embedded generating system
performs as expected and that operation is consistent with the assigned performance standards
in the Connection Offer or engineering report.
For generators with an 11kV Point of Common Coupling, in the event that the most practical
location for undertaking the commissioning tests is the low voltage main switchboard, the results
at the 11kV Point of Common Coupling may be inferred from the low voltage test results.
Table 13 provides indication of the post connection online tests that may be required for given
performance standards.
Please note that this table is intended as a guide only. The actual extent of post connection online
commissioning will vary depending on the type, size and connection location of the embedded
generating system and will be advised in the engineering report for your project.
Post-commissioning
Inverter (AS 4777)
Other
Synchronisation
No
Yes
Ramp rate
Yes (1)
Yes
Set point controls
Yes
Yes
Generation dispatch limiter
Yes
Yes
Power factor controller
Yes
Yes
Reactive power capability
Yes
Yes
Quality of supply
Yes
Yes
Performance standards tests (2)
Yes
Yes
R2 or Model confirmation tests (2)

Yes
Table 13: Indicative post connection online test requirements
Yes
Notes:
(1)
Ramp rate tests will most likely not be required for solar PV installations;
(2)
R2 or model confirmation tests to be undertaken if requested by AEMO or SA Power

Networks;
Page 36 of 52
(1)
The customer must compile the commissioning test results in a commissioning report and submit
this report to SA Power Networks for review within 20 Business Days of undertaking the tests. The
commissioning report must confirm that all protection and control systems are functional and
settings are consistent with information provided to SA Power Networks. If required, a report
confirming compliance with the assigned Generator Performance Standards must also be
provided.
Any deficiencies detected during the post connection tests must be resolved in a timeframe to be
agreed between the customer and SA Power Networks. SA Power Networks will not allow the
ongoing connection of an embedded generator that has demonstrated unsatisfactory
performance testing in order to maintain the integrity of the distribution network.
23.1
Quality of Supply Considerations

Post connection logging of the quality of electricity generated is required to be undertaken by the
customer, using measurement instruments meeting the specifications listed below.
The minimum period that the logging equipment must be installed is one week, and this should
include a period of at least 2 days where the generating system is not operating. In cases where
potential for power quality issues has been identified as part of the network studies, the logging
period may be greater than one week, and the time periods will be advised as part of the
engineering report.
The complete power quality logging data is to be provided to SA Power Networks in Microsoft
Excel format, as an accompaniment to the Commissioning Report.
Table 14 details the specifications for the power quality measurement instruments and event
recording.
Relevant Standard or Specification

Methods for measurement and interpretation of results
AS/NZS 61000.4.30
Class of measurement
Class S
Voltage, Amps, Freq, Power Factor, kV, kVA, kVAR
AS/NZS 61000.4.30
Sample rate
AS/NZS 61000.4.7
Total harmonic distortion & harmonics
AS/NZS 61000.4.7
Flicker (Pst and Plt)
AS/NZS 61000.4.15
(10min Pst & 2hr Plt)
Voltage and current unbalance
AS/NZS 61000.4.30
High speed event recording
Voltage, current and transient trigger

enabled
RMS and waveform snapshots
Enabled
Table14: Power quality measurement requirements
Page 37 of 52
24.
Operating Protocols and Procedures
24.1
Operating Protocols
Joint operating protocols are required to ensure co-ordinated management of the operation and
dispatch of generation capacity. When required, the joint operating protocols will be developed in
conjunction with the customer.
The requirement for a joint operating protocol will be determined as part of the engineering
report for your project, however in general the following types of generating system will require
the development of a joint operating protocol:
Export generating systems, excluding large solar PV generating system 1MW or less;
SCADA controlled generating systems (ie permission granted/Denied);
Set point controlled generating system; and
High voltage connected generating systems.
The principles within the joint operating protocol will include, but not be limited to:
The embedded generator must gain permission from SA Power Networks Operations Centre
(NOC) prior to the connection and disconnection of any generator to the network;
An authorised embedded generator representative must be available at all times when the
generating plant is operating to receive communications and directions from the SA Power
Networks NOC so that emergencies can be address and dispatch limits applied if required; and
The embedded generator will ensure that appropriately trained operators are available as
required, consistent with the operating protocol.
These protocols will be revised at regular intervals giving consideration to any changes in system
operating conditions and generation dispatch arrangements.
24.2
Operating Procedures
Prior to completion of the project, operational procedures must have been developed and
adopted for the day to day operation of the installation. These procedures must complement the
joint operating protocols to be developed.
The operating procedures will be designed to protect the network and to maximise the
customers access to and use of the network within the agreed limits. The operating procedures
and protocols will need to include, amongst other things:
details of the operating procedures and nomenclature standards to be adopted in relation to
the interface between SA Power Networks NOC and the customer;
details of the procedures to be adopted by both parties in relation to the NOC oversight,
monitoring, control and operation of the Network and generating system access;
contact details for both parties authorised persons available on a 24 hours, 7 days a week
basis;
Permission to connect / Denied procedures; and
High Voltage and Isolation switching procedures.
The agreed operating procedures once developed, will need to take into account the existing
operating procedures used by SA Power Networks NOC for the operation of the entire Network.
Page 38 of 52
Compliance Monitoring and Maintenance

The obligation of ensuring compliance with any Generator Performance Standards resides with
the embedded generator and will require ongoing demonstration of compliance with SA Power
Networks requirements and appropriate standards and regulations under the National Electricity
Rules.
The embedded generator must adequately maintain the protection and control systems of the
embedded generation installation and any other service provided by the embedded generator in
connection with the embedded generation installation that impacts on the generating unit, its
safety or operation, or the safety or operation of the distribution network.
The embedded generator will ensure that the electrical installation and generator is maintained in
accordance with Good Electricity Industry Practice and will not create a hazard or cause
interference with the SA Power Networks distribution system. The customer must arrange for
periodic testing of the protection system to ensure it continues to functions as designed.
No later than six months after the generating system is first connected to the network, the
customer must develop and submit to SA Power Networks a compliance monitoring program. The
compliance monitoring program is to include an agreed method by which the generating system's
ongoing compliance with applicable standards and regulations and continued operation in
accordance with good engineering practice can be demonstrated.
The customer will make available a copy of the agreed compliance monitoring program to SA
Power Networks and resultant test results as and when required. The cost of such compliance
testing and maintenance shall be borne by the customer.
25.1
Frequency of Testing
The compliance program must include the frequency at which the tests will be undertaken in
order to prove ongoing compliance with the applicable performance standards or requirements in
the engineering report.
The actual frequency of testing should include consideration of all relevant factors including:
The technology of the plant;
Experience with the particular generation technology;
Manufacturers advice with respect to the particular model; and
The level required to provide reasonable assurance of compliance.
For most performance standards or requirement in the engineering report, the tests undertaken
shall include, but not limited to:
All protection systems (circuit breakers, relays, trip signals, generator protections and DC
supply);
Reactive power capability;
Active power control;
Voltage and reactive power control;
Quality of electricity;
Response to disturbances (frequency, voltage, contingency events);
Power station auxiliary transformers/supplies; and Fault level/current mitigation devices.
The minimum recommended frequency of testing is:
Every 3 years; After any plant change; and after any disturbance event.
For communications equipment (comm. links including backup), remote monitoring capability
(SCADA) and UPS systems, the recommended frequency of testing is:
Annually; After any equipment change; and After any disturbance event.
Page 39 of 52
25.
Appendices
A.1: Above 200 kW and 1MW LV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System
Figure 1 - Example 1: Above 200 kW and 1MW LV connected export solar PV generating system
Page 40 of 52
Appendix A: Preferred Connection Arrangements
Figure 2 - Example 2: 1MW 1.5MW LV or 1MW 5MW HV connected export solar PV generating system
Note: For the HV example, the customer would own the 11/0.4kV transformer
Page 41 of 52
A.2: 1MW-1.5MW LV or 1MW-5MW HV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System
Figure 3 - Example 3: 1MW LV connected non export rotating generating system
Page 42 of 52
A.3: 1MW LV Connected Non Export Rotating Gen-System
Figure 4 - Example 4: 1MW 1.5MW LV or 1MW 5MW HV connected non export rotating generating system
Note: For the HV example, the customer would own the 11/0.4kV transformer
Page 43 of 52
A.4: 1MW-1.5MW LV or 1MW-5MW HV Connected Non Export Rotating Gen-System
Figure 5 - Example 5: Up to 5MW HV connected export rotating generating system
Page 44 of 52
A.5: Up to 5MW HV Connected Export Rotating Gen-System
Figure 6 - Example 6: 5MW 10MW HV connected export rotating generating system
Page 45 of 52
A.6: 5MW-10MW HV Connected Export Rotating Gen-System
Figure 7 - Example 7: Over 10MW generating system (33kV connection)
Page 46 of 52
A.7: Over 10MW Gen-System (33kV Connection)
Figure 8 - Example 8: Over 10MW generating system (66kV connection)
Page 47 of 52
A.8: Over 10MW Gen-System (66kV Connection)
AC:
Alternating current.
AEMO:
The Australian Energy Market Operator Limited (or its successor).
Applicant:
Person applying for access to the SA Power Networks network.
AS/NZS:
Stands for Australia and New Zealand Standards published by Standards Australia.
Applicable inverter:
Means inverters which have been tested by an authorised testing laboratory and
certified as being in compliance with AS 4777 and issued with an accreditation
number.
Applicable
regulations:
All regulations as per Appendix C References.
Connection Point:
As per Electricity (General) Regulations 2012: A connection point to a transmission

or distribution network. For the purpose of this document connection point also has
the same meaning as Point of Supply as defined in AS/NZS 3000. The agreed point
of supply established between SA Power Networks and the customer and/or
embedded generator.
Contractor:
Means a contractor and their sub-contractor who is engaged by SA Power Networks

to conduct works on or near SA Power Networks infrastructure.
Customer:
Means a person who engages in the activity of purchasing electricity supplied

through the distribution network to a connection point.
DC:
Direct current.
Distribution
network/system:
Has the meaning given to that term in the Electricity Act 1996, namely the whole or
a part of a system for the distribution of electricity, but does not include anything
declared by regulation not to be a distribution network or part of a distribution
network. For the purposes of these rules references to Distribution Network means
the network poles, wires, underground cables, transformers, substations etc,
operated by SA Power Networks, which transports electricity from the transmission
system to a customers Connection Point.
DNSP:
Means Distribution Network Service Provider.
Electricity
Distribution Code
(EDC):
Means the Electricity Distribution Code made by ESCOSA pursuant to Section 28 of

the Essential Services Commission Act 2002.
Embedded
generating unit:
A generating unit connected within a distribution network and not having direct
access to a transmission network.
Embedded
generator:
A generator, who owns, operates or controls an embedded generating unit.
ESCOSA:
Means Essential Services Commission of South Australia.
Page 48 of 52
Appendix B: Definitions
Generating system:
All embedded generating units and the associated control and protection
equipment that is located on the embedded generator's side of the connection
point.
Generating unit:
The actual generator of electricity and all related equipment essential to its
function as a single entity.
Generator:
A person/entity who engages in the activity of owning, controlling, or operating a

generating system that supplies electricity to, or who otherwise supplies
electricity to, a transmission or distribution network.
Inverter:
The device that forms part of the generating system which uses semi conductor
devices to transfer power between a dc source and an ac source or load.
Large embedded
generation
installation:
For the purpose of this guide, a large-embedded generation installation is defined

as:
All other embedded generation installations not covered by the requirements of
the Australian Standard AS 4777, Grid connection of energy systems via inverters.
This definition includes but is not necessarily limited to such initiatives as:
Photovoltaic (PV) installations greater than 5kVA (SWER), 10 kVA (single
phase) or 30 kVA (three phase);
Large fuel-cell installations;
Wind turbine generating units;
Synchronous and asynchronous generating units driven by hydro turbines; and
Synchronous generating units driven by gas engines, gas turbines or diesel
engines.
The final mentioned category includes any commercial plant which is operated
and connected in parallel with the distribution network by arrangement with SA
Power Networks for the purpose of demand management or for routine on-load
testing.
Must:
Is to be understood as mandatory.
Nameplate capacity:
The maximum continuous output or consumption in MW of an item of equipment

as specified by the manufacturer, or as subsequently modified;
National Electricity
Rules (NER):
Means the rules as defined in the National Electricity Law as set out in the
Schedule to the National Electricity (South Australia) Act 1996.
NEM:
Means National Electricity Market.
NOC:
SA Power Networks Network Operations Centre (NOC).
NSP:
Means Network Service Provider (Transmission or Distribution).
PV:
Means photo voltaics. The generation of electrical power by converting solar

radiation into direct current electricity.
Page 49 of 52
B1: Definitions (Continued)
Retailer:
Means the holder of an electricity retail licence granted under the Electricity Act,
1996, who is contracted to sell electricity to the customer at the Supply Address.
ROCOF:
Rate of change of frequency. An islanding detection method for decentralised

generation units.
Shall:
Means mandatory.
Should:
Is to be understood as nonmandatory, ie advisory or recommended.
Small embedded
generation
installation:
For the purpose of this guide a small-embedded generation installation is defined

as:
An embedded generation installation complying with the requirements of the
Australian Standard AS 4777, Grid connection of energy systems via inverters,
Parts 1, 2 & 3:
Part 1: Installation Requirements;
Part 2: Inverter Requirements; and
Part 3: Grid Protection Requirements.
This definition includes but is not necessarily limited to Generating Systems such
as:
Photovoltaic (PV) installations;
Small wind turbine generating units; and
Small fuel-cell installations.
Suitable (or suitably):
To the satisfaction of the relevant SA Power Networks Manager.
Supply:
The delivery of electricity.
Supply address:
The address at which SA Power Networks supply the generator and / or customer
with electricity.
Terms and
Conditions:
Means SA Power Networks Publication Terms and Conditions for External

Contractor Construction, as amended from time to time.
TNSP:
Means Transmission Network Service Provider.
Transmission
network:
Means ElectraNets electricity transmission network.
UV: Voltage
Unbalance:
Means ultraviolet light, which is present in sunlight. In a three-phase system,

voltage unbalance takes place when the magnitudes of phase or line voltages are
different and the phase angles differ from the balanced conditions, or both.
Page 50 of 52
B1: Definitions (Continued)
The following listed documents are for additional information. It is advisable to refer to the current
publications before implementing them. Other documentation may be required on a project specific basis.
Essential Services Commission of South Australia (ESCOSA) Codes:
SA Electricity Distribution Code (EDC)
SA Electricity Metering Code (EMTC)
Energy Networks Association (AUS) Publications:
ENA NENS 03 National Guidelines for Safe Access to Electrical and Mechanical Apparatus
ENA NENS 04 National Guidelines for Safe Approach Distances to Electrical and
Mechanical Apparatus
Australian Energy Market Commission Publications:
National Electricity Rules Version 64
South Australian Legislation:
This technical standard is based on AS/NZS Standards Australia Publications.
SA Electricity Act 1996
Electricity (General) Regulations 2012
WH&S Regulations 2012
Standards Australia Publications:
AS 1359.0-1998
Rotating Electrical Machines - General Requirements
AS 1824.1-1995
Insulation co-ordination Definitions, principles and rules
AS/NZS 1768:2007
Lightning protection
AS 1931.1-1996
High voltage - Test techniques - General definition and test
requirements
AS 2067-2008
Substations and high voltage installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
AS/NZS 3000:2007
Electrical Installations (known as the wiring rules)
AS/NZS 3010.1:2005
Electrical Installations Generating sets
AS/NZS 3017:2007
Electrical installations Testing User Guides
AS/NZS 3100:2009
Approval and test specification - General requirements for electrical
equipment
AS/NZS 3439.1:2002
Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Type-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies
AS/NZS 3947.6.1:2001 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Multiple Function
equipment - Automatic transfer switching equipment
AS 4777.1:2005
Grid connection of energy systems via inverters
AS 5033:2005
Installation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays
AS/NZS 3835.1:2006
Earth Potential Rise - Protection of Telecommunications Network
Users, Personnel and Plant Code of practice
AS/NZS 3835.2:2006
Earth Potential Rise - Protection of Telecommunications Network
Users, Personnel and Plant Application guide
AS 2467-2008
Maintenance of Electrical Switchgear
AS 60038-2012
Standard voltages
Page 51 of 52
Appendix C: References
IEC Standards:
IEC60068-2
IEC60255
IEC60529
TR IEC 61000.3.6:2012
Environmental Testing
Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment
Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits - Assessment of
emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power
systems
TR IEC 61000.3.7:2012 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits - Assessment of
emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV and HV power
systems
IEEE Publications:
IEEE C37.90.1
Standard Surge Withstand Capability Tests for Relays and
Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus
AEMO Documents:
Version 28 June 2013
Data and model requirements for generating systems less

than 30MW
SA Power Networks Documents:

Service and Installation Rules
Manual 14
Safety, Reliability, Maintenance & Technical Management Plan
Technical Standards & NICC Brochures, in particular:
o NICC 270
Connection of large embedded generation
o TS 130
Technical standard for large solar PV below 200kW
Page 52 of 52
C1: References (Continued)

Ts131 Large Solar PV Above 200kw or Rotating Generating Systems

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Technical Standard TS 131

Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems

Dot point added to Section 21.1. Cross reference numbers

1 Anzac Highway, Keswick, South Australia, 5035.

SA Power Networks Disclaimer:

SA Power Networks Copyright2015:

Embedded Generators Obligation to Advise ........................................................ 6

Relationship to the Service and Installation Rules ................................................ 7

NER Negotiated Access Standards ........................................................................ 7

NER Minimum Access Standards .......................................................................... 7

Minimum Import Protection............................................................................. 9

Inter-Trip Protection .......................................................................................10

ROCOF and Vector Shift...................................................................................11

Under/Over Frequency ...................................................................................11

Synchronising Facilities ....................................................................................... 11

Over-Current and Earth Fault .............................................................................. 12

Circuit Breaker Fail.............................................................................................. 13

Battery/Battery Charger or UPS Integration Protection ....................................... 13

Protection Equipment Requirements .................................................................. 13

Protection Testing and Commissioning ............................................................13

Protection Labelling and Security ....................................................................14

Protection Redundancy ...................................................................................14

Fault Level ................................................................................................. 14

Generating System Fault Level Contributions ...................................................... 14

SA Power Networks Ultimate Network Fault Levels ............................................. 15

Reactive Power Control ............................................................................. 15

Reactive Power Where Generators are also Customers ....................................... 15

Real Power Control ................................................................................... 16

Quality of Supply ....................................................................................... 16

11. Fault Ride through Capability .................................................................... 18

Large Solar PV Generating Systems 1MW or Less .............................................20

13.2 Interface Signals ................................................................................................. 24

14. Generator Primary Plant ........................................................................... 25

15. Closed Transition Transfer Switches .......................................................... 27

17. Distribution Loss Factor (DLF) .................................................................... 28

19. Metering ................................................................................................... 30

21. Pre-Connection Testing and Commissioning .............................................. 34

10. Transfer Capacity....................................................................................... 17

23. Post Connection or Online Commissioning ................................................ 36

24. Operating Protocols and Procedures ......................................................... 38

25. Compliance Monitoring and Maintenance................................................. 39

Appendix B: Definitions ............................................................................................... 48

22. Compliance Testing ................................................................................... 35

Embedded Generators Obligation to Advise

Relationship to the Service and Installation Rules

NER Negotiated Access Standards

NER Minimum Access Standards

ROCOF and Vector Shift

Generator Earth Fault

Minimum Import Protection

Minimum Import Protection and Seamless Transfer

ROCOF and Vector Shift

Table 2: Generation synchronising requirements

Over-Current and Earth Fault

Circuit Breaker Fail

Battery/Battery Charger or UPS Integration Protection

Protection Equipment Requirements

Protection Testing and Commissioning

Protection Labelling and Security

Generating System Fault Level Contributions

SA Power Networks Ultimate Network Fault Levels

Reactive Power Control

Reactive Power Where Generators are also Customers