Conversion Tables, Constants, and Material Properties

General conversion factors (to five significant

digits)
Quantity
U.S. unit
SI equivalent
Length
1 in
0.025400 m
1 ft
0.30480 m
1 mile
1609.3 m
Area

Volume

1 in2

0.64516 103
m2

1 ft2
1 acre

0.092903 m2
4046.9 m2

1 in3

0.016387 103
m3

1 ft3

0.028317 m3

1 US gallon

3.7854 103
m3

Conversion factors for stress analysis

Quantity
Density

U.S. unit
1 slug/ft3 = 1 lbf
s2/ft4

515.38 kg/m3

1 lbf s2/in4

10.687 106
kg/m3

Energy

1 ft lbf

Force

1 lbf

Mass

1 slug = 1 lbf s2/ft

1 lbf s2/in

Power

SI equivalent

1 ft lbf/s

Pressure, Stress 1 psi (lbf/in2)

1.3558 J (N m)
4.4482 N (kg
m/s2)
14.594 kg (N
s2/m)
175.13 kg
1.3558 W (N
m/s)
6894.8 Pa (N/m2)

Conversion factors for heat transfer analysis

Quantity

U.S. unit

SI equivalent

Conductivity

Density
Energy
Heat flux
density
Power
Specific heat
Temperature

1 Btu/ft hr F

1.7307 W/m C

1 Btu/in hr F

20.769 W/m C

1 lbm/in3
1 Btu

27680. kg/m3
1055.1 J

1 Btu/in2 hr

454.26 W/m2

1 Btu/hr
1 Btu/lbm F
1 F

0.29307 W
4186.8 J/kg C
5/9 C
9/5 Temp C +
32
9/5 Temp K
459.67

Temp F

Constant
Absolute zero
Acceleration of
gravity

Important constants
U.S. unit
SI unit
459.67 F
273.15 C
32.174 ft/s2

9.8066 m/s2

Atmospheric
pressure

14.694 psi

0.10132 106
Pa

StefanBoltzmann
constant

0.1714 108
Btu/hr ft2 R4

5.669 108
W/m2 K4

where R = F +
459.67

where K = C +
273.15

Approximate properties of mild steel at room

temperature
Quantity
U.S. unit
SI unit
Conductivity
28.9 Btu/ft hr F
50 W/m C
2.4 Btu/in hr F
Density

15.13 slug/ft3 (lbf

s2/ft4)

7800 kg/m3

0.730 103 lbf

s2/in4
0.282 lbm/in3
Elastic modulus 30 106 psi

207 109 Pa

Specific heat

460 J/kg C

0.11 Btu/lbm F

Yield stress

Quantity

30 103 psi

207 106 Pa

Consistent units
SI
SI (mm)

Length
Force
Mass
Time
Stress

m
N
kg
s
Pa (N/m2)

mm
N
tonne (103 kg)
s
MPa (N/mm2)

US Unit
(ft)
ft
lbf
slug
s
lbf/ft2

Energy
Density

J (N m)
kg/m3

mJ (103 J)
tonne/mm3

ft lbf
slug/ft3

US Unit
(inch)
in
lbf
lbf s2/in
s
psi
(lbf/in2)
in lbf
lbf s2/in4

Time (hr) Time (min) Temp

0
0
0.5
30
1
60
1.5
90
2
120
3
180
4
240
5
300
6
360
7
420
8
480

Temp (C)
68
20
1550 843.3333
1700 926.6667
1792 977.7778
1850
1010
1925 1051.667
2000 1093.333
2075
1135
2150 1176.667
2225 1218.333
2300
1260

ASTM E119

(F)

250

200

150

Temperature (in Fahrenheit)

100

50

Approximate equation by Lie(1995)

Ch
time (in hrtime
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8

(in sec)Temp (in C)

0
20
1800 839.27304
3600 923.556755
5400 971.527209
7200 1007.49746
9000 1037.58514
10800 1064.11168
12600 1088.18958
14400 1110.44129
18000 1150.89376
21600 1187.34878
25200 1220.82983
28800 1251.97595

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Empirical Equation

ASTM E119 Standard Fire Curve

2500

2000

1500

emperature (in Fahrenheit)

1000

500

100

200

300

400

500

600

Time (in minutes)

Temperature is in degree celsius

Chart Title

Empirical Equation for T-t curve

ASTM Standard

Furnace Temperature 1
Time(sec) Time(min)
Temp (degC)
0
0
0
116.34
1.939
400.6
193.896
3.2316
623.49
193.896
3.2316
710.84
387.792
6.4632
804.22
2326.74
38.779
948.8
2481.84
41.364
876.51
2637
43.95
777.11
3024.78
50.413
554.22
4226.94
70.449
316.27
4614.72
76.912
277.11
5235.18
87.253
222.89
7678.2
127.97
150.6
10741.8
179.03
102.41
11749.8
195.83
90.361
12991.2
216.52
84.337
14348.4
239.14
78.313
15860.4
264.34
72.289
17101.8
285.03
72.289
18652.8
310.88
63.253
20165.4
336.09
63.253
21600
360
54.217

Chart Title
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

furnace temperature 2
Time (Sec)

1000

Time (min)

0
255.924
790.14
5427.24
6020.4
7188.6
9787.2
12227.4
14782.8
17958
21600

20000

furnace tem

25000

temp (degC)
0
0
4.2654
388.59
13.169
587.46
90.454
795.94
100.34
479.76
119.81
287.15
163.12
170.04
203.79
125.2
246.38
110.5
299.3
86.842
360
57.229

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

0
116.34
193.896
387.792
2326.74
2481.84
2637
3024.78
4226.94
4614.72
5235.18
7678.2
10741.8
11749.8
12991.2
14348.4
15860.4
17101.8
18652.8
20165.4
21600

20
400.6
623.49
804.22
948.8
876.51
777.11
554.22
316.27
277.11
222.89
150.6
102.41
90.361
84.337
78.313
72.289
72.289
63.253
63.253
54.217

5000

10000

000

furnace temp 1

10000

15000

20000

25000

Specific heat of steel and thermal conductivity of steel (structural and re

Temp (deg celsius)

20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
340
380
420
460
500
540
580
600
625
650
675
700
725
735
750
765
780
795
800
810
825
840
855
870
885
900
950
1000
1050

Specific heat
(J/kgK)
439.802
465.776
487.620
506.188
522.331
536.903
550.755
564.740
579.711
596.520
616.019
639.062
666.500
699.186
737.973
759.920
781.062
813.750
872.381
1008.158
1666.154
5000.000
1454.474
1053.235
897.653
815.000
795.435
763.734
728.830
703.532
684.355
669.317
657.208
647.249
650
650
650

1100
1150
1200

650
650
650

Reduction factors for stress strain relationships of structural steel and cold form ste
Steel Temp (in deg C)
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Structural Steel
1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.31
0.13
0.09
0.0675
0.045
0.0225
0

ctivity of steel (structural and reinforcing)

Spe
Thermal conductivity
Density of Steel (kg/m3)
(W/mK)
53.34
52.02
50.7
49.38
48.06
46.74
45.42
44.1
42.78
41.46
40.14
38.82
37.5
36.18
34.86
34.2
33.375
32.55
31.725
30.9
30.075
29.745
29.25
28.755
28.26
27.765
27.6
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3

7850
Specific Heat (in J/kg K)

Thermal Conductivity (in W/mK

27.3
27.3
27.3

ps of structural steel and cold form steel

Cold Form Steel
1
1
0.87
0.72
0.56
0.4
0.24
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.02
0

E/Ea

Ea = 200000 Mpa

Specific Heat of Steel (in J/kg K)

ific Heat (in J/kg K)

6000.000
5000.000
4000.000
3000.000
2000.000
1000.000

mal Conductivity (in W/mK)

0.000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Temperature (in deg Celsius)

Column D

Thermal Conductivity
60
50
40
Column E

30
20
10
0

200

400

600

Temperature (in deg Celsius)

800

1000

1200

1400

a = 200000 Mpa

200

1400

Column E

Specific heat of normal weight, dry, siliceous or calcerious concr

Temp (deg celsius)

20
60
100
120
140
180
200
220
260
300
340
380
400
420
460
500
540
580
600
625
650
675
700
725
735
750
765
780
795
800
810
825
840
855
870

Specific heat (J/kgK)

900
900
900
920
940
980
1000
1010
1030
1050
1070
1090
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100

885
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200

1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100

Reduction factors for stress strain relationships of normal weight concret

Steel Temp (in deg C)
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

y, siliceous or calcerious concrete (structural and reinforcing)

Density of concrete
(kg/m3)

Thermal conductivity (W/mK)

Heating phase
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0452
1.942
1.8388
1.6324
1.426
1.2196
1.0132
0.91
0.889
0.855
0.823
0.792
0.763
0.749
0.733
0.717
0.702
0.687
0.674
0.668
0.661
0.653
0.646
0.639
0.637
0.632
0.626
0.620
0.614
0.608

As per EN 1994 1-2:

Cooling phase
1.3330
1.2805
1.2297
1.2050
1.1808
1.1337
1.1108
1.0884
1.0449
1.0033
0.9635
0.9255
0.9072
0.8893
0.8550
0.8225
0.7918
0.7629
0.7492
0.7327
0.7168
0.7017
0.6873
0.6736
0.6683
0.6606
0.6532
0.6460
0.6391
0.6368
0.6324
0.6260
0.6198
0.6139
0.6082

2349.31
2339.92
2330.53
2325.84
2321.14
2311.75
2307.06
2302.37
2292.98
2283.59
2274.20
2264.81
2260.12
2255.43
2246.04
2236.65
2227.26
2217.87
2213.18
2207.31
2201.45
2195.58
2189.71
2183.84
2181.50
2177.98
2174.45
2170.93
2167.41
2166.24
2163.89
2160.37
2156.85
2153.33
2149.81

Specific Heat

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

200

Density of Concr

0.603
0.598
0.582
0.570
0.560
0.554
0.550
0.549

ionships of normal weight concrete

NW concrete
1
1
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.6
0.45
0.3
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.01
0

0.6028
0.5977
0.5824
0.5700
0.5604
0.5537
0.5498
0.5488

2146.29
2142.77
2131.04
2119.30
2107.57
2095.83
2084.10
2072.36

E/Ea

Density of Concr

Ea = Modulus of ela

s per EN 1994 1-2: 2005

Specific Heat of concrete

1130
1080
1030
Specific Heat (in J/kg K)
980
930
880

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Temperature (in deg celsius)

Thermal Conductivity of concrete

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

200

400

600

Conductivity during Heating phase

Chart Title
2400.00
2300.00
2200.00
Density of Concrete (kg/m3)

2100.00
2000.00
1900.00

800

1000

1200

Conductivity during cooling phase

1400

2300.00
2200.00
Density of Concrete (kg/m3)

2100.00
2000.00
1900.00

a = Modulus of elasticity of concrete

200

400

600

800

1000

Temperature in deg Celsius

1200

1400

200

00
phase

1400

1400

Steel

Density
E(N/m2)
2.00E+11
2.00E+11
2.00E+11
1.80E+11
1.60E+11
1.40E+11
1.20E+11
6.20E+10
2.60E+10
1.80E+10
1.35E+10
9.00E+09
4.50E+09
4.50E+06

7850 kg/m3
nu
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29

Temperature
0
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Specific Heat (J/kg K)

440
440
488
530
565
606
667
760
1008
803
650
650
650
650

Temperature
0
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Conductivity (W/m K)
53.3
53.3
50.7
47.3
44
40.7
37.4
34
30.7
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3

Temperature
0
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Concrete Density
E(N/m2)
1.70E+10
1.70E+10
1.70E+10
1.62E+10
1.36E+10
1.19E+10
1.02E+10
8.50E+09
6.80E+09
5.95E+09
5.10E+09
4.25E+09
3.40E+09
3.06E+09

2400 kg/m3
nu
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

Temperature
0
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Specific Heat (J/kg K)

900
900
900
1000
1050
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100

Temperature
0
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Conductivity (W/m K)
0.9875
0.9875
0.9875
0.875
0.8125
0.75
0.6875
0.625
0.5625
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

Temperature
0
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200