Case Study 1 - Luiseo

// becomes /t/ when followed by a vowel.

Miss pronunciation of words that start with sh

Pronounced
Shoe
/tu /
Shoot
/tu t/
Shop
/tp/ (confusion between chop and shop caused)
Words that end with tion
discussion
/dsktn/
Other problems
Asia
/et/

Students may try to pluralise using /t/ as the example of flutes shows how
they make plurals.
tissues may be pronounced as /ttu /
Diphthongs: they wont have the natural glide between the two phonemes so
they will try to pronounce every letter in the word. /b k/ may sound like / b
k/
Short vowels become long when followed by consonant-vowel so // in cat
may sound closer to //

Some cardinal vowels are missing. [] [a] and [] which could result in issues
pronouncing some words like /eg/ /kt/ and /h s/
As they dont not have long vowels, words will sound like they are cut off. So
/k/ could sound more like /k/

As there is no // sound, but there is the voiced // they may try to make it
voiced as well. Like in /m/ they may make it sound like /m/

As there is no /z/ sound but there is /s/ students may try to make it voiceless
as well so /zu/ may sound like /su/

May try to roll the / r/ when it should not be rolled.

Their Intonation may affect natives understanding as all content words

receive the same amount of stress. This could come across as angry or
frustrated when not intended.

Spelling errors could occur if a word starts with a vowel as this is not usual for
them. Along with this, they could mispronounce words by ignoring the first
vowel as their words only start with consonants.

Due to the glottal stop on word final stressed vowels, they may cut off the end
of words when they shouldnt, for example /prdktbl/

Case study 2 - Swedish

The affricative /d/ does not exist so speakers use /j/ instead so words such
as /dkt/ becomes /jkt/

There is no // so they will pronounced a word such as /b t/ as /b t/

// is pronounced as /e/ so /bt/ would be pronounced as /bet/

In the word /dk/ the // is more of a rounded front vowel.

// is pronounced as an /u/ sound so words such as /fn/ would be more

like /fun/

The dental sounds // and // do not exist so they are often pronounced with a
/d/ so the word /en/ would be more pronounced like /den/

There is also no // sound so a word such as /me / would become /me / as

they replace it with a //

There are also no /w/ sounds so /wan/ would be pronounced using a /v/ so
/van/

Word final plosives are affected as /p/ becomes /b/ like /p p/ is pronounced
/pb/ and /t/ becomes /d/ so /sed/ becomes /set/ and /g/ becomes /k/ so /d g/
becomes /dk/

Consonants are long after short vowels so an English word such as /k f /

would be pronounced as /kf/ and the English word /let / would be
pronounced as /let/

Finally, the stress of weak forms is kept strong and the speakers have
difficulties being able to recognise how to say them in their weak forms. This
could also sound strange and unnatural to a native speaker.