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CC BC CHUN B:
1. Cp nc vo b cp A, ti kkhi cch mt b 3cm l nc th nghim .
2. M nt V trn my bm II, mi y nc ri ng li.
3. Nu bm lu ngy mi s dng dng tuc n vt, khi ng quay cnh
bm
ri mi ng in cho bm hot ng.
4. Cp nc th nghim .
- ng cc van x II, IV, V, VI, VII.
- M cc van cp III v van hi VIII.
Nc t bnh B theo ng ng cp qua van III vo bnh C. Nc t bnh
C
theo ng Rynn R chy sang bnh D.
- M nt X bnh ph G cho nc vo bnh G.
5. Khi nc y cc bnh C, D, G ng nt X bnh ph li.
6. cho h thng chy th ui kh trong cc ng ( lu lng nc trung
bnh thi gian 1-2 pht).
7. ui kh trong ng nc mu v kim mu.
- M van IX dng tay bp ng cao su ni t bnh mu vi kim mu (hoc hut
nc kim mu bng bnh chn khng ri ni vi bnh mu) ui bt kh ,
khi nc mu chy ta thng kha van IX li.
TH NGHIM S I
XC NH CH D CHY CA DNG
M U:
Trong nhng tnh ton c lin quan n s chuyn ng ca cht lng (kh)
th c trng ca dng c gi tr quyt nh. Bng th nghim, ngi ta phn
tch c 2 dng chuyn ng ca cht lng thc v kh: chuyn ng dng
(cn gi l chuyn ng tng) v chuyn ng xoy (cn gi l chuyn ng
ri.).
Nu quan nim rng, dng cht lng (kh) l kt hp ca nhiu nguyn t
th trong chuyn ng tng, cc dng nguyn t s chuyn ng song song
vi nha, cn trong chuyn ng xoy chng s chuyn ng hn lon do chn
ng vn tc mi im ca dng.
c trng ca chuyn ng cht lng (kh) ph thuc vo ng knh ca
dng ( ng knh tng ng), vn tc chuyn ng nht, khi lng
ring ca cht lng (kh). Qua nhiu th nghim Rynn thit lp mt quan
h ph thuc khng th nguyn gia cc i lng trn gi l chun s Rynon.
y:
dtd - ng knh tng ng.
(m)
(m/s)
(kg/m)
(Ns/m2)
(m2/s)
ta c ch chy tng.
ta c ch xoy bn vng.
MC CH TH NGHIM:
1. Lm quen vi h thng thit b th nghim.
2. Quan st cc bin i xy ra trong dng chy ca cc cht lng
( kh) cc ch chuyn ng khc nhau.
3. Xc nh ch chuyn ng ca cht lng. Tnh ton tr s
Rynon cc ch .
II.
CU HI KIM TRA:
1. Th no l ch chy dng, chy xoy, chy qu ?
2. Th no l chun s Re ? ngha vt l ca n.
3. Phn b tc dng theo tit din ngang ca ng dn nh th no
khi chy dng v chy xoy?
4. Nu cc i lng nm trong chun s Re v nh hng ca chng
ti ch chy?
5. Th no l ng knh tng ng v bn knh thy lc.
TNH TON
1. Vn tc nc chy trong ng xc nh theo cng thc:
y:
W vn tc nc chy trong ng, (m/s)
Qtb lu lng nc trung bnh chy qua ng (m3/s)
Q tra theo bng (trang 24 th nghim qu trnh thit b - cng ngh
ha
hc thc phm) ph thuc chiu cao: h = h1 - h0
Vi:
h1 gi tr o c
h0 - gi tr cho trc h0 = 17 ( cm)
dt ng knh tng ng ca ng dn (cm) dt = 1,7 (cm)
Nhm :
Dng
tia
mc
S
ln
o
Lu lng nc
Q(cm3/s)
Lu
lng
nc
trung
bnh
Nhit
nc
nht Vn tc
nc
W(cm/s)
2
(Ns/m )
Chun s
Rynon
(Re)
tC
h0
h1
h
Q
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1
Thng 2
3
Gn
sng
u
1
2
3
Cun 1
v tan
2
trong
nc 3
PHN TNH TON THEO THC NGHIM :
TH NGHIM S 2
XC NH TR LC MA ST
M U:
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht ca thy lc l xc nh tn tht
nng lng khi vn chuyn cht lng. s chuyn ng n nh tn tht nng
lng khi vn chuyn cht lng . s chuyn ng n nh ca lu th c biu
din bng phng trnh sau:
Eu=t(Re,r1,r2)
(2.1)
y l mt phng trnh chun s rt ra t phng trnh Navicstoc i vi cht lng chuyn ng n nh c p trong ng thng.
Trong :
Eu=
qun tnh)
Re=
lc nht)
r1,r2 :
n h ng dng hnh hc
P=Pm+Pp
P=
N/m2
(2-2)
y tn thy p sut do ma st
hm =
10
hoc:
N/m2
P=
(2-3)
Trong :
:
H s tr lc ma st.
d:
ng knh ng dn.
m/s
kg/m3
Ns/m
Tn tht p sut cc b:
Hcb=
Hoc:
:
N/m2
Pcb=
H s tr lc cc b
Ta nhn thy rng, nguyn nhn sinh ra tn tht p sut kh cht lng
chuyn ng trong ng dn l:
- Ma st trn ng i (vi thnh ng v gia cc lp cht lng vi nhau)
- Tr lc cc b trn ng i (cc ch lp dng c, i hng, van, t
m, t thu,)
Nu nh bit dc gi tr ca chun s le, ta d dng xc nh c tn
tht p sut:
P=Eu
11
12
dtr= 1.5cm, chiu di (khong cch gia hai im o) l cho trc l = 80cm.
Gi tr Pm=h : chnh lch pezomet gia hai ng 1 v 2 trn bng P.
- H s ma st c xc nh theo cng thc:
(2-6)
cc i lng gii thch trn, trong :
: gi tr o
d, l : gi tr cho trc
: gi tr tra ti liu
13
W :
Q :
(2-7)
h1 : gi tr o
h0 : gi tr cho trc h0=17cm
m/s
(2-8)
y:
dtr=1,5cm
Q
Pm
STT
mmH20
W
(m/s)
(cm3/s)
N/m2
ho
h1
Re
logRe
Q
(cm3/s)
1
2
3
4
V.
14
TH NGHIM S 3
XC NH H S TR LC CC B
I.
MC CH TH NGHIM:
Xc nh cc h s tr lc ca ng thng, t m, t thu.
II.
ng K gm c mt t m v t thu.
d3=d6=1,5cm
d4=d5=2,6cm
Vi trng hp t m:
+ Vit phng trnh Becnuli qua hai mt ct 3-3 v 4-4
15
Ta c:
Suy ra:
(210)
Vy h s tr lc cc b ca t m l:
=
Trong :
m/s
h1 : gi tr o
h0 : gi tr cho trc h0=17cm
d3 d4 : hai gi tr cho trc
(cm3/s)
h0
h1
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
h1
W3
W4
W32
W42
(cm)
(m/s) (/s)
2.g
2.g
hCB
16
1
2
3
4
hCB = h2 +
Q
STT
W6
W52
W62
2.g
2.g
h1
(cm3/s)
h0
h1
(cm)
(cm) (cm)
W5
hCB
1
2
3
4
17
TH NGHIM S 4
PHNG TRNH BECNULI
I. M U:
Phng trnh Becnuli l phng trnh c bn ca thy tnh hc. y l
phng trnh bo ton p sut i vi cc dng chy trong thy lc vi cht
lng l tng nhng cng c p dng cho cht lng thc.
Ni dung ca phng trnh l:
i vi mt tit din bt k ca dng cht th tng chiu cao p sut thy
tnh v chiu cao p sut ng l khng i.
Phng trnh Becnuli :
Z1 +
Trong :
Z1, Z2 : chiu cao p sut hnh hc
18
II.
MC CH TH NGHIM :
1. Thng qua th nghim, hiu c phng trnh Becnuli.
2. So snh gia l thuyt v thc t.
3. nh gi cc yu t tc ng n s sai khc thc t v l thuyt v
lin h ti cc thit b o p thng thng dng pezomet v vanturi.
III.
TRNH T TH NGHIM:
1. Quan st, tm hiu v kim tra ton b h thng thit b bao gm cc
im o p sut thy tnh, v cc ng pezomet tng ng, cc van kha.
2. kim tra ngun nc cung cp (nc y cc thng iu tit C,D; phu
nc thng C lun lun c nc dng bm du quanh mp phu cho th
nghim ). Nu mc nc C, D thp (khng tht nc) th bo cho cn b hng
dn vn hnh bm v iu chnh van III, kim tra nhit k.
3. c gi tr o ti my o E.
4. M van iu chnh lu lng VI sao cho cc ng o p bng P c
chnh d c (t dao ng) v mc nc trn cc ng o p t 1, 2,,11 nm
trn ng ng th nghim.
5. c gi tr ct p trn bng P ghi vo bi th nghim vi bng tng
ng.
6. c gi tr h1 my o lu lng E.
7. Tin hnh th nghim vi nhiu lu lng.
19
W3=
Trong :
Lu lng Q (cm3/s) c tra bng qua gi tr h=h1-h0
20
Q (cm3/s)
W (cm/s)
W2/2g
Z+P/ + W2/2g
Mu
ct Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
7
8
9
10
11
TH NGHIM S 6
CHNG LUYN LIN TC
I.
M U:
Chng luyn l qu trnh tch hn hp lng thnh cc cu t ring bit
21
MC CH TH NGHIM :
- Lm quen vi h thng chng luyn loi thp chp.
- Nghin cu ch lm vic ca thp, tnh cn bng vt liu trong thp.
- Xc nh s bc thay i nng ( s a l thuyt) v hiu s ca thp.
III.
S H THNG TH NGHIM :
1. Thng cha hn hp u.
2. ng nh git.
3. Lu nhit k.
4. Thit b gia nhit nguyn liu u.
5. Thp chng luyn.
6. Thit b ngng t hi lu.
7. ng o sn phm nh.
8. Bnh phng khng.
9. Bnh cu cha dung dch.
10.in tr gia nhit hn hp u.
22
23
24
IV.
25
TNH TON:
1. Tnh cn bng vt liu ca thp:
F.Xp = W.Xw + P.Xp
(13-2)
Trong :
F: lng hn hp u cho vo thp
( kg/s )
W:lng sn phm y
( kg/s )
P: lng sn phm nh
( kg/s )
(13-5 )
thuyt hc (ch i nng t phn khi lng hay th tch ra phn mol ).
26
Y=
XW
y:
L=F/P : lng hn hp u tnh theo mt n v sn phm nh.
TT
Nhit
sn
phm
y
tw
o
( C)
Nhit
hn
hp
vo
tF
( oC
)
Nhit
sn
phm
nh
tP
o
( C)
Lng
Nng
Lng hi Lng
lu
hn
sn
hn
hp
phm
hp
u
nh
u
Nng
sn
phm
nh
Nng
sn
phm
y
XP
XP
Xw
VF
phn
mol
phn
mol
phn
mol
mol/s
VP
VX
mol/s
mol/s
1
2
3
TB
27
TH NGHIM S 7
SY TUN HON KH THI
I.
M U:
Mt trong nhng phng pht ph bin tch dung mi ra khi vt liu
28
MC CH TH NGHIM:
1. Lm quen v nm c phng php thao tc h thng sy bng khng
kh nng c tun hon kh thi.
2. Xc nh mi quan h gia m ca vt liu vi thi gian sy (ng
cong sy).
3. Xc nh quan h tc sy v m ca vt liu (ng cong tc
sy).
4. Tnh thi gian sy theo cng thc v so sch vi thi gian thc t.
III.
S TH NGHIM:
(S hnh 3)
29
A
B
Wth
K
C
Wcb
dW
Fd
K
Hnh 1: ng cong sy
W%
Hnh 2: ng cong tc
sy
Nguyn tc lm vic:
Khng kh bn ngoi do qut 1 ht qua ca s 5 ri c un nng
trong bung t 2 bi cc thanh in tr t trc tip. Khng ch nhit
khng kh nh cc h thng in tr t trong bung t. m ca khng kh
trc v sau bung sy 3 c xc nh bng b nhit k bu kh bu t T 1,
T2, T3, T4. Vy liu m xp vo khay t trong mt ci khung ca bung sy,
khung c treo trn a cn 7. Quan st s thay i khi lng vt liu sy trn
kim ca cn. iu chnh lng khng kh thi nh ca c tm chn gi 4 v van
gi 5.
30
IV.
). Khi nhit ln
31
CU HI KIM TRA:
1. Khi nim m tuyt i, m tng i ca khng kh?
2. Th no l nhit bu t?
3. Trnh by cc giai on ca qu trnh tch m t b mt vt liu sy?
VI.
TNH TON:
1. Lng m ban u c trong vt liu:
g = Gu - Gk
Trong :
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g)
4. Phn trm khi lng ca m trong vt liu tnh theo vt liu kh tuyt
i:
W=
100
32
Trong :
K: Hng s vn tc ca qu trnh sy
1/s
S ch ca nhit k
Trc
sy
stt
Thi
gian
t(ph)
Hiu
s
thi
gian
t
Nhit
k
kh
( oC)
bung
Sau bung sy
Nhit Nhit
k t k
kh
( oC)
( oC)
Nhit
k t
( oC)
S
ch
ca
cn
Lng
m bay
hi
Lng
m trong
vt liu
Wi
W(g)
(g)
Lng m
trong VL
tnh theo
VL kh
tuyt i
Vn
tc
syWi/
W%
G
(g)
1
2
3
4
5
33
6
7
8
9
PHN TNH TON THEO THC NGHIM :
34
TH NGHIM S 8
MC CH TH NGHIM:
Lm quen vi thit b th nghim truyn nhit dng ng lng ng, cc
L thuyt:
Truyn nhit trong thit b dng ng lng ng l s truyn nhit phc tp
gia hai lu cht c ngn cch bi vch ngn kim loi. Phng thc truyn
nhit y l truyn nhit i lu t vch ngn n lu cht (v ngc li) v
dn nhit qua ng kim loi.
Nhit lng do dng nng ta ra:
QN = G1C1.(tv1 tR1)
(1)
(Kg/s)
35
(J/kg.)
( C)
( C)
. tlog.L
(2)
Trong :
L: Chiu di ng
(m)
(W/m2.)
tlog =
( C)
(3)
Nu
36
K1 =
(4)
Trong :
dng , dtr: ng knh ngoi v trong ca ng truyn nhit (m)
1: h s dn nhit ca kim loi lm ng
(W/m.)
(m)
rb: h s tr nhit ca cn bn
(m2./W)
1, 2: h s tr nhit ca vch ngn v cc dng lu cht c tnh
t chun s Nu.
Nu = A.
.Prn.(
0.25
.E1.ER
K1 =
(5)
THIT B TH NGHIM:
37
ng knh ng
trong (mm)
IV.
ng knh ng
ngoi (mm)
Chiu di
(mm)
31
1000
21
38
1000
21
38
1000
dy
2.5mm
3mm
TRNH T TH NGHIM:
M van cp nc vo hai thng nc nng v nc lnh khong 2/3.
Bt cng tt in tr nhit nc trong thng nc nng c un
38
- M cng tc Bm Nng.
- iu chnh lu lng dng nc nng nh vo van chnh p v van
kha s 12.
- Quan st lu k v ln lt iu chnh lu lng vi cc gi tr nh
trong bng (41t /pht, 81/pht, 121/pht).
- Quan st 2 nhit k hai u ng A nhp gi tr vo trong bng kt qu th
nghim.
2. I VI NG B:
i vi ng B, ta c s dng dng lnh v dng nng c th thay i chiu
dng nng nh vic tc ng vo cc van kha.
- iu chnh dng nng (trng hp dng nng v dng lnh ngc
chiu nhau):
+ ng van s 1, 5, 8, 9 v m van s 4 dng nc nng vo ng B
v m van s 7 nc nng vo ng B c th hon lu tr v.
+ M cng tc Bm Nng.
+ Thay i lu lng k nc nng ging nh i vi th nghim ng A
thc hin cc bi th nghim theo yu cu.
+ Quan st 2 nhit k nc nng hai u ng B n nh m cho nc
lnh vo.
- iu chnh dng lnh:
+ ng van 10, 11 v m van 2, 3 dng nc lnh chy vo ng B.
+ M cng tc Bm Lnh.
39
40
Lu lng
dng lnh,
1/pht
Lu lng
dng nng,
1/pht
Vo,( oC)
Ra , ( oC)
Vo, ( oC)
Ra ,
c/c
c/c
c/c
c/c
( oC)
QN1=4
NG A
QN2=8
QN3=12
n/c
n/c
n/c
n/c
QN1=4
NG B
QN2=8
(QL = 8)
QN3=12
41
QN1=4
NG C
QN2=8
(QL = 8)
QN3=12
V.
W/m.K.
1, 2 c tnh nh sau:
Xc nh ch chy ca lu cht bng chun s Re
Re =
Trong : , l khi lng ring v nht ng hc ca lu cht,
y lu cht l nc =1000kg/m3, = 0.008 Pa.S
: l vn tc dng nc trong ng
m/s
W = Q/ (78,5. dtd2)
42
m3/s
S: L din tch mt ct t
m2
dtd =
trong :
F: l din tch mt ct
m2
C: l chu vi mt t
I VI NG B:
Ch chy mn 5 < Re < 103
Nu = 0,5.Re0.5.Pr0.38.
Ch chy chuyn tip 103< Re < 2.105
Nu = 0,25.Re0.6.Pr0.38.
Ch chy ri 2.105 < Re < 2.105
Nu = 0,023.Re0.8 Pr0.37.
I VI NG C:
Ch chy mn Re < 2300
43
Nu = 0,15.Re0.33.Gr0.1.
]0.25
]0.25
]0.25
Trong :
Pr v Prt l chun s Prandt nhit trung bnh ca lu cht v v ca
vch ngn, c trng cho s khc nhau ca h s cp nhit khi un nng v lm
lnh. Nu khng bit nhit vch ngn, n gin trong tnh ton, ta xem
nhit trung bnh ca dng lu cht bng nhit ca vch ngn ngha l t s
Pr/ Prt=1.
i vi mi trng nhit bnh thng Pr=6,02.10-7
C l h s ph thuc vo Re. C th chn C theo bng 3.
Gr l chun s Grasshof
BNG 3: Cc gi tr ca C theo Re
Re.103 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
10
2.2
3.3
3.8
4.4
10.3
15.5
19.5
27
33
1.9
44
1 =
2 =
Trong : 1, 2 ln lc l h s dn nhit ca vch ngn v lu cht.
y h s dn nhit ca nc ct l 4,19 w/m.k, h s dn nhit ca inox 304 l
17w/m.k.
- B5: Lp bng so snh K1, K1*.
- B6: Dng th K1, K1* theo Re.
VI.
BN LUN:
Sau khi tnh ton v dng th, sinh vin t a ra nhng nhn
xt nh gi v bn lun v kt qu th nghim theo nhng ni dung sau:
- Tn tht nhit c ng k khng? Ti sao?
- Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s trong lc lm th nghim, nh hng ca sai s
i vi kt qu tnh ton. Bin php khc phc.
- Gii thch s khc nhau gia K1 v K1*.
- Mt vi ng dng ca m hnh th nghim ny ngoi thc t:
VII.
45
BI TH NGHIM
M HNH TH NGHIM SY TNG SI
I.
MC TIU CA M HNH:
CC THNG S CA M HNH:
Mi cht R22
Cng sut my p: 1,1Kw.
Din tch dn lnh : 0,14m2.
Din tch dn nng: 0,1925m2.
Cng sut qut:
120W.
46
IV.
47
Mu th nghim
Tc gi
Chiu cao lp vt
liu
Tc sy:
Thi gian
Nhit (0C)
m (%)
Cng sut
Nhn xt:
48
Nhit (o C)
m (%)
Vn tc sy :
Thi gian
Nhit 0C
m(%)
Cng sut
Nhn xt:
49
BI 5: XC NH THI GIAN SY
a. Mc ch yu cu: Thay i khi lng sy, ta xc nh thi gian sy
cho cng vt liu sy. Da vo thi gian sy, nhit lng cung cp vo ta c th
tnh c nhit lng cho tng trng hp v so snh kt qu gia 2 phng
php sy : bng bm nhit v bng in tr.
b. Cc bc tin hnh:
- Tin hnh sy theo 2 phng php khc nhau vi cng mt vt liu sy
v cng khi lng sy.
- u tin sy theo phng php in tr gia nhit, xc nh mi trng
hp nhit v m th cn thi gian bao lu vt liu sy t yu cu.
- Tin hnh sy theo phng php s dng bm nhit, cc bc tin hnh
v xc nh cc thng s ging nh trn.
c. Kt qu thc nghim:
Vt liu sy:
Vn tc sy:
Nhit (0C)
m (%)
in
tr
Thi
gian sy Bm
nhit
50
51
52
53