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Input
Combin
ational
Logic
Sequential
Logic
Output
Logic
Present
States
Output
Moore Model
Input
(optional)
Combin
ational
Logic
Sequential
Logic
Output
Logic
Present
States
Output
2. Draw the internal circuit of a NOR gate latch and derive the truth table.
S
0
0
1
1
R
0
1
0
1
Q
Q
Hold Hold
0
1
1
0
X
X
0
1
X
2
3 x 8 Decoder
3
4
5
6
7
R
0
1
0
1
Q
Hold
0
1
X
J
0
0
1
1
K
0
1
0
1
Q
Hold
0
1
Comp
D
0
1
Q
0
1
T
0
1
Q
Hold
Comp
12. What are the differences between sequential and combinational circuits?
Combinational
Sequential
The output depends upon input and The output depends upon input,
functionality of the circuits.
functionality of the circuits and
previous output.
It is not governed by a global clock It is governed by a global clock signal
signal generated by an oscillator.
generated by an oscillator.
No feedback.
Feedback is present.
Eg. Gates.
Eg. Flip Flops.
A master slave flip flop is constructed from two separate flip flops. One circuit
serves as a master and the other as a slave. When CLK is 1 the first flip flop
works and when the CLK is 0 the second flip flop works.
16. What are the two types of asynchronous circuits? How do they differ?
Fundamental Mode: In fundamental mode circuit, all of the input signals are
considered to be levels. The fundamental mode operation assumes that the input
signals will be changed only when the circuit is in a stable state and that only one
variable can change at a given time.
Pulse Mode: In pulse mode circuits, the inputs are pulses rather than levels. In this
mode of operation the width of the input pulses is critical to the circuit operation. The
input pulse must be long enough for the circuit to respond to the input but it must not
be so long as to be present even new state is reached. In such a situation the state of
the circuit may make another transition.
17. Differentiate shifting and rotating.
Shifting: This shifts out the data to the right or left and stuffs 0s in the opposite
direction.
Eg. 2 bit right shifting of 11001 is 00110
Rotating: This rotates the data clockwise or anticlockwise.
Part B:
21. Draw the logic diagram of a 4-bit shift register with 4 flip-flops and four-4x1 mux
with mode selection inputs s1 and s0. The register operates as follows
S1
S0
Register Operation
0
0
No change
0
1
Complement
1
0
Clear to 0
1
1
Load parallel data
22. Explain the differences among a truth table, a state table, a characteristic table, and an
excitation table. Explain the difference among a Boolean equation, a state equation, a
characteristic equation and a flip-flop input equation.
Truth Table
For each combination of values of inputs, there is a value for output specified by the
definition of logical operation, i.e., a truth table is a table of all possible combinations of
variables showing the relation between the values that the variables may take and the
result of the operation.
Ex: Z=AB+C
Inputs
Output
A
B
C
Z
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
State Table
The time sequence of inputs, outputs and Flip Flop states can be enumerated in a state
table. There are 4 sections in a state table. They are present state, input, next state and
output.
Ex:
Present State
Input
Next State
Output
A
B
x
A(t+1) B(t+1)
y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
Characteristic Tables
Characteristic Table defines the next state as a function of the inputs and present state. Q
(t) refers to the present state prior to the application of a pulse. Q (t+1) is the next state
one clock period later.
J
K
Q (t+1)
0
0
Q (t)
No Change
0
1
0
Reset
1
0
1
Set
1
1
Q' (t) Complement
Excitation Table
A table that lists the required inputs for a given change of state is called an excitation
table.
Q (t)
Q (t+1)
J
K
0
0
0
X
0
1
1
X
1
0
X
1
1
1
X
0
Flip-Flop Input Equations
The logic diagram of a sequential circuit consists of flip-flops and gates. The
interconnections amng the gates form a combinational circuit and maybe specified
algebraically with Boolean functions.
The part of the circuit that generates the inputs to flip-flops are described algebraically by
a set of Boolean functions called flip-flop input equations.
Ex: JA = BCx +BCx
KA =B + y
Boolean Equations
A Boolean equation is an expression formed with binary variables, the two binary
operators OR and AND, and unary operator NOT.
Ex: F = ab + c
Characteristic Equations
A characteristic equation is an algebraic equation which represents the logical properties
of a flip-flop, as described in the characteristic table.
Ex: Qt+1 = JQ + KQ
State Equations
A state equation specifies the next state as a function of the present state and inputs.
Ex: At+1 =Ax + Bx
23. With examples, explain the different types of races in Asynchronous sequential
circuits.
24. Explain the difference between asynchronous and synchronous sequential circuits.
Define fundamental mode operation. Explain the difference between stable and
unstable states. What is the difference between an internal state and the total state?