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STAGES OF ILLNESS
Entry of m.o to the body until the onset of non specific s/s
From non-specific to specific s/s
CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. Etiologic agent-these may be bacteria , fungi, parasites. The ability of infectious agent to cause
a disease depends on its pathogenecity, virulence, invasiveness and specifity
2. reservoir (source)
humans (clients, visitors, health care personnel)
animals (insects, rats)
plants
general environment (air, water, food,soil)
3. portal of exit from reservoir
- Respiratory tract- droplets and sputum
-Gastrointestinal tract- vomitus (the product of vomiting), saliva, drainagae tubes
-Urinary tract: semen, vaginal discharge
-blood- open wond,needle puncture
4. mode of transmission
a. contact- either direct or indirest
i. direct-surface to surface
ii. indirect-vehicle to susceptible host
b. droplet- secretions
i. coughing, sneezing, talking
NOTE: maintain 3 feet distance
Etiologic agent
Susceptible host
reservoir
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
Modes of
1. Natural -in
transmission
2. Artificial
a. Active ANTIBODIES are produced by the body in response to infection
Principles in Asepsis
1. Patient2. The pts m.o leave thru specific routes
3. There are always m.o in environment
4. Spread of infection can be prevented.
5. The effectiveness of asepsis depends on the awareness of those who carried out
6. In medical asepsis, anything suspected contaminated is considered unsterile.
7. In surgical asepsis, areas are considered contaminated if touched by any object that is not sterile
8. Keep soiled linen/equipments from touching the clothing
9. instruct to cover
10. Least contaminated to more contaminated
11. Segregation of wastes
12. sterilize objects-suspected for pathogens
13. Good personal hygience-practice
III. BARRIERS
Mask
Gowns
Gloves
TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
1. Airborne Precaution -Transmitted by small particle droplets that can remain suspended by small
particle droplets that can remain suspended and remain by air currents.
2. Droplet Precaution
3. Contact precaution
PROTECTIVE ISOLATION
-implemented to prevent infection for people whose resistance to infection are lowered or
compromise; should be placed in private room
- meticulous handwashing is strictly practiced.
-restrict visitors
V.SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Prevent the introduction of microorganisms
All procedures that invade the blood stream, cause a break in the skin or mucous membrane
Ex.
PRINCIPLES:
1. Moisture causes contamination
2. Never assume that an object is sterile
5. Sterile equipment or areas must be kept above the waist and on top of sterile field.
6. Prevent unnecessary traffic and air currents