/

33fVft2
i**r.-

Hi
a course:
OF

MANDARIN LESSONS,
BASED ON IDIOM,

BY

Rev.

0.

W. Mateer,

D.D,, LL.D.

Revised 1906
//.JCROFOSMED BY

PRESERVATION
SSRVTCES

r* AUG

6 1992

KWANG HSUEH PUBLISHING HOUSE

"^
MCI52 PEK.NO ROAD. SHA NG
CH.NA.
HA,.

u.

TO

STUDENTS OF MANDARIN
This Effort
To Removk

Difficulties and Open the

Way

to a

Mohb Thorough

op THE

Chinese Spoken Language

IS

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.

Acquisition

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

now

is

OjMT

twenty-five years since

bad at tbat time

?J|

little

began

to

make

lessons for beginners in Mandarin.

thought of ever printing them, or of the extent to which

they would finally grow.

At first I made only twenty lessons, but
subsequently
added a few at a time, until the number reached
The
fifty.
plan originally adopted
was substantially that which has now been
wrought out to completion. These fifty lessons
were copied out and used
by beginners for about ten years, when, upon the arrival of a
considerable number of new missionaries in
Shantung, I revised the lessons already made
and added others on the same
plan, increasing the number to one hundred and seven.
The
extent to which these were
copied and used led me, about five years ago, to take up the
whole work with a view to
I extended and
preparing it for publication.
perfected the
plan, added new lessons and
revised
and recast the lessons already made.
thoroughly
The plan of the course is its
Each lesson is condistinguishing feature.
structed to illustrate one or more idioms which
"
"
flMan.
constitute its
the
subject ;
word idiom being taken in a somewhat loose and
sense.
The

V*2?

subjects were not evolved

and

by the application

to Chinese of

comprehensive
Western grammatical principles

but were gathered

directly from the mandarin colloquial by a careful observaforms and methods.
They are somewhat heterogeneous, it is true, but
not more so than the
language they are intended to teach. The plan is believed to afford
a number of
important advantages, of which the following are the chief:
ideas,

tion of its
peculiar

1.

It facilitates a

2.

The student, instead

thoroughly progressive arrangement by which the peculiarities

language are set forth in a natural order, proceeding from the
simpler to the more
complex and difficult.
of the

explained in a

of groping his

way through

maze of bewildering idioms,

and vocabularies, and often

haphazard way
falling a victim to
hasty and false generalizations, has given to him in each lesson an
intelligible idiom, which
is
fully explained in the subject, and strongly
impressed by the abundant illustrations contained in the lesson.
These idioms thus become to him so
landmarks of
in notes

many

progress,

and by their acquisition he is made master of the whole

structure of the
language.
3.
The subjects of the lessons, which embrace all th most difficult
and important features of the
thus
out
and
language, being
made prominent, are, on this
singled
uceouut, much move carefully explained and illustrated than would be the case on a
different
system.

FREPACh;.

il.

The

4.

composed of detached and independent sentences,

wider range of subject matter, of style and of

fact that the lessons are

gives opportunity

for the introduction of a

idiom than could be secured on any other plan.

number

of the lessons bring to view classes of particles and key words

approximately synonymous, yet differing in use and in their shades of meaning.
By the
5.

large

study of these lessons the student will acquire a range and variety of expression not easily
acquired in any other way. The prime defect of many mandarin speakers is that having
got hold of one such word or expression, they are content to ring the changes on it alone,
all oblivious to the fact that there are various other
cognate forms of similar import yet

by varying uses and shades of meaning. The result is a monotonous style, wanting both in vigor and perspicuity.
That the plan incidentally involves some disadvantages, is freely admitted. All
differing

great gains involve minor losses.

1.

The

common and

The

chief disadvantages are the following :

arrangement according to idioms necessitates the keeping back of certain

useful forms of expression for an inconveniently long time.

This difficulty
Chinese assist-

was frequently felt in arranging the order of the lessons. It drew from my
ant the remark, that each particular lesson seemed to be clamoring to get in first. The
difficulty, however, will not be felt by the learner, and the disadvantage it might other-

wise be to him, has been largely obviated by anticipating many such words and phrases,
aud will be further obviated by following the method of study recommended.
(See
Introduction

Directions to the student).

Lessons which introduce a considerable number of nearly synonymous words are

to confuse the learner with distinctions for which he is not yet prepared, and which his
2.

liable

memory cannot
may be largely

This difficulty, which results from the richness of the language,

While going over the whole
obviated by a judicious method of study.

retain.

lesson carefully, let the student fix in his

memory one

or

two of the more important words

not being too much disturbed that he is not able to retain the others.
with in books, they wil' seem
subsequently they are heard in conversation or met

for present use,

When

like old acquaintances,

and

will in this

way

presently

become familiar and

their accurate

use be acquired.
3.

The sentences being disconnected,

is

and more

likely to

While this is no doubt true,

they stood in connected discourse.
is largely obviated by accurate translations and by suitable notes and explanations, and
more than compensated by the superior opportunity thus afforded for the ready intro-

be misunderstood than
it

are harder to understand

if

duction of every class of idiom and every style of expression.

The prevalent style is colloquial, because the object of the book is to
teach the
language as distinguished from the language of books never-

StPlC

spoken

theless there will be found, especially in the latter half, a considerable mixture

PREFACE.

tii

Mandarin and of expressions taken from books.

introducing too much colloquial and too many loealisms
of high

that there

much misconception

I shall

To

probably be criticised

this criticism

would

for

reply,

which many of these so called localisms prevail.

It does not follow that every expression not commonly seen in Mandarin
I have found
books, is necessarily local.
by investigation that many such expressions are
is

as to the extent to

Moreover, a useful expression that prevails throughout two or three

A man may not
provinces and has an authorized writing, is not to be rejected as local.
himself desire to use all these colloquial forms, yet it is very important to understand them
practically general.

when used by others, as they constantly are by the Chinese. The chief advantage which
the Chinaman has in conversation over the average foreigner is his ability to use and to
understand these colloquialisms. It must not be supposed, however, that every sort of
Care has been
colloquialism known to the author or his assistants has been introduced.
taken to exclude purely local expressions, especially such as have no authorized writing, as
also to exclude, to a considerable extent, that useless colloquial verbiage which characterdialects to a greater or less degree,

izes all

and which

one who would use Chinese to the best advantage.*

are noted as such and are not repeated.

A
as

it is

more important argument

called,

is

too narrow in

its

is

As

unnecessary and undesirable in

far as possible

for the use of colloquial

range to answer

local peculiarities

that general Mandarin,

is,

the ends of speech, and has constantly

the
WSn-h.
If the speaker of it

all

from both the colloquial and

attempts to go beyond the narrow range of thought which it covers, he will find himself at
a loss for words, and will be compelled to resort to round-about forms and labored explato

be

reinforced

nations, in striking contrast with the straightforward

He may

commands

the abundant resources of the colloquial.

of the WSn-li, if his attainments are adequate, but

and expressive language of him who

it

indeed

wiil be at the

call in the assistance

expense of speaking in

a pedantic and pretentious style unintelligible to the great majority.

Another point worthy of attention, especially on the part of those

persuade and impress others in public address,

is

who

desire to

that labored phraseology and paraphrastic

to oratory, which requires not only weighty and impressive thoughts,

expressions are fatal
but also vivid and expressive language which fulfils its office as the arrow flies to the mark.

On the other hand it

duced too much book language.
few learn Mandarin

who do not

is

not unlikely that

With
at the

be criticised for having introreference to this criticism, I would say that very

into each other

by

to know something of the book style

Mandarin and WSn-li is but vaguely defined.

same time wish

Moreover, the line of demarcation between

They pass

I shall

insensible gradations.

It

will be

found also that the book

consists almost entirely of those ready-made and pithy book exlanguage of these lessons
*
ffl.

ft.

By

useless verbiage I

%, *, i.etc

mean

thr ever-recurring

and superfluous use

of such

words

a8~j*,

7&,

fi;},

PREFACE.

itr.

with which good Mandarin speakers and writers enrich and adorn their wtyle,
With these expressions every one
and which frequent use has made generally intelligible.

pressious,

who aims

good Mandarin speaker, should be familiar.

The Chinese sentences which constitute the lessons have been gatherod
After the subjects were made out and arranged,
from all quarters.

to be a

HDatedalS.

Mandarin

literature

was searched

found were copied under their appropriate lessons.

considered a legitimate field from which to gather.

All extant

Mandarin

life.

The

result of this search

full

gathered

sentence fairly

was that under most

material was gathered than was required, thus giving a choice of the
sentences also- were specially constructed by a number of different teachers,

much more

lessons,

Many

best.

common

was

literature

Much more might have been

from Chinese novels but for the difficulty of finding in them any
representing the language of

and what were

for suitable illustrations,

idioms not often found in books.

particularly in the case of lessons embracing colloquial
so
as to illustrate the various idioms of
The sentences have been chosen not only

have them embrace as wide a range as possible of

be found the language of domestic, social, literary and

the lessons, but pains was also taken

words and

ideas.

In them will

fco

It should be
commerce, business, history and religion.
remarked however, that there was no intention to teach history, science, religion or
That the lessons do
morals, but simply to exhibit and illustrate the Chinese language.
official

in fact

life

of art, science,

contain

much

useful

information

about China and the Chinese people,

is

an

incidental advantage of no mean value.

The manner of their preparation implies that the sentences are truly Chinese in

With the exception of some of the short, simple sentences in

thought, style and idiom.
or
the first twenty
thirty lessons, the author has scarcely composed a single sentence in the
but in the sentences made to order by teachers, or in emendations
made in sentences taken from books, he has left the Chinese teachers to their own sponbook.

Not only

so,

Of course the
taneous judgment, never in any case controlling or overruling them.
Chinese will not meet the approval of every teacher, for Chinese writers criticise and find
fault with each other just as

Western writers do.

The

{Translation,

translations are, in the main, literal, being however less and less
literal as the lessons advance.
But the student must not expect that

every word in the English will have

The

structure of the languages

is

its

corresponding word in the Chinese

make this a possible thing

too radically different to

meaning of the original has been more aimed at than elegance of

Negleot of some of the less important words of the Chinese sentence would
language.
It was felt however that
oftentimes have greatly enhanced the elegance of the translation.

Strict conformity to the

in

order to learn the language accurately, the student ought to have a thoroughly faithful

and accurate translation

as a

guide.

As

far as

possible,

very colloquial Chinese has

FREFACE.

been rendered into colloquial English, and more stately Chinese into more elegant English.
The statements and illustrations of the subjects have been wrought out

with especial care, and contain the most useful and important matter in the
In them are comprised all the important idioms of the language
book.

Subjects,

They should be carefully noted and studied. The English headings are biit brief apThe subjects were
with some degree of allowance.
proximations, and must be taken
and these English headings were an after- thought. In
originally worked out in Chinese,
cases

many

was found very

it

difficult to give a brief

English heading that fairly represent-

ed the subject.

The

definitions of

IDOCablllartCS. intended to include

meaning appropriate
italicised for the

italicising the

all

words and phrases are

the

common Mandarin

brief,

but are nevertheless

uses of the words.

The

under which the word or phrase occurs, is

This method of giving a full definition, and

to the lesson

convenience of the learner.

one needed, has a number of important advantages which make

it

a decided

improvement over the more common method of simply giving the definition required in the
given case,
(1) It prevents the student from learning a secondary meaning at the first
without knowing it to be such.
(2) While learniug the one meaning of a character the
student has constantly before his mind the fact that it has other meanings, and as he refers
again and again to the meaning required, he will unconsciously become more or less familiar

with the others.

time aud

many

(3) It renders the student independent of a dictionary, thus saving

trouble in

looking for

words.

(4)

The vocabularies

will be

much

found to contain

definitions not given in

any dictionary or vocabulary extant.

The notes are somewhat miscellaneous in their character. The

larger

number

are given to the explanation of unusual idioms and difficult constructions.

Phrases too long for convenient definition in the vocabularies, are explained in

1W0tC6.

Questions concerning the proper characters to be used in particular cases, as also

In order to elucidate
the probable analysis of abnormal phrases, are discussed in the notes.
the notes.

the meaning of sentences, numerous explanations have been given of historical, political,
social, literary, educational, religious and many other matters, so that the student, while

learning the language, is also learning many other useful and important things about China
and the Chinese. Much time and care have been bestowed on the preparation of the notes,

and

it is

hoped they

IDialCCtS.

will prove not the least useful part of the book.

In projecting and constructing the lessons the most difficult question that
confronted the author was that of dialect.
The lessons first made were confined
to the

Shantung

dialects,

and to have carried out and finished the course on

would have very greatly lightened the labor involved, but it would have limited
the usefulness of the book to a single Province.
On the other hand, to have rejected
that plan,

everything, that savored of a difference of dialect, would have compelled a style far too

PREFACE.

TL

The
high for colloquial Maudarin, and would thus have defeated the main object in view.
of
which
onerous
a
and
combine
dialects,
variety
only practicable alternative was to compare
task has accordingly been attempted
parallel readings has been introduced.

In order to exhibit the practical results, the plan of

(See Introduction Explanations.) The lessons have
:

been constructed with reference to the dialects of Peking, Chinaufu, Chefoo, Nanking and
Kiukiang, all that the circumstances of the author enabled him to compass. In order to
compare these dialects, the lessons have been twice revised by the aid of Peking teachers,

twice by the aid of Nanking teachers, once by the aid of Chinaufu teachei's, and once by the
aid of a Kiukiang teacher in addition to which they have been revised, in whole or in part,
by one or more of the best foreign speakers of Chinese in these several places. Pekingese has
;

received a larger share of attention than

any other dialect, partly because it is the court

because there were more published helps by which it may be known.

but chiefly
In carrying out this plan, a vigorous effort has been made to construct a course of
lessons free from the predominant influence of any one dialect although it is perhaps too
much to expect that the author and his Chinese assistant should be able to free themselves

dialect,

from

own

all partiality to their

dialect.

It

should be remembered, however, that those

who

with only one dialect, are not altogether competent judges in the premises,
for, missing many of the peculiarities of their own dialect and finding others instead, they
naturally attribute the difference to the undue influence of the author's dialect, not knowing
are acquainted

that those

and

who speak

the dialect of the author will equally miss

find others in their stead.

book useful to

all

It is

many

of

its

peculiarities

hoped that the plan pursued will not only

students of Mandarin, but will at the same time afford

many

make

the

valuable

hints as to the comparison of dialects.

It

5\>Steni Of Spelling,

was with great reluctance that

new system

well

of spelling.

advanced before

this

finally decided to propose

The preparation of the lessons was

step was decided upon, and the

consumed much time and materially delayed the publication

The most natural thing would seem to have been to use the system already

elaboration of the system has

of the work.

Thomas Wade. I found, however, that this system would

in fact any other dialect than Pekingese, and that unless
nor
dialect,
the other dialects to shift for themselves some other system must be used.
It was

most in vogue
not spell
I

left all

viz.,

that of Sir

my own

proposed for a time to give both Wade's and William's spellings, and a specimen page was
more the subject was canvassed the more evident it became that such a

so printed, but the

plan would greatly encumber the book and serve no adequate purpose.

Several other plans

Inasmuch as in language and idiom the

were canvassed but rejected as unsatisfactory.

book represents several different Mandarin dialects,
spelling

enough

to be

ought
embrace them

to

it

was strongly

felt

provided, adapted to the spelling of these dialects

all

without violating

its

own

consistency.

that a system of

and comprehensive
A? no system now

PREFACE.
extant

or even approximated, these requirements, the author felt constrained to

fulfilled,

propose a

Dew

seemed

to be

Til

In doing this he has not, however, done what would have been
much more simple as well as satisfactory to himself; viz., proposed de novo an original
system, but has followed strictly in the line of his predecessors, making only such changes
as

system.

demanded by

If the

the exigencies of the case.

system wins

way, it may
Mandarin dialects.
its

become an important step towards a general system comprehensive of all

The spelling given in the vocabularies is that heard in Peking.

This spelling is
In order,
chosen, because Pekingese is the court dialect and more popular than any other.
however, to afford opportunity for the insertion of a second spelling, a space has, in all cases,
been

left

either after or underneath the

Peking

the space required for the vocabularies, but will,

all

who

This has considerably increased

believed, be a very valuable feature to

spelling.
it ia

use another dialect than the Pekingese.

For the convenience of the student

HrranflCITlCnt.

that concerns each lesson,

all

Chinese, translation, subject, vocabulary and notes,

are brought together

one place.
A convenient and practicable arrangement for accomplishing this end proved to be a matter of no small difficulty, especially as the lessons and their
The first twenty lessons
parts were not, and could not be made, of a uniform length.
in

are printed in a
find

it

somewhat

easier to distinguish the characters

3ufrCyC6.

This was done because, at the

larger Chinese type.

when

first,

students

printed in large type.

index has been prepared, including all the words and

phrases defined in the vocabularies, subjects and notes. This will enable the learner to find any word or phrase at any time.
It is also proposed to prepare and
full

syllabic

print as soon as practicable, indexes according to the other dialects to which the lessons are

Nanking, KiukiaDg, Weihien and Teugchow, which will be furnished

and bound with the book at a small additional charge. An index of the single characters
by radicals, is also added, by means of which characters may be found when the Peking

specially adapted; viz.,

spelling is

unknown.

Having the

My
HChnOWlet0ment.

single character the phrases

first

and

chiefest

under

may

it

acknowledgments

Chinese assistant, Rev. Tso Li

Wen (%

& ).

also be found.

are

due to

who has given

four years of constant and diligent labor to

my
fully

the collection and

He has also investigated with me dialectic differences and

preparation of the Chinese text.
has given unstinted and enthusiastic labor to the work in all its details.
Hardly
in every

way

less are

acknowledgments due

to the perfection of the work,

to

much

my

wife,

who has

contributed

more than her modesty

will allow

much
me to

acknowledge.
Special acknowledgments are due to Rev. C. Goodrich, D.D., Rev. J. Wherry,
S. E. Meech of Peking, who
kindly acted as advisers in the application of

0,D. and Rev.

PREFACE

Till.

the

new system

and

in

of spelling to the Peking dialect.

To them every

question was referred,

accordance with their verdict every point was decided.*

I wish also to
acknowledge my indebtedness to Rev. C. Goodrich, D.D. of T'ungchow,

Wherry, D.D. and Rev.

Whiting of Peking, Rev. P. D. Bergen of Chinanfu,

Rev. J. C. Ferguson of Nanking, Rev. F. W. Bailer of Ganking and especially to Rev. J.
R. Hykes of Kiukiang, for many important criticisms and 'suggestions, both in general and
Rev.

in

J.

particular.

Thanks

J.

L.

are due to Rev. J. A. Silsby and Mr.

and revising the proofs.

Finally, thanks are due to the Board

A. Kenmure

for valuable

assistance in correcting

Presbyterian Church
and to my own mission in Shantung, for their generous kindness in affording me the time
and opportunity to carry forward and complete this undertaking, and see it safely through
of Missions of the

the Press.

kind providence of God which has guided and preserved

assistant to the end of this work, do I now send forth the book on its mission

With thankfulness

me and my

to the

be of great service to many who are preparing themselves to

But for the hope that such would be the case, I should
preach the Gospel to the Chinese.
not have been willing to turn aside for so long a time from the more congenval work ot

earnestly desiring that

it

may

teaching and preaching.

See Preface to second edition.

C.

July

1st,

1892.

\<5>2J

'

W. Matess

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

EFORE

the author was aware or had begun to make any preparation for a second
The
edition, the announcement came that the first edition was nearly exhausted.

any extended revision impossible.

however, has been gone over very carefully, and many minor

pressure of other engagements has

The whole

course,

rendered

improvements made, and mistakes corrected. This is especially true of the first part of
the course, which originally received less careful preparation for the press than did the
The vocabularies in particular have been very carefully revised and corrected,.
latter part.

The system of

The author has

spelling has not been changed.

felt

more and

more, however, that the application of the system to the Peking dialect did not fairly
it was not consistently carried out.
Afber further investigation
represent the system in that

and correspondence with various parties

1

in the north in

whose judgment

concluded to go somewhat beyond the views of the Peking

iheir advice for the first edition,

consistent with

itself,

and

in

friends

and too

had confidence

who gave me

and make the application of the system to Pekingese

harmony with

its

application to other dialects.

The changes

For discussion

consist in putting wei for ui, ilen for iian, yiu for yu and yien for yen.
remarks after the Peking sound table, page 43.

The

see

most frequently made on the lessons has been that they are too long
at the start, and that an introductory series of shorter and easier lessons

criticism

difficult

In order to meet the requirements of the case a series of thirty primary lessons
See Introduction to
has been prepared embracing only three hundred characters in all.
is

needed.

Primary Lessons.

The plan or order of printing the first twenty

make them uniform with the other portion of the book.

lessons has been

Though

changed so

no improvement on the general plan of arrangement seemed feasible.

Quite a number of additional dialogues and essays have been added

more
Mandarin
plement giving thereby much
and
of
wide
words
a
to
student also
range
phrases.
special
exercise in reading

in the

sup-

and introducing

the

C.

T&ngchow, April 20, 1898.

as to

not wholly satisfactory

W. Mateer

PREFACE TO SECOND REVISION.

INCE

the second edition was issued in 1898, no extended revision has been

attempted,
corrected in

misprints and other mistakes have been

In the meantime
the several editions subsequently printed.

although

sundry

many minor mistakes and

inaccuracies have been pointed out by those

using the book. In addition to this, Mrs. Mateer has gone critically and carefully
over the whole book, calling attention to many mistakes and infelicities of expression,
her knowledge of Pekingese enabling her to correct many wrong spellings and

tonic marks.

All criticisms and suggestions have been carefully canvassed by the

and
a
The result, it
author,
large number of corrections and emendations made.
is

hoped, will be a very great improvement in accuracy.

Besides corrections and emendations, over sixty additional notes have

been collected in an appendix at the end of the book.
They are referred to in
their proper places in the body of the book
by a t.

Most

of the

work involved

Mateer, and to her pains and

care

in
is

this revision
chiefly

has been performed by Mrs.

due the superior accuracy of the

present edition.

C.

June

8th, 1906.

W. Mateer.

CONTENTS.
1HTRODUCTION.
Mandarin

...

...

..

Mil

Advice to Student

~.

xxvl

Explanations
General Remarks
Table of Radicals ...
Radical Ode
Tone Exercises
...
Aspirate Exercises
Peking Sound Table

Kxviii

xiv
xiv

Characters
Syllables
Spelling

Powers

...

of Letters

...

...

Vowels

xv

...

,,

Consonants...

,,

,,

Remarks

.Xviii

xix

Syllabaries

Tones
Aspirates

xvi
xvii

xxiii

...

Rhythm

,.xxiv

Radicals

Double Readings
.
Writing

xx

...

...
...

...

xxiv
..

...

xxv

Nanking

xxx
Xxxiii

xxxvii
xl
xli

xliv

Kiukiang

,,

,,

xlvii

Tengchow

,,

,,

xlix

Weihien

Chungking

xxvi

IjESSOIsTS.
Lei

xxix

li

,,

,,

...

liii

in

INTR0IHJCT10K.

Lea. 105.

" one"
Aggregation by the Use of

288
292
295
298
302
305
309
312
316
319
322
326
330
334
337

106. One, Expressing Sameness

107. Kmphatic Reduplication
108. Repeated Action @ =fc, R$ J, etc.
109. Double Auxiliaries, tJ8 ,
, etc
110. Connectives, ga, IS), jig, etc
,,

111. Sign of the Perfect Participle, |H

112. Antithetical Particles, ), fc, etc
113. Special Uses of JSfc
of Compound Verbs
1 14.

,,

Reduplication

,,
,.

ii

,i
,,

*
,,
ii

ii

i,

,i

i,
i,
r,

t,

,,

115. Suddenness, JK g$,

g$, etc
116. Certainty, %, }g. M- 8to
117. Specific
118. Present
119. Past
120. Future
121.

Time

Time, General

,,

Strong Negation.

% #,

341
344
347

$i p., etc

122. Special Uses of g,

123. The Progressive Degree, f
124. Various Uses of fl"
125. Classifiers, 2fc, . . ft- M, etc
126. Beginning, lg, J, *, etc

...

Q%

137.
138.
139.
140.
141.

General Intensives,

lj&,

%J
g

J,

M-

Classifiers,

^.

#, IK.

fi?.

j$, if,
ji. *i JS,

...

etc

&. *,

%,

...

Transitional Conjunctions, ffij and

Conjunctive Phrases, j ft #. f
Special Intensives,

...

...

j}.
Jfl

_fc,

etc.

etc....
...

etc.

jft, Mil-

...

142.

fe *, etc. ...
143. gg, with Verbs and Adjectives
144. Prepositional Phrases,
J*, jjj ij,
i|, etc.
145. The Instrumental Verb J.
146. Mandarin Uses of jj,

147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.

Significant Classifiers
Special Intensives, g, #c, ix, ff $), etc.
,

a,

gg,

&,

...

Ji. etc

Restrictive Particles, {. Jf JJ. etc.

Special Interrogatives, g, Jjk'jjf, ;g
Uncertainty, jfc ,,,
^, etc
The Interrogative Pronoun fSJ

...

155.
15S.

160.
161.

Correlative Particles,

g?
it

gg

~%,

X,

etc.

Jfc\

gfc,

Q,

The Comparative Conjunction

170.

Enumeration of Particulars
Special Terms of Polite Address
ft, ft ft, etc. ...
Overplus,
ft,
Q, n! ~%. %) etc....
Emphatic Assent,

fSL

jg $g

176.

Tj&

*#

,,

181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.

,,

Con elative

Particles, in sets of throe

in

,,

The Auxiliary Verbs

7fc

double

and

sets...

Quadruplet Phrases

,,

...

...

...

,,

424
427
430
434
437

,,
i,

197.
198.

,.

441

***
448

fcg,

Pithy Metaphors
Witticisms

199. Puns
200. Riddles

and Epigrammatic Distichs

Supplemental Vocabulary

...

...

$ H, =g {*, etc.
Time, , ff
$ bI ^ %

191. Sequential Phrases,

192. Special Forms for Past
193. Correlative Particles,
194195. Quadruplet Phrases
196'
>.
jj

,,

...

&

Numerical Quadruplets
187. Inferential Phrases, & JRJ | 2. etc.
188. Special Uses of, 1ft, S, Jf, Bf ^, ...
189. Male and Female, 9} ,
ij, etc.
190. fg, As the Equivalent of SI
ii
,,

465
468
472
etc.475

...

478
482
484
488
492
495
499
5,w
608
509
512
518
521
525
527

...

M W

531

'

421

...

177. Adverbial Diminutives, j> gt, fH jg, etc.

178. Phrases of Inference
179. Impracticability, %g (BJ, j^ ?*s, etc.
180. pj, As a Verbal Prefix

,,

...

etc.

6*J 15, ^ti

169.

..

381

etc.

,,

461

f$, etc.

$81*

Unpleasant Excess,

458

...

}fl: jsjj,

$
Q

,i

etc.

etc.

171.
172.
173.
174. Final Negative Intensives
175. Correlative Particles, JDt

etc.

&

167.

168. Intensives of

377

$j, etc. 454

m,

ft, etc.

^,

371
374

Hypothetical Words and Phrases, tfl fjE,

Recurrent Time, (g) gXi
H, etc

164. Correlative Particles, n,

165.

ft
166. Special Duplicate Adjuncts,

Jfc,

Iff

162. Instantaneity, Tfc B$, j 5JII, etc

103. Adversatives of Surprise, fjf %,

i,

384
387
390
393
396
400
403
407
410
414
418

3g, it,

157.
ffi

158. Indefinite Pronouns, ^, ^fc, $,

159. Special Intent. j$, j^t. M. etc

i,

350
353
356
360
364
368

..,
127. Ending, || %, g,
88, etc.
128. One in Composition
129. Correlative Particles
130. Probability, ff )$, ft, etc
131. Apprehensivencss, 35, ffl, etc
132. Conditional Particles, fig, M- Wt> etc.
133. Correlatives with If
...
134. Optative Forms, Eft.
%, etc
135. Exceptive Phrases,
etc
%,
136. Phrases of Assurance,
j&,
@, etc.

Les. 154. Special Duplicate Adjuncts, fi, E,

535
538
541

545
548
552
555
558
562
566
669
573
577
581

...

584
587
591

etc'.

594
597
600
605
609
612
617
624

451

STTPPIiEMEKTT.
LIST OF
Les. 27, 38, 40
41, 42, 47, 51
52, 68, 72
i
73, 74, 75, 76
n 85, 91, 92, 98
100, 101, 102

SUPPLEMENTARY WORDS AND PHRASES.

Les. 103, 107, 114, 122, 124
128, 140. 141
142, 143, 147, 148, 149

626-7
628-9
630-1
632
633-4
635-6

154, 155, 166, 167, 168

183, 184, 185, 1S6, 195

,,

196

637-8
839-41
642-4
645
G46-7
648

DIALOGUES AND ORATIONS.

Inquiry into Western Affairs
Preparations for Building a Foreign house ...
Domestic Conversation
A Go between Arranging a Marriage Engagement
Collecting Accounts ...
A Specimen of Litigation

Wind and Water

...

in Business
Candidates Attending Examinations
Essay Mutual Relationships
T'ai Cilia's Repentance ...
King Wn Charging his Generals ...
Eulogy on Meucins

649
656
664
672
684
690
699

Making Bargains

707
718
733
736
737
739

INDEXES.
Syllabie Index

742

Radical Index

<ioa

INTRODUCTION.
MANDARIN.
*]VT

ANDARIN,

or official language as

it is

called

affected
comparatively unchanged, not having been
by the tide which has been flowing from the North

by

the Cliinese, is in its essential features the lanof

the people in all the eighteen provinces, except
guage
It may
the coast provinces south of the Yang-tsi.*
be divided into Northern, Southern and Western

Mandarin; and
inces, as

is

for several

Northern Mandai in

is

largely

ed,

etc.

attempt has been made to adapt the present

to both Northern and Southern
Mandarin. With this end in view they have been
course of lessons

repeatedly revised by the aid of teachers from Peking,

Southern Mandarin is more widely

the empire.
used and is spoken by a larger number of people than
Northern Mandarin. It is not, however, as homoge-

Chinanfu, Nanking and Kiukiang. No opportunity

has been found to make any satisfactory comparison

Mandarin of Western China. In some

two or more forms of expression have been
found necessary, which have been inserted in parallel
lines, the Northern form being on the right and the
Southern on the left.
These parallel readings
generally represent forms of expression, for which
there is no equivalent that is everywhere current
For a full explanation of these readings, see Explana
tions at the end of this Introduction.
The student

with the

neous and includes more words and phrases which

have no settled writing, being more or less allied to
the non-Mandarin dialects of the South.
Shantung

between the two extremes, and

its

now heard

An

dominated by Pekingese

which, being the court dialect, is the most fashionable,

and i3 the accredited language of officials throughout

lies

It has fewer words and

and represents the purest hard sounds

in China.

often further distinguished by prov-

Honan Mandarin, Shantung Mandarin,

hundred years.

phrases which cannot be written by significant charac

ters than any other dialect with which I am acquaint-

cases

Mandarin

may be approximately characterized as Central. The

western part of the province is much influenced
by Pekingese, witli which it has its chief affinities.
The eastern portion has hard initial consonants and
in other ways related to Southern Mandarin.
is
The people of this part of the province are the
descendants of a large migration from Hupeh and
southern Honan. t
Being quite off the track of

can adopt whichever reading his teacher approves

This method, besides accomplishing the special end in
view, has this incidental advantage, that while the

the dialect has remained

emigration from the North,

student need not learn the forms not current in his

* The term
the Chinese to their own
"&* US, as applied by
it sprang up when
language, seems to imply that originally
the people spoke a language ditfei ent from that of the
official class ; that is to say, it probably took its rise when a
the people were not Chinese proper, but
large proportion of
subdued and governed by Chinese rulers. It is
aborigines,
well known that the Chinese came into China from the North
This led to their gradually driving the aborigines
and West
southward and eastward a process which has been going on
for at least four thousand years.
During this process, and
when the aborigines were many
especially in its earlier stages,
and the Chinese few, there was much commingling of races and
admixture of language, the conquered learning the language of

reinforced by fresh immigration from the North, it maintained

a relatively pure Chinese.
This supposition, as to the
relation of the southern coast dialects to Mandarin, is
strengthened by the fact that these coast dialects depart much
more from the written language (which was purely Chinese)
than does the Mandarin. All this is quite independent of the
numerous changes which during thee* ages Mandarin has

undergone within
is

thousand men, having his head-quarters near igs |tg Jft. Being
left without support, he gathered together the families of his
soldiers and gradually retreated to the promontory of Shantung, where he took possession of the country and maintained
his independence for a time, but by and by submitted to the
new dynasty. Tradition gives the whole number who came
with him as about 200,000, and reports that he drove out ot

"

the conquerors (which they would naturally call officer talk"),

it to a large extent, as has ever
yet at the name time modifying
been the case in similar circumstances. This amalgamation
of language prevailed along the head of the wave of conquest,
which gradually pushed its way southward and eastward, and
as different aboriginal languages were encountered, gave rise
to different dialects, resulting finally in what are now the
non-Mandarin coast dialects of the South. In the meantime
the body of the wave was behind, and being continually

itself.

related in the Topography of P'&ig-lai that at

the close-of the Yiien dynasty a man named Chang Liang Pi
(38 Sk SB), then governor of Hupeh, raised a force of over thirty

t It

killed many of the original inhabitants. The general truth

of these statements is attested by tradition pervading th
whole people, by the use of pure, hard sounds, and by the
different character of the people

INTRODUCTION.

XIV.

own

the fact that they have passed under

broaden his knowledge of the language
and give him an advantage in communicating with

nor capable of being written by authorized characters.

Colloquial Mandarin includes all the words and
phrases, both t'ung-hsing and local, which are in

locality,

his eye, will

common

persons using a different dialeot.

Mandarin

is

ung-hsing,

local,

use in any given locality.

consists of words

usually distinguished as general or

colloquial and book Mandarin.*
consists of all such words and

style,

which are not ordinarily used in speaking but

T'ung-haing Mandarin

are found in

phrases as are everywhere curnsi.t, and are capable

of being written by authorized characters.
Local

ment the

Mandarin

Mandarin

books, being used to suppledeficiencies of the t'ung-hsing Mandarin, aa

well as to add to its dignity and elegance.
There are
no definite lines of demarcation between these classes

words and phrases as

commonly found in books,

consists of all such

are local in their use, not

Book Mandarin
and phrases taken from the literaiy

of

Every man has

Mandarin.

his

own

standard.

CHARACTERS.
/"1HINESB

writing

is

ideographic,

and derived, no

This adaptation is, however,

quite natural and has
turn given new meanings to
characters,

in

Its origin,
doubt, from a hieroglyphic original.
however, is not certainly known, dating back as it
does into the obscurity of prehistoric times. The
meaning of each character is fixed, but the sound

many

while

it

has

characters.

also

rise

given

The study

of

to

not a few

Mandarin serves

new

as an

invaluable introduction to the study of the literary

The great
given varies greatly in different places.
standard dictionary of the Chinese language, prepared

style or Wen-li

under the patronage of the Emperor Kanghi, contains

upwards of 41,000 characters, but the greater part of

according to the connection in which they are used.

These changes of meaning are not more numerous

them are

either duplicates or obsolete.

Dr

Many

Williams'

nor more

dictionary contains over twelve thousand characters,

but of these some are duplicates and mauy are very

The whole text

rarely used.

Mandarin there are not

five

or

at

An average educated Chinese speaker

not use over about two thousand five hundred to
five

Chinese

many of our primitive nouns and verbs in English.

Ideas expressed in English by such terminal syllables
as ness, able, ure, ion, ling, er, etc., are expressed in
Chinese by the use of two or more independent
so

were primarily intended to

with is in a sense a language

characters

write the literary style,

by itself. It is only written, and is incapable of
being used as a means of oral communication, except
in

characters, each preserving its own individuality and

closer bond than mere juxta
joined together by no

ready made phrases, for reasons which the student

will see as

write

he proceeds.

Mandarin

is,

to

than the same kind of

of

the characters without any inflection but they are not

modified to express related or derivative ideas, as are

and the best speakers not over three

hundred to four thousand.

three thousand,

thousand

more meanings

The
respect to case, number, person, mood or tense.
the
of
the
entirely
upon
depends
syntax
language
Not only are
order or arrangement of the words.

most

thousand.

will

difficult to follow

or

never modified for the purpose of inflection or conjugation ; hence there is no interdependence of words in

Of these many are

Of characters used in
four,

have two

words in Western languages.

meaning
also
have
two or more pronunciacharacters
Many
tions or readings.
(See Double Readings.)
Chinese characters are concreted symbols, which are

of the Chinese classics

over

g.

changes in the

contains 4,754 different characters.

There are probsix
thousand
not
much
over
characters in
ably
general use at the present day.
used only in the literary style.

7J

characters

Using these characters to

some extent, an adaptation.

position.

SYLLABLES.
rpHE most remarkable thing about Mandarin sounds
In the various
is the smallness of their number.

of tones increases

hundred.

means everywhere current, and is

more exoressive and convenient, than any enrres-

T'un<?-hsin<) (ffiff)

ratinh

sonnds to

about

twelve

in use are of course

many more,
Hence arises the
say three or four times as many.
necessity of repeating the same sound in several

dialects there are on an average only about

four hundred separate syllables or sounds
The use

Mandarin

sr

thes*;

The words

I
'

ponding Knglish term that

I shall

take the liberty of using

it.

INTRODUCTION.
Those several senses are distinguished

eenses.

to the

eye by different characters, as the words heir and air,

or pair, pear and pare in English.
If the words

were distributed uniformly to the several syllables

and their tones, the difficulty arising from so much
repetition of the

same sound, would be much

less

than

seeing they are in fact very unevenly distributed.

Many syllables are wanting in one or more tones,
it is,

and one or two characters in one tone are often mated

by a score or more in another tone.
have only two or three characters in

have several

score.

Some
all,

In practice the

syllables

while others
difficulty

is

overcome by various devices, the chief of which

consists in joining the words in pairs, so that they
may mutually designate each other. See Lesson 52.

XV.

Chinese, however, take no account of this fact, and

foreigners have followed them in regarding all words
as single syllables.

For the purpose of analysis and spelling, the

syllables are separated into initials and finals. The
initial consists of the consonant sound or sounds
which form the first part of the syllable, and the
the vowel or vowel combined with or ng,
which forms the second part of the syllable.
The
Syllables beginning with a vowel have no initial.
final, of

intermedial vowel

The use

of initials

is

regarded as a part of the final.

finals offers the best means of

and

analysing and classifying the sounds of any given

dialect, as also of comparing one dialect with another.

distinguished by the fact that nearly

all its syllables end with a vowel.
Its only consonant endings are n and ng.
The Southern non-

In native dictionaries the pronunciation of words is

indicated by initials and finals.
The initial of one
character and final of another are taken and joined
together to spell the syllable required ; thus ma and

Mandarin

ken

Mandarin

is

dialects

have in addition syllables ending

m, p and I.
The Chinese language

in k,

is

commonly regarded

of

its

as

syllables have an

monosyllabic, yet many

intermedial vowel and are in fact dissyllables.

The

This is
spell men, kwei and lang spell kwang, etc.
not an original Chinese idea but was' derived from
foreigners. Several native dictionaries have also been

arranged according to initials and finals as being more

convenient for reference than that according to radicals.

SPELLING.
T^NGLISH

letters

cannot be made to represent

Chinese sounds perfectly, so that spelling is at

Its use, however, if not
best but an approximation.
a necessity,

is

good system
dialect,

will

at least a very great convenience.

of spelling, well adapted to his own

save the learner

much

labor and

many

For reasons given in the preface, the

author has not used any of the systems of spelling
mistakes.

now

in vogue, but has constructed a modified system

better adapted to the requirements of the case.
The system of spelling used in Dr. Williams'

dictionary

fails,

partly because

and partly because

it is

inconsistent with

adopts a standard, the

Wu Fang Yiien Yin, which, so far as the spoken
language is concerned, is obsolete, not being correct
at the present time anywhere in China. ^
itself,

it

The most popular system, that of Sir Thomas

Wade, is inconsistent with itself, quite ignores the
relationship of Pekingese to other dialects, and seems
to be constructed as if to preclude its application to

any dialect except the Pekingese.

characteristic of the system is its

The system

of the

sistent with itself,

mi"

It

is*,

and

The most notable

want of system.

China Inland Mission

is,

in

many respects,

however, only a system of

is

con-

anexcellent

initials

and

finals

adapted to Southern Mandarin the power of particular letters being left undefined so that they may be
varied according as the key characters vary in difThis plan, whilo it serves a certain

ferent dialects.

purpose, is but an approximation and

quate as a general system of spelling.

is

quite inade-

The system now proposed is based chiefly on the

systems of Sir Thomas Wade and the China Inland
Mission, and, while supplementing them largely, only
departs from them so far as is necessary to secure
The chief points of superiority
the end in view.

claimed for this system are the following,

viz.

The powers of the letters are

defined almost entirely by referring to their use in
English, and as few diacritic marks are used as is
1.

It

is

simple.

possible in the circumstances.

The spelling of the English
2. It is self-consistent.

language
spelling,
it

is

conspicuously inconsistent, but no system of

to order, should deliberately embody in

made

such a radical

defect

as

this.

Consistency

is

absolutely essential to the intelligent application of

the same system of spelling to several dialects, and ea
a guide to the spelling of all new sounds.
The system in its present
3. It is comprehensive.
form has a ranee of initials and finals sufficient to

INTRODUCTION.

include at least the dialects of

Peking, Weihien,
Chefoo, Nanking and Kiukiang, and is
capable of easy
extension on the same lines.
4. It is
It brings a number of
discriminating.
dialects into accurate
comparison, giving to each a
complete system of its own, without
violating the
rights of others.

In

advantage to those

English letters to use w and

consonantal powers of w and

China Inland Mission, with the reasons

for

them.

M. system has been adopted

rather than Wade's ri, because the sound is more
nearly allied to i than to u; moreover, this was the
writing originally used for this sound by Edkins,
Medhurst and others.
3. Ss is
changed to s, and tz is changed to ts. Ss
has simply the power of a
single and nothing more,
and is therefore superfluous. Tz
might do for the
unaspirated sound, but z is by its nature incapable of
combining with an aspirate, so that tz' is by necessity
pronounced ts', which fact is recognized by Sir Thos
Wade when he defines tz' as "like ts'."
Analogy
also requires ts, because the difference between the
two
initials now in
question is simply and solely in the
initial letter t, and this fact should be
indicated in

difference.
d,
e,

The

h of Wade's system is discarded in all

cases, because it is required in Southern Mandarin as
the distinctive mark of the fifth tone.
It has been
assigned to this office ever since Chinese sounds
began to be spelled with foreign letters.

5.
it

and

is

in the

Northern

generally represents the sound more

is

more

i,

u and w. Cis retained in

Nanking, where
marks a pronunciation distinctly different
from
that heard in the North and West.*
6. The C. I. M. initial u and t have been
replaced
by w and y. It is contrary to the
of the
the letters

it

usage

As

doubled, thus che

if

che-e.

When standing alone as a

prolonged as if doubled.
Pinal or followed
by a vowel, as i in machine,
When followed by or ng, it is shortened
ravine.
e in her,

perch.

The final vowel sound heard in such words

noble, etc. when separated from the

t,

As o in go, so.
As u in rule,

o,

u,

or ng,
oo in

it is

When

good.

it

followed by a vowet, it
and approximates the sound

vo.

Commonly

ii,

bl.j

or oo in fool.
When followed by n
shortened to the sound of in
pull, or

combines with
of

as table,

preceding

called

French

English language. It
the German a, that is,
to long e as does the

is

it

u, is not found in the

the French rather than
does not incline so much

German

fi.

As

ae in aerial, save that the accent falls on

a, and
the sounds of the two letters are more
nearly joined
This sound can scarcely be considered
together.
Mandarin. It is only heard in the
region of

Chinkiang and Yangchow, and

is

probably im-

The writing of this sound

ported from Soochow.
by the present system would be eii, which is a very
undesirable combination. J2 is
because it is
adopted

ill

Before making this change, I addressed a circular

to
the missiouaries of over five years' residence in
Chili

Manchnria and .Shantung, asking their opinion as to which

letter best represented the sound.
Over nine-tenths of the
were to the effect thtit %e was
replies
preferable.

is

to t in chin,
pin.
Finaf, as i in chin, pin.

i,

ae,

accurately,

pronounced as

final, it is also

dialects

in accordance with the

English usage of

standing

it is

pronounced
S,

final

substituted for

As a in ask, last, as pronounced

by Americano.
As e in met, pen. When
alone as
final,

the spelling.
4.

In

star.

In nearly all dialects a,

preceded by w and followed by ng, is broadened to
the sound of a in fall.
The Chinese do not
appreciate these variations, but regard the sound
as the same.
On this account foreign systems of
spelling have not felt it necessary to indicate the

making

I.

far,

some dialects, when a is followed

has the sound of a in man as
pro-

1. Final o is made
long o, and Wade's final o is
changed to od. Long o final is required in Southern
and Central Mandarin. The sound indicated
by Wade's
final o, is not
really 6, but od, as he himself defines it.

as

Final or followed
by ng, as a in

a,

by n final, it
nounced by Americans.

of the C.

Dowels.

way it affords a decided

who may wish to change their

The following are the

principle changes that have
been made in the systems of Sir Thos. Wade
and the

with tu a

this

certain syllables of

Pinal

as initials

The following key to the

powers of the letters will
serve to define the
system

dialect or to learn several dialects

2.

y.

t Prof. Bell, the well-known author of "Visible

Speech
or Universal Alphabetics,"
says the final vowel sound in tht
words able, noble, etc., corresponds with this sound e
he
heard it from the lips of several
Peking speakers ip v
Chinese embassy

in

Washington

City.

INTRO btJCTION.
and Shanghai.

already in use in Soochow

often written eg.

As

at,

ai in aisle or as

in mine.

It

In some sections

As ou in loud, proud. Occasionally the vowels

are heard slightly separated.
au or a, A3 a in fall, or as au in haul. In Mandarin

it is

is

there always

spelled au.

As ei
With

ei,

Si,

in weight, or as ey in grey.

and

i distinct,

Strike out

above.

and with the powers given

With

It

ei

and a

distinct,

With

iai,

and ai

With

and ao

With u and

ei

e distinct,

Ha,

The

u as above,

tie,

ie,

the
iei,

ee in re-enter, re-enroll.
i is

With

With

a and

and

ei distinct,

iu,

When

given above,

ei

being accented.

Consonants.

dropped.

and in some to the

There is, in some dialects, much confusion between
and iu as finals. They are probably the same final

to

modified by tone and by accidental circumstances.

od, As oa in Qilboa, or in coalesce. The a is very short

initials eh, k, p,

and

U>,

are

somewhat softened

from their sounds as heard in Great Britain, and

much softened from their sounds as heard in
America, yet not so much as to quite pass into the
In some words and
corresponding, j, g, b, d and dz.
in

In some dia

lects the accent inclines to the i

u.

man,

when followed by n or ng, the is accented.

With a and ei distinct, and with the powers

The

preceded by y
and ie approximates e.
and with the powers j" ven

As eo in re-open.
As eu in Peru when the r is

in

used as a

and with the powers

above, ei being accented.

io,

and with the powers given

final the ti i3 accented, and

distinct,

When

to

in final dan.

et,

partially occluded
i

and the a flattened

The combination only occurs

antic.

given above, ao being accented.

As

and with the powers

distinct,

and with the powers given

accented.
above,
being
mi, With the vowels distinct, and with the powers
given above the vowel sounds in gluey.

With u and

uS,

and with the powers given

distinct,

leaving od

the vowels distinct, and with the powers

or, as ou in volute when the I is drop-

above, ai being accented.

iao,

e,

given above, ei being accented.

and with the powers given

distinct,

With

above.

a.

greater or less in different places,

In case of doubt
ears.

is

given above, ai being accented.

distinct

above, the accent being on

oa

ped, and the accent thrown on the first syllable.

The sound of m is comparatively slight,
being
much the stronger of the two sounds.*
ua, As ua in dual with the accent thrown on the a.
uai, With u and ai distinct, and with the powers

better, however, to write io.

is

With

ia,

and

are not

given above,

uei,

and with the powers given

Omit nd and ne from mundane and you
above.
have the sound meei.
So, With the powers given above, o being somewhat
more distinct than e ; or, the vowel sounds in burrow
The
when all the consonants are withdrawn.
circumflex is sometimes omitted on the ground that
the combination sufficiently distinguishes the sound.
eei,

ou,

n from money and you have

the syllable mSi.

fuli

better to give the preference to

as a distinct double sound.

is

Soochow and Shanghai, and

in

letters

and according to different

ao.

onlv heard in the South, where it

takes the place of a final in the North. It is heard

two

of the

perfectly distinct, but coalesce to some extent,

The departure
approximating the sound of e.

from

sound

The sounds

written.

is

the two vowels are heard separately to a greater or

less extent.

this

XV11.

some

localities

they do,

however, become very

nearly equivalent to these sounds.

In the initials ch', k', p', t' and ts', the aspiration is
somewhat stronger than is usual with these letters in
America, and very much stronger than is usual in

Great

Britain.

Their

force

will

be

obtained

the final sound as short & (u in hut)

vocalizing the English letter,

approximately by
and then following at once with the final with an h
An
prefixed ; thus ch-ha for ^, or t-ha for fljj.

might perhaps with equal propriety be so

Irishman ought to give these aspirates to perfection.

*
Sir Thos. Wade defines the sound of ou as, " In reality
M, the vowel sounds of burrow when all the consonants are
withdrawn." This identifies the sound with that of eo in
Southern Mandarin, as given above, which is certainly not
correct for Pekingese, in which alone the sound is heard.
Elsewhere in Northern and Central Mandarin the correspondIn this case, as iu
ing tound it either to. or simply 6.

several others, Sir Thos. Wade seems to have been misled in

his description of Peking sounds by the Nanking sounds
which he had previously learned. It is a question whether
after all the final w is really anything more than the imperfect
necessarily formed by the vocal organs in falling back to
their normal position after a fall fin.l o.

and

it is

to

Some hear
and

it

mark

this fact that it is written

d.

first

INTEODUCtlOK.

xviii

more strongly than is usual in

followed by or ii it includes the

Is aspirated a little

h.

When

English.

sound of

Sir

Thos.

mark

Wade

equivalent to

Greek

the

is,

the distinctive
h,

it

making

y,

that

hew,

fi" al

hue or

in

*s

use^

a8

of the fifth or entering tone.

defines

"
:

slight aspirate pre-

ceding and modifying the sibilant, which, however,

A more
is the stronger of the two consonants."
accurate definition would be, a distinct sibilant
preceding and modifying, or obscuring the aspirate.

To pronounce
correctly requires that the teeth
be somewhat more separated and the tongue brought

the syllables |, hi or hsi,

hin or hsin, ?J hing

aud
jg|, ki, ff kin,
$, king, should be
or
but
the general custom
spelled hyi
hsyi, kyi, etc.,
in all systems has been to drop the y, assuming that
it is included in the initials h and k, as provided
provision, with regard to the

and

of

h and k before

ii.

Wemarfts.
The above

letters

and combinations are supposed

to provide a consistent spelling for all the sounds

found in the dialects of Peking, Chefoo, Weihien,

Nanking and Kiukiang.

Other Mandarin dialects

contain sounds not provided for, in which case

it will be
necessary to make new combinations, and
add
new diacritic marks. Any additions
perhaps

may

made should be

strictly consistent

with the system as

already defined.

represents this peculiar initial as heard in Central

either^' or r alone.f

When

third

k,

followed by

or A, includes the sound of y,

being like k in kindness, as formerly

pronounced

English, viz., kyindness.

Has the same power as in English, and
both as a final and as an initial.

ng,

in

and fourth

wei.

ien are, in the second

In Tengchow words ending in

and third tones ten, and in the

and fourth, ton. These tonal variations differ

It is agreed on all hands
greatly in different dialects.
that in such cases, it is neither necessary nor desirable

first
is

used

but as usually spoken in America.

pronounced just as in English,
in others the tongue is somewhat retracted from
its normal position in giving sh in English.

have two spellings. The student will presently

learn by experience to make the necessary allowance
for such variations.
That spelling should be chosen

Place the tongue as if to utter initial r, and then,

without changing its position, say , followed by
the faintest possible r.

sound.

Not

trilled,

Is in

sh,

sr,

special note of this

power

The sound of many syllables is considerably

Thus in Peking, words ending
modified by the tone.
in wei are, in the first and second tones wi, and in the

Mandarin than

r,

The student should take

above.

it

more to the front than in pronouncing sh.* It is

always followed by t or by ii in the final. In
Pekingese sh is never followed by i or fl.
It is
j, is approximately s in fusion, or z in brazier.
in
sound
used
The
only
Pekingese.
corresponding
in Southern Mandarin is more guttural and therefore more allied to the untrilled English r.
jr, Is a combination of j and r, which more nearly

Jfc,

or hsing, also

Jsh,

As

some

dialects

tsh in potsherd,

a combination representing

the transition sound from ch in the North to

being neither ch nor

amalgamation of the two sounds.
the

south,

ts,

but

ts in

an

Place the tongue as if to utter initial r, and then,

without changing its position, say ts, followed by
r.

Both analogy and consistency would require that

*

The accuracy

of the definition of this sound

given by 8ir
followed by Giles is open to
question.
careful analysis of the sound will show that the sibilant
precedes the aspirate rather than follows it, not however combining with it to form the sound represented by sh but retaining
its own separate force and followed
by the h as a distinct
sound. The original sound in most cases was hy (that is, h in
hew) and is such still in many places. Within the last two or
three hundred years it has been modi6ed by prefixing an
without however essentially changing the hy ; thus, f} was
originally hying (written hing) and has now come to be s-hing.
The sound represented by sh in English is uot a simple
joining
r and A but a new elementary sound, which is alio expressed

Thos.

Wado aud

which analogy or history indicates as the fundamental

It is a great pity that the usage in this respecl
not more uniform and consistent than it is. The
fifth tone makes a still more decided change on the
is

fundamental
is

syllable,

insomuch that in many cases it

it ; on this account, as well as

quite dissociated from

because this tone

is

already distinguished by a special

conform the

terminal letter (h), it is doubtless best to

tsr,

the faintest possible

to

spelling to the sound.

No combinations of English letters can completely
represent all the minor distinctions of even one
dialect,

much

less

those of a

number

of dialects.

in English by e as in emaciate, by s as in nauseate and

by t as
in negotiate. The sound now in question differs from it in that
8 aud h each retains its own special sound following in ordar.
It is doubtless better, however, to write the sound hs ami so
avoid confounding it with sh. It may be regarded as similar
to wh in the English words when, what, etc. which are
if written hwen, hwat, etc.
t Much breath has been spent, both North and South, it
It is in fact a comdiscussing whether this initial ia _; or r.
bination of the two sounds.
It begins with/ and ends with
r, and jr is the best way to represent it, both
North
and South.

pronounced as

twtRobuntiow.
must be given to the
each syllable, especially for the many
minor modifications made by change of tone. In
certain margin or suppleness

spelling

of

XUL

every dialect also, there are occasional stray sounds

which may be regarded as accidental variations, and
need not be provided for in a
of the dialect.
syllabary

SYLLABARIES.
A syllabary

is

an alphabetic

arrangement

of all

the syllables in a given dialect, with all the

characters ordinarily used in writing that dialect,

In some cases the

distributed under these syllables.
characters are arranged in columns according to their

variations.

As

in the

tone,

same

purpose if necessary.
Train your teacher to understand what you
are doing,
especially teach him to understand the
idea of
comparing sounds by finals, so as to get his
4.

assistance in

of a given dialect.
It shows clearly what sounds are
in the dialect with the correct spelling of each, which

order

a very important matter to a beginner, whose ear

It also
is not yet trained to distinguish sounds.
shows the tone of every character, and thus enables
is

own hearing of the sound, and

memory in the absence of his
prompt
further serves as a valuable vade mecum

the student to verify his

serves also to
teacher.

It

his

to all whoessay to write Chinese, giving ao readily the

character you want and know, but cannot quite recall.
In the nature of the case a syllabary can only
To attempt more
include one homogeneous dialect.

than this

is

to invite difficulties and defeat the

end

in view.
Every city or district, having a dialect
peculiar to itself, should have its own syllabary.
Jt is well worth the while of older residents to

prepare a syllabary for the use of beginners, albeit

its usefulness is very far from being limited to
analysis of syllables and tones which
preparation requires, will very likely bring to

beginners.
its

some previous mistakes and misapprehensions,

and lead to a more consistent and accurate proFor the guidance and
nunciation of the dialect.
help of any who may undertake to
I offer the following suggestions
:

1.

5.

make a

syllabary,

Canvass the dialect and gather out as far as

classifying.

Having arranged your

with

by

ample

syllables in alphabetic
your teacher to

spaces,
get
the guidance of the

key characters, all

characters in your dialect,
arranging
them by tones under each syllable. If your teacher
is able to
distinguish clearly the tone from the other
elements of the sound, he will do this work without
classify

the

common

you will have to check over his

work very carefully.
6. In
arranging the characters under the tones,

difficulty; if not,

especial care will be required to see that your teacher

does not simply follow the
Fang Yuen Yin,
instead of the real tone of his dialect.
man of

Wu

moderate scholarship, especially if he be familiar

with light literature, will probably do this work
better than a literary graduate, because he will more
easily free himself from the theoretical tones, and
because he will not be so impervious to a new idea.
Until your teacher

The

light

compare characters

changing the key characters for

this

and in others they are simply given in order,

the tones being indicated by figures.
good syllabary is a great help in acquiring a correct knowledge
tones,

far as possible

is

really able to

throw away

the tone-book and trust simply to his ear, he will be

but a broken reed in the making of a syllabary.

The

fact that he says he understands the distinction

between the book tone and the spoken tone, does

not prove that he really does do so, or that he is in

fact able to depend upon his ear and ignore the book.
It

is

ters

of course understood that purely wen-li charac-

have no established tone in

For

colloquial.

it contains, choospossible all the different syllables

ing a key character for each.

such the teacher will of course refer to the book.

these sounds provisionally and arrange

them in a table by means of the key characters,
bringing like initials into the same line, and like

of the dialect, will probably elicit the fact that a few

2.

Spell

finals into the

same column.

carefully over the several initials and

and compare all those in the pp.me line or
column, and examine closely whether in each case
3.

Go

finals,

In respect to the finals l>e

they are really the same.
that
are not misled by tonal
careful
you
especially

7.

This classification of

all

the

common

characters

rare sounds have been omitted

perhaps that some
sounds which are different have been confused, or
After these corrections are made, make a
vice versd.
careful review of the whole work, comparing and
testing by

means

of the initials

whether the whole work

sistent

and exhaustive.

is

and

finals,

to sea

at the same time con

XX.

INTRODUCTION.
Only after you have made this thorough analyand classification of bite sounds of your dialect

8.
sis

are

to

you ready

the final

settle

several syllables.

In doing

ing

Use

this,

spelling

the

of

attend to the follow-

when y becomes the

the

i.

It will be found that the Chinese consider the

English
sistently and according to the powers given them
in the table of vowels and consonants.
(2). If these

the same, whether

or by any other initial.

sounds are not enough for the emergency, then use

new combinations or additional diacritic marks,

tions of

points:

defining

(1).

all

the

letters con-

them carefully and making them consistent

with the system as

words which end

it

already exists.

In spelling

(3).

preceded by an intermedial
vowel, note that these endings have a relationship to
vowel endings of the same class, thus tien, mien, lien,
in n,

are related to

etc.,

chiien, etc.,

mie, lie, etc. ; yiien, shiien,

are related to yiie, shiie, chiie, etc. Now
tie,

It is indeed occluded by

initial.

the cognate sound y, but the final is still the same as

in lien, liu, etc., and should be so written, retaining
final

it

be preceded by y or by

Let your syllabary make just as many distincsound as the Chinese make and no more.
The only exception that I would make to this rule
is in the case of the confusion of final n and ng and
initial n and I in Southern Mandarin.
For the sake
9.

of facility in consulting dictionaries, and of understanding other dialects in case of removal, it would

be well to keep up these distinctions, although they

exist in your own dialect.
10.
complete syllabary should include double

do not

these syllables, viz., those with intermedial vowels, are

the ones which chiefly develope tonal variations by
changing en to an. In such cases, if there be any

Such double readings as are mere accireadings.

dental variations unattended by a change of meaning,

doubt whether the ending be en or an, the existence

of the corresponding vowel endings in e or a should
determine which is the normal sound and mark the

the same mark under both

other as a tonal variation.

such sounds as

lien, liu,

(4).

etc.,

The intermedial

in

should not be dropped

may be

indicated by a star

the

character having

Double
readings.
a
of
attended
by
change
meaning, should
readings,
be indicated by numbers at the upper right hand
its

corner of the character, one indicating the primary

reading and two the secondary.

TONES.
rpO

give a clear and

Chinese, tones,

The

fact

that

is

satisfactory exposition of
a task of no small difficulty.

they differ so greatly

in

different

localities, and are so wholly foreign to the distinctions we are accustomed to make in sounds, coupled

with the fact that ears differ as

tones,

will

much perhaps

account, to some extent,

as

for the multi-

and contradictory things which have been

Whether the present attempt
written about them.

farious

to elucidate

Mandarin

tones, will succeed

than those which have preceded

seen.

any better

remains to be
I shall treat the subject entirely from the
it,

practical standpoint.
1. Tones, are not

musical notes, but are rather

There is
intonations or inflections of the voice.
in Western languages corresponding to
them, and they can only be acquired by close atten-

nothing

It

a question whether tones were originally an

It seems not
the Chinese language proper.
unlikely that they wero acquired from the languages spoken
by the aborigines who dwelt in the land before the Cliinese
entered it. This hypothesis is favored by the fact that the
extant in China, all have tones, a
aboriginal languages, still
also the language of the Shan tribes bordering on Burmah.
ft is also favored by the fact tbat the non-Mandarin dialects
of the Soulh. which are probably the result of admixtures of
is

element of

In
and imitation of, a Chinese teacher.
Southern Mandarin there are five tones, as follow?,
tion to,

1. Shang p'ing sheng, or upper level tone; 3.

ffsia p'ing sliSng, or lower level tone ; 3. Shang sheng,
or rising tone; 4. Ch'u sheng, or vanishing tone;

viz:

5.

Ju

siting,

Mandarin the
ters originally

chiefly

or

From Northern
entering tone.
tone has disappeared, the charac-

fifth

under

it

being distributed to the other

the second, or lower level tone.*

In one or other of these tones all Mandarin words

four

to

Tones are not something added to the

sound, but are an original and integral part of it.
are spoken.

They do not modify the sense in any particular way,

nor convey any special meaning of any kind. They
rather serve to distinguish one word f.'orn another,
showing that they are two and not one.
Chinese with aboriginal dialects, all have more tones and lay
more stress on tones than does the Mandarin. Mandarin
shows a disposition to throw off tones, as if they were really
Thus within the last four hundred years the
foreign to it.
fifth or entering tone has entirely disappeared from Northern
and Central Mandarin, where it formerly prevailed. The
indications are that it will ultimately disappear frcan
Southorn Mandarin.

X*}

INTRODUCTION.
2.

It is

worthy

remark that the relationship

of special

known or recognized by the

mass of the Chinese people. They learn the tones as
of tones as such, is not

they learn the other characteristics of their sounds

by imitation of their elders

the

sion

different

and to their apprehen-

of

tones

simply different words.

Having

syllable are
different sounds and

given

different meanings, and being represented by different

characters, their tonal relationship is a thing not

Dr. Edkins says that tho ternn

aspirated ending.

*n
" ,e majority of oases
the sound on the ar.
actual
effect
of
the
represent
When first adopted they must have represented the

2fs,

J^,

sf;,

At "d no *

tones of the dialect spoken

when

by the writer who

selected

according to universal
the
sounds
to
given to the same characters
practice,
in other parts of the empire, they convey no idea of
the actual pronunciation." This is perhaps a little

but

them,

applied

scholars, and with them it is not a

based on their own spoken language, but

In Eastern Shantung, aside

strong for Mandarin.
from the inversion of the upper and lower levels, the
names are fairly descriptive of the fact.

acquired as a theory laid down in their books.

3. Tones have been indicated in various ways by
writers on the Chinese language.
When indicated

Tones are of two kinds, viz., practical and

The practical tones are those which are
actually used by the people in speaking, and differ

The

thought of
confined

theoretical

knowledge

of tones

is

to

knowledge
is

on the Chinese character, the most common plan is

that adopted by Dr. Williams in imitation of the
Chinese method,

viz.,

by

small semicircles

four corners of the character.

When

at

the

indicated on

spelling, the most convenient plan is

that adopted by Sir Thos. Wade, viz.,
by the use of
numbers at the upper right band of the spelling. The

the

Romanized

fifth

or entering tone

The

a final

h.

marked

in both

1st

indicated in the spelling by

following example shows the tones

ways

is

zp

]f$

*{*

^ Hsia

_t

3r<i

.i

4th

5th

Shang p'ing shing

M Shang shing

,#
'jff

Fu

1
.

Fu*.

Fu 3

UCh'u

'Fu*.

H J

M, Fuh.

recognize and locate the tone of any word he

their characters.

may

do not truly describe

especially true of the two

of the tones

This

is

In a large part of Shantung the J^ 2p

or upper level, is in fact a lower level, and the ~f> 2J5,
or lower level, is an upper level.
In Peking the
level tones.

_t *$, or upper level, is not properly a level tone at

nor is the "] 2Ji, the former being an upper
all,
quick

falling

rising tone.

description

tone, and the latter an upper quick

The term \, entering, is not a correct

of

the fifth

Regions."

theoretical tones

The compiler

of

this

work was from

he professes to give the syllables

and tones of the Southern Mandarin, which then no

Southern

Chili, yet

Exactly what he
standard in fixing the tones, it is not easy
At the present time they are not correct

doubt extended well to the north.

made

his

to see.

in China, albeit the book is the authorized

standard for determining tones throughout the whole
empire.
Every Chinese scholar is familiar with the

tone,

which

is

tones as given in this book, and

an abrupt

I once heard a
lady in North China complimenting
her teacher on the accuracy of his tones, adducing as proof
the fact that they invariably agreed with the tones given in
Williams' Dictionary. I asked her how about the Ju sheng
ihe replied that he gave her these as readily as the others.

not specially trained,

when a

teacher,

who

asked the tone of a word,

he will generally reply according to the book, and
not according to the tone that he himself actually
uses in speaking.
This latter, in fact, he does not

is

hear.

The names

The

localities.

The tones are usually given by Chinese teachers in

the above order, and form a sort of chime, which
every learner should acquire, as it will enable him to

4.

widely in different

are those which are given in the jg. ~jj JQ

Wu
"
Tones
of
Five
Yiien
the
Yin, or,
Fang
Original

anywhere

tone or J^

2nd

5.

theoretical.

is

generally know, or rather he does not recognize it as

To be of service in teaching a foreigner, a
such.
Chinese teacher must be trained to distinguish tones

by his ear, rejecting and ignoring the artificial standard of the books. Unless thus trained he will
very
likely mislead the learner by giving the theoretical
instead of the practical tones.*
6. For the purpose of
rhyming, tones are divided

by the Chinese into two

level,

and

Isi ( Jj^),

called p'ing (5s),

classes,

deflected.

The former

includes the

shang p'ing thing and the hsia p'ing shing; and

the latter, the shang shing, ch'u sheng and ju
shing.
With this distinction every Chinese scholar is familiar.
He will readily tell to which class any given word

He was

in fact giving the theoretical tones,

including the Ju
sheng, to which he gave a theoretical pronunciation, which
he imagined was the Ju sliSng.
He was thoroughly
misleading his pupil ub to the real pronunciation of" his
'

djirioofc,

INTRODUCTION.

xxu

manner

not the only, purpose that this distinction serves.

7. The tones of words vary in different localities ;
that is, any given character may be one tone in one

tone, but as

fci*

tone in another place. The most

place, and another
is from the first tone to
frequent change perhaps
The second and fourth
the second, and vice versd.

These changes
places.
and often occur within
would show very little,

tones also often exchange

of tone are very numerous,
short distances, such as

very

The number
if any, perceptible change in syllables.
of these changes is far greater than any one would
suppose,

who

has not

made

a subject

the matter

of special inquiry.
8.

of rendering the tones differs in

is not
localities; that is, a given tone

The manner

different

the same sound in one locality that it is in another,

It is, so to speak,
called by the same name.

though
intoned in a different way. For example, the third
tone in Peking, is made by depressing the voice
below its natural key and ending with a strong
In Eastern Shantung, the same
rising inflection.
tone

is

ending

made by beginning
with

rising

in a natural key

In

inflection.

and

eh iao
Pj, ingenious, is not spoken ling*
2
but
normal
to
the
tones,
ling ch'iao*, tin
according
tone of ch'iao, changing from the third to the fourth.

standard being not the actual spoken

and sundry
tones, but the Wu Fang Yuen Yin
In
it.
writing poetry it
rhyme books based upon
is only allowed to rhyme a p'ing with a p'ing and
a tsS with a tsi. This is in fact the principal, if

belongs,

ffr

Again, take the expression

going

to strike

me ?

Now

spoken in

flt

^Jj is

Jj"

fSJ

normally

this phrase, it

|f Are you
,

in the third

changes to the

If its proper tone be retained, the emphasis

fourth.

and the expression would

mean,
[dare to~\ strike me? Once more,
take the sentence $$ ~fc $J ^
#u
^, To
have a thing in your father and mother's possession is not so good as to have it in your own
Here fa is normally niang2 and , is
possession.
is

thereby thrown on

it,

Would you

chi 3 , but as spoken in this sentence they both change

In general it may be said that
to the fourth tone.

there are few sentences of any length spoken, in

which there are not, for one cause or another, changes
in the normal tone of one or more of its words.

These changes are complicated and subject to no

known general law. The following hints embody

as much as the author has learned by experience, and
will, it is

(1.)

hoped, be of some service to the student.

words, both in phrases and in

Accented

sentences, retain their normal tones.

(2.)

Strong emphasis on a word forming part of

a clause,

is likely

to obscure the tone of the succeed-

ing word, generally changing

Chinanfu,

(3.)

it

to the fourth tone.

In dual combinations, which include the vast

the same tone begins high and rises Still higher.

In fact the four tones, as given in Peking, are all
rendered differently in Eastern Shantung ; not only

majority of phrases, the first character generally

takes the accent, and in this case the second charac-

but in Chinanfu they are rendered

in either place.
ently from those heard

to a fourth tone

so,

locality

still

differ-

Each new
new rendering of the tones. These
know no law, and seem to be practically

has a

variations

a certain degree of
is, in many cases,
the
same tone in
of
the
rendering
similarity
different places, yet not such as to make it certainly
or prevent its being confounded with

endless.

There
in

recognizable,

other tones.

The normal tone of a word is

its
position in a compound word
by
9.

often changed
or phrase, as

Thus the
by its position in a sentence.
1
words j& lung 1 east, and ]lf hsi west, are both in
the first tone, but when combined in the word
U,

also

1
1
a thing, they are not spoken tung hsi according to
1
2
hsi'
tone of hsi
but
the
the proper tones,
tung
,

changing from the first to the second. So also jj jg,

merciful, is not spoken tsH* pei\ according to the
rather te't2 pei*, the tone of pei
original tones, but
chaneio;.'

from

the

first

Vo

the

fourth

In

like

ter,

if

not already a fourth tone, generally changes

to the natural falling inflec; that is,

tion

In case the meaning of the second character

a dual phrase predominates and takes the accent,
then it retains its normal tone, and the tone of the
(4.)

of

character generally changes, or is at least obscured, especially if it is a level tone.

10. How may an accurate knowledge of tones
first

be acquired, is a question which confronts every

student of Chinese. Two distinct methods have
been followed, and each has its advocates. One

method

is

to learn the tone of each character as a

distinct act of

memory

in

each

case, so that the tone

as certainly known as the other elements of the

The other method is to regard the tone
sound.

is

an integral part of the sound, which need not be

theoretically separated from it, and so proceed to
learn both words and sentences by a direct and

as

untrammelled imitation of a teacher, as a Chinese child

imitates its parents. Each method has its advantages

XXIU.

INTRODUCTION.
The

method

will give greater

confidence and accuracy in the use of isolated words,
but it imposes a heavy burden on the memory, and
an,I disa-iiantages.

its

ultimate benefit

is

first

neutralized to a considerable

extent by the changes required by composition and

rhythm, and by the danger that the speaker will

adhere too

much

tg the fundamental tone, to the

The second method

great injury of his speaking.
is easier to one who has a
good ear, and will make
a fluent and

natural speaker.
There is danger,
however, that such a speaker will miss his bearings when he attempts to isolate or emphasize a
particular word, especially if it is not a very

common

On

the words, but rather to a close and accurate

imitation of the sounds, botli in general and in
If this method is faithfully carried
of

particular.

out,
less

the

student

the whole, I would

two methods.

recommend a combination

think

to

less

and

about tones, while he will speak the language

He will in fact
with greater and greater accuracy.
hear and speak
both
and
a
of
the
ear
native,
acquire
the language in blissful forgetfulness of tones.
11. Opinions vary as to the relative importance of
Since they
tones in learning and speaking Chinese.
are an

part of

integral

Chinese speech, their

Seeing,
safely be assumed.
all

general importance may

however, that they vary so

much in

different localities

of these several localities under-

and yet the people

one.

come

will

stand each other without serious

it

difficulty,

may

the tone exercises faithfully with his teacher, until

relative importance is
safely be assumed that their
In order,
not so great as is sometimes represented.

he has caught the chime and can distinguish with

however,

to

precision,

and not offend the ears

of the

Let the student

first

practice

certainty the tone of any single word his teacher

pronounces. The foundation is now securely laid,

and he can go on with confidence to learn words

and phrases. In memorizing single words, let the
tone always be regarded as an integral part of the
sound, so that the word is not regarded as properly

heard for in point

of fact there is no Chinese word witlwut a lone.
In case of uncertainty in catching a tone from
a teacher, it is not best to ask him the tone, nor to
suffer him to tell you, but have him repeat the word,
heard at

all

until the tone

is

him the tone as a check if necessary. In

repeating phrases or clauses after the teacher, attention should not be directed chiefly to the tones

telling

be

with

understood

readiness

and

of the hearers, an
Even as
essential.

accurate rendering of the tones is

a basis for acquiring such a style as

may

be under-

stood in several cognate dialects, the very best thing

is the thorough knowledge of the pronunciation of

some one

The Chinese understand, and can

dialect.

make allowance

for,

the differing tones of different

but they do not

sounds that have no tone.

dialects,

other peculiarities of his

understand

He who

own

Anglicised

neglects tones or

dialect,

and attempts
"

to acquire what some are pleased to call a

general
dialect," will end by not speaking real Chinese at all ;

for there

is

no spoken Chinese without

tones,

nor any

that is free from, dialectic peculiarities.

ASPIRATES.

TN

the non-Mandarin dialects of the South there

are sounds beginning with_;',

g, b,

d and

ds, also

two sets of sounds beginning with ch, k, p, t and

which are distinguished as unaspirated and
ts,
written with a
aspirated, the latter l>eing generally
elevated

reversed

comma

Mandarin the initials,;,

but only the two classes
k,

p,

and

ts,

In
following the letter.
d and ds are not found,

g, b,

of sounds represented by ch,

distinguished as unaspirated and

These English letters really represent

In the one case the aspiraneither sound correctly.
tion is weaker than Englishmen generally use with
aspirated.

much weaker than Americans (who

more
strongly than Englishmen) generally
aspirate
these letters, and

Seeing that neither j, g, b, d and ds, nor ch, k, p, t

Mid Ik, perfectly represent the true sounds, it is a question
whether in Mandarin it would not be better to write the un-

use
In the other case the aspiration is somewhat
stronger than that given to these letters by Americans,
and much stronger than that given by Englishmen.

The unaspirated sounds are not

really j, g,

b,

d and

apt to imagine, though they

beginners
approximate these letters, and in a few cases become
If the
almost, if not quite, equivalent to them.
ds,

as

are

learner has difficulty in properly softening ch, k, p, t

and ts, it would be better to give them flat j, g, b, d
and ds, than to run the risk of confusing them with

the aspirates. There is this at least to be said in

that while the
favor of such a pronunciation,
Chinese may not quite approve it, they will not

misunderstand

it.*

It

is

very important that the

aspirated sounds with the formerletters and simplify thesysteni

of spelling by abolishing that awkward '.
It is as easy to vary
from^', g, b, d and da, as it is to vary from eft, k, p, t and tt

xxiv.

INTRODUCTION.

student of Chinese should get this distinction clearly

in mind at 6rst. which he
ought .readily to do by

existing between aspirated and unaspirated sourds

them
as
sounds.
They
independent
simply regarding

practising the table of aspirates with a good teacher.

Ridiculous and mortifying blunders sometimes result
from mistakes in aspirating.
I once heard the

only learn to compare and classify them when taught

announcement
would

be

made from the

rooster

the

in

pulpit

that

there

church on a certain

to

do

so

The

by foreigners.

aspirates in

Mandarin

do not vary with different dialects so much as do the

tones, but are exceedingly uniform from North to
South.
When, however, Mandarin is compared with

evening instead of saying a prayer-meeting, as was

the Southern coast dialects the variations are very

intended.

great, whole classes of sounds

to unaspirates or vice versd.

The Chinese do not

reoognue the

relationship

changing from aspirates

RHYTHM.
A Chinese
"^^

sentence

may

be constructed with fault-

and each word be pronounced with

and
accuracy,
yet the sentence be almost or
perfect
quite unintelligible, simply from want of proper
less idiom,

rhythmical emphasis.

By

rhythmical emphasis

is

amount

of emphasis given to the

words, their distribution into groups, and the

meant the
several

relative

unable to retain the rhythm in his mind. Special

care should also be taken that the teacher does nov
read

in

recitative

or

affected

style.

Chinese

teachers have a strong proclivity to read in that

measured sing-song in which they recite their
classics ; and oftentimes when told that this is not

what

become impressed with the

required, and resort at once to
a loud pompous style which upsets all proper rhythmical emphasis, and is the farthest possible from the
is

wanted,

they

are severally
rapidity or slowness with which they
It is highly important to every speaker
spoken.
that he should acquire the art of speaking in correct

difficulty of

rhythm, and by consequence, with proper emphasis.

Such acquisition will be invaluable in making his
speech easily intelligible and in making it sound
The same thing is true
natural to the Chinese ear.

easy natural conversational style that is wanted.

the student has not a trained teacher, he should ask

to a greater or less extent of all languages.

Tn addition to listening carefully to the

spoken
language heard every day and striving to imitate it,
the best way to acquire a proper rhythm is to
Let
after a good teacher.
practice reading closely
the teacher read a short clause in an easy, natural
lone, and the student follow, imitating faithfully both

what

is

the

assistance

of a friend

who speaks Chinese

practice in reading each day will be a relief from the

severer labor of memorizing, and will work wonders

enabling the student to speak Chinese, as the

Chinese speak it. It should be remembered, however, that merely reading after a teacher will

in

be useless,

if

worse, unless the rhythmical

teacher be really and faithfully

not

the pronunciation and the rhythmic cadence of the

Then let the toacher read the aext clause
teacher.

emphasis

student follow, and so on. The teacher

should not read too far at once, lest the student be

by reading in concert with the teacher.

and

the

to

explain to his teacher what is wanted, and give him

a few lessons on natural reading.
Half an hour's

imitated.

of

the

This exercise

may be

profitably

varied

RADICALS.
Chinese have analysed their numerous written
characters so far as to arranga them in two

rXlHE

hundred and fourteen

common

^ $5,

classes,

each

character class, or

class

having a

The Chinese name

part called its radical.

is

$, character mother.

more complex ones are compounded

Many
It would be a distinct
of those which are simpler.
of
the radicals were connumber
if
the
advantage
The radical was chosen in each
siderably reduced.
of the

case because of its relationship

to

the meaning of

the character, to which it generally gives more or less

The other part of the character has been
f a clue.

named the phonetic by

in

most cases

it

foreign sinologues, because

or at least suggests,

determines,

The Chinese have no special name for it.

characters are made up distinctly
modern
Nearly
of a radical and a phonetic, the one indicating the
meaning and the other the sound. The same is true
of many ancient characters, but not by any means
the sound.

all

of all.

The meaning, form and order of these two

hundred and fourteen radicals, should be memorized.
It will be a hard task, but it will repay the student
Over one hundred and sixty of them are
veil.

xxv

raTRomjcnoa.

memory and lighten the task of

in their order, the Rev. J. A.
radicals
these
learning
of
Silsby
Shanghai has, at the request of the author,

themselves characters in common nse, and will recase.

Moreover, all
quire to be learned in any
the student
and
from
characters are built up
them,
will find that after learning them, Chinese characters

order to assist the

woven the 214 radicals into a mnemonic radical ode,

which is appended at the end of the table of radicals

a great extent their strange unmeaning

look, and will become more familiar and intelligible.
These radicals and their combinations will become
so many hooks on which the memory can fasten,
will

lose to

and so retain the characters

in its keeping.

The

How

a
recognize the radical of a character is
Una
to
some
question
beginner.
importance
fortunately no invariable rule can be given, but the
following directions will be of some service
of

best

time to learn the radicals is at the very outset, before

attempting to learn other characters. The mind

1.

then fresh and unoccupied, and will retain what

it will that
gets with a much firmer grasp than
which is crammed into it after it is already sated with
five hundred or a thousand characters.

These radicals are, in a sense, the Chinese alphabet

Most native
the only one, at least, that they possess.
dictionaries are arranged in the order of these

is

a radical,

particularly the great standard imperial

Most foreign dictionaries of
dictionary of Kanghi.
in all cases of uncertainty as
but
Chinese are syllabic,
to the standard spelling of a character, recourse has

3.

(a)

(6)

(c)

a rare thing that the numbers are retained

in fact the

way we

consulting a dictionary.

hand part

j],

Jf>

is

The lower part

-K

as,

f^

the radical, except in the

$.

&%%

%T>

&>

right.

the radical, except in the

is

jfo

B, S, 1,

JR, 3C>

Ill,

*,

The outer part

is

the radical.

This class

is

(o)

is

radical.
likely to be its governing
Some radicals almost always
(6)

govern the char-

acter in which they appear; as, -*f", **", j|, f.

There are of course some exceptions to these rules,

having them arranged in groups according to the

number of their strokes, they learn the order in
which they stand. This is no doubt the better and
alphabet in

iR

comparatively small.
4. It may be observed in general :
That the most prominent radical in a character

permanently in the memory, save in the case of comin constant demand.

paratively few radicals which are
The Chinese do not learn the radicals by number, but,

being

or

which generally stand at the top.

number of each one. Many, perhaps

of
students
Chinese have undertaken to learn
most,
This is no light task in the first place,
the numbers.

way,

left

case of *f, *-,

radicals or the

effective

The

which generally stand on the

In looking up
to he had to a radical index.
characters by radicals, it will save much time and
the order of these
either
vexation to know

own

is

the radical of the character

If both parts be radicals, then

case of 7J,

still

our

is

etc.

7C

radicals,

more

itself

2. The great majority of characters consist more

or less evidently of two parts, either right and left,
or upper and lower, or inner and outer (a top and a
In case one of those
side joined counts an outer).
which
parts is a radical and the other not, then that

it

it is

Consider whether the character

not a radical.

is

and

to

as true as such rules generally

yet they are quite
which no rule applies, reference
to
characters
are. For
be had to the list of difficult characters usually

use

may

In

given in both native and foreign dictionaries.

DOUBLE READINGS.
ANY

prevalent, favoring the colloquial

Chinese characters have two readings, and

The most of these
a few have three readings.
a
attended
are
of
by
change of meanreading
changes
attended
are
not
which
Those
by a change of
ing
TV IT
--"-

meaning, are mere accidental variations, the remnants

probably of dialectic admixtures. In some dialects
there are many more

of

them than

in others.

tried in all cases to give the reading,

which

depending on tone, consist

most

*
On an average, about one character In five has a
double reading, ana of thene double readings, about three-

than the

No general principle characread in two syllables.

terizes these changes, though a large number of those

I have
is

rather

book reading.*
Of readings which vary the meaning with the sound,
the variation, in by far the greater number of cases, is
tonal; in a comparatively few cases one character is

in the

change from verb

fourths are attended by a change of meaning,

fourth being accidental variations.

tfe*

to

other

INTRODUCTION.

xxvi

similar to such
noun, or from noun to verb or adjective,
or
words as conflict and conflict'
gai'-lant and gallant'
remains
still
It
in English.
true, however, in Chinese
such
as in English, that by far the larger number of
attended
not
change
are
of
any
by
meaning
changes
I have not noted all the double
of pronunciation.
Pocket Dictionary,
readings given in Dr. Goodrich's
I have
to
are
them
of
because many
Peking.
peculiar

noted

which seemed to prevail

all

In other cases,

dialects.

distinction

seemed

local,

viz.,

or

in as

those

many
in

as

two

which the

was inconsistent

in

I have adhered to that reading

which was judged to be the primary reading of the
For the variations made in such cases
character.
will have to
dialects the student
different
by
that
depend on his teacher. It is very likely also
been
have
which
made, will
some of the distinctions
In some
be found to be incorrect in some dialects.
cases also the subsequent use of a word will be found

different dialects,

inconsistent with the general distinction of

meaning

first

made.

This inconsistency generally arises frort

the effect of composition.*

The whole
with

subject of double readings

If only

difficulties.

comparatively easy to
even then there is more or

it

is

surrounded

one dialect be considered,

is

fix

the readings, though

less botli of

uncertainty

and inconsistency. When, however, three or four or

more dialects are considered together, there is no
If
small amount of confusion and contradiction.
each dialect of Mandarin had such a carefully
has given to the
prepared vocabulary as Dr. Goodrich
and valuable comPekingese, then an intelligent

parison might be made.

As

it is at present,

only a

is

possible.
general approximation
I have made no attempt whatever to conform the
or of phrases, to the tonal
spelling of double words,
For these the
introduced
composition.
by
changes
and on
his
teacher
on
student will have to depend

his ear.

as

WRITING.
Chinese will be found a useful exercise
It will be a grateful relief

WRITING
for every student.

in a fair

hand and

in proper order of strokes, proceed

to copy out a part or all of the lesson for the day.

from the tedium of direct memorising, while it will

serve to give a more accurate knowledge of the
The
characters and help to fix them in the mind.

All the while you are copying, you will be having an

exercise in recalling and fixing the characters in your

Chinese consider that a character is not really learned

until it can be, not only recognized, but also written.
to learn to write, is to get a teacher to
The best

not in learning to
write
handle the pen properly and
neatly, but in
in each case,
be
used
should
character
what

way

simple characters in large hand,

copy
and
place this underneath the thin Chinese paper
Use
do.
as
Chinese
trace the characters
schoolboys
and write in regular Chinese order and
a Chinese

write

of

pen

taking lessons from your teacher's example.

You will soon see that your teacher writes the left
hand side bef-.re the right, and the top before the
bottom, and thai he makes the horizontal strokes
style,

before the perpendicular stroke which crosses them,

etc.
Having acquired the art of tracing characters

mind.

The

difficulty

knowing
and in recalling
composition.

in

writing

is

form and
readily and accurately its

How much

time

it

will

pay the student

his
writing Chinese, will depend on
the
of
the
with
requirements
special gifts, together
work in which he expects to engage. Every student

to spend in

fair Chinese hand, and will find

an
advantage to be able to do so, but to be a
quite
writer
recalling all needed characters readily
ready

can learn to write a

it

and using them accurately, requires natural aptitude,

together with constant and long-continued practice.

ADVICE TO THE STUDENT.

You will
over the Introduction carefully.
understand it all, but it will serve to give
of the work you are underyou a useful general idea
Reading it over once or even twice is not
taking.

EEAD
not

sufficient.

It should be carefully studied

and re-read

one of the perplexing things that beset the

to make a vocabulary. A Chinese
scholar gives a clou and evident general distinction between
the two readings of a character, and all seems plain. The
*

This

path of one

is

who undertakes

from time to time until it is fully understood. Give

to the system of spelling and to the
special attention
You cannot
of the letters as there defined.
powers
words properly or consistently until you are
spell
familiar with the powers to be given to the letters.

trouble comes when it is discovsred that the distinction will

not oarry out consistently, but is contradicted by usage.
For instauce see J and Jg.

INTRODUCTION.
I

wish to emphasize this point strongly. I have

after one or even two months'

known students who,

know the powers of the

student who
were attempting to use.
without
that
can
Chinese
words
he
imagines
spell
study of Chinese, did not

letters they

will soon

any

find himself involved

special system,
in confusion and inconsistency,

he unable to
Iiis

own

tell

and will presently

what sound he meant to express by

writing.

Learn the radicals thoroughly according to the

directions given with the Table of Radicals.
the tone exercises until you have
3. Practice
2.

mastered the "chime" and can distinguish readily

the tone of any character your teacher pronounces.
At the same time also practice the aspirate exercises

you have mastered the difference between an

aspirated and an unaspi rated sound.
until

Having

4.

fitted yourself

lessons proper

thus

far,

begin with the

until the

and learn them carefully

Chinese can be given readily by looking at the English.

Review frequently, and so continue uniil about sixty
lessons have been well mastered, which will require
six or eight

months

Having

5.

of steady work.

laid this

foundation,

out

with

Take a new lesson each day and get

you can, and so go on without halting or
turning back, till you have gone over one hundred
and ninety-six lessons. I give this advice for several
as well as

reasons

Chinese.
Talking will take the place of
exercises in translating Et.glish into Chinese, and
your key will be the fact of your being understood.
8. Cultivate assiduously
the art of hearing how
Have an interrogathe Chinese around you speak.

tion point

permanently attached

your mind

is

alert to hear

how

to

your

ears.

When

the Chinese speak their

language, and to compare what you hear with what

you yourself say, then and then only will you have
He who
acquired the art of learning Chinese.

unconsciously continues to say a thing one way, when

he is constantly hearing the Chinese say it another
way will never learn Chinese well. I would urge on

every one the extreme importance of keeping his ears

wide open so as to hear, to imitate, and to appropriate.

9. Do not assume that the English spelling really
represents the true pronunciation of your dialect.
does this will certainly speak with a marked

He who

The true pronunciation of each

brogue.
should
be
learned from your Chinese teacher.
syllable
The spelling, being approximately correct, will serve to

foreign

the sounds, but should never be allowed to

determine them.
He who depends on the spelling
for the pronunciation of the

words

will certainly

not

pronounce accurately.
10. Speak distinctly and not too fast.
Foreigners
are often better understood than the Chinese thembecause they enunciate more distinctly
and speak more slowly.
11. Try to avoid long and involved sentences.
Break up your thoughts into short sentences. This is

selves, chiefly

will relieve the tedium, perhaps discour(a). It

of
bald, hard, committing to memory, and
agement,
will

learn

recall

strike

more boldness.
it

xxvii.

bring something fresh each day.

The same characters and phrases will be turn-

(6).

ing up again and again, so that by the time you are

through, you will be gratified to find that though
imperfectly learned at their first appearance, many of

the chief secret of perspicuity in Chinese.

Be content

of all the important idioms in the language and avoid

the danger of missing some entirely by stopping short

to turn your thoughts around and

and do them over into Chinese style.
They may seem to you to have lost much in the
process, but they will be far more forcible to the
Chinese than in the foreign form in which you would
He who would use the Chinese
prefer to have them.
language effectively, must learn to think as well as to

of the end.

talk in Chinese.

Having reached the end, return to the sixtieth

lesson and review thoroughly, which you can now do
with ease and with a fuller comprehension of the

Mandarin. The two things naturally go hand in hand

and mutually help each other. The additional labor

them have nevertheless " stuck."

(c).

This plan will give you a comprehensive view

6.

various idioms brought to view.

7. As soon as you can
put two

words together,

begin to talk, not only with your teacher during

bouts of study, but at other tiro 38, with all the
Chinese about you.
Be sure that the more you talk,

making the best use you can of the phrases you have
learned, and picking up others, the faster you will

12.

split

13.

them

Do

up,

not

fail

to learn to read, as well as to speak,

involved in learning to read whilst learning to speak,

Even ladies whose time is limited, will
is not great.
not find the task nearly so great as is often imagined.
It is needless tc say that ability to read will be a

power in the hands of its possessor. It is

worthy of remark that one who doe3 not learn to read,
scarcely ever learns to speak well.
great

INTRODUCTION.

XXV1U.
Learn

14.

as

colloquial as you can and do

It is a mistake to suppose
it.
necessarily inelegant, or unaccep-

much

not be afraid to use

that colloquial is
table to the ears of the people.

There are times when

of " general

some one
16.

Mandarin,"

is

an accurate knowledge

of

dialect.

Remember

that the chief thing in learning a

a stately literary style is becoming, as in conversation

with officials or with educated men, but for the varied

memory. The Western mind is given to

reasoning and philosophizing, but the exercise of tin?
faculty is largely thrown away in learning a new

it is far from being the most

In preaching, a certain amount
no doubt important, but this is not in

language, especially such an unscientific language as

the Chinese
Don't begin, therefore, by attempting
to investigate the logical principles that underlie the

wants

of

everyday

life,

useful or effective.

of dignity is
the least inconsistent with a free use of colloquial.

directness and pithiness which the

"
colloquial adds to
general Mandarin," are almost, if
not quite, essential to really effective public address.

The

freshness,

In preaching especially, an elegant classical style with

its high-sour.ding book phraseology, is worth but little

language

is

structure of the language, but take it on faith, and

make it your chief business to cram the words and

phrases of the lessons as fast as possible.

shortest and surest road to success.
17.

or

Do

people.

investigating it
you allow yourself to

your teacher, and you will avoid the confusion and

discouragement of trying to learn one dialect while
you are hearing another. The very best foundation
on which to build a knowledge of several dialects, or

the

not stop learning Chinese at the end of one

Cultivate the habit of listening to the

language of the Chinese

15. Unless for special reasons, always learn the

You will
dialect of the place in which you reside.
learn it more easily, as every one you meet will be

is

two years.

compared with an attractive colloquial style,

which will catch the ears and win the hearts of the
as

This

Seize

every

whom you

new

expression and
with your teacher

hear speaking.
appropriate

it,

If
necessary.
fall into the habit of passing
if

new words and expressions by, simply gathering the

meaning in a general way from the words
you already know, you will presently cease to heatany new words at all, and your knowledge of Chinese
speaker's

will

remain practically stationary.

EXPLANATIONS.
A LL
"^^

single characters are defined in the vocabu-

but phrases which first occur and are

defined in the subject, are not afterwards repeated in
laries,

the vocabulary.
the leading Mandarin meanings of
phrases are given, but meanings
The
confined to the Win-li, ate not generally given.
2.

a rule

A.s

all

characters and

more primitive meaning

is

usually given

first,

and

the others in order.

3.

Many

Chinese characters are used with almost

equal facility as nouns and as verbs, as adjectives and

In such cases the vocabulary has not
as adverbs.
the meaning in the several parts of speech,
is most normal to the

detailed

but gives only that one which

character, leaving the others to be inferred from the

connection in each case.
4. That meaning of a word or phrase which occurs
Sometimes
in the given lesson, is printed in italics.
on account of the structure of the sentence, the

translation contains none of the meanings in exact

When a
form. In such cases none are italicized.

used in a phrase which greatly modifies

its proper meaning, so as to make it doubtful on
which of its meanings the phrase is founded, then

character

none

i*

is

italicized.

When

two or three meanings

given to a character are practical equivalents, none

is italicized.

5. When a character has two

readings attended
by a difference of meaning, the second reading is
noted at the end of the definition. The word also

indicates that the other reading has not yet appeared,

and the word see, that the other reading has already

appeared and been defineS.

6. When a character has two readings not attended
by any change of meaning, they are both noted in
the vocabulary when it is first defined, but when it
subsequently occurs in phrases, only one reading, the
most common or suitable one, is given.
7.

The

spellings in the vocabularies are in accord-

ance with the Peking sounds, but a space is left after

or underneath each spelling for the writing in of a
second spelling to suit the student's particular dialect.
The student should not write in these spellings
hap-hazard, but first master the system of spelling as
to his own dialect and then write them in

applied

carefully, going to a syllabary in cases of doubt (if he

is so fortunate as to have a syllabary of his
dialect).
If he has an index for his dialect, this will afford a

guide in
proportion

all

of

cases.

It will be found

that a large

Pekingese spellings apply equallv to

INTRODUCTION.

XXIX

The best and most labor-saving plan

underscore the Peking spellings which prove to
be correct, and prase the others,
writing in the correct

9. In the
duplicate readings in tlie Chinese text.
the one on the right hand is the Northern form, and

spelling.

If this is done with the learning of each

lesson, it will save much time and confusion on review.

readings are given, which are arranged in order with

the Northern one on the right.
In some cases a dupli-

8. In the
subjects and vocabularies (n.) stands for
Northern Mandarin ; that is, that which is spoken in
Peking and vicinity ; (c.) stands for Central Manda-

cate reading consists of a Northern and Central, or a

Central and Southern the other section not being

other dialects.
to

is

rin which, in this case,

is

limited to that spoken in

Eastern Shantung; (s.) stands for Southern Mandarin,

which means, in this case, that spoken on the lower
Yangtze, especially that of Nanking. These indications are only approximate, and being in some cases
given on the authority of one teacher, are not always

When

be depended on.

to

a phrase

is local,

but the

unknown to the author, it is

Words and phrases the
local.

limits of its use are

marked

(l.); that is,

use of which is confined to classical or book style, are
marked (w.); that is, Wen-li. All words and phrases

which are unmarked, are supposed to be fung-hsing,

or at least approximately so.
wider examination
will no doubt show that some of these are also more

or less local.

the one on the

left,

the Southern.

In some cases three

want of information.

In all such
represented,
cases the more northerly reading is to the right.
In
a few cases both forms are t'ung-hsing, but are not
for

In such
equally applicable in the given connection.
oases attention is called to the matter in the notes.
These parallel readings are supposed to be synonymous.
That they differ slightly in many cases, is unavoidable.
The translation conforms to the right hand reading.

When
tion,

the difference is considerable, a second translaconforming to the other reading, is given in

parenthesis.
11.

Duplicate readings, especially in the case of

common phrases, are not generally repeated in full.

One reading is used alone and then the other, preference being given to that which
the wider range of use.

is

supposnd to have

GENERAL REMARKS.

^ RAMMATICAL
(~*\

science has never been applied

There are of course

to the Chinese language.

embedded in it, but they

been
have never
developed and systematized. Educated Chinese have no guide iu writing or speaking
principles of construction

own

ear and the particular

As a consequence
established
usage.
by
precedents
the language, as at present spoken, has in it many
anomalous forms and usages which are really at vartheir language save their

iance with the underlying principles of the language.

2. In China, literary taste and skill have thus

expended themselves almost entirely on the Wen-li.

nor cultivated.
Elegance in speaking is neither taught
witli
criticize
and
Teachers correct
great pains the
but
allow
them to speak
heir
of
Wen-li essays
pupils,
far

In talking, every man is a law

any way they choose.
unto himself, and individual peculiarities abound to
a

The introduction

thought into China

There is
doubt that ultimately Mandarin, enriched,
corrected and dignified, will come to be the written,
as well as the spoken, language of China.

Chinese has generally been regarded as a very

The difficulty chiefly
language to learn.
concerns the writing. The spoken language is of
4.

difficult

course more difficult to an English

speaker than a
cognate European language, but not more difficult
than other Asiatic languages.
5.

To

which
is

pick up a limited knowledge of colloquial,

answer for household or business purposes,

will

quite easy; but to acquire a fluent, idiomatic and

comprehensive knowledge of the language, answering

to all the departments of life, requires
diligent and
persevering study.
6.

Four things are important

good Chinese

phenomenal extent.
3.

measure, the model of the spoken language.

little

is

of Christianity

and of Western

giving a marked stimulus to

Mandarin literature; and mission schools cultivate

care and correctnessjn speaking as well as in writing.
These things are a beginning, and will certainly increase and develope in the future, and they will tend
the Mandarin.
The
gradually to elevate and purify
is towards a lower and
also
times
the
of
tendency
more diffusive style of Wen-li, approximating, in some

(a).

To put the words and

in

order to speak

clauses in their proper

idiomatic order.
(6).

To

give to the words and phrases their proper

rhythmical emphasis.
(c).

To

give

to

the.,

words their correct syllabic

pronunciation.
(d).

To

give the aspirates and tones correctly.

These tilings I regard as important in the order

which they have just been enumerated.

1HTR0DU0TION.

IXJL

TABLE OF RADICALS.
TN

the following table the radicals are arranged in

classes according to the number of strokes in

each, and in the order in which they usually stand in
dictionaries.

are

They

numbered

in order

from one

upwards albeit the Chinese never number them.

Each radical is spelled according to the Peking sound,
and space is left for writing in a second spelling. The
meanings given are brief and suggestive, rather than

exhaustive.

considerable
or

contracted

are

of the radicals

The

composition.
given in each case at the side of the
Some forty six or seven of the radicals

modified form
full

number

modified in

form.

is

are obsolete as independent characters,

only used as radicals in composition.

now

being

They are

indicated in the table by an asterisk (*).

The best way to learn the radicals is first to learn

Kun3

( H) J~ One, unity, [upright.

*
to pass through, an
( H)
"**
a point, a dot.
( Ifi)
*a
stroke to the left.
( jjjj) )
I

3 Chu*

4 P*ie*

a carve, one.
* a barb, a crook.
J

5 P-*

Zu

6 Chile*

2 Strokes.

(M

7 &<r*

rw

12

Pa*

)[j,

13

Ghiung
14 Mi*
15

Ping

a cover, a hat.

(BAA) A*

10 Jin*

Ju8 4

two.

- ~*

9 Jin*

11

mmL

m a

a man.

[a

man

man, the legs of

to enter, into.

/\

eight.

(EM ^H* a limit

(* I!)*-** to cover, a cover,
(JESS

*
;$C) /

ice, icicle.

16 Chi*

Ju

K'an3
18 Tad

I_J* a receptacle, a box.

17

(A

19 Li*

20 Poo

21

Pi

22

Fang

J])7J

(H

SH

a bench.

a knife,

j\

strength.

'J*

to

tj
1

fH)C*

order.

If

a sword.

wrap.
a spoon, a ladle.
a chest, a case.

the student

uses

another dialect

than

Pekingese, he should get a competent person to write

in the spelling according to his own dialect.
The
radical ode which follows the table will, no doubt,
furnish the easiest method of learning the order.
If
however any one is inclined to learn the order direct,

he

will find that the easiest

over and over until he

is

way is to sing the radicals

familiar with the names and

Then have them written out on a sheet of

and
paper
sing them over, guided by the characters
alone.
Finally sing them over entirely from memory.
They will need frequent rehearsing in order to keep
order.

from forgetting them.

23 Hsi 3

1 Stroke.
1

the shape and meaning, associating these things to

then proceed to learn the sound and the
;

gether

INTRODUCTION.
46 Shan*
47 Ch'wan x

(g[

U-f

A)\V\

)>\

48 Rung*
49 Chi*

50 Chin}

31

52

54 FmI

a shelter.

roof,

#_* moving

Kun^

7T* joined

56 i

(ft

59 S/^n 1

fjr

C*'i

*7

(H

j&

89 F<w

a bow, archery.

(&

CR*

AM *a
>l>

(!

ir,?

step.

64 <SAows

CM

95 Hsiien*
96 Yii*

Win*

68 Pom*
69 CW*
70 Fang*
71

Wa*

72

J*

73

rtte-

74 Fu
75 Mu*

76

C'iiif

77 Chi*

-*L

100

SWny

the hand.

101

Fw#4

'S

branch, a prop.

^^^C* to rap, to tap.

sombre, black

#V

a melon, a
gourd.
a tile.

[stone.

"o

sweet.

SE

to live, to
produce.
to use.

fn

102 Tien 2

09 a

103 P'j

/E

104 Ni 1 -*

(M

gem, a precious

field.

a roll of cloth.

% *%)$*** disease.

an axe, a
catty.

107

Pi*

square.

108

109

Mu*

the sun, a day.

ilfao*

to

111

&
8/tt*

without, not.

speak.
the moon, a month.

112

>tC

wood, a tree.

113 &**

fc. to owe, to be deficient

ifc

bad, vicious.

a pole

to kill.

(JL Ji)JH

N
A*
yk

H4 2

116 tfrtfcw

(^

compare.

breath, vapour.

Jill

an eye.

a halberd, a lance.
an arrow, a dart.
astone.

[areve]atioD

7fc)^ grain of any

(!%D^

117 Li*

.11.

do not!

Tr hair, wool.
EK family name.

skin, bark.

a dish, a
platter.

7F7*^C/j^ adivineomen
*
$J a footprint.

114 Jot?
115

to stop.

to

to back.

white.

ixL

110

A* Jc

yd.

84 CVW*

JL
3i

/T

to deny;

67(i

j$
%

7^* back

/J

a splint

a cow, an ox.
a dog.

106 Paz"*

St
$

83

yT

slice,

105 Pod*.*

79 /&>

81 Pi*

a tooth.

3jC literature, ornament.

~J a peck, a bushel.

y $F

82 Mao*

a bed, a frame.

r\

>&

a spear,
a door,

78 Taj*

80 Wu*-*

Kwa>
98 Wa*
99 Kan*

(#)

66 P'i
07

+ the heart

crosswise.

5 Strokes.

(2E)

&;

63 ffu*

65

%m)

97

61 Hsin*

62

or

ill

claws.

father.

^ ^)^

94 Ck-uen*
-

/^

^J

92 Fa

water.

fire.

.3C

90 Oi'ian?*

93 iVw*

^3. fy^apig'shead.pointed.
W.)l> hair, plumage.

'X

3c

on.

hands.

^^IC

.JJv

88 /*

Strokes.

*)

91 P-ien*

a dart.

V?

57 JTw^i
58 Chi*

60

*a

IS

CW

87
a napkin.

' small, tender.

(jg _fc);

86

(H#)
Htvoa*
(B9

to oppose, a shield.

53 Yien?
55

workman.

self.

^) f|l

Kan 1

51

85 Shwei*

mountain streams.

labor, a

2*
(- d|

a mountain.

hill,

XXXI

to set op, to erect.

6 Strokes.

118 (%tf

119

Mi3

120 Si 1
121 P&

(ft

mtfft the bamboo.

kind.

a cave, a den.

rice.

(fll)jW*ul raw

silk.

TO" crockery.

xxii.

INTRODUCTION199 Mod*

3fc

wheat,

200 Ma*

l^fl

herap.

14 Strokes.

209 P? 2

yellow.

202 Shu*

IPr

millet.

203 Hi*

r|

black,

204 Chi*

flf

embroidery.

frogs.

}ffi

a tripod.
a

208 Shu*

f?

regular, even.

front teeth.

16 Strokes.

212 Awn#
213 Kwei1

jjjL

g
Ht

the nose,

ChV

211

206 7Y/# 3
207 A'k8

Jft.

15 Strokes.

13 Strokes.

205 Min

CA'j 2

210

12 Strokes.

201 Hwang*

xxxiil.

It! a dragon.
fli

a tortoise, a turtle.

17 Strokes.

drum.
214

a rat, a monse.

Fort

BH

a flute, a pipe.

THE RADICAL ODE.

BT REV.

A.

J.

8IMBT.

in learning the meaning and order of the

following ode will relieve the student of much labor
It will serve as a continuous ladder, with suggestive and ever-varying ronnds, which
radicals.
the student can mount with vastly greater ease than he can climb the bare pole of arithmetical

rriHE
-*-

Not only is the first acquirement made easier, but the memory
and recall it more readily than it will the bare numbers.

numbers.
firmly

HOW TO
One

will retain the

BEGIN.

Stroke.

Beginning with unity, just as yon ought,

a

You next make

Make

And

left,

summed up

a dot;
6

a stroke to the

yon've

make

an upright, and then

then a curve and a crook,

the use of one stroke in a book.

A RIDDLE.

Two

Strokes,

Two

man

Enters

See, that

ice

of great strength
23

22

21

A spoon

in a case

Divine what

this

is

passed.
17

is

wrapped up

in old socks,

24

concealed with ten knives

means, and then ask the old wives,

28

cliff,

23

27

that seal on the

let a

is

20

10

A sword

fast,

hides a bench and a box,

18

Should

tramp walking

15

cov'ring of

is

slyly at eight, ere the limit

14

Why

ti

hats on one

made by some

selfish

hoax,

conjunction end up the two strokes.

ode more

INTRODUCTION.

XXXIV.

CONSOLATION FOR AN UNFORTUNATK WIDOW.

Three Strokes

Three smacks on the mouth

32

Which

si

so
!

an enclosure how sweet

85

34

38

earth's greatest sage follows slowly to greet.

8

37

39

88

This evening great lady, your son had a

fall
42

41

40

From

a roof that

He

lame, not a corpse, and some sprouts from the

43

is

was forty-one inches

Washed

in

will

keep him quite

62

SI

60

self in a

46

napkin ; make

S3

shields for the tender;

54

Give shelter

to

orphans

move

on, their defender

66

56

58

pig's

69

head ; don plumage ;

Joined hands follow Cupid's dart, shot from

Bat

hill,

streams by the workmen,

49

too small.
46

44

Wrap

his

67

bow

60

his footsteps

you know.

still

%
($

INTRODUCTION.

SAD DEATH OF TWO JEWELERS.

mm

Five Stroke*.

100

But

and how sweet was their slumber

in

a,

field at their ease,

10*

108

In dry goods rolled np, they were killed by disease.

"3*
101

103

104

7E

106

106

Backtobackthey were laid, dressed in w/tie;-'twas their wish, 7t

106

106

108

107

of the cuenmber placed in n dish

With the skin

110

109

Then an

107

108

&

M.

103

112

111

eye, lance

and dart were engraved on a stone,

114

113

As an emblem divine

now

of the foot-prints

flown

116

116

This stone, midst the grain in a cavernous den,

117

Was

erected to finish five strokes of the pen.

AN ECCENTRIC OLD STATESMAN.

Six Strokes.

ns
119
120
121
" Our bamboo and
rice, silk and crocks,
128

122

am

126

127

old.

128

we plow on

A.nd yet

told,

and quills must be taxed as of

Ou;- nets, sheep

126

124

"

with long eare!

for this fool

130

129
_

" Stick a

in his flesh," cried a

pen

132

131

boatman with

jeers.

184

138

The statesman himself now arrived with a mortar,

186

136

The tongue that opposed him he'd smash and make shorter

The

j|

189

138

187

boat's perverse skipper, with red colored face,

140

He

up with grass, and dismissed

tied

142

141

But when

To

in disgrace.

148

and insects drew blood, he thought best

tigers

145

144

148

travel for clothing and skip to the west.

BEWARE OF THE SERPENT.

Seven Strokes.

i*s

147

Seven strokes we now

151

see,

and a ho'rn,

iji

149

fateful

word!

ni_

ls the valley beans grow, and of pigs a whole herd

164

TB3

Great reptiles their precious yoang offspring are feeding

166

With

legs bare

166

and naked a lad walks unheeding

158

167

His foot gets a sting and his body soon dies

169

160

coach brings his mother :f how bitter her cries

161

Tm

hiaii

time

162

to

'

163

run iromja region

so^.vile,

st

^
4 $
100

102

101

was no use;

to live

98

69

tiles,

$ J C

cucumber:

once. ate a

98

some

slept on

<n

Two sombre gem merchants

They

ZXXV.

10*

EB

:txXV1,

INTRODUCTION.
M4

IBS

14

1<J6

Where wine plucks

its

victims for

a mile.

many

FLEETING RICHES.
Eight Strokes.
Eight strokes

187
!

168

and now gold,

169

after long hxuor gained,

170

171

Doth open the doorway of plenty attained.

172

173

But

riches like birds,

If I

am

174

when the rain hides the

blue,

176

not wrong, will

fly

quickly from yon.

FOOLISH ANGER.

Nine

Strolees.

ns

Nine strokes on the face with

179

Or

sounds

when they fly

the wind,

in

all

weather.

far

away,

in
183

182

181

184

or leather,

180

e'en with a leek, will raise

For leaves

ns

raw-hide

186

186

Don't eat off your head, nor burn incense

all

day.

GOOD ADVICE.
Ten

Strokes.

is

isb

187

Ten strokes on a horse, with

a bone raised on high,

190

Will wear off his hair, and soon cause him to shy.
193

193

101

Don't fight about essences cooked in an urn,

194

Or

doomed with the demons

you'll find yourself

to burn.

FISHING AND HUNTING.

Eleven Strokes.
ioe
Eleven fresh fish and a bird caught with
200

199

198

197

salt.

deer which eats wheat, tied with hemp, calls a halt.

195

ioe

197

,fB,

Jf|

198

199

200

|g

Jjj

201

201

j|?

|f

GOING TO MARKET.
Twelve Strokes.

tm

202

Twelve yellow millet stalks next you will

see,

204

203

black silk emdroidery

purchased by me.

203

204

3%

IS"

EXPLOIT OF SOME FROGS.

Thirteen Strokes.
Thirteen

200

sos

little

frogs on a tripod once

sat,
208

207

But jumped on
[Strokes.

Fourteen

and

drum, wheu they saw a big raf.

RESULT OF A FIGHT.

Fifteen

210

209

Fourteen were the noses

all

even in height,

Ell

a fight.

THE DRAGONS END

r Strokes.

and

Jgf

207

208

j$[

209

210

J|

jjjf

IT.

Seventeen
212
213
Sixteen dragons sat on a tortoise last June,

212

H
&

214

214

Playiug seventeen flutes

206

Si

21}

Fifteen were the teeth, which were lost in

Sixteen

20*

and that winds up

my

tune

tn
|

inthod erenow.

xxxvu,

TONE EXERCISES.
HHHE

following tone exercise* are not intended as a

means of learning the tone of particular words,

but as a means of acquiring the special intonation
peculiar to each tone, and of learning the chime
formed by theso tones when given in regular order.
tables are given, one for Northern and one for
Southern Mandarin.
All tho syllables are not

exercises carefully with hh teacher u number of

times, or until ho can give and 'distinguish each tono

and can chime them together to the

his teacher.
This will soon be ache has an average ear, and will give

with certainty,
satisfaction of
complished

if

Two

strict attention to the business in

represented in tho table, because in some cases it was

impossible to find characters agreeing iu the different
dialects.
Many syllables are originally deficient in

most profitable method of study. Tlie tones of particular words are best learned in connection with the

one or more tones.

hand.
No phrases
are given in illustration of the tones of the several
syllables, because this is not considered to be the

few of these are given, but the

are
The
not.
number of syllables given are
majority
abundant for the purpose for which the table is
intended.
Some syllables seem to be repeated, which

characters

shows that

sentences.

in

divided into two,

another

dialect

the

given syllable
The student should go overthese

taken separately, as they occur in the

course of the lessons, and the modifications made by
composition and collocation are best learned from

words

and

phrases

as

Every lesson

they
is,

stand
iu this

in
togethei
sense, a tone

exercise.

NOKTHKRN TABLE.

wm% a m^mmm
M^nf8jfB*tfc*?!ga#j

i*

& ^ ft 11 * m

3)&

mm mmm
ip m m *t *a w a a
m m m & m m % m m n m w m # nr n k

M&mmn&M: *tn # & # # at tn # # - a r # m

5*

j?

m m m m n # ^^wmmmmmnw&m^ m m m m w

xx xv in.

INTRODUCTION.

mm mm mm

b m. m

n.

&

m m m m m & n m w m m. * %. # m w m $& u
s #i ta
%^&&w
m&&w eg m
J

**

$^

SI

$*

St

# 5B tr ^ it # IB i* ^ is * * e

ttS-JWH

$J3t

^M

i^JRft

ftfci*

a tt # aii* m%- M^ m m m % % w m
m % m % & m m mftrn m &mm &m m y & & m ii^ m
SOTTTHERN

TABUS.

XgJS#**!:te*:2;a&*3Mi
M
81
tt
& *l ffc^
$ B* t*
J

$fr

Ml

fl5

# BE * f

Hie mm

ffi$cMw

*ft

###

si

ra

*##,s

ia&ib

*&#

XXXIX

OtTKuDUOTION.

t*

# 98 ^ jb n
;

#D^

ffl

ft*
ifc

ft

It IS

*!*

IB

IB

Jit

Mi&a \mmmm
g

IK

ft*fi*#*g*P5ift

IT *g

13

gflg*&

ft

nn

j*l$

*&

&

ft

8ft

*3S

# ft T II|IIiiS ^ # e % win 4t
^
st* f tfji i i
* ft IS g&fe*l##-*&& *
# it ^
fc

SflF

=3E

-7- jit

*&#

AE

'

& nr

at

m * ft m bj a $ $ e *

ru

if it ai

b ep a # m m m
.

nrrROT>roTiojr.

ASPIRATE EXERCISES.
TN

orde. to facilitate the acquisition of the rlistino

characters

between aspirates and non-aspirates the

It
following tables of exercises have been arranged.
was found impossible to make one table answer for
both Northern and Southern Mandarin hence one
tiou

The student should go over this table repeatedly

with his teacher, carefully imitating his pronunciaIn general the greater danger lies in not
tion.

given for each. Each table gives all the syllables

the distinction applies.
In all dialects a

It
aspirating strongly enough the aspirated sound.
should be specially noted by the student, that mere

to which

few syllables capable of making the distinction are

either

deficient

in

the same, thus eliminating this complioa

the distinction of aspiration is being

acquired.

is

is

tion, whilst

not necessarily aspiration.

the position of the tongue, not the amount
Let the
of breath, that makes the difference.
student get a clear apprehension of what aspiration
stress or force of voice is

the aspirate or the unaspirate.

These of course are not given. Some syllables seem

to be repeated, which is caused by the splitting of the
In all cases, except
syllable by a different dialect.
those which are specially marked, the tone of the two

It

is

means and the whole

difficulty vanishes.

NORTHERN TABLE.

23111 41211
i mm * * m ^ fcmm & m
# m i m& mwm mm m
1442 41113 113
$* # m & & ^ &
L

ft

*i

iiii

m#
1

$X ^
*& m
14 13
ft

ft
3

j0t

wr

mK **

BE

13

13

Tit'*
ii it

DC ft

mm

ft

$A ft

Jfi

=5?

&m

mm
i

i*

T ^ M

Mi

2p#

**

*
1

&

fi 'ft

mmm

ii it

#m

SOUTHERN TABLK.

13

11114

11

1113 111

%mmwmmm&mft$&^&&m%c&m

JO=.

INTRODUCTION.

15135

414444
tfi

ir aa
5

ft
It

i* i$

14

Xll.

1451

45445
+8 4K >r SE

^a#&^
2

it

51511131345

&

tfc

ME

It 31

be ii

11

^ m
ft $

m
11

H
4

ft

ft

IB

3_

Pi

f EKING SOUND TABLE.

The following List of Syllables represents the
of the

application

new system

of spelling to

4. Ss
becomes

changed to s and tz
and tzH becomes tax.

is

si

to

ts,

5.
Yen and yen and yu are changed
Peking dialect.
The points of departure from the system of yien and yiu.

Sir Thos.
1.

2.

3.

Wade

Final o

U when
Final

A,

il

Nga

is

are briefly as follows :

changed

to o<L

followed by a vowel is changed to to.

and final ih are both changed to f.

6.

Final h

? XJan

is

is

discarded in all cases.

changed to

tien.

See remarks at the end of (he (able.

so that ssu

to yie

and

IKTkoDUCTIOH.

xlil

J,

En

Of En g

%%r
&Fa

^ Fan
if Fang
^
# Fen
Fei

JH FSng

M
^

Hsttn
Halloa"

^- Hn
|p]

Hwei

'/g;

Han

*t Hang
? Hwa
j!!

Hwai

^ Hwan

Foa

^f Hwang
^C Hwofi

-5*

Fon

$1

^C Fa
<& Ua
ig Hai
Han

H
M Hang
F Hao
fjifr H6 Hei

tH Hen
Heng
$T He
Hon

%.

#
#

Hsi

"T* Hsia
(Sj

Llsiang

f Hsiao

Hsie

j$j|

Hsien

Jtfc

Hsin

Hsing

? Hsioa
>|C

Hsin

ft,

Hsinug

H>ii

Hsiien

&

Hsu<'

INTRODUCTION.

xliv.

with

lien,

mien,

The

of course occluded by
analogy shows that it is
is

nnion with y yet

some tones

its

there and in
perceived.
On the

and should

tien, hsien, pien, etc.,

be spelled yien.

its

presence

is

clearly

reason that the distinction between them

imaginary than
differing initials.

made

in

Peking

distinction as

same

yu should be

spelled
The general concensus of opinion in central
1/iu.
and southern dialects has always been that this
principles

two

The

Mandarin the

of course largely occluded in practice,

but should not be dropped out of the writing.
is

Of

in ten and uan Sir Thos.

some tones ten changes to ian
and that in some tones Han changes to Hen, and
further that the two have the same peculiarity
with regard to the final sound. It seems very
4.

Wade

the

finals

says' that in

strange under these circumstances that he did

not spell them both en or both an.
The fact
that

we have a number

of final

He but no

of final ie and a

number

Ha, creates a very

final ia or

the normal sound

strong presumption that en

and an the tonal variation.

is

the two endings

the different tones

varies

much

amongst

The

different dialects

in

frequently in the

same

distribution of

and not un-

dialect, but the fact

still

remains that the one is the normal and the other

the variant, whilst both analogy and usage indicate that the ending which is normal in the one
case

is

also in the other

and that

in both cases this

is en.
Chinese scholars when they understand
the point will not admit that the two endings are

different either theoretically or practically.

5. Sir Thos. Wade's final ih and his final

have

been

combined

in

one

(viz.,

i)

for

the

is perhaps
but certainly not such a
indicated by Sir Thos. Wade's
i

in ih, viz.,

that

the

finals

are

my Peking

" as

in

no distinction

thing."
Practically
heard in Chili out of Peking.

reached by

slight distinction

chin, chick,
is

mor*

city,

description of the power of

analogous with lid, min, tin, hsiu etc.,

not with lu, inn. tn, su, etc. In this opinion I
coincide and have accordingly made the change.
final is

is

is

being merely the effect of

real,

The conclusion
the same was

really

advisers after very care-

and comparison.
two endings are

In sonthern

ful investigation

regarded

as

identical.
6. In his Pocket Dictionary, Dr. Goodrich has
changed Sir Thos. Wade's ho, Ic'o and ho, to kt.
'
as more accurately representing the
k'e, and hi,
Peking sounds." I have in this second edition
followed him in making this change, albeit I
have since felt that it is probably introducing a
distinction where there is no real difference. The
question is whether the remaining sounds of the
should not follow the
class, viz., fifc Jg {fa and
same rule.
7. Final tin, represents a sound which is
practically the same in Peking that it is in other
Mandarin dialects. The general concensus of
opinion in central and southern Mandarin is that

it

is

of

it

better written ilin.

Sir Thos. Wade says
" It is
inflected as if an i, very faint and

rapidly pronounced intervened between il and n."

In some of the dialects of Central China the i is

by no means "faint" Whether the difference

between Pekingese and other dialects is in this
case sufficient to justify a different spelling, I
question.

I have, however, allowed

it

to stand

uuchanged.

NANKING SOUND TABLE.

Thk

of syllables represents the

following
of
the
new
application
system of spelling to the
Nanking Dialect. Uis retained, because it represents the sound

list

more accurately than w. Syllables

containing it are pronounced so as to bring out the

vowel force of u often making the syllable sound

like

a dissyllable.

The addition

^ An
Bit a,

Aug

of

h to a syllable

W Ao
pSf

An

indicates the existence of a fifth tone, spelled by

All fifth
the addition of h to the regular spelling.

tones which modify the spelling

of the fundamental syllable, together with all whose fundamental syllable is unknown, are inserted in alpha-

betic order.
See remarks at the end of the table.

^
^

Chai

|5 Chan

jp Chang

Ch'ai

Hi

Ch'au

Ch'aug

Jll

Chao

{$j Ch'ao

^ Chau
^ Ch'aa

If Che h
iff. Cheh

5 Chen

gL Ch'ln
IE Cheng
Jfc Ch'eng

J
$

Cheo
Ch'eo

$D Chih
fife

CM h

Choh

#
4 Chang
%
Ch'oh

Ch'ong
Chuh

|g*

Ch'a h

Ch'uai

Jf|

Chaan

Jll

Ch'uan

Jjt

Chuang

ffi.

Ch'aang

jJJS

Chuan

ag. Chuei
Pfc Ch'uei
:ftB

ChuGh

*P Chnen

Ch'uln

IfUh

fin,

f$

fio

fcng

R Pan
Fang
6 Faah
#
>fr

Fern

trm

INTBODUCTION.
for

the same reason as in the case of initial

and

n.

3.

as to

There is a difference of opinion in Nanking

whether jf. j|[ and
should be spelled

with e or e.
The older spelling is #, the newer, e.
All
Personally I hear the sound rather e than L

xlvii

the oth;i- syllaoles with this

to the fifth tone and become

are confined
save ^j which

final,
eh,

inclines strongly to eh.

4. Final en is not so clearly 6 as in Pekingese,

but rather a sound between en and

of opinion

is

in.

in favor of writing it in.

The balance

JIHTBODUOTIOK.

KlviiL
jlC Nil

UN o
ft Pai
SR P'ai
$L Pan
^S Pang

^ P'ang
U Pao
$@

P'ao

Ei

Panh

ffl

P'auh

fl Pah

i|

Pah

^
?&P'ei
# Pen
H Peo
Pei

$f Poh
$ P'o h

^ Poan
^ Pn
^ P'u

Pang

J9S

P'ang

;fst

Shwai

Shwang

1)

^ Rao
^ R&

| Shwan h

Sift

#
A R^n
^ Reo-h
Rei

!!

|jj

Roh

^t

Piao

If? P'iao
#lj

JjK

Pieih
P'ieih

Piea

ir

P'ien

Ts'ang

Jp.

Tsao

Ts'ao

?# Tah

$ Ts'anh
MU Tsaii

#
^
&
#

T'ah
Tei
T'ei

IS: Ten

T'eu

fl|

jT:

Shwoan

**fe

4* Sieih
yti Sien

Sin

T'eo h
Ti h

T'ih

rji

Tiao

H
P
-g

Ts'ei

T'ang

4l

Tsen

^?|

Wai

^f Ts'en

Wan

5 Wang
^ Wan

^ Ts'eo
^ Tsi
H Ts'i
h

Ts'ioh

1^ Yo-h

Vg

Tsin

ffl

#C

Ts'in

Tien

fj| Ts'iao

$1 Tsieih
_B. Ts'iei h

Shaug
Shao

H Tan

yj~ Ts'ai

'gl

Shanh

$t T'an

ft Tsan

T*

Shah

Ts'an

T'ing

Tin

Sei

3f*

Soan

T'o-h

Sen

jgI

Sung

Toan

Tai

IS T'oan

an?

Woh

$! Ying

Toh

P'ing

^t W*n

Tsioh

>

2p

^ft

T's'ing

T'ieih

H
^
5
H
#
M
^
%

Ping

Wei

^ Wu-h
# Wang
^ Yai
^. Yang
^ Yao
^ Yan
^ Yei-h
% Yeoh
ff Yien
# Yin

Sao

7L Woan

ffjf

P'in

Tseoh

Ts'iang

Ting

T'ai

Tsei

fit"

fc
g
3?

Ts'ung

| Tiei h

^U Sioh
f# Sin h
IB 81
#f Soh

^ Tsung
#
^ Tnug

Wi

Sang

#
fo
^ Seo

Ts'oan
__

Tsiang

Hfe

Sah

Ts'ab

Tsoan

$&

5^

&

Tso-b.

#f> T'iao

'| Sing

fU San h

Ts'i

Ts'o

#, T'au h

Shwen

Siao

^
^

B@ Tsanh

San

^
J|
^

Pin

^t
h

T'ien

fife

Tsang

T'ao

lip

*li

12 Teoh

3t Shwei

/]->

Ifl^P'fio

P'ih

Shwah

g Si h
#J Siang

linen

Rih

#H Ru h
f? Sai

IP Shen
Sheo h
&1f Shi b

{?$

HI Rang

W
iH Tao
^
A Tan
T'ang

$1 Sho h
f Shu

^ Roan

it

She!

Shein

fig P'oaa

3fc P'en

Pi-h

^
^

Tsai

Tsiao

Tsien
Ts'ien

Tsin
Ts'in

Tsing

Ynng

KEMABKS.
1. Initial I and n are occasionally confused,
bnt for the most part they are distinguished in
the same way as in general Mandarin.
2. With respect to final n and ng, syllables in
an and ang are generally distinguished ; final in is
nsed exclusively, final ing disappearing entirely ;
Snal in and ing are confnsed to some extent,
especially in the native city, bnt the dialect, as a

whole, makes the

same distinction that

is

made

in

general Mandarin.
3.
before i approximates eh, especially in
the aspirates, but still is decidedly uot ch as
heard in Pekingese. The syllable k'iung, in
particular, becomes practically eh, and might,

with propriety, be so written.

4. Final d, or dh, is confiued to the 5th tone

INTEODUCTIOK.
and is peculiar to the Kinkiang dialect. Rev. J.
R. Hykes, D.D., who has arranged the syllabary
as here given, regards it as the 5tl> tone of syllables in ai.
It is so regarded by native scholars in
Kinkiang. Judging from analogy it looks as if it
were rather the Kiukiang modification of ih, as
heard in other Southern Mandarin dialects. It
is a singular fact that
nearly all 5th tones in ih
are without a fundamental syllable.
5. In the syllables rjf and
the vowel is a full

Ill*

clear ex, and quite different from JJ, chien, and

others of the same class.
6. The termination In is not as distinctly in
as in Pekingese, but tends more or less towards
en.
This is especially the case with the syllable

\, which

is

and rin.

TENGCHOW SOUND

na
5ft

Ai

An

tf? ftng

|6r

& Fa

$C Hin
it Hiung
Ho

%
^

ffil.

Ang
Ao

}X. Fan

^T Fang

l Hung

Jp.

Chang

ff. Fei

^
H

^
M
^
^

Jl
JL
fH
#

Chi

# F6n
E Feng
^5 Fo
^ Fu

Ch'i

*& Ha

Ch'ang

Chao
Ch'ao

<fjie

Ken

fif

K'en

!fc

IB

! Kia

Htien

te

Huin

K'i

Ku

J& Lang

Ku

^fs

Kung

*
&

#rf Lia

I?. Kiai

^@F Kiien

P^ Liang

/X Kiang
0. K'iang

yt K'uen

K'ia

Han

Hwang

K'iao

$k

Kie

$. Kwa
gf K'wa

Hang
Hao
#F
He

&

H Ch4n
#

tft

| Hng

Ching

#
T Hia
Hi

fit Ch'ing

Vg

Chiu

#C
f|
#|

ChoS

5rt

Chung

Ch'in

-fit

Chu

$5

Ch'tt

T" Ch'iien

fin

Hiai

Hiang
Hiao
ifu
$& Kie
|HJ

Ch'oa

Hen

HwSn
Hwo5

'J K'ie
Jfjj,

K'wai

Ka

^
^ Kin

K'a

fc K'in

King

yt Kwang
$L Kwang

K'ing

Kwan

^fc

K'wan

j$l

Kwei

Kan

^ KioS

K'wei

K'an

3P

Kang

$C Kin

@ K'wSn

>fc K'in

7^:

18 K'ai

K'ioa

ffiei

K'ang

|5J<

Hi en

Kao

Kiang

Jtfc

Hin

K'ao

K'inng

Ke

4$J

Ko

K'o

<$ HioS

Kwai

Kien

|f

^ Hing

'1^

K'ien

Kai

J K'e

#1

K'tti

'fefe

55c I

^f" Kiiin

Ch'ie

4Jfl[

Li

jf| K'tie

Kiao

Ch'ien

Ktie

Chieu

pH Leu
<& Lfing

K'ii

Hwan
HI Hwei

Le

Kli

Hai
f|C

Lao
Lei

31 K'nng

K'Sng
Ki

Hue

Hwai

^
I

M Keng

Htt

Hwa

TABLE.

Chie

5 Chin

fll

Hu

in fact ren.

La the syllable fj| ruin the u is quite short and

cannot be represented by w. In fact the difference between
*ud | is expressed by ren

IH Kw6n

Kwoa

H| K'woa
$A La

4>fc

^
%

^
I

Liao
Lie

Lien

Lin
Ling
Lio8

Liu

i| Lion*
P@ Lo
Lu
Lung
Ltt

%
^
{g;

Ma
Mai

Man

ft Mang
^- Mao

&

Lai

Mei

\ffl,

Lan

5JC

INTRODUCTION

Men
j

# Mtog
7K Mi
|f

Miao

i}&

Mie

Si Mien

$ Min

45 Ming
II Mo

Mo

SP>

Na

Nai

^
M

Se

Hi Tang

^t

Sen

Wl T'ang
jl Tao

#- Tsao

Hf Sang

P'i

^k.

#4 Pan
H& P'an
fP Pang

%
^ Pao

P'ang

gg Pao

T
H Tan
&

Pai

Pei

Sao

#
&
&
ft Seng
# Sha
IK Shang
& Shao

T'an

Sei

P& Pei
$E Pe

IS
-&

*$

P'*

*fr Shin

Pen

M
p

'Pao

Shien

T'nng

Wa

%\ Wai

M'j

Tse

^|

Wan

|f
i, Tsen

.~F

Wang

$$,

Wei

J^- Ts'en

^t Wen
Woa

Ts'e

#
^

fU Nao

P*ng

JIB

P'eng

$? Nen

I*

Pi

Hi Neng

&

Pi

ft Sha

Piao

|ft Shiie

$fc T'iao

^
HSi
So

g$j Ts'oa

f*J

fft

Nei

*gN ang

7J< P'iao

Shing

^
%) Shoa
# Shung
Shin

Shttin

Kr N

ao

Pie

*!

P'ie

i& N

en

Pieu

P'ien

9^ Sn

Pin

P'iu

5 Swa

Ping

|st

P'ing

J Swan
ft Swaug

N Bg
4^ N n

it n nng
$f No
i|5

Noa

#2 Nu
8! NUDg
I& Nii
fPI o

Pa

P'o

Pn
3tfe

P'O

Sa

Soa

Ts'Sng

T'eng

y-

Tsi

^
^

T'i

Tiao

Tie

Tien

T'ien

^ Ting
9
!

Sung

Tso

Yai

Ts'o

Tsoa

1 Yao
SI Yei

Tsn

M
Tsuug
M
Ts'u

Tit

Ts'nng

T'ing

character.

Yjen

Yin

ifil

J-8

W&

Yie

Ying
Yiu

$1 Yoa

Tswai

ffl

Yung

^[

Ts'wai

Yu

Toa

Tswan

Ytte

T'oa

Jll

Ts'wan

i^ Yuen
Yuin

W.
|E

Tai

IB.

uug:

Tin

# Tsa

HI Swen
Ta

$|

^
^ Wn
W
% Ya
^
Yang

Ts'i

US swa

J& To

Swai

;wei

*t Tseng

Stf T'ie

Sai

San

T'en

lTi

^ Tung
IfJ!

|&

T'n

*[| T'ei

Ifc

Tsei

#Tei

T-e

Ts'wfin

^Tn

Ts'ao

il Nang

| Nan

Ts'ang

Ts'ei

^
Tn
^
# Teug
^

Shie

sw|

Ts'an

$p Tsaug

t#Te

Shi

Pen

ff Tsan

ai

tH Tswang

'

T9 a

j{^

Ts'waug

Tsai

li

Tswei

Ts'ai

Pfc Ts'wei

REMARKS.
1. The dialect of Tengchow is remarkable for
the small number of its syllables and for the clearness with which they are distinguished.
The
sounds also depart less from normal English

sounds than those of most Mandarin dialects

the only elementary sound in it not heard
English being (L
hard sounds
2. The

are

all

pure

in

hard

INTRODUCTION.
showing no tendency whatever towards eh
does

h,

when followed by

tendency to change to hs.

pronounced quite us they are
3. It is important for
especial note of the fact that

or

-ft,

nor

show any

Both ch and sh are

in

English.

the learner to take

k and k, followed by
i or ti,
are pronounced as if a y intervened between the consonant and the vowel.
4 The double readings, due to accidental
This is, no doubt, due to
variation, are very few.
the comparative isolation of the promontory, and
the absence of admixture of other dialects. Pekingese has more than ten times as many such
variations.
5.

The termination

iu

shows a strong tend-

ency to pass into to or to. In some tones of

certain syllables the final o is quite distinct.
The

predominant sound, however, is iu.

6. The termination ien changes in the 1st and
4th tones to tan, and the termination Hen changes
in the 1 st and 4th tones to iian. It is evident, however, from analogy that en is the normal sound,
and an the tonal variation.
7. In the 1st and 4th tones ing, after ch and
tends

tonal variation
a table of sounds.
8. The syllables ch'tten and shuin are
straysounds from some outside dialect, and are conand the latter to 3JJ and
the former to
fined,
one or two other characters.
k,

to

pass

into

ieng

which need not be recognised

in

INTRODUCTION.

lii.

yfc

Lao

fig Leo

Li

ffi

Lia

ill Lian
j^|
J

Liang
Liao

^IJ Lie

Lin

Ling

.yjl

Lioa

^
rli

Lia

Liung
Loa

$& Ln

ft Lung

Ltt

Ltie

Mi Lwan
^ Lwei
Tra

Lwen

i^ Ma

M
"111

Mai

Man

t5 Mang

Mao

=fc Mei

H
iF

Men
Meng
Meo

^Mi
jlj

Mian

Miao

Mie

J3$

Min

ig Ming

Moa

21 Mu

SB Na

INTRODUCTION.
$ft

Tsrn

jq|,

Ts'ru

Pft Ts'rwei

Pp Tsrimg
fity

Ts'rnng

M Tsrwa
No

,.,

character.

-IS

Tsrwei
\J

TWa

ffc

Ts'weu

# T'wen

#R Tu

Ts'u

N
"

^ Ya
&

Yai

#\ Wai
1^ Wan

%L Yang
lg Yao

Tung

3E Wang

Yie

^
^
&

Wei

^ff

Yian

Wen

# Yin

T'a

t!& Tsrwai

Tswan

Twau

ffiO

Ts'rwai

Ts'wan

T"wau

f.

Tsrwang

H Tawei

ft!

Ts'rwan?

-^

Twei
*, T'wei

Ts'wei

Wn

jfc

Wa

ji

^ Tung

~~1 Ts'uug

Twen

Tswen

Tsa

^V Tsung

liii.

Weng
Wo5

ffe

591

Jr!

Yung

&

Ytt

Ji Yllan

Yiiin

$J Yuoa

Ying

REMARKS.
1.

Syllables

which

in

most other Mandarin

dialects begin with initial * and ts, are in Wei-hien

divided into two sets, one set having simply s
and ts as in other dialects, and the other set
having s and ts modified by r.
2.

The characters under the Pekingese

initial

hs divide into two classes, one taking hy and the

other ks, the former embracing characters read hy
in Southern Mandarin, and the latter those read si.
3. Tsh represents a sound which is neither
ch nor ts, but a combination of the two.
It is
always followed by t or u, whilst ts alone is never
followed by i or ii.
4. All final n't are nasai, so that the n is
scarcely audible.

5. In final en the sound of the vowel is obscured by the strong nasal, so that it is difficnlt
to tell whether it should be written en or en.
There is a difference of opinion as to which is

the better writing.

and ahen show a

towards
chin, ch'in and shin,
strong tendency
and the syllables ching, ch'ing and shing show a
similar tendency towards ching, ch'eng and shing.
In both cases the sounds are really admixtures
of the clear t of the district to the east, with
6.

The

syllables ehen, eh'en

the e or i of the region to the west.

7. In the syllables chii, ch'ii and

not pare, bat lies between ti and u

ahtt

the

is

CHUNGKING SOUND TABLE.

The following list of syllables represents the
application of the system of spelling to the dialect
It was prepared by a committee
of Chungking.
appointed by the

in

issionary

The following
king.
also prepared by this

community in Chung-

remarks concerning it were

committee
1. The syllables spelled ai, an, ang, ao, i, en,
ou (eo) and o'd (o) in Peking are preceded by ng
in Chungking.
2. Where the initial ch is followed
by the vowels
a, ei, S, ou (eo), i, od (o) u (except J! and $), the
letter w and the final ung (in Chungking), thin ch
is changed to ts.
Both spellings are given in the
table, so as to be in accord with general mandarin
Ch is
usage, and both are equally understood.
sometimes heard with these syllables by men from
:

other parts of the province.

3. The sounds j ckoo,
jjj cfcoo, jjg shoo and
^f yoo have been spelled with oo instead of a as
better representing the sounds, and more readily
learned by tb beginner.

The

final g of Pekingese is not sonnded in

with
the vowels e and t, as J Chin, j$
syllables
Ch'in,
Pin,
Fin, etc.
5. The j of Pekingese is a decided rough r in
Chungking, but is given differently by different
Chinese.
and
are almost always interchangeable,
6.
being sometimes used interchangeably on the
4.

same character.
7. A number of characters represented by i in
Pekingese are Ni or Li in Chungking.
8. The sounds j Tun and fft 'Pun are included
under Tin and 'Pin as being practically the same
sounds.

Hu

of Pekingese becomes Fu in Chnngking.

In the talk of the people of Chnngking such
sounds as jg and $$ would seem to be truly
represented by rei and rk. This is also the case
with the sounds
The difference
sei and f- si.
is
largely due to the tones of the two characters,
and as i is regarded as the true sound these
9.

10.

nmtoDCOTioH.

li*.

characters have been included under ri and s6

respectively.
11. With the exception of shoo, all syllables
commencing with sh in Pekingese, are sounded
without the A, though it is retained in some other

districts of Si-chuan.

ftflf

or an

seems to fairly give the sounds of both

and %, therefore wo is omitted in the table.
While these two characters seem to demand
something more than o, the to is not equivalent
12.

|5q[

to that in

^ or

3t or

_,.

INTRODUCTION.
?8f

Ngan

Ngang

Wl Ngao
tl NgS
U, Ngen
ffl

Ngeo

^ Ngo
&Ni
}l
,f^

Niang
Niao
Nie

Nien

41

Nio

jf*

Nin
Nin

^
#P No
#t Nn

NuDg

iC

Nii

Ifg

Nwan

j*J

Nwei

W
A Pa
o

1fl P'a

^Pai

P'ai

^. Pan
Bfr P'an

fPPang
P'ang

&

Pao

IV

ji

ss

IS
ft,
rift

rT

I*
Tttr.

J>

Br

tfc.

*,.

?7
ft

A
2
m

ft

m
IB

H
2
2.

ft

ffl

4P

2.

^
A

pj.
7J>

n a

t
T\ ft

to

x
IE

ft;

BR

Jit

ft
I

jig

ft

35

ft.

B
2
IB.

ft
1=1.

75

"Is!

raj,

-til.

4t

ilfc

iife

jSj

5nv

ft

is

ft
ft

ft

75

ft

ft

ft
i

nig

pro

gg

H
&

&

ft

ft
ft
J.

ZP

I*.

m
ffif

m
ffrf.

rT

ft

i
4b

#J
ft

Zo

z.

*
*

I.

1=1

gg

9$

4*

gg

till.

Jit

ft

in'

E
Httrj

ft

ft

IB

* m
m m

&

81 ifi

iff.

vT.

=Hf

m
A. ft

ft

ft

{9

*f

ft

&
4fc

e
#

#
t=

fi'J

ft,

iffr

ft

ni

IE

it.

I
^0

3E

A.

IB

Ol

ft

73

ft

SI
It

fa

4>

ft

-*

it

BP|i

fr.

BBi
ft

in

to

a*

BR

fl'J

pi

$.

A
Z

A
H

as

Ad

BO

ft it

fl

JSJr

ifi

ft

rfn

in

.el

If

ft;

ft

JL

ft

M.

it.
nn,

ft

z E

X i

I*

w Z
^

iM
ft

#
ft

(ft

it

fftlft
t# ft

ft

& r
9
z

ft

si

P
as

ft
ft

SS

"$f

to

IS

a Qum$m
OF

MANDARIN LESSONS
nggt0tion0 to the <Stnknt.

Begin

I.

"
"
and
Explanations
by reading over the introduction carefnlly, especially the

"Advice

commencing the study

2.

Take

You

to Students."

especial

system of spelling as applied

3.

Listen

very

When

carefully

you

can

to

many

know when

things yon ought to

of Chinese.

to acquire

pains

find there

will

at the very outset a

to

your own dialect.

your teacher, so that

hear a sound

you
will

correctly you

good working knowledge of the

Do

not begin to spell at random.

may

hear

generally

the

sounds correctly.

be

able

to

speak

it

eorrectly.
i.

Do

not neglect the

teacher

tones at Jirst, but try to get

them from the very

cannot distinguish the tones as such get some one to teach

start.

If ysva

him.

Practice

on the tone table will be time profitably spent.

6.

It will

them
6.

Do

pay every student of Chinese

is

to learn

the radicals, and the best time to learn

at the very outset.

not be afraid to use what you have learned.

vho hears

or

who

laughs.

Get

it

off

on

all occasions,

no matter

m m m t

Sft

fiESSON

MANDA1UN LESSONS

I.

g<H-*

*! +
o

25

'-=5.

PT

A.

sa
14 Seven days are a week. .
One thousand cask' are a string*-

& ^

1"5

16

One

1&

Two

handled and fifty

17. .'Nineteen stnajl cash,

17 /|H-+
20

- A

SB.

**.

# -h ^ M

-g

ffl

A.X1B
25 n

***i

ft

ji.

:i

ft.

21,'Eleven months and seyjeji^ days.

22' .The teacher -.has 'a good many cash

much-money).

(or,

22

,,

liundred *nd. fqrty fjf4men.

l'.> One
hundred and-ysix cash.
20
year and* eight "months;

i# A..1H.

X'N

men.

23 There are some women at the door.

24 There are a good many, scholars iu
the school room.
25 There are five of 'six persous^a,t

w+

the door.

'

'
I

jfy

Nan 2

male (of the human species)

culine

J/J

/V A man ;

ffi

mas-

Fang

A room;

2
.

fc*$fo

.-..

-Vw

a husband.

a girl; a wife; a lady;

... female (of the human species).

]9C

yC

/V

NtPjin

A woman;

.....

..

To

*$?

a wife.

Hstie 2 fang*.

*=pffi

fiftl

pjT

[A

young lady

of an educated

Wife

/flj"^
2

H.-oie

...

a mother; a

man

fljfl

of

ing,

Note

to imitate ; learn;
doctrines; a school or

pupiL, a scholar

A written character;
name

Min% Agate,
.

Ftie*.

it'

adisciple,

^p

annual.
a day

word

a writing

an opening

occupation

-The moon

a mbnth.

class.

'.

To reverence, to kneel
...... to visit, to pay one's

h'ien

a week

01'ship;

thousand
> an y-

To bang;

q| Tiao*.

to

towort/np;

respects

lo.

the Sabbath day.

an indefinite

immb^

suspend. or lift,- as hy a
string of cxsh, equal in
most places to a thousand, but in some places to
five hundred, or even less,
as in Manchuria.
cord

to

or

hundred; the whole of a

numerous all.'
Small; petty," mean junior. hre-

poa

class;

a proies-

Providence; God.

Pai*.

Pai 3

a title.

a door
sin

is so,

this,

5.

To learn

science,

uon.;
/f

the sky, the air

.season

am, are;

'

a follower.

... a

tael,

Li 3 Worship-; a ceremouy^a rite propriety

...... offerings ceremonial gifts.

WB.T&

an educated man

2
5"L Hatie sheng

^~p Tsi*.

is,

'

."7^

place of learning.

be;

A year,
Heaven

.'.

Mrs.

mother ; female.

or hsiao 2
.

T'ien 1

to

absolute right

afs Nien*

girl,

Wife

i$t

Mu z

The verb

wealth; the
a mace.

10.
'

yes

..... wife.

last: Note

Copper cnsh ; mopey

style of address applicable

Niang

as

tenth part of a

to all educated men, and generally

applied to any genteel stranger. It is the nearest
equivalent of Mr. that the Chinese language affords.
A leader a model a te&cher, a maspin Shi.
a metropolis.
ter
JfJi

Same

'

get;

X~ Shi*.

schoolroom, a school.

"

A&-Ch'ien 29

bear, to produce ; to beget ; to be

bom; to excite to live, to exist ;

teacher.

Hsue* Vang'.

M.

-il

'

nnripe, raw; unacquainted.

jX, *fc

km

Siting

Ilsien 1 . Before; former; previous; early; in

. .front.
...
.

T'ang\,A mansion, a hall; an official room;

a count
-a churchy hospital
or
the "persons assembled iu a ball.
large shop

A woman;

bureau;

*&!

^j5C

a house:. an office or
'

a son.

3
/\\ Hsiao .
... :'':'.

-4k"

rior

Ling*,
.

concubine.

a cipher
fraction ; a remainder
.showing that one place is vac;r
:

MANDARIN LEBSONH.

t.KSSON 3.

Translaiion.

-k

&.
o
it

& m m
* & A,
a, o
* M

(will not pass).

5 This pen is not very good.

6 These characters are hard to learn.

That place is not good.

man cannot speak Mandarin.

ffl

8 This

9 That

sJS.

man

and unable to

is ill,

eat.

10 These things are really not usable.

Do

not open that door.

men have nothing to
Those
12

LESSOU

man has no learning

man has no money.

3 This syllable is not pleasant to hear.

4 These small cash are not good to j>

i * IB o 00 IB *
M
8R
a A ii
is pi % m m
* *
31?
A, *. it
m *. o a.
o

This

2 That

eat.

II.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

|g This f These words, when not followed by

That a
classifier, are generally fol2f
* lowed\ special
by f@ or g. Sometimes the {jg and Jgf
are omitted, the sense remaining approximately
the same.
When followed by 4 the meaning is

plural

and

these

viz,

The J& sometimes

those.

takes an
before it, which modifies the sense
a little, making it equivalent to this or that lo\
Thus, 3(J J? "%, J5 means these things, but
of, etc.
~*
IS 78. IS means rather, this lot of things.
*S

Vocabulary.

Jh

Chi*, chei*.

This;

now; this place

The second pro-

here;

or thing.

nnnciation
tion of

$5

j^l

is

colloquial,

: there; that place, or thing,

or time.
The second pronuncolloquial, and probably a contraction

ciation
of jjj$
.

1
Mod*, met

To

\\a)

Win*.

To ask; to hold
examine a case
;

!?

1
PQ Hsue

Vin 1 .

fjjg

T'ing

Not, no; with adjectives it answers to

the prefixes, un, dis, etc.
The tone
varies with the collocation.

win*.

responsible;

to

wound of any kind a musical note,

a tone
the sound of a word.

to effect

to

An

if

To use, to employ
need
useful
so
instrumental verb
Les. 54.

TO Yung*.

i^S Pi

use

to cause,
Les.

supposing that
instrumental verb: --Les. 54.

3
.

;.

to

cause

as

to.

to

An

pen, a pencil, a style ; a stroke in a

character; an item iu an account.

3p Nan2 Hard,

difficult; irksome ; to be hard on,

to harass, to persecute.
Also nan*.

The

earth; a place, a spot; the ground,

the floor.

iUj Ti*.

~/f

Fang

1
.

to listen, to understaud

Also ting*.
To order ; to send

to convict.

Learning;
scholarship;
knowledge; information.

To hear;

IJC Sfa*.

132.

Also na*.

die; to disappear; not yet;

In Mandarin jj is
no, not.
followed
by /j|, expressed or understood,
always
is used as a
and, except when
principal verb,
always puts the idea in the perfect tense.

Oc

Pu*.

That

Na*, nei*.
is

and probably a contrac-

/p

square; a place
scription

thereupon; a

classifier:

to

Lee
;

a rule; a pro-

compare
147.

thee.

ft

13 That scholar can write a good

* # 3B *
m * ih a& 4 & * fl S
o H o #F A. 3
p .
A. T> # * M M m * o
m* % -# *
q % m . a,
o *<b p BR * A. o T>
3K A. tt m m t> M g
m 9
15

man does not speak the truth.

15 That man cannot write.
16 Truly this character is not easy to

14 This

ft

write.

*ft

17 That man will not take these small

cash.
18 These words are truly hard to learn.

21

18

19 Will you (teacher) please write this

character ?
20 That scholar does not mind what he is
told.

21 The lady cannot eat this food.

20

ift

22 There are a good many people in this

16

24

place;

work

To descend,

$| Lod*.

a situation
a tax collector.

an occasion;

or to live

to let

to fall ;

enter on an account
Also lao* aud la*.

write.

to

23 That small pupil is not very steady.

24 There are no good men in that place.
25 There is not a good man in that place*

Bsi1

West ; western

jfCi?5I

down ;

to begin,

IZli

place.

77,

VEt^y

many

characters.

thing

foreign.

a worthless fellow.

to

to

2
j|f Shi

Meal, solid; true, honest; the results;

the kernel ; the multiplicand or

dividend.

^tifo

Same

as J&

but used only

~f$,

in

the
-jtE

South.

used
to know how ; can,
;
of acquired ability ; a fraternity ;
a joint -stock company; a church; a short time.

To

fj Hwei*.

ffil

collect

Power ;

N&ng*.

ability

be able

to

used of natural ability

can,

compe-

tent; talented.
fjfc

Shwoa1
...

^$
ffjlf

Kwan

to

officer of any class;

government.

the

language;

court

dialect,

Mandarin
a defecc

Illness, disease;
vice.

Ping*.

a fault;

...... a

To eat

0h'\

in

to

common

A meal

Fan*.

Tung

drink

The second

\fel writing

1
,

food

is

within

; verily

to

in fact

pres-

be

alive.

well

need ; to require from ;

necessary, important ; to
Les. 13.
sign of future

to
;

To open;

to explain ; to begin;
write out; boiling.
Les. 74.

start;

auxiliary verb

to suffer, to bear.
of

a short form

^^

to

An

to

To write; to compose;

to disburden;

rice or millet (cooked).

The truth

Shi* hwa*

To hearken

UJ T'ing*.

follow

according

mw
jjfg

jvf

to, as.

3.

See

1
T'ing* shwod

Gh'iny

use.
;

truly

to bo about to
1

at, in,

depending upon

To want ;
to dun

Yao*.

intend

to dissipate.

Words,

'fz n$j Official

^|

^ Hsie

official; the

talk ; spoken as opposed to

written language ; to speak.

Hwa*.

jj ^1 Really

An

be in or at

ent

pq K'ai

say ; to narrate to re... prove; words, sayings. Also shwei*.

To speak,

To

Tsai*.

to

the facts.

to obey ; to let

to

to hear a cause, to await

1
.

t'ing

To obey

To request;

to

be obedient.

to invite; please; to

engage or hire, as a teacher, etc.

Lao* sh?. Honest; trustworthy; Steady:
gentle (of an animal). t

the place of

East ; sunrise
master or owner.
;

honor

Ch'iung*.

Exhausted

search out

; to exhaust, to
the end.

poor
;

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

3.

m
m m m m m *

11

it

&

29

73.

ft

26 There

ip

M.

11

~%

fl8

*k
Jj

ft

a.
28
-i " o
"

man

not a single good

is

in

that place.

27 There

no poor people

are

in

this

place.

m m

28 This pupii wants six cash.

29 This old teacher is exceedingly poor.

2e

Notes.
3 The verb
very common.

4 He

is

very

/y> ~fc
~/J

here understood.

common

where J^

in the South,

7 J*

to be is

in

Its

omission

is

Northern Mandarin, but not

always used.
Not great good ; i.e., not very good.
J(J
is everywhere current, Jgf Jjjj is only used

9 j

19

Lit.,

is

have

i.e.,

write

teacher to

the

invite

this

character.

politeness.

added

have rice to eat;

here used instead of "you," for the sake of

is

is

Both
i.e., obey orders.
primary senses, jjjjj, to hear,
to, to obey ; and fjjfc, to speak,

is

The former

20

in

Lit.,

|&-

)$j

hear saying;

words are here used out

to (^J in order to specialize the syllable

which has prR for its object, thus distinguishing it from other words of the same sound. The object combines with t!ie veib and need not appear in the translation.
This is a very common idiom. In the tiftee'ith sentence we
have another example in 3H '^. See Lesson 51.
as that

No

^it.,

'If f$l ^Z>

"Teacher"

is

the South.

*%

12 Jx

nothing to eat.

c,'i*J

of their

used in the sense of listen

used in the sense of commands or instructions.
changes its tone, but the latter does not.

24 The

here implied, as it often is.

The tiSth
the singular is expressed, and the 26th
*
the addition of an
emphasizes the singular.

shows how

is

plural

how

sentence shows

IiZESSOZLsT III.

Personal
or me.

IjE

I,

$P

Yon, or thou, or thee.

used freely of men

He, she, him, her, it
As in
beasts, but sparingly of things.
Chinese nouns have no distinction of gender or
case, one pronoun, answers for all.
flEi

and

The sign of the plural usually added only to

the personal pronouns, but sometimes to other

IT)

Pronouns.
words denoting persons. It is never added to
words denoting thiugs.f The second and thiid
personal pronouns are often used in the plural
without ffi.
In polite language ffi is often
added to
and fjt when only one is meant.

especially the case in Pekingese.

The above are the regular personal pronouns.
There are besides these a number of colloquial

This

is

pronouns which will be introduced by and by

Les. 84.

Vocabulary.

$%

Wod*.

Ni3

I,

me, mine, we, us ; the ego.

You, thou, your.

$j\
formally adis
dressing superiors $S
generally
replaced by the title of the person addressed.
fiO(

T'a 1

J Wi Chao1

When

He, she, him, her,

it

that one

2if$

PJ

the

Breakfast.

To come ;

Lai\

Ming

fan

to effect ; the future.

Les. 10 and
auxiliary verb:

2
.

Bright
gent

evident

make

to

brilliant

plain

An
113.

intelli-

the dawn.

other.

$\ Meni
-=p-

Taao*
hao 1

See Sub.
Sign of the plural
soon
beforehand.
;
Early;

The dawn, the morning,

.

early. Also

2
F| Poa pai\
,

hend
without

reading

.eh'ao*.
Jr)

W. Tsarf/an*

Breakfast

: Note

White

price,
is

freely

plain, easy to compre-

without rank *
vain.
The second

obvious

in

confined to Pekingese.

Evident plain to understand ; satisfactory.as a bargain intelligent, shrewd.

;

IS

# ^
S s -
13

*
^

*.

i I f O
g. 3 ^ IB o ft
o n & n. a *
m S ft 3RU S *
*. IB
O

15

10

IfH^o

Jt

IS

* ^. ft
fn
* m m m
i* *, a *. l"
o *
ft. ft $

#*rii

16

"sr

1>A

& H

Lesson

MANDARIN LK8S0N8.

3.

& a is. #si S6

m n m fi -# M c.
^
* o IE
fit
* ft if BEft-W M p
ffl

18 1 really can not eat this food.

19

They are

20

21 This

hundred big cash.)

can not but
this affair.

supper.

<19

26 You may

The seven passions taken together;

tell

An

affair;

^ Kwan*.
sifier:

Les.

$m CkP,
ing

kei 3

$}!

Chi1

tube a flute
;

is

to rule, to control ;
manage; a clas-

confined

to Pekingese; in Central
3
perhaps generally, read kH
To know, to be aware of; sensible of;
to inform; knowledge, wisdom.
often,

to speak, to talk

Taoism.

to be

aware

of; to care.

To govern,

LP.

Reason; doctrine; what

Hsiao3
TP.

verb

to

get,

obtain;

to succeed;

An

come, to accomplish.
Les. 43.
Also tei3 .

To know,

Rfl'fcj

Wan

J$j,

right.

To

is

Clear, luminous the morning, the

dawn; to understand, to know.

road or path; a doctrine or priuciple approved by the mind; the

right way, duty

|}|i

tf|

to

to regulate; to erect; reaabstract

son,
right; a principle ; to
think of; to regard.

3il

to

To give; to supply; sign of the

dative:
Les. 25.
The read-

it is

To know,

jfLJjH

a matter.

42.

Tao*.

to care for,

ke&.

Mandarin

^0

business

come on Thursday.
Saturday, we shall not

him

is

study.

30 M.

|f joy, % anger, J sorrow,

fS few. $t love, jg hatred, and $j desire
the desires the emotions, the passions; the facts
or circumstances of an affair; a case.
viz.,

if^'lpf

the teacher of

tell

25 At this time they have not yet eaten

27 To-morrow

ChHng*.

do not

positively

does not understand this doctrine.

We

24

^ftsn^
lH

23 Please, teacher, give me three thousand cash, (or, one thousand five

20

IS. it

S*0 #

He

22

ft

*5fe

business

know.

21

*.**
o

eating.

can not give yon this article.

ffl

1B
ft. *l

now

jnst

to

auxiliary

comprehend.

Evening,

to be-

twilight;

late,

tardy; the

latter or last.

^
Jft

Night; darkness.

Vie*.

IS Wan*

$|R

fan*

Tie* fan*.

Supper.

Notes.
1 In speaking, Vhe /ff

is

very often omitted after J^,

When writing, however, teachers

especially in the North.
will generally insist on using it ; especially is this so in the
South. As ofien in Chinese, the practice belies the theory.

When
is

omitted, the fj is generally read met, which

presumably a contraction for tx tJ > albeit in the North
>ff

is

mei is frequently heard with 'Q following, ^jj ff( for

"breakfast appears to be used only in Shantung.
8 We have here two negatives making a strong affirm,
ative, which is a common Chinese idiom.
The "you" is emphatic; that is, the person addressed
is contrasted with some one who is not
required to wait
:

unlet* so used the VJ>

ll"J

would generally be omitted.

14 t?

'

'

t? is in the infinitive by the construction

which is the only sign the infinitive has in

of the sentence,

Chinese.

15 in Peking, ^P Ut
while
fwl

B(pJ

T1

gjl

is

is used, and in the South, f

|R<
used in Shantung. In Chinanfu, however,

|Jt is generally used.

16 The object

is here placed before the verb, which is

It gives promiiienoe to
quite a common idiom in Chinese.
the object and force to the expression.
moans tlMst not, and has more or les? the
17

^W

force of a
i.e.,

command.

It is

everywhere current,

entirely
/fi

J(f

t'vng

means,

hsingyxn fV/'
ouoht

net.

a*

10

ft

h n

sr

m. $.

tt

ft.

m
i tt *
tt s w
* s. a
&. i i
it * tt
if. 0- S

10

ia

391

is ;

a l tt o t>
# # #_* . tt
% tt

*
tt. w w * ^
o t> t^ m * 3X
a *. o * s o
* o ^ *.
s i ^
K ft tt
a

My money is not sufficient.

Your Honor's words are correct.
3 Do not meddle in my affairs.
1

4 His scholarship is not good.

5 He does not understand my language.
6 You ought not to speak of his
mother's faults.
7 This article is mine.
8 I can not accommodate myself to
his convenience.
9 He does not comprehend my idea.

10

Your clothes
Madam.

11 Mr. Li's idea

Nanking or the South

H|

almost entirely superseding it. |

is also used in the
North, but somewhat sparingly.
23 In a large, part of North China it is the custom to
call ten "cash twenty, fifty a hundred, and so on, in all cases
(except in numbers under ten) giving a number which is
double the actual number, of the cash and sums of cash when

are
is

idea,

your

ft.

fj

SB

fc

rarely heard in

Translation.

should not, and implies an impropriety.

It is extensively
used in this sense both in Central and Southern Mandarin,
but is not often heard in Pekingese.

21

SR

right; [or,
is
exactly

exactly

Mr.

beautiful,

very

Li,

right.]

method of reckoning originated in Peking. In places near

the border line between these methods of reckoning, the
terms " large" and " small" are applied to all sums of cash.
Elsewhere it is understood, in the North that any given sum

of cash

is

Thus we

double, and in the South that it is the real number.

see that ij>
may mean either counterfeit cash,

or cash reckoned double, according to circumstances.

so designated are called )]\ f, small cash.

When, on the
contrary, it is desired not to reckon double, but to call a cash
a cash, they say yZ 5> large cash. Numbers under ten are

used both in Pekingese and in Southern

is generally used in Shantung.
26 The days of the week are numbered as so many dayi
The Sabbath itself is called ||
after the Sabbath.
Hi
This terminology was
or more coisifciaiy simply jg ??

not doubled, but the word ;fc

introduced by the

The

ij

Jg

is

added by way of

distinction.

26

Bit

fflL

Mandarin, but

is

$t fS

are also called 7ft $ti capital cash, because this

27

Roman

Catholics.

fff learn words, i.e.,

have a

lesson.

-r-vft>9-a9RV9<a''>-

LESSOlir TV.
The Possessive Particle.
This is especially the case
popsessives follow each other.

Q\| is the common sign of the possessive case.

It serves for both our forms of the possessive viz.,
the ' and the of.
It is often omitted and the

the words.

possessive implied by the mere juxtaposition of

by and by

when two

other important uses which will appear

3v has

: Les.

18,

23 and

39.

Vocabulary.

Sian of the possessive : see Sub.; also

.Lessons 18, 23 and 39. Also it4,

ETC Ti

S f^ Tung

To draw

{ Kou*.

bow

to its full

enough,

Wow

4
.

...
[i

To understand,

tt-.

to

comprehend.

To confuse
to be

is
;

to mistake or err

wrong

vo/i j,

ChHn1

excepting.

3
to understand, to perDisturbed
Tuny
.... ceive. Read twin3 iu some places.
.,

TJtg,

own.

#$

;
ought, .should; what
or
right, ; the aforesaid.
proper

To owe money

g^ Kai\

adequate.
3

To

love, to be attached to ; to show

affection for ; a relative, kin ; otiw'u

Also ch'im/.
AIu 3 i/Wn
l

Mother.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

4.

& &*& jesa

14

12

11

Your

12

13 His idea

$ W &

* W it *
W ^
nitmm jj m
K. S * W 5.
a a. . a
^. o o ^

Pi*? shi*.

& S . M
w a s .
f m *
a M o a, ^
m ^ ^
^

In this phrase

Swei 2

To

I5l|

follow, to

To accord with

!} Pien*.

just:

!&

is

convenient,

To think,

to consider

Intention; sentiments

garments

Clothes,

Shang

idea

meaning;

a case or covering of

iff"

...

To

K'an*.

see,

to

regard
as a mock persimmon.

Also

Good

*% Hao* kan*.

ffi

look at; to
as, to

It'

an

to

comely.
tnanv other words
to hear,

good

opposite

&BP.

the

good

to

beautiful,

see,

joined to

is

Jf

same way

#J

as,

Jj,

a pair.

classifier

To shut the mouth

Easy; without care; remiss; the mutations of nature, change

to exchange.
;

&MKwei

Easy.

pair of compasses
a law
a custom.

5\

Les.

carpenter's square
a pattern.
;

t3 jjC

priate.

suitable;

a cus.

Ch'i*.

Vapor, steam; gas

;
air, breath; the
principle ; the ether : spirit,
temper ; any feeling that produces excitement, as
auger, hatred, etc.; air, aspect.

E Mi

Sheng

To get augry,

ch'i*.

appro-

to be excited

by passion.
j\ Li*. Strength of body or mind
energy;
... ... properties or powers of
anything.
;

si

Mr

Physical strength, prowess ; force.

To compare ; to assort to equal

(HI

Les. 58.
;

illustration

Kwod 2

state,

tf*Wl Chung 1 kwo42

form, a pattern; an example.

According to pattern

a law

T&bWi. Custom i asage; propriety; order, method,

A model, a pattern manner, style
if? Tang*.
way, fashion ; sort.

com-

140.

Shi*

a regulation,

torn

nation

bine;, suitable ; according to; harmonious; together; tae whole; product, (math.).
classifier

an

a country, a kingdom, a
governmental.
The Middle Kingdom,
China.

exceedingly

To contain ; to tolerate or
bear with to pass over, to forgive;
face, countenance.

Les. 140.

to unite, to

is

jung*.

manner

yu PP.

to eat, etc.

Parallel scrolls; to correspond, to

suit, right, to compare; consistent

1$$ Twei*.

with

in

jjj |J

dis-

vital

examine;
mock,

estimate

no

%&

Skirts, petticoats; clothes.

has

pleasant to hear.

to desire.

Dress, clothes (personal, not bed-clothes).

yC^C

20 This man's Mandarin

7>E Chifi.

opinion.

school-room

Li's
cipline.

7^

any kind.

19 Mr.

Thought, intentiou, idea; meaning, motive

so,

say,

%f Yung 2
air,

oppor-

understand the customs of

not.

18 I do not understand what you

[or, the teacher says.]

jpj I*.

then,

easily understood.

is

not her husband's business.:,

this place.

1
<S Si

!C<S>

no.

quite

did not understand your language.

do

read pw*.

to permit

tune at hand, ready

Les. 190.
Also p'ien 2

I*.

^C I1

comply with

wrong

according to; whenever.

as,

17

15

sin; a

fault;

He

is

Dot

16 This thing does not suit me.

17

^V aE

14 This

15

3fc

Afe

idea. is

teacher's
.suitable.

9V Wai*.
#MH| Bach
3^

Outside

and

K't 1
1

^g-Tot.t

all

Many,

foreign; extraneous.

foreign countries.
lesson, a task

numerous

very, excessive

a series,

much;
;

Les. 48.

mostly:

n %

12

5.

& C
aib m ic m m m o
a a o w m m m
W T> #J W
W W *
* B *. H SE *
*> S. it o g M.

*
*

*.

ft

23

n. o

Our master has no such custom.

22 Please,

22

my

sir,

do not get angry

this is

mistake.

23 His wife's strength

is

greater

than

his.

24 Chinese characters are more

24

;fr

difficult

to write than foreign ones.

25 There are not very many new characters in this lesson.

Notes.
2 Tour

The jf
honor, is but a make-shift translation.
used for the sake of etiquette, to avoid the use of the
This polite form U used in addressing officials,
pronoun.
It is, however, far from being
mperiors, strangers, etc.
universal custom in every day life, especially in the familiar
intercourse of family and friends. As the English language
does not afford any adequate means of rendering such indirect
address, I shall hereafter translate simply by the pronoun
"
"
you as the equivalent of the title, whatever it may be.
JflS

is

5e

'ft

noi want,

is

common and mild form

The fi}> is best omitted

14 The |gj is here omitted, as

bidding.

not followed by

its

of for-

in the translation.
it

often

is,

especially

when

nouu,

18 ffi Wj is here interjected between the parts of the

compound term fr S\20 A more elegant translation would be, This man speaks
Mandarin beautifully.
21 The attaches of an official all speak of him as "$,
TTJ

we

so-and-so,

fly

meaning thereby

" the

official

with

whom

are connected."

His

23
toi/e's strength compared with his is yreat.
This is the ordinary method of formal comparison. There
are a variety of other forms of comparison; for which see Les.
The term JC J* ' s here usea for wife, as it often is
68, 99.
when there is no occasion or desire to show any special
Lit.

respect.

t-

LESSOIsr
The Enclitics
"X*

child,

a son.

An

infant, a son.
7jJ,
Both of these characters are added to words
to individualize them, and mark them as nouns.
Some words take one and some take the other,
while many take either at pleasure.
few
nouns never take either of them. The two anis a
swer substantially the same purpose.
little more dignified than
has in most
Jjj
IjJ.
cases more or less of a diminutive force.
is
more used in Southern Mandarin, and fjfc in

Northern Mandarin, especially in Pekingese.

Both J- and J are more used in spoken than

and

-^

g,.

written Mandarin. Their excessive use, especially

that of the latter, marks an uneducated man, or
a careless speaker.
is usually spoken so as to
coalesce with the word to which it is joined ;

thus

is

jj,

not pronounced ChHen-er, but

Ch'ier.
Many of the Chinese are scarcely conscious of the fact that they are adding this J to
their words.
In Nanking, especially, most teachers will aver that it is not used, and will protest

against writing it, while in fact it

though not so much as in Peking.
JirjJ,

in

-v.

'

place

is

much

used,

a so used in forming adverbs of time and

Les. 9 and 16.
'

Vocabulary

A child, a son

%
"X* Tsl .

a lad; an heir;
; a boy,
a seed or kernel; a sage
see Sub.
:

]r jSr*.

|j^ Chotf.
fjft

Kan1.

An
.

infant; a son; a boy:

Dry

see Sub.

table, a stand.
;

exhausted; clean.

c&'ten*.

&Ch

'ting*.
.

Iftj J=}J

!|2f

Also read

Fa*.

Pure, undefined; clean; only, simply;

.net : See Les. 49.

an, unspotted

trifling,

law, a statute; an

dainty.

art,

a method;

the rules or methods of any science;

Les. 103.
legal punishment
:

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

5.

i $

ft

o
zrio

O
9

L L* o

Ifr

4g

Translation.

m
#J

2 His plan

^*

You must not

He

Jtff

Eu

1
.

polite name for women, especially

young and unmarried women; le-

nient, yielding.
(M]

Kwei1

6 These

apartments;

unmarried

girls; feminine.
Jtp

Ku 1

tyjk

niang

ATwei 5

fUJ "jK

nii

girl, an unmarried lady;

Miss; a daughter; Note 4.
A virgin, a gfrl, a young
a daughter.
lady

s
.

4K Hwa}.

Ajlower, a blossom ; variegated ; to spend

money; pleasure; vice; raw cotton.

3
fp| I .

4k

Tsoa*.

To

chair, a seat.

to squat

An

^g* P'oa*

7fc*0C Lao*

p'oa*.

old

wife; an old
servant

t'ai*.

An

old

woman;
:

Note

enclitic:

Les.
LiK

or

Home;

iqC|ll

woman; an

old lady,

Kicod*.

household, a family; home;

mestic ; a Beet a profession.
;

do-

Ji

l
.

can not but be a poor man.

10 Three ounces of silver ought to

;!

Alining; inside, inner, in; withBoth forms are used.

in.
family; wife; wife and children.

Jj||

for a thing.

a living ; to live;
thrifty, to economize.

... Silver

money

To remove

Hwan*.

sell

to

to

be

cash.

exchange, to change

The head; front; top;

T'ou*.

chief; first;
best; the beginning or entrance; the
classifier:
Les. 38.
Also Les. 47, 143.

end.

Lao*

7E J3|

An old man;

t'ou*.

j|| Swei*

Hai*

the old

man

of

the house.

year of one's age; years, age.

child; a youth; a boy.

Shtng ^*
To go out;

Birthday.

Ch'-u 1 .

to issue, to put forth ; to

surpass; to eject; to sacrifice; to
produce; to be born. An auxiliary verb: Les. 40.

ttj

tH F1

0<

-f- Ch'u

m&n*

To go from

tsi*.

home, to

Note

get married (said

of

the woman):

16.

An upper room ; a balcony ; female

... apartments; a council chamber.

fg) K&-.

}l{ fg]

To marry,

Ghien

~J)

-Too 1

To pass by

The sun ; a day ;

To make

j'

An

72.

1
.

to wed, (said of the

Tapering,

pointed;
point, the apex.

woman.)

wedge-like;

A sword; a knife; a quire of paper rang... ing from fifty to two hundred sheets.
.

He

travel; to

or over; to exceed, to
surpass; to spend time; to transexcesgress a transgression beyond, further
sive; than, rather; an auxiliary verb: Les. 41.

3@

on

sit

for over five thousand cash.

8.

(Nankingese.)
1
^5c Ohio

to

fit

8 His wife can not economize.

[Xj

woman; a mother.

woman
7&~)Sl Lao*

(or,

to sit in judgment,
to remain; to set, to place.
sit,

not

not comfortable).

to barter.

are

chairs

7 I do not want this small house.

*ji Yin*.

Women's

follow his example.

has two sons and one daughter.

5 Those flowers are certainly beautiful.

ft

not suitable.

f-

*KK3! si o '#* o
8 t fl S S ^
B I ^ ^ ^ 1 ^f
^. b * ^l je

not clean.

is

is

T>

^>

This table

tit* 'iv at*

Glad,
.

days, times

the day

Pien*

cheerful;
prompt,
rapid; sharp, keen.

To

plait,

to braid

quick,

the atieue.

% m

14

1F%

5S.

3i

tfc.

if

111

W A
PI

1B
Jj

m
*
o

as
1

ft

a^
17
ii 3:

16

a*

12

vk

Lesson

16

MANDARIN LESSONS.

6.

^21
-~

21 These apricots
cash apiece-

jth

three

sell for

[large]

22 One can learn only twenty-five or

new

six

characters m a day.

woman

23 Mrs. Li wishes to hire an old

care of her
(or, a nurse) to take

baby.

24 His

name

little

name

school

18 <J 7} 54 means a pocket

means a large knife, or a sword.

21

H fH Wk M-

knife, while

JJ

or

JJ -p

The Chinese

Three cash [for] one.

no word answering to our word " for."

23 The prevalent term for nurse is j $J, though %
or
' a uae(l
in some places in this sense.
In Nanking jf| ij is also used in the same sense. In the
South {(J JQ: is commonly applied to little children, in the
North only to babies, or (more commonly) to earthen dolls.
inserts

*T

SX

called Niou-tsi

is

his

do not know.

24 Boys at birth receive a ij- ijjj, or more elegantly, a

*u /Q J u* miny*, milk name. When they start to school, a
new name is given them by the teacher, which becomes their
proper name through life. If they never go to school, a new
name

usually given them by their parents before their

is called a J$ ^q.
The parents, especially
the mother, often call them by their " little name" as long as
they live. Besides these two names, young men usually take
is

manhood, which

title, and many of them also receive a 9h WU

wai* hao*, nickname.
It is considered the proper thing to
address a grown man by his hao*, especially in writing.

a 3j hao* or

LESSOZCT VI.
The Common Prepositkht of Place.
\r. At, in

it
precedes the noun and is genby a postposition after the noun

erally followed

as

if

we should say

in English, to the wall-wards,

instead

The most frequent

towards the wall.

of,

f Q

postpositions are J, #p, _ and

times omitted or understood, as in 18
.

some-

is

and 24.

Vocabulary.
I.

ed

behigh, ancient
fore ; superior ; excellent, exaltAlso shang 3
imperial; on, near.

Above, upon

Shang*.

Heaven;

Hsia*.

low, vulgar
Below, underneath
........ poor in quality next ; a time
once to descend ; to fall, as rain.
I*

^C.

A father;

Fa4

5c|S Fu4
?W

Father.

citadel

a walled city

1
PR) P'tt .

stop,

||p]

7fr

fig

Ch'wang*
Lou 2 A
.

I& T?

to dwell, to live in

down ;

lie

to

go

Les.

to

to bed.

bed; a lounge; a sled.

menial

See

out; to arrange, or lay out

;

bedding.

x
^f^jtj K'an* shu

1$ Tas

To

read; to study.

To

to bastistrike, to beat ; to fight

nade; to do, to make; to cause; by, in,
through: See Les. 124.
.

Ch' iao l

To pound,

tT

to

tap,

to

rap on;

to

drum.

as a

To kuock

Ta* mtn*.

75.

a tower; an upper floor or

story; a house of two or more stories.
loft

at the door

: Note

10.

HJ f j
Wf f j

Ch'iao 1 mtn 2

Chiao 4 men 2

To knock
To

halloo

door

to

: Note

at the door.

knock at the
10.

The bottom
.

An auxiliary verb:

To

T'ang*.

order

beat,

to cease

endure.

underneath

Beneath,

To spread
in

of a city.
4
j Ch u To

hsia*.

Les. 120, Sub.

the wall

Ti3

f*

an ancestor; a seuior.

ch'in}

Cu'lna-.

below,

to the

end

underneath ; low,
the original draft.

To

dry, to

bake

a brick bed or di$L K'ang

........... van heated by a fire underneath.
3
... To spin, to twist into thread.
T$j Fang
.

10

f&

s~s

ft ft

mmm

* #, ft
o I fe ^ o
m ft ft"
^m
w n ft m.
&
m o m
12

"l\

=f-

# * '>
*
le

T*

Sc

IfT o
10
ft
K. it JB
13

(~>

ft

* &

Lbsson

MANDARIN

-7.

ffi

rr/^24

ft

T*

ff

ft

- S
L.W
^ *

1.E8S0NR.

17

17 His

father's store

on the great

is

street.

18 There

o'^jf

is

no

little

business on the east

street.

19 There are over twenty pupils in the

school-room.

20 There are over one hundred schools

ft

in

# &
M M W m
o # m u m &. s m
2

21
17

the city.

You may put

books on the

these

table.

ffl

22 These odds aud ends you

the

23 There

may put on

window-sill.
is

an old man outside the gate

begging.

H H I 1

tf

^ n

ft

24 The flowers

%&

25 They two are

yard are truly

in

school-room

the

studying.
26 Mr. Li's son is doing business outside
the west gate.

Rw^ftMmm*
ft

the

in

beautiful.

Notes.
is

2 ft i bere used as a verb meaning to be alive. This

common way of saying that any one is still alive, and

the

saying that he is dead.

have translated this sentence as referring to present
time but for any thing that appears in the words themselves,
it might with equal propriety be rendered, they were lying
on the bed. The correct sense must be gathered from the.
connection. The want of tense endings in Chinese leaves a
great deal of the language in this uncertain state.

/P

of

6 1x 31 l "T
might be omitted, and

Lit-. at the loft underneath.

in some sections generally is

The

Jjls,

omitted.

.A at the close of this sentence is equivalent to one. It is

constantly used in this indefinite sense for, anyone, any body,
Les. 52.
etc.
:

-q:

_L At

the above.

The absence

of a

noun leaves

The same is true of Hr in the next clause.

P. as the noun.
This form of expression is often used to call heaven and earth

(embracing the Chinese idea of God)

to

witness to the

sincerity of the speaker.

10 Both -fT and jfj are used of knocking at the door.

In some places one is more used, and in other places the
words.
other.
fjfc is the more proper and elegant of the two
P^|" P^, to call the ijale, is also largely.used in the same sense.

The book term

is Pp f^ k'ou* men*.
12 Might also be translated my eldest dauyhter, etc. :
which is correct, would depend on who is the speaker. In
some places ffjj is omitted, and $}} ^fc used alone.
14 Note the difference between ftgt ~f (6) and $$, y

17 In the South Bj is used for shop instead of

4
aud an inn is called !f $ k'e 1 chan* or
jff 'e

23

t'ao*/a,n*

LESSON

is

commonly used
more accurate.

(|R is

for begging,

flj|}

"X>

yii*.

though ST fR

VII.

Siun of thb Past Tense.

added to verbs
complete, and hence
is

to denote that the action

In speaking it is
past.
lefi.
It
is also used as
into
shortened
generally
an auxiliary verb
Les. 88.
is

time, but always with a

or
to
the
reference
present, pr to some given past
future tune
thus answering to Doth the perfect
*nd plupe"[ect tenses. It is stronger, however.

tl Jr? denotes past

;

than have and had, and for this reason already

g, j|Sg imfrequently added in translating,
mediately precedes the verb, except as separated
by the negative particle. When it precedes a
verb ~f always follows, though
is often used
without a preceding g, jf^.
is

The future perfect form

this lessor..

is

too complicated for

18

is

-b

ffl

-t

tt

Lesson

MANDARIN LKSSON9.

7.

*S

M E T
B * * g | T * o

*S

ft

7. fi

>&

19

ff

14 I have already eaten enough.

15

16

He

lb

B?

>P*"5T7W.
* a, i i o
T. * ft fi a a

ft

well.

18 The

g,

is

We

20

24

fft

5S.

^o

23

ft

22

3
f]

41

22

He

ft,

23

When

To

] oB

ji^V

Shu2 shon 2

village; the country; a region;

rude, rustic.
,

little,

black spot, a speck; a dot, a comma; an hour by a foreign clock; a

particle; speckled;
as a
erase; to nod; to light,

Pan*

35lJ

To divide

1
.

To

Tao*.

HI Kung\
Fit 1

31

5*C

To

to

puuctuate;

^f

K'e*

guest, a visitor; a stranger

him

fire

and

a pas-

merchant; a dealer; a

reception room, a guest

room, a parlor.

guest room, a parlor.

senger;

so called because

K'%* tang*.
2

w >rk;

gf P
'

hwei*.

Tang

fang

. .

short space of time, o while;

presently, after a little.

What

1
.

suitable

is

or

just;

ought;

adequate to bear responsibility;

to act as, to be; to meet; to occur
when, at the
time of; as, then: Les. 90. Also tang*.
4j

Hsin 1.

The

the mind; the will; afthe middle.

;

heart;

fections, desires

come

skill;

iQrjg

arrive at, to reach; to go or

to:
Les. 73.

Work;

to

lamp; to kindle.
two a half.

in

bell; e dock,
it strikes.

piece of

7C

invite

a while.

25 His boy has already quit school.

qi? jft K'e*

Ripe, mature; cooked, well cooked; acquainted with; intimate.

=^
HI Chung

sit

customer.

TlriangK

IfR Tien

may

not burn the house.

forget.

9j=j)

he comes you

24 you should be careful of that

3fc

to record, to note down;

a history; a mark, a sign.

five

has already been writing three

hours, and has not yet finished.
into the parlor to

19

To remember;

oil Chi*.

have already been learning these

o'clock.

15

ij

a
o

already past the time, and the

sentences for two days.

21 I reached home at half past

17

ft"

dismissed

already

teacher has not yet come.

Ifi

2o

teacher has

school.

19 It

18

ft

we have already learned

17 This lesson

this character.

lived in the country a year.

14

& t
3SHJW5:T*
SI**!
# E - T
7 mm. ^. # o ^ &
m ^
m m m m a *t
* t a
*.

o t 1 T a *, - ?
21

have forgotten

workman; a

1
,>p4j* Hsiao* hsin .

To be
.
(

*/C

job,

Hwoa*.

a husband; a man; a distinguished man; an exalted lady.

assist;

Time spent %n doing anything; leisure;

time; work; skill acquired by practice.

^ Shad

To burn;

Shang
.

tone.

careful,

cautious,

prudent.

flame;
excitement;
fever; inflammation.

h.

Fire,

a day's work.

to grill
3
.

to heat; to kindle
;

To go

anger;
to roast,

hot, feverish.

up, to ascend ; to go to ; to
to hand up ; the third
exalt
;

See shang*.

w t

m A

n t m
P *

fi

w.

w. i$ 9 o

us.

is

w.

Tkanblatiok.

mw&w

m.
o

ta

a m
1

A#ff3:

3 Is there

&

hi

not lying to be considered a

is

sin?

^ iff
3S it
* * g

7.
o

And

10

ft

the stove ?

7 Is this silver sufficient P

fire in

still

4 Are your father and mother well 1

5 Is the rice not yet cooked ?
6 Do you think I am afraid of you f

ir o

Has Mr. Lin come ?

Do you not know (recognize) me ?

# x

6
IF

9 Are you not

brother ?

10

it

Have you

Mr. Chang's younger

Ans.

eaten t

have

already eaten.

Notbb.
is a very common idiom,
the regular passive with $J[ :
other examples in this lesson.

This

1 There i* some uncertainty whether jf for "bankrupt"

should not rather be written jfc hwang 1 and read kwang*.
the more widely used of the two forms.
prefix y$ is not considered as properly belonging
to a Hsien magistrate, though generally given to him.
It is
given of right to a Prefect and to sundry military officers.

$1

is

11

4 The

yZ

given to a

is

7 Might with

$4 ,^

as it

9 The

III

J*

ia IB

^>

Dut

is.

19 The translation supplies

all spent.

is

" it

more thoroughly Chinese

is

"

and " and,"

illustrat-

often does without such little words as

these, so frequent and so useful in English.
20 pji commonly means words, but in this connection
should be translated sentences.

equal propriety be rendered, has already

ing

died.

inative,

i.e.

is

Tao T'ai and a Governor.

frequently added to verbs as an auxiliary to

Les. 101.
mark the completion of the action
15 This sentence might follow the English order, and

read
*yfj

ffi Lit. spent clean,

13 70

means to discuss and agree upon a

bargain, or a business arrangement of any kind: See Les. 109.

6 US

vL

more common, in fact, than

Les. 53. There are several

natural object of the verb here stands as its nomits position makes the verb passive.

and by virtue of

how Chinese

~4-~*jz*r-*tsKa*^r*&^-*-

liiEssonsr

viii

The Direct Interrogative Particle.

fflf

tion

The sign

that

of a direct question

may be answered by

i.

e.,

a ques-

The
question, as we

yes or no.

Chinese do not indicate a direct,

do, by a rising inflection, but by the addition of
this special word at the end of the interrogative
clause.
The character jjf, mod, is often written
instead of |B|, and some teachers will insist on

always writing Jg, but incorrectly.*

|5 is joined to other particles (see Les. 17 and

36) to ask an indirect question, of which it is the
In speaking, both sounds (ma and
proper sign.
mod) are heard, ma being the more frequent.

*
Note. H$| formerly meant to revile, but is now entirely
superseded by Jg, leaving Q$ as the proper and distinctive
Pedantic teachers object to it
sign of a direct question.
because it is a modern and colloquial character.

Vocabulary.

Ma 1

Direct interrogative particle:

ffi Lin*

[ Jen*.

p^fc

Shi*.

forest, a

grove

See Sub.

well; to recognize
knowledge, to confess.

in;

to recognize;

knowledge.

To know; to be acquainted with.

Bi&W

To know;

a surname.

To know

To know;

BSpRx

to

'/!
;

to

Lu*.

ac-

be versed

Any

to recognize.

vessel for holding

a furnace.

Hwoa*

yC TL
TO P'a*.

lu*

fire;

classifier:

stove,

Les.

140.

stove.

Tjfear, to dread:

lest,

perhaps

Lesson

SJKOARUN

8:

^
issswt

11

^
$g(

Sa1

^t

Ch'i*.

.To

is.

3Jt

|J.

Also sa 3.

loose; to let go.

let

To pull apart;

IS

JjC

to drag or

to tear;

Hwang

Hj^ifffii

To

tell

i-u. fyiu

>

lies,
J?

to

ft

To count,

3I- Swan*.

lie.

to reckon

pp

crime, a sin, a fault; a violation

of law or order; punishment; re-

money

borrow a
1

Hsiung

>fj Ti*.

of

younger brother; a junior

JXjjfiJ

elder brother; a senior, used

after names as a term of respect

answer;
to; to

Chiang

make

To converse;

To dare,

With

$ Ts'ung
4u

Pei*.

Jft

Ching

to

4jS

Pan3

^tS

board or plank; an engraved block;

a bastinado ; fixed, obstinate.

^ a 3 pan3

The head

W.*%L Tung1 chiaK

a shop or busiSouthern word.

of

ness.

The master

of a household

to

to

or

moneyed partner of a firm: Note 16.

To lend; to borrow; to avail
Tja Chie*.

respond

-fj

explain;

preach

to venture;

to

dis-

to discuss

presuming, bold.
-I
can

/p, in polite phrase,

reflect, to consider; to chant, to

read aloud; to memorize; thoughts.
t

M~

To

Fa* swan*.

....

Pao*.

Hp; Yien

consider; to plan: to ex-

Satiated; full; satisfied.

The eye ; a hole, an opening; a

A classifier

comply with; from;

.by; through; whence.
The north, northern.
the

capital,

The northern

capital,

fault;

Les. 140,

senses; to see;
to endure;

to observe; to visit;
;

a mental view:
3

tJsjIhJX

C/Wn

^JT ji

K'an* ehien*

yien

A* 5T ?S Pu * hao*

the

T ing".
l

<J^

Peking.

To perceive by the

J!, Chien*.

an opinion

by,

To

Nien*.

to

exalted

of,

supposing, for example.

peel, to intend.

metropolis

Au JR

not

heel; to follow; to follow up an

inquiry; to apply to. In Pekingese,
with, together with, and.

the centre.

To follow;

Great,

why

your employer

The

9.

would not presume.

2

in-

Sincerity; truthfulness, faith; to believe, to trust; a letter; a message,

to accord with, to follow.

a bargain.

qX Kan 3
not, I

to answer;

Note

recompense.

course,
to

is insufficient,

little of

still

Hsin*.

a cousin.

younger brother or cousin:

An

7a*.

employer; the responsible

An

a letter has

that

Have you gone four years to school and

yet do not know this character ?

tribution; suffering.
j\j

know

not

having apologized, do you

tend to bring suit?

to estimate, to

regard; a calculation, a scheme.

Tswei*.

Do you

16 If your

news

exaggeration.

lies;

Can you not explain this character?

Having given you, do you ti!l come
and ask [for more] P
Do you even dare to say that you do
not owe me this money ?

15 I

3r Kin1

Falsehood,

21

come from Peking

111.

1H

14

#, *T

haul.
jpi

a ** * a *

i3

dt.H*n

ft.

t>

JOB

s.

12

*s *
m
p m w *6 ^
a t
*

gg

^ if
m

W
a

LT5S80W8.

To

Les.

With

To

Icwod*.

102 and

one's
see

Hard

to

own

12-2.

eyes.

to perceive.

make a

living:

unwell, ailing, f
ache;, to love intensely;

pain, to
to have a fondness for: to feel for.

n m m z

22

ma

bj

^ m
o o
^
* E
IS *S W
T> p M M
7 ^

ISL

II

ft>

18 Has

it

not yet

proposes to

nj,

he

19

Have

20

Do you

gone

ii

Aus.

He

go to-morrow.

the guests already finished eating (eaten to the full) t

know
home P

not

not at

that Mr.

21 If he had not seen with his

would he venture

18

22 Are

you not

well

to

Ohang
own

eyes,

speak thus

Ans. No,

is

my

head aches.

Notes.
6 ^f

here means,

think.

to

of acquiring knowledge and

figuratively for the act of judging.

means

Seeing,

being the chief

is put

forming judgment,

7 The plural form is used in Chinese because the silver

consists of irregular pieces which are to be weighed.
8 Lying is not practically regarded by the Chinese as an
offence against morals, though it is so in theory. The term
pp comes very

far short of expressing the Christian idea of

It
translated by and.
jig is only approximately
expresses surprise, and adds emphasis to the question.
9 JU fn means younger brother, though 5fc alone means

sin.

alone means younger brother. There

is no accounting for this auomalons combination.
When the
order is inverted; viz., 5J7 TL, the phrase means brothers,
including both older and younger.

and

elder brother,

ffi

13 J&> if read without special emphasis, is intensive,

and may be rendered even. If, however, it be emphasized,

proper meaning, and mast be rendered, still.

dare to say," etc.
18 The conditional idea is here implied, as is often done
in Chinese.
It is indicated, partly in the order of the sentence, and partly by the emphasis given in speaking. (21) is
similar.
In ancient times the eastern side of the house, or
court, was occupied by the proprietor, or host, the west being

assumes

it

"

Do you

its

still

given to guests
of

hence the meaning of

j^
20 The

clause

first

For

]jl jji.

this use

see Les. 72.

is

spoken affirmatively, and the

is not at home ; don't yon

Mr. Chang

second interrogatively.

know ?

22 /p ^C 5f not very well. ^C after a negative is often

thus used as an intensive, equal to very.
jtf jS Lit., not
It is Southern
patting over well; i.e., not in good health.
Mandarin, and somewhat stronger than /p J<^ Of. Notice
how the Knglish idiom requires the answer to l>e " no," while
the Chinese makes it "yes."

+m*m+>

Here and There.

|[

^|

13
9 /u

Here, in this place.

IB.
i
The first is the proper and regular form, and
should always be used in public discourse, or
when dignity is important. The second is the
short colloquial form.
It is much more used in
Northern than in Central and Southern Mandarin.
It is not heard at all in Nanking.
>>

11

#ft

fil*

yd

There, in that plaee.

11

i>

>,

These two forms correspond

and the same remarks apply.
In

jttiffl

this

it

those above,

Used

place, here.

Southern Mandarin, where

to

chiefly

in

largely supersedes

Vocabulary
8
lit TV* .
ffX,

.This, here

Ch'&ng

the remits

now: Les.

63.

Ijjj

Hsieri*.

To

finish; to become; to fulfil one's

part; to terminate; complete;
the quality of a thing:
Les. 101.

2
fi pSL Nie.n* ch'ing

The

harvest,

the crops.

mi vm

Repose, leisure; at ease, unoccupied;

idle, indolent; vacant.

Chit chat,

ff^'en* hwa*.

gossip

.conver-

sation.
3

rtf

LSng

Cold,

chilly;

indifferent;

offended;

lonesome; unusual.
fftffff

Shwod1 hwa*.
,

To

........

talk,

verse.

to speak,

to con-

3ffl Jt*.

Hot;

to

heat; feverish;

terested

zealous.

ardent,

n-

UK8B0N

MANDAKIN LKH80NS.

9.

z*

TllANBLATIOK.

% m. & m M *Q

ft X ft
*k W
h M mil
* * a. BIT <r a^ a
3r w a
a *.jfta . * a # .
K JR o
10

Will you please

a good year with you

4 This is an orderly place.
3 Is

u;

o *
*a
HI

It's

10 It

These

12

The carpenters

as

to scold,

Bustle, tumult;

\WW

The same.

pjfp

15 The business here

fff
X$if

Or
Chia

si-

quiet; mild, peaceable;

lent; pure; impassable.

\fX_

carpenter

The arm

^J&

Local

in

A preaching place, a

Vang*.

Ipf

Jjfi

the
;

Reason

IP.

Near

Ts'aiK

To

Hai*.

in

Ts'ang

;/<

per-

actions, doings.

to a

now

Les.
thereupon
time

5k

Ch'iang*.

handicraft, workmanship.

just, just

injure, to hurt

to

and

damage;

suffer

very, extremely.

To fear;

to be frightened.

conceal oneself,

to

hide;

to

up

slip

You

to speak ;
proper,
grammatical. In answer

flatter

me

Violent, headstrong; firm; relying

on force ; sturdy ; an excess, a
Les. 58.
better than, superior to

remainder
1
Also c/i'iajtjj8 , chiang 1 and chianfi
;

65.

away, to escape.
shwod1
Easy

compliment,

common
17.

hide, to conceal ; to store

Also tsang*.
stores.

To

wt Hao3

right
Note

To

Tod'.

afternoon.

from;

JtjP

expert; a craft, au art;

an accomplishment.
skill,

The

ChHng

an artisan.

hand ; a hand, a

The afternoon.

shang*.

JU

a joiner.

skill

Skill in doing

Manual

it

dwelling house; to be at

tH'M-J Hai* p'a*

A mechanic,

Chiang*. ...

/'.

^p* Kwoii*

Shantung.
wooden.

son

Utensils; took.

ship.

Wood

^
IB

Goods, furniture.

Mil*.

^ Shou 3

fl^J

then

Household furniture; ntensils; tools

^m

j@l

H|

bold, reckless fellow.

^\

KwoA*

Tools, furniture.

W-WlChia1

1
"fElfE Chu* chia .

sense

Quiet, undisturbed.

\fc Hwoa*.

j^f^\

Still,

large; there,

chapel, a church.

fSonthern.)

is

small.

is

wiw3a Chiang* shu

Pure, clear ; incorruptible; clear,

as a tone ; settled,
as an account.

Ching*.

write here this afternoon.

home.

Bustling, busy; interesting.

disturbance.

$$R$|

to rail, to

is

You may

14

x-

GhHng

of this place are not

a dwelling house not a chapel

(or, a preaching hall).

13 This

* w
* fi *

)ff

you may put here.

tools of yours

skillful.

S S

make a

bustling here and quiet there.

is

11

is

AW.

no stove there.

not proper to gossip there.

9 It is hot here and cold there.
8

ft

S.

it

is

He does not live here.

You must not talk here.

it

5 There

if i

*t

here that conoemr

you.

ffi.

here P

sit

2 There's nothing

24

IB

# X
a m m.g
ft

7.

it

ffi.

ft

as
| jg

IS

*,

16 The carpenter's tools are not here.

17 The people here are very noreasoa-

;#

jr

IS

*|>g

j|r

able.

He sat here half a day before he

He was afraid aud hid himself

19

- s

mm%m>$tmM

it

*.

su

t m M
18

it

j|

ffi

and

left.

here

there.

20 The language here is easier to speak

than the language there.

o -o

gft^

21 Your customs there are better than

A. o

ours here.

ft

22

Is the carpenter there ?

Ans.

have

not seen him.

23 Whether he

>**
.

there I

* ^ a
FuK
-

To superintend

skilled

Si 1 .

ft]

To

ffi

flS

i9

Mo

a tutor, a teacher

workman

o"

&<J

to lay on,

^
nj

as colors.

control, to preside over.

24

it.

Same

v>u*.

-f

ylL

only

tierfi

Wu*. To bend he mind to, to strive; business,

Les. 1 04.
duty ; must, by all means.
t

filp

1
jSp Shi fit*.

teacher, an instructor; one

who has
tices

or appren-

pupils

jfe Chao*.

the South.

Read

ir*.

To supply what
for,

seek,

is

in the

deficient

to

tier*.

i*

very

least.

look

to

search for

to

accuse, to hold responsible.

|| Pien*.

Everywhere

master workman, a head-man.

to

but used

as preceding,
in

little
335"

is

idea.
;

fflR

here or whether he

have already searched everywhere

I have really no idea where he
put

%jfj S'i

is

have not the least

the whole

entire

to

pervade.

Notes
1 This sentence would be equally good

written

if

Sfi

Tt

all

3 Lit., Is you there's year good? The Chinese takes the

" there " in the
liberty of putting
possessive case.

^ 391 *fi '8 properly a noun, but is here used as an

It is a very common thing for Chinese words and
adjective.
phrases to be used as several parts of speech. Such transitions must not surprise the learner.
11 A H\J is implied after fijv This idomatic form gives
almost exactly toe same force as the form of the translation.
ffii'K is used both in the North and South :See \$. ft.
'

1*

12

chiefly used in Shantung.

drops out of the translation.

jjj

served by turning the sentence about thus:

carpenters of this place is not good.

might be preThe skill of the

It

Southern and

jfi

would probably be understood

in

jft

T*

is

p|ijj

Northern, though either

most

places,

places, but the

these and insists on *f>

<

requires

then, to

ijijfc

be translated

before.

elegantly inserted between the parts of the

"Hid himself here and
t!j tfi instead of coming after it.
"
there ;
lit., hid here and skulked there.

19

is

21 There ought of right to be a fly after Jg. Jf and

The fact that
it would often be so said.
it can be omitted and the incongruity not be noted by a
Chinese teacher, shows that no proper analysis is applied
to their spoken language.
22 Bl5 \% means properly a master or teacher in any
before JK, and

13 fi itc, a line-home ; i.e., a private residence. This

sentence would be appropriately used to visitors or strangers
who were intruding into private rooms or buildings where it
was not convenient to have them go, a chapel being understood to be a public place where any one may go.

14

some

Nanking teacher rejects

jw J.
17 In this connection fift is more widely used than gjf
the humane sentiments
tit SI' the affections and the reason
combined with the principles of abstract right, forming the
ideal "ought."
" Half a
18
day" is here, as often, used as an exaggeration, meaning a considerable time, or at least more time than
befitted the circumstances.
The turn of the sentence here

also heard in

jifi

Blfll

is

art or profession.

It

is

used throughout the North.

Teachers

along the Yangtze reject it, however, and substitute

which would be wholly in^RTnissible iu the North.

fi]

JJf.

MANDAK1M LESSONS.

L.ESBON 10.

2i

Translation.

o 3*1
m * m.
m m
ft
A
E * ft
7
STTT. I
o
IB *
o
W A.
I ^
if (K o M -lr 7. o
p
n
IS
A
^o ^
7
o
JK
*!
o a

*
^ II li m & &.
K If *.
e * ^ o E * W T.
9

gentleman please rise?)

away my clothes.
3 Mr. Chang's animal ran away,

s&.

ffi

3fi"

thief stole

You may

(or,

call

two men

to carry the

chair.

You may take away these dishes.

He has already moved away.

His box of clothing has already been

HI.

brought.
8 There is dust on the table, brush
9 The big dog snatched away the

ffi

has run away.)

<|*

ffl

Will yon please get up? (or, Will the

jtb

it off.

little

dog's food.
10 Have these three boxes not yet been

forwarded ?
1 1

He

12

A man

has no strength, he can not get up.

came over from the west court-

''f*

yard.

13

13

My

younger brother took with him a

hundred taels of silver.

14

He

has already drawn his money.

I/Essoisr X.
The Auxiliary Verbs
There

Chinese a large class of auxiliary

in

is

erbs which

are

are joined to other verbs to qualify

Of

or limit their meaning.

and

Jl

2j

verbs

^j.

and

to come,

of direction,

They are auxiliary

to go.

and may be joined

to

any

verb containing the idea of motion.

these the simplest

Vocabulary.

the origin

m,

2
im. or tfi T-ai

To

j|2 Ch'i*.

rise, to
gel
up; to begin; to
raise up; to open out the meaning;
Les. 29 and 126.

Tsei 2 , tse 2

To carry between two persons;

i
IPf ('hiao .

a robber, a bandit; an
insurgent, a rebel

thief,

fllfc

to

lift;

sedau chair, a palanquin.

to elevate; to praise.

To remove from;

Ch'e*.

to recall;

to set

fjflij

ffi.

T'ou 1

To

Sheng

1
.

steal, to pilfer;

aside.

underhand, secret.

1
1$ Pan

lamb, cock, dog and hog.

1
3
Domestic animals, especial4$. |3 Shtnff k'ou
.

horse, cow,

P'ao 3

PJ$

Han 3

ly

work animals,

to transport
;
bandy, to discnss.

to

animals. the horse, ox,

Sacrificial

To remove

the

mule and donkey.

To run, to gallop; to run off, to flee;
to walk; to travel
To call, to call to; to vocifhsien 3

box

to

a trunk

move

a casket.

;|

Hsiang

/7V

Uwei
Ashes; soot; dust; lime; ash-colored;
......... .disheartened.

"P.

T'u 3

fifE

TarvK

dust:
soil, clods;
lands; native; local.

Earth,

territory,

To brush

off with a duster, to dust; a

feather duster.

erate, to halloo.

$|J Kou?.

dog; petty, contemptible;

vile.

26

&

% t

& + *

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 11.

- + *

a.

k*

e:

W. 8 R.
o
o

a^

is

(or,

away the
5

He

7j^

glass) of water.

tears.

just deceives people by

the truth.

means

of

The paper

is all used up : you may

take [some] cash and go and buy
[more].
7 Bring a match and light the lamp.
8 Can you not wash clean, even with

*.

pf

* #

Bring a cup

2 Bring a little wood and kindle the fire.

3 You go and bring a lamp.
4 Take your handkerchief and brush

#.

fl&5

*#

#J

s$

.]3io

o
g
$ m mw * a.

Translation.
1

warm water?
9 You may take my card and go and

**

invite him.

Notes.
4 The

translation fails to convey fully the direction, or

in the Chinese.
The use of (Pf implies

a lower rank go outside of the city to a greater or less distance to "receive" him. A military officer entitled to be

call." Where
that there are professional
there are none such, the term JjQ chao*, to Melt, would most
likely be used.

addressed as ft
would generally be of rank corresponding
to that of Brigadier General.
19 Note how the object is here placed first.
21 This sentence implies a relative clause, without formSee Les. 46.
ally expressing it.

command, implied

chair-bearers within "

J food, is used in Mandarin only in certain phrases.

10 In the South fg chi1 ia generally used as the classifier of

" boxes."
frJ

where
it in

22 Here $y

will not replace

Jh, and t

is

somewhat

bookish.

means, to bring, take or send along with, the implication being that the purpose of going is aside from the
matter in question. It is not used in Southern Mandarin,

16

iff takes its place,

part.

although "Hf only serves to replace

10 fJC 2j5 Wt *? i 8 a highly idiomatic expression, meaning to repeat over and over again, or to talk around a thing
without coming to the point. There is nothing in the sentence
to indicate whether the time is past or present ; whether it
should be translated in the third person or in the second. It
defies all attempts at a literal translation.

17 When an official in travelling approaches a city over

which he has jurisdiction, etiquette requires that officials of

China to borrow clothing,

23 It is a common
or other articles, for the purpose of "making a raise" by
pawning them.
24 The sons of a family are numbered according to their
ages, and are frequently designated by these numbers added
to the family name, either with or without an intervening
* or 3i
The eldest, however, is not called
7Ei ""*
j|J.
practice in

J yv\-

The

use of :J does not indicate

that the person in question is old, but simply that in age he
Not only
is the third.
child in arms may be so called.
are the sons of one man thus numbered, but the sons of
brothers, living together, are all counted as own brothers and
numbered in the order of their ages.

but

3l ft

or

LESSOUT XI.
The Instrumental Verb

%S

or

to take, to bring, is

instrumental verb.
it

either

or

2j$

a verb, but

much used

as an

It nearly always takes after

It is sometimes rendered as

often best rendered by an instru-

is

!.

mental preposition. The frequent use of instrumental verbs, of which there are a number, is a
characteristic feature of Chinese construction.
See Les. 28, 54 and 145.

Vocabulary.

No2

To

Same

Na*.

as

to arrest

See Sub.
;

to

The two forms are used

^.

<*ij>

a goblet

2fC Shwei'.

Water; a
limpid

Ch'ai*

fluid

a tumbler.

5E !K. Shing 1

Brush
hwoa?.

a stream

clear.

pliant.
;

firewood;

fuel.

Firewood

yfei'X Ch'ai* hwoc?.

indiscriminately.

ft Pei 1

lay hold of, to seize

take ; to bring

To

fuel.

light or kindle a fire

^&

ir^

* m m m
ft m &. m m
^l
m *. o ^i m
o *
1$
^ * a e * m.
m

10 There are no seats

some

m ^'
a K
m *
n m

13

~r

j&t Ting

Chin

..

.4

1
.

napkin

neckcloth

||4

can rub
14 Will

f|J

Shou* chin

1
$P( Ts'a

To

scatter

handkerchief; a towel
napkin.

brush

to

to

wipe

to

rub; to scour.
1

Tffi

Ch'ie

to wipe lightly with

In Shautung read ts'ai 1 .

the hand.
fflk

Lei*

Yn*

iftM

Hung\

Entirely, wholly

The hum
deceive

%3\ Chi

flX C%'i*'

To

Yang

Ts'i*.

just.
;

T'iao*

rlP

fljfif

From, commencing
:

Les.

1.

!'.

at
2i

Tsoa*.

f&

Wei*.

Matches

:Note

to purify

sit;

an

honorable

wall of stone, brick or

mud

coarse broom.

broom.

sweep, to brush; to clean up;

Also sao*.
off, to rid.

to

Lead; leaden.

l|g

Ch'ien pi\

Hsing

go, to walk; to act, to do; to

prevail; to be customary ; to serve

Also hsing*, and hang2

2
.

T* n tf

classifier

lun9*

an open basket; to cover;

Lesson 125.

cage;

to entrap

Pien1

lead pencil.

To

answer.

Lung

lantern.

whip; a lash, a cut or stroke

a whip
to flog.

of

.....
{$

The mean man, a depraved

and contemptible fellow,

...

Ta act as, to do to become ; to behave;

Also
to make to simulate work.

Tsoa*.

tsod1

and isu\

position,

classifier

to rinse.

seat,

to

said.

a classical term; a boy, a child.

seat, a place to sit; a divan.

classifier:
Les. 100.

proper.

=P

7.

a card; a
Les.
125.

a strip
;
classifier:

a throne

To

myself;

Matches.

2
./J^/V Hsiao* jin .

a flake

leaf,

section.

J&

self,

Matches.

To wash;

f~J"

|lf|g

bring a

corn broom.

vast. wide.

ChHen1.

ffitW.

The ocean foreign;

Chou\

Sao 3

as, to

a document.

a place

or

to

to select.

Yang* hwvd*.

/t" P'ien*.

to cozen,

may

clear

to take, to
bring; to

5Jv 'X. Tat* lai* hwoa*.

'$0 list

Also chin*.

to coax, to soothe.

lay hold of

J$L >Wt Ch'ii* ting

yC

crowd

of a

personally

T^p

<fn

Paper, stationery
3

exact
7^p

weep.

him with

paid no attention to what I

seat,

Ch'iang

Tears.

lei*.

|>jL

out.

eight o'clock you

lantern to meet me.

16

Ififf

1i?n

5g| China*.

Igk

to

Tears;

15 At

^$ i|jp

To brush away,

it

seat; dignity.

turban.
1

it off.

not answer to strike

it

your hand

a cap or

it

broom and sweep

lantern.

bring

13 If you write with a lead pencil, yon

i2

lamp ; a

go and

chairs.

reasonable for you to take my

things to make presents to other
people ?
i2 There is dust oa that wall, bring a
11 Is

m m m #.
I a * I A,o

m. . a. t ^>
o o ;

rjl

- +

m u

28

Hsia* tsod* jin 2

Tr /V

Les.dignity
27.-

F*

J^ Hwoa*.
;

Goods;
2

Cli'ang

worthless fellow;
a blackguard.

merchandize; stock.

Constant, ordinary; ever, always;

habitually; a rule, a principle

Lfsson

MANDAKIS LKS80NS.

12.

* W

ffi

B *
w
s *
*h M

ft

s.

isp

th

* K fl ft m
ib
f 1. 4B
a. *. o
^
*
*

17

17 This animal will not go; you should

whip him up.

ffl

21

18

Go

school-room

the

to

my
my opinion yon

and

bring

hat.

19 In

are just putting

wrong for right. t

20 Yon must not take me

19

20

29

to be a

mean

fellow.

21 Ii the Third brought four thousand

eight hundred taels of silver to

buy goods.
22

He

habitually sells native goods for

foreign goods.

23 Mr. Lin, you must not tak

to do your work.

my

tools

Notbb.
1 In this first sentence ^E is a principal verb.
Cn the third.

So also

" Take a
might with equal propriety translate,
handkerchief and wipe away your tears." The Chinese conld
readily express the "your" by inserting ffc $}, but they
would rarely do so except for the sake of special emphasis.
J5v to wipe, to scour, is not often used of tears, the more

4 We

common word being

in

Shantung is read
6 " Just " is

which

jjf,
ts'ai 1

or unpe away, and which

and in Nanking k'aP.
to brush,

only an approximate rendering of jff or |py

used, as here, with the general sense of entirely,

much
etc. The j

is

suits the meaning best, and is preferred

wholly,
at Nanking, where also its ordinary reading is oorrect.
The idea in the sentence is, that the speaker creates an
impression in advance, which is contrary to the facts, and
then states the facts in such a way that they are disbelieved.

6 Tim J\

fl?

Bl

at the close
is

is

used indefinitely

the literary

name

the commercial name, and ff-

: Les.

for matches,

the

52.

2jv i^C i

name most commonly

Besides these names, matches are in

uaed by the people.

ome

places called

3
'Jg, ts'u

teng strike tamps.

card in the hand of a messenger is the proof that
he is authorized to speak for the party whose card he bears
10 The form of the sentence implies that more than one
chair was wanted ; hence, "some" is supplied in the transj)f@

lation

is here used in contrast with

and hence
ijjj.
means other people, or another man. J is used intensively.
13 The subjunctive idea is implied rather than expressed.
The sentence might perhaps with equal propriety be rendered, Writing done with a had pencil may be rubbed out.

11 J\

15

"come"

W. II

rather than go.

We should certainly ay
The Chinese in such cases always

$c fi

speak from the standpoint of the person addressed.

16 Lit., He took my words not as words; i.e., disregarded what I said. For th is and similar uses of gj see Les. 90.
20 Lit., You ought not to take a mean man to measure
,

me; i.e., you should not liken me to a mean man. fif and g"
do not convey quite the same meaning the former refers to
;

propriety, the latter to duty.

LESSON

XII.

The Common Connbcttvbs.

The Chinese
^fl With, together with, and.
"
and." This
language lias no equivalent for
word ft is mode to do duty for it, and

foreigners
are generally inclined to use it too much.
The
Chinese very often allow mere
juxtaposition to
" and."
suggest or imply the idea we convey

&

by

In Win-li

(^

the literary style) a

final

marking the completion of the idea.

Mandarin it means, also, likewise. Before
particle

serves to strengthen the idea, but

translatable : See 17.
Before

is

In
it

not generally
it implies a

doubt, or alternative, which is- sometimes, though

not always, equal to whether.
When used twice
in succession the first, is rtntrauslated and the
second rendered and also.
J*.
it is

Again; moreover;

still.

Followed by

7fc

disjunctive.

-p}- Again, a second time; henceforth.

This lesson only introduces the common uses
of these words, without
attempting to illustrate
them fully. There are also a number of other
words of the same class
See Les. llu.
,

80

m m m t

- +

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

12.

ft* o

fl

ft

^r

ft
in

*t

f-

ill

til

Gkiao

2*.

To

yon speak to him yon should

yonr voice a little.
17 Talk to him till daylight and it will

ft

be of no avail.
18 Are you going to talk unreasonably

in,

as well as your wife ?

land are

ft
51

19 His house and

join; to deliver up; to communicate with; to copulate; trade; in-

friend-

ship; dealings.

Hf Sheng

1
.

IE H, SAeng 1

sound

a voice; accent, tone; reputation; to make known.

Wu\

?h

Sound,
not having;
ing:

$$

To

without,
Les. 121.

want-

more; to benefit; beneficial; advantageous; fall:

Les. 123.
increase;

,1l>

Chu9

Chi*.

To meet,

to

be

to

worth;

sell

for;

value, price; worth while.

Ting*.

To
.

3
3? Chu

to settle, to decide; really,

Les. 116.
certainly; at rest, fixed:
fix,

A ruler,
to

Will, determination

i*.

to

To

f5 CA'uen*.

|Eq

T'ung

make up

exhort; to admonish;
courage; to advise.

Together;

to decide,

the mind.

all;

the

united;

en-

to

same,

alike; identical; to unite, to harmonize; and, with, etc.: Les. 110.

lord,

&.Tie\
[Jfj

is

Ching

Sf

Ei*.

Toas
.

The pupil of the eye; the iris.

The eye; the eyes.

The
.

ear; a handle,

ear.

Deaf

';

T'ung* ch'wang

|Sj

'||f

!g6

Ckv.
-

an

cluster; a lobe; a head of flowers;

.a pendant. A classifier: Les. 225.
The ear lobe; the ear.

If %fc
2
gg Lung

To
.

hard of hearing.

school-mate.

pity; mournful; related

to,

akin,

of the'

same

relatives, kindred.

CkHn1

waster; a host; to rule;

show what

Papa, daddy.
1

3
1
IjxIVh Yien ching

Useless, unprofitable.

fni:

-flf

voice.

Clear, bright; lustrous; open.

None;

2
fit I '*.

useless to exhort him.

chH*

Liang*.

*jnl

you you need not come any more ?

has already made up his mind it

He

tercourse, friendship.

The intercourse of

not worth

over one thousand strings of cash.

20 Have you come again, after I told

"*r

Urgent; important.

raise

Ira

5t HE Chiao1 wang9

yon do not go

man yon mast have

not a good

is

is

Yao* chin 3.

if

When

16

21

SB
jc fft

He

-*-

ft

no matter, even

is

no more dealings with him.

<ft

ifi

ff

14 It

this week.

I'i

l ft

&

15

m>
. K ft *
& :k S *
n& & In

at
IB

20

13 1 have already told yon three times;

have you forgotten again ?

i."

15

tft

fi

17

19

ffi

T ^
V. E
o

IS.

|E

31

Relatives not

ch'i*.

surname.

to be.

Notes.
2 iT
fight."

^?c

is

the more general and proper term for

however, largely used

Jj" f/ is,
elsewhere in this souse.

in

"to

Shantung and

4 -ui is represented by some in the translation. It gives

idea of a concession on the part of the speaker that "you"
also bavo some show of reason on your side
as if we should
i Will, yes, what you say is reasonable.
tin;

7 The

addition of

pjj

is

common

idiom.

It conveys

the idea that you and I are to be companions.

The
iffr'
which is the Southern form, does not give quite the same
With it the translation should be, Wouldn't it he well
sense.
for mi lo (jo along with you?

The sentiment
i.e. by nature.
too strong for Ciiineae ethic*.

10 5^ 31 Hcaren born;
of the sentence

is

82

&

Lesson

MANDARIN LBSSONi.

13.

S3

m = + %

Translation.

# ft m m *.
S H * W ft fiJR f&
o

$t

ffl

Wait a little and I will go.

He intends to come here

teach

to

school.

You

need not fear: the Heavenly

Father will certainly protect yon.
4 Mr. Li will come presently.
5 His business will certainly be a losing
3

ffi.

one.

* ft
! 7- K EI B9 51
as* :* * iHffiisw
ft 7> n ^ - JlBTftH
H # ^ at 3 o ^
H

*.

quit work.
7 After three or

-rT

13

7.
p

6 In a short time the carpenters will

*
N

ing with you about this matter

beforehaud.
10 You may go ahead: I will be there

XH.

presently.

Ill

can master this Trimetrical Classic

in a few days.
12 Wait two or three days and I will
certainly go and see him.
13 When the guests come I will certainly come and tell you.

IS
'

^Ig-San*

Tsi*

The Trimetrical

ChingK

Classic,

primer containing an epitome of Chinese philos-

ophy and
flJC

history.

lA

Shou

To receive;

Also son8

Hou*.
...

to set up; to institute, to

establish; to appoint; to draw up a
contract; just now, soon.

to quit

work;

After, subsequent ; behind in place;

.then, next; in future; an heir.
.

1
Ha t Swei hou*.

Forthwith, presently, at once.

y&

BR Hf
lip;

To memorize,

A7wn* hwei*.

Note
Yiens k

jf, Fiaw

t|!

Tien*

16

ffii

About

an*.

chien*.

iff

master

on the point of,

on the verge of; evidently.
The same.
to;

^ Hao*

telegraph wire or line;

thr teltgr.iph

To transmit;

to

hand down;

shi*.

to
to

Virtuous deeds; deeda of bene v.

olence or charity; alms.

To preserve;

to maintain ; to retain,
to lay by, to keep; to file; to put
on deposit; a balance to credit.

Ts'un*.

fft or

Jjjfc

f$ IW.

Lisrbtning; electricity.

Tien* hsien*

to

11.

Ch'wan*.

promulgate, to propagate
summon, to subpoena. Also chwon*.

-fyi
jfj5

Instantly, at once, forthwith:

Les. 162.

sh'P.

to collect,
to gather; to harvest; to wind up.

To stand up;

JUL Li*.

to dissipate; to disperse,

to separate.
1

Have yon not yet finished writing?

Ans. Iamonthepointof riuishing.

14

jllB$ Li*

To scatter;

San*.

shall

go home and stay seven or

eight days and then return.
9 I want to have a clear understand-

T>

8 I will

^
& m>^ & &

us
^Mjt

*
*

four weeks

return home.

|$ =$

Tan1

To

obstruct;
hinder.

to

prevent;

to

To mistake, to be in error; to hinder;

an unintentional wrong, a fanlt.

To hinder, to prevent; to waxte

... to miss an opportunity.

(time)

84

m m
# o M *
o

=%>

23

Jfl

K, *_ttUS

22

t.

1
ft

11
ft

15

message sent by telegraph

^ ^

. :*

is

my

purpose to propagate re-

ligion here.
17 If you would act right you
have a right heart.

17

you do not
understanding
work.

*>

I'J

ife

T.

must

have a clear

this

plan will not

19 This plan will probably not succeed.

20 This plan will certainly not succeed.

StK 9
* ?t a
o # s

Do

not waste time: go as soon as you

get up.
22 The wind has changed to the northI think it will certainly
east:
21

16

rain.

23 Even

give up the whole, night to

if I

will not fail to deliver it

it

wait a

* ^ Ik ft * S
^ & x tax Jt
18

ffi

#.

To turn over

Chwan*.

or about; to reverse;

to turn over to;

on the contrary,
on the other hand; to comprehend; to veer as
the wind:
Les. 112.
Also chwan*.

A Flng
-

1
.

The wind; air; manner, style; fash.ion, example; fame, reputation.

....

Y&
f|lj

Rain ; a shower.

Hwo&\

1
}Jr P'in .

25 In

To

reject; to

him

come.

Wang

To sleep ;
To pursue;

jlH or j| Kan*.

by,

Hsie

nod or doze.

to hurry; to drive;
Les. 144.

by the time:

rest; to stop, to leave off; to take

to quit business.

To

to

a vacation-

ID

Kwan1

P*J

<min %

To shut the door;

wind up

or

Quiet; rest;

^ HsP.
...

A
-

peace; at ease; to tranplace; to put to rights.

respiration; to breathe; to sigh;

put a stop to; interest.

to rest; to

A&htPji*.

4r J|>

to quit

businass.

qnilize; to

risk, to

stake ; to give up.

will

Hsin Ch'ing will certainly be

at church on the Sabbath.

26

1
3^ An

brush away; to

and he

close up.

To

split open; to rend, to give up,

to risk, to sacrifice: Note 23.

little

by

opinion his business will soon

my

18? Shwe.i*.

|)t

first

first

day-light.
24 Yon need not go agaiu to invite

>i>

there

at once.
is

18 If

#&-&
x m n *
7F1-

mjm

16 It

^s ^
2 W
H K ff#Wo
ii]

t>

H +

fS

The Sabbath day.

NOTBS.
2 This sentence might mean, He wcv.~; Co come here to
Which meaning the speaker intended would be in-

13

2 T
wk S

itach.

guests come.

dicated by the emphasis and the connection. gJC pff is rarely

heard in the North, and Tff, ^s as rarely in the South.

always followed by

is more widely used than

6 !{ft
,1- The J| is
used from the standpoint of gathering tools, etc., and putting
them in order for leaving.
11 Nothing in the sentence indicates whether "I" or

"you"

or

" he

"

should be used in translating.

Jg!

means

tlAanf, sr drone, and ( g 'ff means to chant over

"know it," as sohool boys say ; tuat is, to memorize.

till

to

you

The guests having come;

ty e seeing;

i.e.,

i.e.,

in sight, just at

when

the

hand; nearly

The two forms

are quite equivalent.

16 The translation does not quite give the full force of
the wt'- the idea is that just now and here I purpose t
JBt.

propagate religion.
17 Might with equal propriety be rendered, Whoever
would act right must first have a right heart.

19 -go as hero used, is more or less local it should b#

read with a slight emphasis, and expresses a strong presump:

tion

whereas

'|'Q

properly expresses apprehension.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

14.

W +

Translation.

m *
* ii *
K. a

a m
m ft &

If

yon go I also

will go.

knew

2 If the teacher

it

he would cer-

whip yon.
3 If no one had meddled, the affair
would have been concluded long
tainly

fit

ago.

ft

&

if

8B

it

3e

just give

S &
* *T ^

s w s

ilk

4 If you are waiting to nse

s s
s *
# * :*

ft.

it,

you

T,
3

you.

r>
T>

will

6 If yonr younger brother does not take

the lead (or, come to the front),
can any one else do so ?
7 If he does not repay you, I will repay

5 If he does not first mention

need not mention it.

it,

to you.

->

it

&

is more common in the

22
North, ffi in the South
though both forms would probably be understood either
North or South.

23 The expression $j)J _, or {; _, or \% _, has a

peculiar force very peir to our word sacrifice; / will sacrifice

8 If sinners do not repent, after death

they will go to hell.

If there

is

nothing to prevent, I shall

return in six days.

whole night, etc. The three forms are not precisely

equal in force, nor are they everywhere alike current. SB
is most used in the North, Jjf in the South.
In Kiukiang
also is used in the same sense, but how analyzed
fifjr yf f=f
it is not easy to see.

the

Thl Cuuuon Sign ot the Subjunctive.

5j

;<E

;ti

As a
that

should, supposing.

If,

it

If,

should, supposing.
means the

conjunction,
does with it.

Whether

There are a number of other words of similar

meaning and use, which will be introduced by
and by: 8ee Les. 132.
Tins lesson illustrates in a measure how the
Chinese language expresses moods and tenses
without any endings or even special forms.

same without Jg

is

added or not

depends chiefly on euphony.

Vocabulary.
Tfc Jod

Like; as; same as; if, perhaps, supposing: See Sub.

...

....

Mp

ie z

To separate;
.

$6 THao
carry,

3
.

To provoke,
mix, to

as a lantern.

Soa 1

To

to irritate ; to tease; to
up; to rip open; to

stir

Also

t'iao 1 .

to distinguish;

part; different from, another.

de-

to

Alsc

pie*.

ff. A. Tswei* jen\

sinner:

To

repent

a Christian term

incite; to set at variance.

To sow discord; to incite to contention.

2
T'i
To raise up; to bring to notice; to mentE
Hon; to summon; to remit. Also ti\
1
To take the lead, to put
HI Hi Ch'v* t'ou*.
the responsibility.

.oneself forward,

to

take

"$J
&f.

HweP
Kai

3
.

To

change,

to

to regret.

alter;

to

reform,

amend.
f*|t|SC

UK

YA*.

To repent and reform;

prison, a

to repent.

iail.

to

m +

ft

36
ft

10 If by to-morrow you still have not

learned it, I shall certainly punish

10

X ^ K ft % ft w
f ^ m
i jii i i

o
H~ ^
*
# it m
m n * s
-f K>
* ^> B 3E ft
& *&5im m o = ft
35 & STUB ft *
ft sb 8B m n 8 #.
M m * t
7 # #
ft.
iy & m
O
o
7. B
7. ft
T\ o B. m Q 35 IS.
16

11

It's

?j$

12

the Third really said these

thiugs, he certainly has no con-

12 If

Wang

13 If

we had not

science.

1fl

sat down that time

on the road, we should have been

there before this time.

14 If he had not reviled me, would
have struck (or, thrashed) him ?

ift

as poor as this,
be so fat ?
16 If his talents are good, he can learn
it even in two years.

would he

He

17

iff.

15

/u*.

Hell

: a Buddhist term

adopted

clothes.

^tfe^i? Ti* pu*.

Rank;

Confalse; to hinder.
stantly interchanged with fg.

^a2

3^

Hsing*.

punishment;

Jffi

^C fr

Tien /in*. Natural endowments, talents,

gifts.
1

jfISi

Ying

That which

^$

Fortunately; luckily; a happy chance.

1
Pang To help ; to assist ; to add on a piece
a company, a set : Les. 140.

J$J

Chu*

jf^f

^ff$l To assist,
1
True;
5tj Chin

assist, to help.

to help, to aid.

To promise ; to consent.
1
To skin to peel
2pJ Poa\ pa

iH St

off; to
;
to tear off; to fleece.

reality;

truly, in fact.

^.

1
JC4j Liang hsin
11

JP|

Ma*.

To

Fin*.

s
tSTpF Kwan

Conscience, the moral nature; a desire to do right.

rail at, to scold;

names

to call

Jfcf

part, a share; rank, lot; the duties

1
of a station.
Alsoy&n

To walk; a
five

classifier:

step,

Chinese

Les. 125.

willing; to assent, to allow.

to expect; to treat, to

behave

a station; a pace of
a way, a course.

feet,

To guarantee,

pao*.

you may
Jfrf

Fu*.

to

Jj? Pu*.

its

revile.

To wait;

fsj Tai*.

uncover

towards.

Good, gentle, mild; excellent of

kind; natural, instinctive.

Liang*.

To be

f K'en*.
in

sincere; genuine;

Also ying*.

to allow; to acquiesce; to
permit; to promise; to betroth;
Les. 130.

To

right, ought; suitable,

To grant,

HsiP.

many, very:

^PrtKf

is

proper; to assent.

of; happily.

cir-

consequence

footing;

Fat; hearty.

P'any*

to fine; to punish.

Fortunate, lucky; blessed.

To wane, to be wanting; a deficiency
a defect; to injure; owing to; in

1
)| K'wei .

position;

cumstances.

To deceive;

gS]

still

has again promised to pay by the

twentieth: if at that time he still
does not pay, I shall strip off his

by Christianity.
f?^ Wu*.

15 If he were really

i'j

jPi

to our help:

if

J&|jfR

came

you had not come we should

have been in a dilemma.

IiJ

you.
fortunate you

P.

Fu3

to warrant;
be sure.

library; a store-house; an eucyclopedia; a palace; a mansion.

shang*.

gentleman's house; your

residence.

|&

Wang*.

To hope

for,

wards;

|j Pai* wang*.
...

to

to expect; to look to-

gaze at; hopes.

To pay one's respects

to call oa.

to,

Lesson

15.

MANDARIN LBBUOHS.

17

38

SS

56

"S

m i + m

m n Wu

Tkanslation.

2 This

10

TO

13

To discourse upon;

Lun*.

to discuss; to rea-

Public, common; general; just, equitable; the male of animals; hus-

-*>n<T

dnke

4? M. Kung
JK

%ft

W-

Mr.

Sir,

taoK
1

Ta* shi fu*.

Lung*, nung*, nou*.

-

to

or

with ; to prepare or cook food.

Shin1 The body; the main part of a thing;
Les. 147.
oneself; a lifetime:
.

It Liang*.

measure, a limit; capacity to eat

or drink; size; calibre.
Also

liang.

5T

^J Kao

1
.

High;

To

old
Hj>

BR Hnn

high-priced

yien*. Disposition, character; plans,

tricks.

provoking

very

it

but once au hour.

to

impose npon; artful,

false.

Crafty; deceitful; treacherous.

Ch'i 2

Slow, dilatory; late; to delay.

Tao2

To scour;

to

wash

in

a sieve; to

2
3^ Too ch'i*. Provoking;

stir

troublesome; misNote 10.

chievous; fidgety:

Joy, delight; to be pleased with; to

give joy to to rejoice.

ff\

Hwan

^fEgX
J

Joy

To be pleased

Ch'wang

1
.

sore,

with, to like; to rejoice.

boil,

an

ulcer.

places, the itch.

jfij

i?t or

P hwei*.
W$

4
-fc$Hi Ta

merry;

(in expression); glad,

to rejoice; to gladden.

Once, one time:

In some

Les. 64.

Yao*.

Medicine, physic, drugs, chem-

too*.

icals; gunpowder.
The main road, a
highway;
fundamental truth.

good.

is

deceive, to cheat; malicious; perverse.

To deceive,

Gha*.

tall; loud; eminent; excellent;

girl

most, take

^ Hsi

Stature, size.

Jft.

come on

will

at the latest on Satur-

trifle

5f

about; to clean out, to excite.

head cook, a steward.

To do; to handle;
manage; to toy

very de-

is

mischievous): I dislike her

exceedingly.
11 This boil of yours you should frequently wash with water; at
least once a day.
12 This medicine is very powerful : at

gfegp

'/p|

ex-

(or,

cunning,

jH

Just, righteous; fair, impartial; cheap.

he

earliest

day.
10 This little

f$j Kwei*.

Up

reasonable;

very

Fifth's heart

Thursday

'

yp

fp

At the

tft

think over; to estimate;

an essay; according to; as to, with reference to.

fierce.

ceitful.

to

son,

4* Kung1

Chang the

ife

is

ingly tall.
5 Your pocket-knife is extremely sharp.
6 I take you to be, at most, thirtyyears old.
7 To write this book will take, at the
very least, three months' time.

exceedingly

ceedingly just.

*l

pi

is

man

My cook can prepare first-class food.

Wang the Second's stature is exceed-

IPC

Iffl

His dog

M o H # o W
IMlMif S
mm. * M 5 ^8SW
m m & 4* *? S. *
o [$
IE
S K *. + fl? f*> o
^ 7K
i *, I I ^ A#A
w m w a^ja *
m m, m o a
s * ja.
m ?&. i &
o H.-ft.
'> o *
ft.
*
^
- a
o
*
il
^ a
>^
Mill

3l

Lesson

MANDARIN LK8SONR.

15.

m%Tm\ m
***TW
k w o gx
M
H o
81 E ^ ii

*.

ffl

20

+
k i ^

wt

13 It

road; the small road

M M

'b

16 To

j^ Kiuei*.

A by- road,

Honorable;

priced

Jg

a term

dignified;

address

respectful

dear,

p
of

Heavy; weighty; severe; heinous;

grave; to honor; to regard as

Chung*.

Also ch'ung*.

important.

Kg

To value highly; precious; honorable;

$J

kwei*.

Wu*.

20 The true God

Li wu*.

Wt Hi

Ti* hsiung1

fHA Mil?.

Lien 3

Chinese acre,

about

reputation; honor.

%. Pin

]A Pai2
Hei

t'ien

tub; a

human

many

At

The gods; god

spirit;

for

hsia*.

At

in

night, at dark.

the heathen sense,

superhuman, divine.

T.

^ Chu

4j[

Tsun1

The true God.

Shin*.

To

?p? Tsai*.

rule; a steward; a minister of state;

a ruler ; to slaughter and dress.

A ruler,

tsai*.

Tsun1
Ts'ung

the chief ruler.

High, honorable; eminent; to honor;

to dignify.

Jflgl

Used by

God.

^ f4 ChSn

J^ll'yj

kwei*.

A classifier: Les.

Honorable,
-

lofty

140.

great,

exalted.

Discriminating; quick of apprehension or perception.

Ts'ung

night, at dark.

ruing

2
.

Discriminating; clever,
intelligent; wise.'

Jffi

Kan*.

fit,

?r Neng

Tp

Pu*.

Day-time, daylight.

Black; dark; cloudy; obscure.

Shin

capability ; to attend to; to

follow a calling; affairs, business.

Skill,

&M*&

JH T* Hei

Lord of heaven and

very wise and

one-sixth of

an English acre, a now.

The check; the face; the countenance;

is

Hsia* hei1

Brothers, brethren.

worth, at the very

very powerful.
21 This cloth is first-rate; I also will go
and buy of him.

Presents; offerings.
.

most,

earth, very great,

jf^j

thing; matter; an article; goods;

a creature, a being, the non ego

Wm
Jjjt?,

Highly valued, precious ;

rare : Note 15.

is

at

a super natural (good) being; the

dignified.

P5 js Kao1

will

presents

19 Western dogs are very docile in the

day-time: it is only when night
comes that they are fierce.

high

precious ; to honor, to value.

%vji

these

hundred cash.

least, four

a path.

make him

18 This wash-basin

ffi

tao*.

by the seventeenth.

17 The three brothers have,

but forty mow of laud.

>c>

15

'V Hi Hsiao3

the
the

answer very well

17

l6

home on

reach

propose to
latest,

/j>jliKSi

ffi

exceedingly

15 This book is very precious, yon must

be careful how you use it.

* m. m
* i
p ^^e^E n ^ a &**
m it m ^, o ^ #
*& w * m h ^ a. o
M m tt
ti 7
^ * *
#.

go the main

fifteenth or sixteenth, or, at

unnmsm
1.

is

hard to find.
14 I

18

to

after all,

is better,

kan*.

Ability;

power; might.

Cloth of any kind; to spread ont; to

diffuse; to publish.

% A

4h

*
BJ

&

4*

5.

K * + *

is

Translation.

H,

0^

Ht

It is very

4*

4>i

5c

^ ^B

mild to-day, and

tle air is

bracing.

2 Mrs. Kao's disease

is

somewhat

better

to-day.
3 To-day is the third, to-morrow will
be the fourth.

When you

% m a

B. 8. 2 The

fl

second clause

supplementary to

it.

^ iim 5c
3

o r&n uj

is

The

El

pletely supplants

^p

fjj

a,

com

|j{.

I fvr a* nere sed is read Ui? in Peking, but retains its

normal sound in Shantung. It is never used in this way in
the South, ! being used instead.
9 IjS> in the sense of late, is rarely used in the South,
being nearly always replaced by

jj-

10 fwj 5%, Lit., stir up anger ;

which sense it is used iii most

provoking, vexatious,
in
In some places,
places.
however, notably in Peking, it is used in the sense of misehievous, fidgety, which leaves out of view all reference to
the person affected. The "anger" excited is
evidently that
of ihe party affected
by the "mischief."

II Hy

is

five catties of fish.

5 Are they, at present, still there ?

6 It is just now time to reap

the

harvest.

in apposition with the first, and

clauses should be separated by a

short pause.
3 In some places, especially in the South,

go to market to-morrow

may buy

you

i.e.,

to be understood after fijv and in similar cases

ft

To-morrow

will be the Sabbath.

The construction is thoroughly Chinese ;

your this boil, for, this boil of yours.
13 The Jg at the beginning of this sentence implies that
a mistake had been made in going by the small road, or at
least a question is raised as to which road to take.
is

often expressed.

viz.

15

|t(i

Jl

as used in

Shantung means

precious, rare, in

the sense of being hard to get or hard to replace. In Peking

it is only so used of persons.
It is replaced in the South by
jft M- which adds to its ordinary meaning that of rarity or
precionsness.

16 {H Pf Jki Lit, very can do; i.e., unll do very well.

19 ~y 3^ or JJH *"F". Both forms are used in the North,
the one in some places, the other in other places.
In the
South $ t|[ is chiefly used, $| "|* being heard in some
places.
's
Jfcr
repeated for emphasis, which is a very
idiom. The TO, at the close refers to the person of
the cloth was bought.

21

iii

common

whom

LESSON

2C"VI.

Common Tma Particles.

4^9

or

-$*%

Ef

or ^rj

fl

or |f

-@|

To-day.

To-day.

*W

or

W51W

To-morrow.

or

ft $& IS Yesterday

%
ft %

These are colloquial forms in constant

The addition of fjg is peculiar to Pekingese.
BU

or

gijf

Day before yesterday.

before yesterday.
|f]r(Li3 Day

JJc "SE

5fR

^T

'

gj

is

in contrast

use.

The addition of

used.

4^^.10

-fg^ Pay

or

1^1 5tL or

The two forms are used indifferently in most

In Nanking the forms with Q are rarely
places.
or

or

MJHL

^C To-morrow.
3^ Yesterday.

A*%

jrE

fjgj

Now,

after to-morrow.

IB Day

is

after to-morrow.

peculiar to Pekingese.

The two forms are

at present.

substantially equivalent.

now

absolutely,

jrj

is

the present

with the past.

^5R

Afterwards, in future, then.

fci-^|

Afterwards, subsequently.

There are many other ways of marking time.

See Les. 117 to 120.

7 E

m * m

\%
S
jg

m
J

*
o

7.
o

* ^

ft

7
-

o.i

*i
ft

14

E3

10

Ill

see

this time the bread is sufficiently

steamed.
12 I saw him in the second mouth, and
I have not seen him again since.
13 And can you foreknow that which
is

future

now

14 The time has

fully arrived;

must go and hear

my

class.

15 If I succeed in hiring animals to-day,

I shall start to-morrow.

ma

to invite

By

1 1

want

com pariy.
10 Day before yesterday I went to
him and he was not at home.

12

tt

belly ached the whole

my

To-morrow evening

8 Yesterday
day.

*S
IS

ffi.

1;

41

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson Id

16 General Wang has sent word saying

that he will come to see me day-

after to-morrow.

Vocabulary.
1
^f* Chin ,

Now,

ffij

presently.

be/ore in time or place ;

the presence of; the former;
previously; the south side.
in

As, like; as

according to;
Les. 99.
haps; to equal

if;

Bp Tsod 2
jjg,

if,

per-

To manifest; wow,

Hsien*.

Nwan 3
3
^hJ Nwan

Warm;

2
~JZ jfa T'ien

he*.

The

ch'i*.

air.

the

to

2
"^C$8 Ta* niang

term of respect to any

Ta*

atmosphere

Refreshing, bracing, cool

5H Chi

Same

as

j|g.

Chia\

0fl Aa>i

chi''.

To go

reap, to harvest.
sedate,

serious;

JJt

7V.

Farming, husbandry; standing grain ;

a sheaf.

Standing grain; the crops; farming.

The belly, the abdomen; the temper or
mind. Also tu3

The evening.
_l Wan shang
The evening.
$& Jlsia* wan3
Steamed bread or cakes; bread.
Man2
2
2
Bread, -always steamed by
ill jp| Man t'ou
3

J$|,

T*

families the term

.

the Chinese, but in foreign

used of baked bread.

cakes or

rolls.

In use always

doubled.
!$t Ching

Note

is

f^ Mod 2 Steamed
1
.

Steam, vapor;

to col-

to market:

To

Growing grain

to deduct,

well-behaved.

Southern.

flock together; to gather;

... lect; to compile; a market or fair.

ma 1

elder brother's
wife; applied at large as a
elderly woman, Mrs.
father's

To

# Chwang

he1

off.

warm.

pure.

bland, mild.

Warm

ChHng Hang*.

-fclffi}

i&lf ] Shou1

at present; current;

the weather

m vu

cut; to divide; to reap

to take

Yesterday; recently.
plain, apparent; for the occasion.

I$j|

To

To advance;

HU Ch'ien*.

50 Ju 2

KSK

to distil

%f

K'ao 3

4'.

to cook by steaming;

to decoct.

deceased father, ancestors to examine a candidate or a pupil; to

;

qnestion.

Tn

A market ; to
A fish.

Sfcf*.

Y&

$1 Ch'u

To begin;
Note 3.

trade; a crowd; vulgar.

the first, the

beginning:

^5

K'ao 3 shu\

Tod
M

To hear a

recitation.

foreign term:
3
.

Note

Secure, safe, firm; satisfactory,

Les. 100,
right: readv:

A
14.
all

48

ft

ff

4*

4*

mr

9JT&

&
*

23

Tv

to.

&
PJ

ffi

&

flf

;
^>
#f

ft

^3^^

1B

* + %

SR
17

ft
ft

very hardy: in due

time he will certainly be a robust

Pao Chu-tsI

ie

mau.

Jt^B

ii

#a
4*

18 Will

uot do for you to stay here

it

and

to-uight

# H

morrow

$!

SL

7*.

19 Seeing he

on

go

again

to-

is

so diligent now, he will

no doubt turn out well hereafter.

20 The grass of the field to-day is, and

to-morrow is cast into the oven.
21 I never saw him before: I have only

*?.

#
g & 7. *
H M S I ji a
* W
m & &
m m ,19

22

ffl

i21

ifS

if

Ch'i? shen 1 .

To

start to

set
1
Chie

jjjejfjll

'(H

Han4

bind by a

fff"9k?F

tie; to

contract; to set, to stiffen; strong,

to bear,
as fruit.
Also chie 1

Chie 1 ski 2

7*

To bear

strong, tongh,
vigorous, robust.
fruit;

is

hani t&i

to-day.
to-

23 The telegraph has already become an

accomplished fact in China, and

%
*

and by.

railroads will succeed by

HjLTs'ao

Herbs, grass ; weeds; straw hastily,

carelessly; the running hand; a

rough draft, female

TiuK To cast away
.

or pitch
1
/JtLJ^hTing* kwei

To

to

throw aside to throw

;

to lose.

decide, to settle, to

fix.

Pao4 To recompense;

noted Chinese dynasty; Chinese;

a large strong man ; a man.

Ha

him

day: wait till to-morrow and we

will talk about it again.

off.

knot; to knot, to

vigorous

go anywhere, to

just seen

22 This business cannot be settled

to revenge; to inform,
to report; a gazette, a newspaper.

strong man, a fine

Tien* pao*.

The telegraph

a telegram.

portly fellow.

1
Su*, hsii hsiv?.

stage where one rests for

the night ; a night's rest
to pass the night, to lodge; a constellation.
-fg

fjjg

Lun 2

ttj

Wt

Ja Ch'u 1
Yie*.

hsi*

1
Jf! Cft't .

a disk; a revolution;

to

wheeled carriage a cart, a barrow.

in Wen-li.
;

Read chu 1

Outcome; promisiuj;

waste a common ; a desert ; the

country; savage, wild; rustic, rude.

wheel,

rotate, to take tarns.

^f^Ip.

Btootf Itm* ch'i\

railroad car; the

cars.

Notbh

would be inserted before J8?.

2 In many places
is applied to the first ten
3
days of the month to
distinguish them from the second and third ten hence 'ftjj j
is the third, as distinguished from the 13th and 23rd.
As
we have no such distinction in English, the $Q disappears

in

the translation.

In North China, markets are held

in all

the principal

towns ana villages every five days. They are always arranged
so that the markets in a given neighborhood come in rotation.

Xrademen add

small dealers follow these markets, usually

Hence jJJ ^H comes to mean to go

attending one each day.
to market.
Such markets are not prevalent in the South,
where the business is mostly done by shopkeepers.
6 Peking teachers object to $f as here used, and would

to$&JEJffc$|&l!Eftj$ft.

change
however, gives a slightly different sense;
(in the midst of) harvest time.

~~"

n e day that is, the whole

day,
in this connection is
11 The use of
Pekingese.
13 Jg is here inteusive.
;

This,

viz., it is just

no*

Lesson

43

MANDARIN LESSONS.

17.

-t

+ %

Translation.
1

Why

Why

did he strike you ?

2 What [relative] is he of yours?

a ^Bi7{t^^
io

*i

w s

ffl

does your oldest sister not come

to

sew?

4 Here when you marry a

ceremony do yon have
5

^ S * S#MIS
!& -& a ?r nn
ft o ff ^ g * *
m w& o s * n
*k #
W
# jR
J I o 1 |g If ft
m t
7 o
# n & w qe. a.

& 3
- s
n m
JS ^
4*
o 1
m
m %.
12

*A*,

this sentence 4-

expresses both intention and

in native
:
;
they use

1
pei* shu ,
repeat the books,
explain the books.

15

What
What

id 3c

t0 hire satisfactorily ;

and

that

is,

chiang*

pjf 'J-

in this case, to

succeed in hiring.

LESSOUST

the

is

From what

of

price

eilver

at

did

place

you

start

to-day ?

10

Why

have you delayed

why

now

till

speak of this business

11 If you were sick,

nevertheless, the

come from 3E

y^C

A-

In

to say that

meaning here

did you not

?

received
that a letter has

3l 7C
is

to

seek treatment before this

16 The Chinese seems

a letter

you are wrangling about

is it

present ?

f^

ffl:

necessity.
(j is a term used in foreign schools
schools they have no occasion to use such a term

only

Having spoiled my tools, why did you

not come and tell me ?

ifc.

that you are not happy

it

to-day

what

016.

fie

(PB.

14 In

Why

is

wife,

a different connection

3E

T'v

might mean that Wang Ta Jin had received a letter.

22 -P| Wt Again speak, a common phrase for postponing any business, and including a promise to attend to it at
some future time.
<j"

|"j|

XV1L

Compound Relative and Interbogative Particles.

"tsf vfc.

or

ft j What,

anything, something.
In use, the
the colloquial form.

The second is
final n of ^f is always

elided,

and ff

places pronounced in the same way as

is sometimes
spoken ma, (Pjf), but

in

is

:J.

is

most,

The

Jj

never so

written.

When

precedes ff- J the combination

means, because of what; i.e., why. When followed
the combination means who.
by
J5;

IT JK
tit

alt

is

also used

indefinitely,

meaning any,

or with a negative, none, not at all.

Colloquially, ff- Jg is in many places contracted

into ska 2
In other places Jgt is used alone for
.

Neither of these corruptions is heard in

ff J3lEastern Shantung, but they prevail in the middle
and western parts of the province, as well as in
many other places, both North and South.
ryE the sign of an indirect question.
every indirect question should

ically

Theoret-

end with
very often omitted, and

PJ&.
Practically it is
there seems to be no rule governing its use.
It
is
more used in some places than in others.
It has but a limited use in Western Mandarin
See also Les. 89.

s t

* o t.
& a ft fa
#* ji n a s
96. #* & M &

do yon not pay attention when

speak ?
13 Whenever you wish to go, come and
give me word.
I

18

m
*
-
a %
7.
o

ft

Bf

14 Have yon any disease?

15 What disease have you

Ji

IS

7>

4*

iK

15

A #
+ *f

Why

12

fl

Kg.

* +

Sft

6 This year I am eighty-three, and can

not attend to any thing sit all.

17 This article

is

not good for any thing.

18 To show respect to your elders is not

any thing difficult.
1 9 Could you wait a little and allow me
first to go and attend to a little

something

Vocabulary.

What: see

titS/tin*.

also

Sub.,

Les.

188.

H Vfa K'aV-

To enjoy

wei*.

Ski

IT

2
.

of ten soldiers ; used as a contracted form of $.

An

interrogative particle joined

with various words in asking

indirect questions

A*

IJ/Js

no:

see Sub.

An

interrogative particle ending any

question not answered by yes or
see Sub., also Les. 89.
.

For, on account of; because, wherefore

Les. 77. Also wei 2

Wei*.

jtfl

like; to

file

2
j Mod ma2

Ta*

"fc H

Wi

Ch

$,

Hsi1

$U

Fu*.-

Ohtn
l

Eldest

A
A

wife, to marry.

son's wife.

wife; a married

woman; a

breasts, the udder;

to suck ; milk ; a nurse.

to contest; to strive for

precedence.
1

to quarrel, to

To wrangle,

nao*.

"ng

fight

Fie * tsi*yien*. To altercate, to dispute,

to torangU.
series or order; a guild, a
a
A
row;
fj Hang*.
trade; a mercantile establishment,
a store. See hsing*, from which it is often disthus ft; or by a
tinguished by inserting a dot,
: Les. 42.
A
classifier
small circle, thus, }.
$ij

^r B&

TT ifc Bang*

shi*.

The market

to

suckle;

also applied to

Taste, flavor; a delicacy.

the cur-

price,

rent rate.

...

Wi
HI

% Tun
T-iao 2

to excite; to shake; to
Les. 91.
take action:
to
begin;

To move;

^Tung*.

To move

i
9 sh ? nl

To harmonize;

to

mix;

p$$$

t0

'

to

starL

regulate;

Also

tiao*.

rule; to heal, to cure; to

oversee: to condemn.

To govern, to

$cf Chi*.

happy.
Wei*.

To wrangle,

daughter-in-law; a wife.

ftfc

female.

paternal grandmother
any elderly lady a wife (Nankingese).
^t ffi K'wai* hwoa*. Cheerful, in good spirits,

fftfft

sh'?.

to stir up, to incite.

The

1$] Nav*.

^ Cktng
^ PH Ch

Needle-work, sewing.

hsien*.

To take a

sister.

needle; a pin; a stitch; to prick;

to stab with a needle.

1^ft" Gkia

sister.

Eldest

chie* chie*.

u?.

ifi

elder sister.

chie*

^C 4fl.JIl Ta*
A
$[ Chin
^j"

An

Chie*

oneself; eheerful; to

have an appetite.
Utensils, tools, fixtures:
Note 6.

Also read shin*.

To treat a disease ;

To detain,

^
^ & Liu*
-3? I
Liu*.

to cure.

as a guest; to

keep back;

to leave; to hold on to; to delay.

hsin 1 .

shtng

1.

To be

careful, to give good

heed; to bear in mind.

One sound; a
shout, etc.

call; a cry, a

Lesson

MANDARIN LES80NB

17.

20

/fl^ *

&

* ^
m ^ m>^

*n

m* '>

fi

21

&)

Who

are you, that you dare to put on

such airs

ft
A>
m. m

21 His ability

about equal to that of

is

his father.

22 The k'ang

room does not

iu the north

constautly smokI do not know what defect

draw

it is

well;

ing.

has.

it

really does not know anyI have taken any amount

thing.
of pains on his account, yet when

man

23 That

1ft

To honor,

to show respect to
ent; to worship.

qJC Ching*.

JffElK

W ^

*n

Tsun 1

-k

rever-

J^

nothing at

to,

to

Senior;

an elder; a superior;

to

grow; to

K Jt

Chang* shang*.

4H Mod1 mu2
,

A A
lit

mold; a pattern,

1m or fm
2

man-

a fault, a difLes. 57.

ference; a discrepancy:
AIso-tfA'at 1 and ts.

Wu\

r%*

jjff'ffi

Hao3

shao 1 .

to differ ;

house; a room, an apartment.

of
draw, as a k'ang, or a
To burn

a peccadillo; a defect;
an idiosyncrasy; a disease.

ping*.

To

spend, to use; to lavish; outlay;

waste; trouble.

^ei*.

1
3> Ap Tod

fuel; to
stove.

well,

How much?

shao*.

a great deal,
any amount.

ever o much,

including
both natural and acquired

Ability, capacity,

To mistake

opium,

A fault;

TOI

look down on; to approach; to descend; at the point of, about to; whilst.

2
SS Lin To
.

qualities; resources.

gg CA'a1

or

goods.

ostenta-

tions

sh'i*.

rush

mould; tare of

feathers;

fur,

a model.

An

ta* yang*.

ner; braggadocio; airs.

3
^CJpP Pin

to

to feign; heedless,

Smoke; tobacco

Yien\

^ Mao Hair,
% Mao
5l

mu2

if* Tat

said

as smoked.

Also ch'ang 2
Elders ; superiors.

swell.

he

To rush forward heedlessly;

Mao*.

honor.
j[ Chang*.

start

to

all.

or stream out;

To show respect

ching*.

was about

he

Jin*.

a duty; to bear, to sustain;

to give rein to
Les. 83.

trust,

to allow,

"fi-firjllf

Jin*
-

^ ~&

)*

s/iin 2

mod2

No

Kwan3

shin 2

mod 2

matter

what;

anything at all.
The same, but not
t'ung hsing.

NOTBS.
3

Rff He,

to

do needle thread

i.e.,

to

sew,

to

do

neeiV.ework.

4 9s 3(8 Jap means literally, to marry a daughter-in-law.

When a girl is first married, and for some years, at least, her
duty as a daughter-in-law completely overshadows her duty
hence she is not usually called a wife, but a
;
1
daughter-in-law. The proper word for wife is 3e ch'i
which, however, is rarely used in the North, though frequently heard in the South.

as a wife

6 ffc f f"
used.
if

is

equivalent to |c $C, but

Though written

written

\"$.

ifc ff",

it is

is

not so widely

generally pronounced as

$[.

1 SHI
lie to distinguish character eyes; i.e., to dispute
about words, to janyle.
vR is often put for the important or
central part.

IR "f

We

might

insert

% f+ M ff

;g

in this sentence, thus,

JJJ

^j-

B&and

the English learner has a

Chinese, however,
strong feeling that it should be there.
while it will tolerate it, prefers to omit it. The same remarks apply to the 17th sentence, and to many others.

10 The order

If?

of this

sentence might be changed as

follows .,_
ff-jKiJ$i^tti!fcjgJBii?f B6,-d
thus agree with the English order ; but the Chinese prefers
to set forth the object first.
"
12 The " when is implied in the order of the words.

14 This use of
to be quite general,

^jft

ft

thoroughly colloquial, but seems

to be spoken without any emphasis.

Jgj is
is

IB
JSS s here used normally, and is to be emphasized.
10 The force of & is untranslatable. The
l& < u>
be strongly muphusiwi.
'

46

It

fll
li

A +

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

18.

* *l
H
IB
* w & ^sun w
to 'h to. * m^ g to
$r ^\
s 1B
a a # w.

$i * * to. 1H
*t
to.

"*r

19

t4

Itj w*i

'J'-rKj

Talented, smart;

Hsiao?

ti l .

new.
15 There

The loug are unsuitable. If there

are no short ones yon need not

18

The

^$

Yiu3

buy.
old are too old

A companion, an associate;

To cause

young:

to

make

Hsin 1

when needed

it

To renew

will be

new ;

fresh

recent

Superior; handsome, pretty.

a friend*

there' is not

20 Of the trees in the yard some are

high and some low, some large
and some small, some alive and
some dead

Chun*
Note K Piao

to do:
Les. 71; a sect; a
1
chv/rch; doctrine, tenets. See chiao

qy Chiao*.

too

no trouble.

9.

and the young are

one capable person in the whole family.

19 There is ready material in the house:

-f^p

a male and that

17

shrewd, quick-witted.

Your humble servant:

is

one a female.

14

Jfff

in

homely
16 I think this one

m
*l #:
m m m
a 1@ K
* * ^
IB *. S
& - W.
16

two daughters-in-law

are

that family; one pretty and one

Clever, talented; neat.

At home wear the old [olothes]:

when yon go abroad wear the

14

ffl

to.

* & wto
*
*
*. m. m &
o 6 a. ^
Be"* * S
? 8 to *
s *i *
PrU

47

signal, a flag; a sign-board; a

ticket; a warrant; to make a signal;

to display; to inscribe; tine,

beautiful.
fflL

CM*.

Fine in texture;

soft, elegant.

!|x

O ne wno

belongs to the same society or

chnrch; church members ; membership.

oL

j|t Chid?.

!g/C

False; feigned; to|avail of, to borrow;

Les. 123. Also chiu*.
if, supposing:
Soft, weak, tender yielding; limber,

Jwan3

lE

Jwan3

fftS

-isp

to

he*.

Dull, stupid.

To paste;

Hit?

Also

Ch'ang

put on,

gf Chiu*.

Long,

fa

Twovn?.

Short

Vfl

Chung*.

To

worn

venerable:

out,

lies.

spoiled;
97.

ancient,

time or distance; brief; a

short-coming; few; wanting.
in

hit the centre; to

happen accord-

ing to to attain; to
suitable. See chung 1
:

trap;

fit,

fall into,

as a

Capable, efficient; with a

negative,

sticky; foolish, stupid.

To

Old;

time or distance; conSee chang9

in

perforate; to string, to run on

or through,
as cash on a string;
as clothing, to wear.
.

stant; to excel.

H* $3 Chung* yung*.

t'n 1,

Foolish, silly; stupid; demented.

('k'wan 1

-0k

Soft, pliable; tender-hearted.

age, a generation; the world;

mankind; times; hereditary.

2V

Iwj'lit

Ugly, deformed, homely; disagree-

able; shameful.

An

Shi*.

'jit

3
||g Ch'ou

pliable.

if/C^P

Pretty, handsome, lovely.

%rnipjL

JjlHX, Hsien*

Ready;

ck'tng*.

ready
ff If! Fei* shi*.

To spend

worthless.

ready-made;
hand.

to

effort; to

take pains;

laborious, troublesome.
^tgf

Shu*.

Ai3

tree

Low, squat;

plants in general.
short, small; to lower.

m m t

48

x + *
Translation

m
a m M
ft

The earth

Do you go

round.

is

quickly and ask him

to

come.
4

*r

m m~m
w ^ i&
7 & .
i if
o ^ ^ #

Aft

fl&

^i

3 I shall go presently.

W,

He

is

5 This

covertly rinding fault with you.

man

his

6 Mr.

is

constantly righting with

younger brother.

Chang does

not

He

business.

is

know how

to

do

constantly being

cheated.
7

To-morrow

What you

say

Men

want
is

to start early.

plainly contrary to

reason.

it

#j

1fi

frequently

make

mistake

in

this matter.

Notes.
5 In the South

ijg[

'

very

little

10 ffl* indicates that the sentence is in addition to

some previous statement, and, combined with the negative,
has the force of "nor." The IE does not appear in the

used, fr quite taking

were used in this connection in the North,

imply that the wine was not only not hot (as it
should be according to Chinese ideas), but cold excessively
its place.
it would

If rj?

Its use intimates a difference in Christians as a

translation.
matter of course.
12 If, is here clearly implied.
16 This sentence has reference to fowls, or to birds.

cold.

7 In Peking $c never takes 'X, and

In Chinaufu either may be
5s..

never takes

places neither

in

Nanking it
In some

used.

18 It would seem as if "jf^ (Lesson 24) ought to be

joined with the second jg and ij, and it might be so said
the correlation of the clauses, however, allows of its omission, which adds to the spi ightliness of the style.

used.

is

9 The quetion

supposed to be asked by a magistrate

of one appearing before him.
In such cases the party adis

dressed generally speaks of himself as >J Hy, the little one,

unless he is a literary man, when he calls himself m.

19 Note the opposite meanings which the two Jjl here

t'ung* shiny

or

if

he has a degree, simply

have.

20

3E

Or, there are high once

and low

ones, etc

xix.

XiESSoasr

Adjectives Reduplicated fob Emphasis.

Adjectives are often repeated for the sake of
This idiom is important and ever
emphasis.
recurring.

Most

adjectives

and some adverbs

be so repeated.
Adjectives when repeated
generally become adverbs,
For the reduplication of verbs, see Les. 33.

may

Vocabulary.
|g|

Yiien*.

"tH Man*.

Remiss; slow; sluggish, dilatory; su-

trap

Slowly; gradually;

presently;

by

and by.

Ha

An*.

Dark; obscure; gloomy;

To administer;

Note

to

Ck'ing

secret; covert,

stealthy; to one's self, mentally.

fSf Pan*.

Shang* tang*.

filiE Wang

percilious.

tsHjtnv

Round, circular; spherical; to make

round; to interpret a dream.

manage;

act, to do; to provide.

to trans-

ij Pin*.

To

get cheated, to be victimized. t<> fall into a

6.
3

wang*.

Frequently, every little

while: Les. 108. Sub.

Light; to think lightly of; to slight:

frivolous; gently; young.
Stupid; dull of apprehension; awk.

ward, clumsy; unwieldy.

Ch'un*

Simple, foolish, stupid, doltish.

Lesson

a ja # * ^ 11 e *a
t
. it w a
eg ts
a- m R
jfc ^ " ^
oil
# * li a + T. *
f SSI Jr. o JB
o t, m M T #> &

10 Hereafter I want you

door gently.

flfio
11

To become;

to attain to; to
cause, to send, to order; to
place; yes, truly, exactly so; a move in chess.
Les. 20. Sub.
*2C

13 It weighed one hundred and twenty

catties, good weight.
no more
14 He has no great income,
than barely enough to cover ex-

mmi

Impatient, anxious; hurried;

in extremity.

sffiClrtng

To

to

style,

to

call;

complimeut;

to

praise,

weigh.

to

Also

a term (in algebra); money, funds.

IS

Chin3

? ft Hwa> fei*.
^'a * t'ing 1 .

To make

inquiry, to find out

Secretly;

Shwai 1

clandestinely;

keep

To destroy;
enfeebled,

To decay;

T'wei1

K'u3

...

To go

to ruin; to suffer defeat;

for; to pity; to lament; to

beseech; urgent, importunate; alasl

Ai l kao*.

To beseech,

to entreat;

to

to

To compel,

force; to constrain;

to

See chHang2 ; also

read ckiang*, and chiang 1.
5
,
To deny in the face of
5il j>S ChHang tswe?.

\%

Chiang*
3
HSf1# Tswei

grow

asseverate.

Unsubmissive, obstreperous.
Unreasonable talk; conchiatig*.
tradictory.

Li2

To

to

leave,

Les. 57.

Yuen 9

To abscond,

T-ao2

hsiie 2

Hi

or jj|

hat

Ying

to

To stamp;

away from.

to,

duty bound.

endure; to ex-

Iff i%j

% ~%*

to

to

abuse

to spoil.

Confused; many things at once.

Fhi

fen pu*

l
.

Confused, contra-

ruined.

Men*. Sad; melancholy, heavy-hearted;

ly; a feeling of oppression.
Loa*.

unpleasant; painful; urgent;

Joy,

I*j ^f

HI

lone-

fan; to rejoice, to be
to be pleased with. Also ?/<M 4

pleasure,

happy;

infirm

afflictions, (sutieriiijjs.

Les. 64.

to tread on.

To destroy wantonly

$t Fen 1

be

away

To play truant.

Ought

To meet;

Ktn T'a*.

to

to flee; to escape.

TsaoK

from,

scatter;

Distant; to keep

Us Tao2
Jfj

from

separate

to

dietary.

grow infirm;

Broken down,

to im-

portune.

damaged.

to ruin; to

Bitter;

Earnently, urgently; severely.

perience; a time:

to decay, to decline;
Also ts'wei1 .

fail,
suffer defeat.

10i%M
"Hi

his

To grieve

still.

Gradually, step by step; slowly.

J'ai*.

j$(

quietly; be

To wear away,

to fade.

*M

S&0:

Secret; quiet; private; anxious.

$$f C/tien*.

$J

ETC

Ai 1

...

if[

Expense, outlay.

quiet,

?$.

Jjj&

from

by inquiring.

ii

absent;

Barely; scarcely; only.

tfttft Hv

a man has passed forty,

strength gradually declines.

16

n.

Income, receipts.

ffj Ch'iao*

When

'

... evidence,

To advance, to make progress; to

enter, to go in, up, or on.
The
neck; a sort, an item, a class;
Msiang*.

Jjl

clearly,

to strengthen.

A'ing* and ch'Sn*.

jTiPI

fii

5J Ch'iang*.

3g| Chin*.

5g

yon have found out

quietly and tell me.

come

uneasy;

Anxious, excited; eager; impatient.

1

penses.

When

15

4ft
.

is

by and by yon

12 Don't get impatient:

will understand.

fi

7m Cka^chod 2

shut this

to

11 This child is extremely stupid: it

useless for him to go to school.

iff

Chv2

49

MANDARIN LBSSON8.

13.

Ne.u* mbi* pu*

lod*.

Melancholy,
discouraged

50

IS

&

If

an

* a

17

* & S i^
* A
A -. ft ^
* o * ^
a i3i. =&
* m w
m. o ig
* a? IB
w tt o m m a m
w m w^m w w *

recommend you hereafter to keep

far away from him.
20 You ought to whip him severely for
19 I

17

having played truant

tradictory.

When

23

p^i

way.

ous : would
that they never abuse anybody's
things ?
22 The reports on the street are con-

ja

in this

also are quite numeryou venture to assert

Your children

21

idea is to go again and earnestly

entreat him.

My

18 Olearly it is your fault; and yet you

asseverate iu this way.

f&,

#j

+ -

SR

man

is

ancholy as

become

=g

the time so mel-

all

this, it is

very easy to

sick.

Notkb.
1 Peking teachers object to doubling IgJ, but Southern
teachers approve.
3 Both forms are in general use. If
"f L be used,
the translation should be presently, instead of by and by.
Some would write |g, but the general custom

(Xg

books is to write simply Iff- The derivation of

the meaning is not certain.
Perhaps it is from the idea of
a pawn or surety, implying that the party found himself
suddenly placed in the power of another ; or perhaps from
the idea of an opening or empty space, implying that the
party took for reality that which proved to be "thin air."
of Chinese

*]

J|l||?, properly,

little earlier,

16 The general custom in China, in weighing all kinds

coarse commodities, is to weigh with the end of the seale
beam considerably above the level, and there is generally
of

some contest on the part of the purchaser to get H higher.

in anticiSteelyards are nearly always made to weigh light
pation of this custom.
16 If the sentence were rendered, His strength will
of the
gradually decline, it would show more clearly the force
ffli,

but

it

would not give the whole idea

of the sentence

well.

We

20
might with equal propriety render, 1/ he jilayi
truant in this way, you ought to whip him severely.
21 /\ is used indefinitely for anybody.
"> an< ' Pi! f* A* %&
22 Such expressions as flf *T A*
in the next sentence, are taken from the book language.
Mandarin is constantly spiced by such ready-made phrases,
By use they become
appropriated from the book language.

'

familiar to the unlearned as well as the learned.

Thb Auxiliary Verbs %f and .

Win

the most important and widely used of

all the auxiliary verbs. It expresses the carrying
of the action of the principal verb into effect. It

particle having various uses,

one of which corresponds in a measure to the
use of ^f as an auxiliary in Mandarin.
It is

often gives the force of the present participle. It

may be joined to almost any active verb; but is

used in Shantung and elsewhere as a substitute

for JJf, which, in Eastern Shantung, it largely

is

much more

frequently joined to some

than to

In Peking, when J| immediately follows the

or
intervenes,
verb, it is read choa*; but when

^ ^

ing

1
always read chad

is

replaces.

others.

it is

is

This distinction of read-

confined to Pekingese-.

li

It can not,

however, be used with a

It is probably an old form

can.
negative, as
which has been superseded by ;f| in most places.
It is sometimes heard both in Nanking aud in

Kiukiaug.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

20.

+ - *

Translation.

*. to
o

* f
K

3K

ft

# ft # ft K
* %
* n
#
P
&
H A H W
it, 4* ft I 2l#
m o &
K A * to B
m * ^.
ffi

ti&

rt

>>

51

#
*

ft
|g

^
.

The man

2 That man
3 Yon onght to wait the teacher's

ft

13

4 To talk

W I

o gisa

it

31$

easy; to perform is diffiis easy;

perform-

is

cult (or, talking

fla

is difficult).

ing

You onght

to

lock that back

door

at night.

He

^7

relies

entirely

his father's

upon

a living.
words are important; yon
7 These
should pay attention to them.
8 Do not address this one when you are

money

.
o

speaking of that one.

ought to obey her husband.
yon are not acquainted with the
road, yon should get a man to

10 If

for

A woman

lei-

sure.

ill*

ffi

presumes on the
he is strong.
has a mind to beat yon.

referred to

fact that

guide you.

11

They

12

Mr.

two are

sitting

at

door

the

talking.

2.

him

feels that I treated

Wang
unjustly.

Vocabulary.

To go, to proceed: belonging to; sign

... Ot possessive in Wen ti:
see Sub.
she; it; this; that; also used as an expletive.

Ch'fl.

He;

mou3

3fc Mv?,

it is

used when

man

To think on;

to reflect; to remeraber; to plan; to expect; to wish.

An empty

K'ung*.

^3 Ling3

certain person, so-and-so, the

referred to,
not convenient to use the nam*.

ftH Hsiang*.

yZ.7^, Chang* fu

place, a crevice; vacant,

unoccupied; time, leisure; a deAlso kung 1

ficiency, a defalcation.
1
fQ -$ Hei yie*
Night; at night.

1
.

take:

5)

Yin*.

To draw

5&

Ghiie*,

chioa*.

J?ji

Soa*

Chwan

1
.

1
Jls K'ao .

...

lock; to lock.

Singly, solely

To lean upon,

bent on; special.

to rely

on; to trust

to;

to be near; adjoining.

^
i0fi
Iljfl

Ch'fl.

y\

finger or toe; to point at; to refer

to; to direct; to rely upon.

FuPjen*.

Shun 1

To comply,
ful;

yZ

Chang*.

....

A
.

Les. 125.

To

perceive; to be sensible
to feel; to awaken, to

of,

Also chiao*.

arouse.

%%

Chile 1

according

To

ti*.

to be sensible of.

enlighten, to shine; to front towards ; to care for; to accord with;

to,

as; a pass, a permit.

j /v Chu3 jiu*

F ing*.

Master, employer.

To run against;
to happen on.
To let out,
and food 1

$fc

feel,

To

03, Chao*.

<ft Tsu*

convenient

rod of ten Chinese feet; a senior;

one worthy of respect

classifier:

out; to lead, to guide; to iuas

duce; to introduce; to thread,
a needle; to quote; an introduction or preface.

married woman, a wife.

to yield to; to obey; duti-

lead, to act as guide.

a necktie; to receive from,

Les. 79; to direct; to

collar,

to

husband; a man (sir), a

knight; a brave man.

to

bump;

to tell

to

meet;

: See

tsoa*

-fjeBfiiW sh^ng

1
.

The

tell, to

mention, to
Note

oat a secret:

let

14.

52

+ S
He

13

14 If you meet him on the road, don't

$ & $t
IP *
I. ^c f W iB I H
* * & M ft
&
71 T> #>
o ^^ E M If
*. T> o ft *
IE * ^ T. & . A
o ^
>g o
H

A
W

19

na

til

it
Eg

*>

23

ATI

^
^JWB

H?

Chan*.

JL

Ch'ie 3

Moreover,

also,

Les.

15

short time, briefly;

being, temporarily.
sides

yet;
138.

for the

Fang

further,

To hinder,

to

ljl>

(P)

$ Kwan

Ai* shi 1

jtfj

^- Fang
An1 To
.

Same

as $g

act according to,

according to.

Men

the rule.
imitate those with

to

whom

they

pocket knife has already been

found (or, is already found).
Take good care of the baby, and do
uot let him fall down.
His son goes to school to Mr. Li,
He does not intend to pay: it is a
waste of time for you to dun him.
Exactly opposite the door there are
pasted on the wall the four charac"
ters,
May he who is opposite me

20
21

23

make money."
Shou3

To keep;

to guard; to obey; to at>

tend to ; to protect; to associate with.

Carefully, attentively, ^is

the form found in books,
universally spoken hao* shtng*.

Hao* sMiig\

5L

is

To act carefully; cautious; attentive;

'HI Shen*.

considerate.

#P^ Hao
K
k

Same

shbi*.

To

1
fc Tie .

To slip and

as #f

strike against; to
fall, to

tumble ;

.
knock.

to

stumble;

to fall.

Nien* shu 1

Ts'ai 2.

16.

follow
Also an 4

it foi

My

14

B&
Ji

^.

Same: Note

shi*.

18
19

J$ji

shi*.

When you

but the phrase

Matter; conse^Baisae? hindrance;

generally used with a negative.

16

22

jjft

ment.

you do keep

if

have on rain clothes, it is

no matter if it does rain.
17 It will not do for you not to follow

be-

an impedi-

oppose;

mention it.
no matter
the present.

ft

-tf"

hinder, to impede; to embarrass; to

obstruct.

It's

associate.

time

To

Ai*.

15

ff

Temporarily, for the time being.

f|fJL

^Jj

ZV

*^">

ft

rU

not willing to act according to

is

bis master's wishes.

T'ie*' 1 .

as,

To go to

school; to study ; to
repeat over and over.

Riches, wealth; property, goods.

To attach to;
make up a

to

paste

loss

to,

to post; to

adjacent.

Not Eg.
8 The idea is, Do not pretend to be speaking to this one
when you really mean that one do not whip one man over
;

another man's shoulders.

11 Or, They two were sitting at the door talking. See
Note, Les. 6. (5.)
14 In many places fp 3|i is read tsoii4 shtng 1 It is also
.

often written fgj iff;. It should be noted that fp and ]$[

are both read tsoit* in Peking ; but in most places the latter
The two characters are by no means interis rend tsou*-

only used with a uegatire.

thangeable.
f
15 Or, if referring to a person. It is no matter if you do
detain him for the present.

16

4fi

is

is

Southern Mandarin, though occasionally

heard in the North.

Hf

-.f?

is

frequently written ^? 1JF, and

either of these forms,
that with which they are constantly

3j 3f is

more widely understood than

18 Or, Men take to

brought in contact.
20 HE ' s nere user' causatrvely, not meaning to strike,
but to cause, or allow, the child to fall down and strike itself
on the ground. Chinese verbs are often so used.

23 When

it is desired to isolate a clause, or expression,

as a substantive, it is followed by a statement of
These characters ara
the number of character* it contains.
pasted up by the shopkeeper himself; but they read as if ex

and use

it

pressing the good wishes of the party on whose wall thej

are pasted.

LB8B0N 21.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

53

Translation.

* & $ m

ft

*n

*.

ie

is

a. *. n
5

ft

My owd money
I

do not

is not sufficient.
easy to send yon alone.

others.

slaps his own month (i.e., he

talks inconsistently;.
5 Yon should love others as yourself.
6 He is my confidential friend.
7 One does not know one's own faults.
8 I do not like to speak to him myself.
9 This is not a partnership business ;

He

'

:5fc

own.

my

it is

10 To commit suieide is as great a sin

as to commit murder.
Ill cannot give it to you; I want to

keep

iH.

lessok"

feel

3 Correct yourself' before you cornet

a o # a
o
si
a
m. m m * ft
# ft -# m
& m m
$ o A a &. #
* o ft.
ff o
I.
n
Q 7> o a a a. @
o
^ Jf o a e *r*
m # m ft
ft
e
H * a. *
M
f. &
x.
%

for

it

You ought

12

my own

use.

decide this

to

thing

vourself.

x2ci.

The Reflexive Pronoun.

E3 Self;

my

own, his own,

and more frequently spoken, gjC. Both

and j^ are used alone, but always in readymade book phrases. When thus used, the |f
precedes the verb with which it is joined, white
written,

etc.

Self; private: selfish.

Self.
This term is joined with the
several personal pronouns to make myself,
thyself,
etc.
It is also used alone in these same senses,
the antecedent being understood.
It may some-

times also be translated, oneself.

It is frequently

cl follows

it.

@ a^JnL

H^jpttOr

The second form

The Nanking equivalent
etc.

is
is

His own, her own,

strongly colloquial
gg, fg : Les. G6.

Vocabulary.

Chi*

Self, oneself; private; special.

Les. 66.
Each, every, all:

Ke*
|i

HwoH% A
.

To? fa 1

To send,

to dispatch; to satisfy,

&

band, a company

partner

3
|y Jit hwoifi.

to please.
1
Fang* hsin

*[j*

B Tswei
J[J|h Ying

tail.

tang

Wi

crust; a clamp; the

Also pa 1

Intimate, confidential.

To love, to take delight in; to wish; to

... be sparing of, to grudge.

P'hi(j

SB M. Ping

yiu*..

friend, a

.....

companion.
friend, an associate.

shopman

a comrade, a

numerous.

to enter into

partnership ;
a partnership.

To exhaust;

g| Chin*.

finished, ended; empty;

to the uttermost:

all, entirely;

Les. 101 and 158.

W.

Ts'i*

See ching*.

To end one's own

commit suicide.

chin*.

the mouth.

Ought, sliould, duty bound,

under obligation.

Chi ch&

.Ie*.

jaw ;

The lower jaw;

pa*.

...

set the mind at rest, to

be free from anxiety.

To adhere; a

Pa*.

*ft\

To

^t
vt

To

'S$ al

kill

A Sha jin\
1

$$ Tlwan*.

^f^

murder.

call, to hail, to bid, to

to

to

To commit murder.

To

Sh& hwan*.

H^ Kwa 1

life,

To employ, to
(c. and n).

use,

name.

to utilize

To be connected with, involved

brush against, to jostle.

in; to

Also kwa*

54

ax

# * n % ~xwm&} m
i8

ft

# m

+ - m

*f

ffi

20

i i

i,

themselves.

These are his elder brother's spectacles, not his own.

17 A man cannot be saved by trusting

ft

&

^r

To swindle, todeeoy;

iff

brush against, to jostle

to

To make, to build;
to commence.

52l Tsao*.

Ke 1

to kidnap; to
round a corner; a right angle.

An

lij rif

arranged.
has upwards of twenty mow
of land: if he is frugal and
temperate he can make a living.

He now

20

To hold a grudge against;

ftS

with, to

To

to create; to act;

Note

Jig
5J

Spectacles.

Merit; achievements; virtue.

4
3
Jglffl Ti Aei

16.

lens.

Yien3 ohing*

57 Kung 1
37 Lao 2 To

To

labor

toil, to

to trouble; wearied,

HW

The

Meritorious deeds, merit.

jgfe

Chiu*

%%j

~$C

&

To

ChHn*

propria

Satisfactory, in proper order

or condition.

T'oti* tang*.

To do one's duty;

/en*.
3

Shou* chi

To

to

fill

restrain oneself, to be tem-

P&jt!f Ch'i i'wei

^
S

To

suffer loss; to get the

worst of the bargain.

To conceal;
Also mat 2

Yuen*.
,

Jind fault
to

insult;

impose upon.

To

to

facts,

the real state of the

The same

IP.

as

&& (w).

Yue l,yodl. To bind by contract, to agree with;

to restrain; to estimate; a treaty;

^ Mod

mu

1
,

To

T^ifl 1
3
;p| Piao

Les.

feel after, to seek;

to follow a pattern.

96.

to

estimate, to guess, to speak at

guess;

random

The exterior to manifest, to make

known; a signal; any instrument
with a scale, as a thermometer or a watch: n
permit; kindred of a different name.
.

mi ng 2

3
;pt I^J Piao

To make known,

to

show;

to tell, to publish

4Z
Sg

Piao3 pai2

Kin 1

To show, to publish.
To follow.

is ung*.

.... .To be able; to subdue; to repress.

K'e* chi 3
To govern oneself, to deny one-

yfc Ki*.

perate.

Man2

to

deceive, to

a deed; condensed; about, nearly

one's

proper station; to be frugal.

... .

Tp

rescue, to save; to liberate.

Oneself; in person, in

tsi*.

persona.

*$ An

to

at.

case.

distressed, burdened.

55 3^

murmur

cheat; to deceive;
befool ; to ridicule.

HfcitjkCV^ hung

metallic mirror; a looking-glass;

IH $f|

respect.

elder brother:

Spl Ching*.

go with

19 if you do not go yourself, I fear this

business can not be satisfactorily

1
Hfc Ch'i

(l).

merit.

does not need any one to

him : he can go himself.

elder brother; used as a suffix to

show

An

*S[

own

in his

He

18

17

down

16

15

Read kwai1

fell

my

Heaven and earth could not create

15

16

was

it

of himself.

fit

P7 Kwai3

not responsible;

is

own mistake.
14 Nobody touched him; he

*F*it&a. a. aw
a. * m a * a o ##. *.
w
ft ft m m
t o o
O tl*^18
If - * *. SI tt. *
a t i, o t o i ^e ^ is
* ^ tt M o A ^ Mb A #,
ife

He

13

lay

up;

to

accuse.

malice ; a wrong.

murmur

self.
1
j^ Pei

-f-^^g

hate, to feel bitter; to

3t

To carty on the back.

Also pet*.
SA 2 tsi* chia*.
The cross from its
resemblance"

at;

character

+.

.to

th

MANDARIN LESSONB.

iiKRSON 22.

g23

It

u&

#,

ceive yourself.

f& 22 i>

S&

24 You need not publish

tom

Ja

2 4*

>li* Lit., to let down, or lay down, the heart ; simiour phrase " to set the heart at rest."
3 J\ is here used for others, in opposition to self. So

lar to

also in (5).

8 'p Sr ig. i s a ver y common phrase, which will

not bear a literal analysis. It expresses a slight feeling of
shame or embarrassment.
12 tit., This thing is yours to decide.
to the clause following

it

adds emphasis

it.

not repeated as adjectives are, for emphasis,

but probably for the purpose of distinguishing the word from
Names of relaothers, or as an indication of endearment.
tives show a special tendency to double in this way
thus we

16 pT

is

chic 6

have,

chte 3 ,

elder sister;

ffjfi.

nounced

twenty

yi&,

ma ma
1

answer; somewhat

yourself:

1
,

mother

grandfather

Jf

jjfy Iff]

tie

tie1 ,

uafl nai*,

3C and Tf, however, are never repeated.

~V 2j5* It is hard to see how this phrase comes
etc.

The 3jS s nearly always protwenty.

In Peking it means about
and
is often added.
less or more ; elsewhere it always means upwards of
la,

'

ffftj

jj.

not used in the North, save in one or two

ready-made phrases. It is used in the South, but is a little
bookish.

23 J& JE

is

24 Note how the subjanotive

a direct question is
idea first in the
often
the
asked
very
by putting
and
in
then
the
affirmative,
negative, implying or

it

twenty, though not usually over twenty-five.

21 r* 85 is an infinitive clause, the object of the verb

jfc

igf ,

in the

ye

JflJ

idea

is

implied

in

Jfjf

/f%

%[

2C2CII.

Affirmative-Negative

offcriug an alternative

also gi jj|

20
mean upwards of

to

IjIEJSSOlSr

Besides the form with

ffti

grandmother,

>

as used

sister

younger
father

facts in the case.

whether good or bad, people

already know.
25 If any man will follow me, let him
deny himself, and take up his
cross, and follow me.

i>

^ A m *

14 / might be omitted, but

on ycnrself ;

23 You should not speak at random,

when you do not know the bot-

this loss

and yet you come complaining

against me.
22 You should be careful and not de-

ft

Yon bronght

21

a
a o

55

Question.

we do

as

" or not" to
a
English whftn we add

in

direct question.

This form of question is much used, and

less categorical than with PJj.

is

some-

what

Vocabulary.

\tt

"$j

To be homesick.

ckia 1

2 ^C Hsiang*

Busy, occupied hurried.

Pang mang*. To help do extra work;

Mang*.

ft

An

UH Chang*
fAJ

P
'fit

Even, uniform; on a level; complete;

C^'i*.

to equalize; at once; all.

assist

Iff

5^

Right;
1

Pkn*

i"

Note

to

Yang

2
.

The superior

of the dual

powers of

nature; the sun; day; heaven;

male; virility; the front; this world or life.

5.

account; a debt; a charge.

fit,

\$)

The snn.
To appoint, to constitute officially; to
seal an envelope, a sealed
packet.

JZtiSf T'aPyang*.

proper; suitable.

Convenient; serviceable.

35f Feng

1
.

Les.

~~)=j fll}

Fang pien*

'kia*

1JJ 9$.

Ch'u

cliia*.

Convenient.

To marry a husband.
To get married
woman).

classifier:

125.

(of

the

letter envelope.
attend to; to get a living;
au intrenched camp; military.

Hsin*feng
2
To plan,
Yi?ig
.

to

66

MS

- + -

Sff

Translation.

4 b. a
% mm m

a.

Is there

Would

am

5 I

..'&#>

^
4
ft #
ft

14

a fE,

13

^
o

^ t k.
5* * n^r
* H> & fi

ft 12

Ying* sheng
-

W.

Fu*.

7K

3
IK

it4 ft
tt

Clothing; to yield to; to submit;

... subdue; to agree to; to swallow.

Skivei3

flR^Cx

u\

Lung

Pg| Ifl
jj&

KS\

(!*

Pod*

Climate.

The
2

chioa

The foot;

the

cou-

base;

veyauce; freightage.
Chien*.

freeze;

Mean, ignoble:
ciate, to

PHen*

j P'ien*

7^,

Mi3

7fi>

Ta* mi 3.

SAang

depre-

Advantage

See pien*.
;

cheap.

Rice or millet after being hulled.

as
Rice,
distinguished from

millet

(iji

consult, to deliberate; to trade;

a merchant

To

deliberate; to discuss; to criticize.

T consult

jf ISi

with,

to consider; to

%).

speak

in behalf of.

fk

Kwoa1

P*o&*.

...

Jit CA'u*.

kitchen, a cook-house.

An
To break, to

iron kettle, a skillet.

tear, to

crack ;

to solve; to storm:

-$t

Pu3

To repair;

3
'J^'JSJlE Hsiao

CAtng*.

lu* chiang*.

To adjust;

e/ii*.

To

make up;
3

Alsoj'w

to

tinker, a traveling smith.

to repair,

reform; the whole

jl$J Cheng

to

Les. destroy
102.

to patch; to

aid, to strengthen.

Rice or millet boiled dry.

fan*.
3
In the end; after all; finally;
$I]J0S Tao* ti

to

mend;

to

of, entire.

repair, to put in

order.

Hwoi?

p'en*.

brazier;

an earthen bowl

for holding

lice coals.

To gather up; to bring together; to

clear away; to arrange; ten.
1
Skou ski*. To put in order; to repair; to
gather up and take away

ftl Ski*.

positively.

^C^

To

regard lightly.

i*.

$t Wi Kan

to

cheap;

an endorser, a

Bail, security,

Pao*jtn*.

frost-bitten; cold.

Advantage; cheap.

jJ5

throat, the oesophagus.

the arm. Also written )}#)$

To

Tung*.

To destroy; to exterminate; to put

out or to go out,
as fire.
To smother, as fire, to put out or to
go out. Also wu*.

Mie*.

(HI; J*.

backer.
jf*J

The fore-arm.
The humerus, the upper arm.
3

Have the guests all arrived

Can we arrive by sunset ?

%% Wu\

throat.

Tke upper a?

daughter of your family

married yet ?

stand the climate.

throat, the gullet.

The

Chiao

to

Acclimated,

The

to

Is the eldest

10 Is this envelope suitable or not ?

1 1
Have yon still any other business ?
12 Does the climate in China agree
with you?
13 Is Mrs. Li's throat well to-day ?
14 Does your upper arm still pain you?

*
PS

convenient to settle accounts

to-day

it

if

going to invite company to:

can you come and help

me
6 Is

.-

To make a living an affair,

a piece of business; work.

tffkHouh
Nfll

g ^

tti

not be better for you to go

morrow

10

any more paper

it

a little earlier ?
3 Are you homesick ?
4 Is this knife yours ?

& o ft ftfti o m
o m u %
%* &
F*#JW T &.&&;&.
7 * tt IB & * q o^io
11

$Ctp

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lksson 23.

67
1

a m # w m & m^m,
n ^ >i\ *. o *.**. 3e
i ^ t f asi ^
7
M* *D tt #
fi ** f ^
mm. m. n % % * @$g ft ^
h 7 fi Hr. o
WE #,
**=t A o * 81 o ^ ^
# i *r *. ^o ^ 7 ^

fi&

IN-

I ^
# =&.

ff

91

it

fi

22

li

^^

M^7^^bP^^10
^ I

9k

G.

lit.

He

T^

pg.

i^I
7>*

said he

all,

22 Is
23 If

would come; but,

after

has he come ?

this idea clear to

I

yon ?

give you three thousand cash,

it

be enough

I will say

see

it

Please listen

again.

whether

it

is

correct or

not.

24

S 4

21

and

i^

9 Four hundred cash for this book

do you not think it cheap ?
20 Do you eat dry rice P
1

will

27

28

very cold to-day: are your

18 Has the price of silver advanced

these few days ?

^f. IE

0> o

is

this

feet frozen (or cold) ?

24

$ ^ o g * Hwut o
E &tt $ J& W W w

o
it

^#r^o^^7
I *
&

f&*
T>

week's clothes

*
&

17

Has that food spoiled ?

Have you finished washing

17 It

ffi

*fr

16

25 Has the fire in the fire-pan gone

out?
26 If you are uneasy, would it do for
me to get some one as security ?
27 1 want to consult him about a
small matter I wonder if he has
:

il

time.

28 The kettle
(or,

in the kitehen is cracked

broken): shall I not get a

tinker to

come and mend

it?

Notes.
2
had

W^W

ias

'

in the last lesson,

a different meaning here from what it

and is read with a different emphasis.

form,

is tne proper and more prevalent

it&
the rule in all cases is, to complete the affirmative form before the negative is begun.
The second form is
much used in Shantung, and also to some extent in other
places; though most teachers, if asked, would say that the
first is the right one ; because they have been accustomed to
see it so in books.
To adhere in all cases to the book form
sounds labored and awkward.
4 To give the meaning in the translation, a slight em-

form

ffc

3B 'M

that

13 For anything that appears in this seutence, it

may
have been addressed to Mrs. Li in which case the
meaning
would simply be, Is your throat well to-day?
17 VK. properly means frozen, but is used in many places
as an exaggeration for very cold,
freezing cold.

is,

a Northern expression. In the South

the reason that they have no
>]> 7|t, millet; and fjj, when used alone, is understood to
mean dry rice.
27 ^P xO S do not know, is the common way of ex-

20 T^yfcwLWL

form on the

second

first -J|;,

"I wonder." The is is often omitted.

28 The Southern form in ^SSfi'J, a mender of kettles .
Les. 39. In the North a )\\ J|j| [ is a traveling tinker
who carries a forge and a small kit of blacksmith tools, and

pressing

and in the second form on the

-/,-

to assist the hurry ; i.e., to help with any extra

Properly applied to assistance rendered freely ; but
often used of temporary work that is paid for.

6 Hftt,

work.

II

is

gjt alone expresses it all, for

the
phasis should be thrown on fip. By a different emphasis
sentence might be made to mean, This knife is yours, is it not?
To give this meaning the emphasis should be thrown, in the
first

Instead of repeating the principal verb in the

negative
is made to stand for it.
This is a common form.

^j

mends crockery,

as well as iron, brass

and

tin ware.

IIIHII

LESSON

2C2CIII.

$j Joined to Verbs.

When $} follows a verb it gives it the force of

a participial noun, or makes it equivalent to a
relative clause. Thus, the tirst sentence might be

rendered literally, His going is very quick; and

the second, The money which he earned was nut
much.
While this is the analysis of this idiom-

88

m % t

is

Translation.

Ml

te

#.*#
^. o jff
ft

X $

12

^g.

mx

<t

it.

Hft

ft

-If

&. m> o
o m m. 5

f.

o
I^

I I W

ffcf#ft

f ^

ft

i&

*. |$

.71

see J

whether

9 This word

it is

well painted.

not translated quite

is

right.

10 If yon speak slowly, I shall hear

distinctly.
used this

He

11

comparison very ap-

positely.
12 I fear you are

m^

m m m

%?

I fear

z n

good English rendering will take

atic nsage, a

goes very fast.

did riot make much money.
3 The summer rains were very great.
4 There has been not a little money
spent this month.
*
5 This knife is not ground sharp.
6 My father is very sick.
7 The parlor is not swept clean.
8 Look at this painting of mine, [and

flfci

*fc.

ft

ft

o
#

# J. o ft
*
* m ft $6 ^ ft
ft * ft
# T ft
o # 4>. ft

ft

ft.

ii-

Slfi o

m u

ft

He
He

a variety of forms, according to the connection.

f^ may often be substituted for #j without

$>.

He

13

speaking rashly (or,

you spoke rashly.) [it well.
:

learned much, aud also learned

Such substituappreciable change of meaning.

tion is more frequent in the South than in the
North. It

is

possible that

was the original form.

Vocabulary.
f$t

Chtng

To make money by

labor, to earn

to

break or tear away.

To

xft Fu*.

suffer, to eoneeal

^C Fu* Men 1

iff

Mod2 To

JJ

Ilwa*.

a stroke in a character.

To draw a

351 Ch'u

3
.

off.

To open

line; to

to

Also

kwa 2

paint or draw;

to

Pi* fang 1 .

fjj Ck'ia*.

comparison; an illustration;

US T-ang 1

Luckily, opportunely; exactly; just:

at tne exact moment.
1
.

Barren, waste; reckless, careless;

empty; famine.

To

boast; dissolute.

To practice;

skilled; custom, habit.

To repeat again and again,

^f

Flesh; meal;

To

Chu*.

fat,

to practice.

fleshy;

corporeal;

Alsojra

boil in water, to cook.

Bright, brilliant; cooked tender; soft,

Lan*.

mellow; tattered; rotten.

rM

Ts'ou*.

&j

C/t'iao 3

in

order;
as an account.

distinct;

for instance.

$$
Clear,

substantial.

'j$j|

out; to translate, to interpret.

ch'u*.

HsP.

See hwa*.

settled,

nt Hwang

IHl

line;

clear.

yC/j

*}

Sharp, painful; orderly; plain, distinct,

"^iSLCkHng

tepid mild, genial, kind ; to

practice, to become familiar with.

Warm,

$3 JouK

a painting ; a mark, a

picture,

line

Fan 1..

The hot season, July

August 18.

W Hwa*.
$g|

oneself; to
the hot season.

rub, to grind; to sharpen; to argne;

Les. 64. Also mod*.
trials; a time:

Unsteady; unreliable; wild; rash.

Win 1

humble

fall prostrate, to

ift

W.m
i@l

f)K"

To gather together, to
happen or hit upon.
Skilful,

Citing* tang

igg Kai*.
T-i's

Square; level; straight, not

awry.

cover, a roof; to cover, to roof; to

build a house. Also written j)g.

The body, the limbs;

substance; to

to

to

ingenious; wily, shrewd;

opportune.
&j Opportune, in the nick of time; lucky.
Kwei*.
chest; a locker; a bureau; a safe;
a cupboard; a sideboard.

IE b

jff|

collect;

embody;

feel

to realize; to pervade.

a solid; the
for;

becoming:

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 24.

z
-

ft
ft*

*&

mm

ft

#> ^

ft

*%!&..*
& o iE_.

* w
m. m
o &

m m
^ m ft jwn B t lh tt

25

ft

-&^&fi#R#lo

14 Is the Mandarin yon have learned

sufficient for ordinary use ?

i8

ft

^5.

*f

ft

R?

* fc
^ $B ft It Ik #
f f i I i i W
I o 4 ft
q, b
o o
x
m
ji ^ ii
# *
* *. )i i
* m r^M^i
10 m o fE^F w #

ft.

24

i.

ft

=
* #
ft

f|

plf

elicits

^0^,ff

JlWft^lE

Chang*.
1
|nj Shi .

Chiang

1
.

also

23 If

cleared was (or, is) not

one-third of

When

what he

cleared.

rich ;

^#ft

good

clothes.

to

avail of;

to

25

accommodate;

sign of future

JJjl

explain; to discuss.
In the South, that

fine, elegant.

7M2

roll.

Les. 55.

soon,

presently;

Also chiang*.

Satisfactory, pleasing, agreeable,

gratifying.

tswei*.

K'wan 1

To

offend, to sin

against;

Broad; spacious; forgiving, indnl-

.'.'.

To

22J Shu*.

beg your pardon.

jfc

poem, an ode, a hymn.

To take, to hold; an auxiliary
verb:
Les. 28; to take a wife (l.);

Peaceable, amiable.
to call

have in any wise offended you,

beg yon to pardon me.

What

24

fg

To sing;

...

hymns exceedingly

sings

22 That stove you have just bought

is certainly ingeniously made.

. Ju2

as a
out,

very

21 Does the wife yon have just taken

for yonr son please you ?

jfH

commendation,

is

well.

into, to search out; after

all, finally, in the end: Les. 127.

To

not set straight.

fine-looking.

chiu 1 .

truly opportune!
is

was young our family was

I ate good food and wore

Genteel; honorable; elegant;

chH*.

W||

tj^

$r

is

Ta Lao Yie's house

Wang

flF.

ft

not boiled tender.

19 I spent a deal of time on the road.

is
naturally amiable, and

Ift

17

is

Your coming

ffl

To examine

fu- Chiang

which

>

20 Lady Lu

22

Tfl mien*

Chit*.

*
V

ft

23

32

T-

% I

* ft,
* &
^ 'B
g

n>

elegantly built.

ft

5 This meat

18

& S

18

17 This sideboard

ffl

$fc

59

gent; to extend.

pardon;

to

excuse; indulgent;

benignant.
j%.H3>

^P

To forgive;

to be lenient, to be generous.

!|! Nien* cfcing\

Young, youthful.

Not BS.
2

Or, He is not making much money.

The comparison which he
Miglit also be rendered.

usd was very apposite.

The J3 f@ is here thrown in between the parts of the clause in a highly idiomatic way that
should be noted by the learner
(see also 22.)
14 Or, Have you learned sufficient Mandarin for ordinary use!
:

17 jE
appears to be used only in Central Mandariu.
19 ?QL a* -I, isi sometimes means to be detained, but
more frequently it means to spend time, or to waste, lime.

ijiESSOirsr

21 The proper and everywhere current form

is

J.

fll

fa.

the form of a supplement to the character

a dot "great" is made to be "too great."

^;

is

/jff

local in Shantung.

84

& 3l

ft fa

elliptical for

& )

fifc

xxiv.

Intbnsives of Excess.
The composition of
3WC Too, excessive, very.
this character indicates a sort of afterthought, in

by

m m m %

80

m m +

Translation.

4*

ft

O
ft

ft

14

ft

^ # #

$f

i:

2
3

4 & *
^ ^

il

too hot to-day.

Yon speak too fast.
Your clothes are too dirty.
My clock is too slow.
The days now are too short.
I am too tired to-day.
That water is too cold.
That man's heart is too malignant.
If you learn too much you will not
learn it well.
It

o
$f

5
6

ffe

awigi.ft. o

8
9

W^M^m

T>

>

-k
ff

W % U
*
I
ffl

to

-%

^>

IS

16

*.

ftfvo

ft

o
$4

4
h m

*!.**** P u * a
o % % m, * * A
3fe

pleasing.

is

sometimes used

mnch

10 Afterwards there was too

#j

petition in his discourse.

11 The tea made this morning

j;

re-

was too

strong.

12 That

tfc.

'^

Too, excessive; an exaggeration of ^:

mostly used of things that are in some way dis-

is

IS:

ft

iftXj

iH $ Too, excessive.
alone in the same sense.

+ =

little

girl

is

by nature too

precocious.
13 To have the funeral to-morrow will
be too hurried.
14 You take too much time in writing.

3^

Both words mean to pass over, or to

go beyond, and together mean, too much, beyond
measure. The accent is on the second character,
while in J JJ* it is on the first.

jEtt

Beyond duty or

propriety, outrageous.

Vocabulary.

/^

7*i* 4.

ft

Yu*.

y&l

Ftf*.

An

excess; too, very:

on with, by;

In, at,

.-

to go beyond

to omit;

more.

$g Lai1
y Tap

as, so

To pass over;

still,

to

Srib.

than.

exceed

Also

lai*.

vicious; perverse.

Unkempt;

jlffiy

fjl

Ang

Wt

Fa?.

Filthy; to dirty, to defile,

Filthy, dirty, foul, nasty.

To be

in

want

of; deficient;

exhausted,

weary, tired; half-witted, stupid.

')f|

%fc

/7m4

Troubled; annoyed;

fused; grieved

'MIR
f|
^-

To

To

TgJ P'ao*.

Ch a 2
l

^Jf

Tea,

f^

Yien*

J5

TlouK

jfft

Ching

Tsao

ch'tn*.

as

tea.

the

Strong,

plant or the infusion.

as

tea or coffee.

Thick; generous, liberal; large, snbas tea.

stantial; intimate; strong,

Unmixed;

fine, snbtle; expert, practiced; smart, ready; the essence;

$ff3 Hft

Ching

ming

China 1

hsi*.

^K P/n\
\X\

^Jt

Ch

u pin

i
.

1
.

Smart, clever, quick-witted, sharp; shrewd.

Smart, clever, sharp;

alert.

To carry to burial; a funeral.

To observe funeral rites; to
hate a funeral.

Morning, dawn.
3

tea (Pekingese).

semen; an apparition.

con-

reiterate;

make

or

steep, to soak; to draw,

Repetitious, tautological.

rfrin 2

perplexed,
urgent.

prolix ; to
repeat,
wad, as a quilt; gossamer, fleecy.
to

The morning.

To steep

Poisonous; malignant; crnel.

-g Tu*.

Fan*.

fajj

Ch'i 1

Dirty.

f|p Tsang
ffll

soiled, dirty (l.).

? _t Tsao3 shang*.

Also p'ao1

Foul, filthy (l.>

Bad,

see

The morning.

fj

7Yu

ft f

To urge; urgent, pressing, close

Chi

ts'u*.

Hurried, hasty.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 24

# . T.4 * * '> *
ft
o
\ W H *
$ - ^
% H ^5^24^
. m * ** 19 a. IR. tt
flfe

li

^
* M ^
i H
p[
# P
6

-tfc

ft

t,
* A.
7
# & It o ft. . A.
m w it * A21 o $ o
1 I, ^ T * #

7.

tffc

23

22

of

speaking

17

in our intercourse

M 4. * * *
i i i tr W

it.

To carry;

IT Tk?.
fr $BJ Tsi*
|g[ Ch'iK

hsi*.

5fe

careful.

^ Sung

slack,

fff Hit

Severe, stern, strict;

1
.

sparing.

Pf

'("jj

K'P

hsi 1 .

K'teang

what a pity

him too
I

Boastful ; arrogant ; pretentious.

j^c Hsiang*.

Like,

similar, as; a likeness;

image, an

^J

an

idol.

To grasp and hold

brace, to adhere

to restrain: to em-

See Lea. 8S.

to.

Diligent, careful; respectful.

Cautions, conservative; picnctilious.

tf

1
1^1 Chi

To ridicule;

to

mock;

To blame, to

to satirize.

scold, to upbraid.

To

g$| j|

Mad, raving; insane; rash,

opinion, you ridicule

k'wang*.

jj$ Ch'iao*.

To be regretted
Alas

^E

my

H? Chin*

extreme; maas a door.

jestic, dignified; close,
To compassionate; to regret; to be

Yien*.

E Ohang 1

loose; easy-going;

flabby, spongy.
fj$$

too

with intimate

excessively.
27 He insults me too outrageously
shall not submit to it [him].

<pj Chip.

... Stupid; unskillful, clumsy.

To relax;

26 In

... Careful, particular.

Straight; upright; outspoken; straightforward; purposely.

JiH Ohoa*. ...

is

friends.

*B*.:fc
r

not very

also spoke too severely.

23 To give him this trifling present,
is too meagre.
^4 Of all the violent men in the world,
you are the most outrageous.
25 It is not best to be too punctilious

27

20

in

20 Ting Chia Ma's scholarship is very

good: it is a pity he is so arrogant.
21 A man should make plans ; yet he
should not plan too much.
22 He was to blame it is true, and you

18

7. #,

Wo

#.

*r

and

straightforward: I am constantly
offending people in my talk.
17 If it in very dear, buy a little less.
18 This pupil is excessively stupid.
19 In teaching it is not best to be too
lax, nor yet too strict.

pf

* A ft
^ m

My manner

16

pT

ff

too fast,

careful.

7.

ifc

He works

excit-

ridicule, to jeer at.

To

jj| fang*.

able; proud, insolent; violent.

yield, to allow; to e .teem others;

to waive; retiring; courteous.

Num.
3
South

iJli

"9

fp

is

is

rerv forcible, but more or leas

local.

In the

used alone.

might, with equal propriety, be 3flS fH "%-

The plurul form usually indicates a limited quantity, while
the singular is quite indefinite.
8 Lit., This man's heart is too poisonous; said of one
who iisi no regard for the rights and feelings of others.

11
darin.

ISfS

! 70C

HB

is

ip[ is

Pekingese.

Nankingese.

is

Central and Southern Man-

My

16 Lit.
lips are too direct.
the tongue, the Chinese, to the lips.
,

18 IB

is

We attribute speech

In the North

Nanlcingese.

ijjft

to the mind,

21 iS

1jk -fT

his plans, or is too

26

We

however,
expression

is

is

to

not applied

refers to one who is always

changing
sanguine in his planning.

3?

have in

~fc

more elegant

Jffi,

" too
excessively

in
"

a duplicate intensive, which,,

Chinese than the redundant

is in

English.

82

m + . & Po T> o
o % $t6 % %
<* JK m
*&##* m * w
o tt
ft #* & * a -k
*p ft & & % <^ ^C
30 # JS# * ft >hP
= to T> $ #. ft
m ^ m % o # n *r
2

ft

tt

to.

SIJ

s + - m

to

Translation.
'

5E

*.

left

fail to bespeak a wife

me.
4 If you can not write it yourself, I

for

will write it for yon.

5 Can yon find a situation for me ?

6 I can not lend him my overcoat.
7 If you have no money, no matter

1 will trust you.

8 Jesus made atonement for the sins

*E#&

m fr**#

he

starting,

3 Please do not

of all men.
9 Will you please write a copy for me?
10 1 am not worthy to pull up his shoes.

i a i f
*A * it.
3

was

he

these five hundred cash for the

servants.
2 Bring a pot of boiling water for me.

a m
-
H M
M

When

11

If you quilt

my

shoe soles,

will

hem your

3e

a w

12 The

*.

X.ESS03ST

you weigh

tt

coat.
guest will leave
for

to-morrow do
him three taels of
;

silver.

XXV.

The Dative.

$n To
It is

give

hence,

to, for

when

it

follows

and when it precedes it, for.

nearly always read ke? in Pekingese. Though

the verb

it

means

to,

when it means for. This ne of ft i 8 n t properly Mandarin, but is allied to the Southern
coast dialects.

properly unaspirated, it is generally aspirated in

In Nanking,
Central and Southern Mandarin.
when used as the sign of the dative it is read k&.

as a sign
S^ To, the Wtn-li equivalent for
of the dative.
is
it
not
so
used in
Colloquially
the North, but is used to some extent in the

It
instead of, for.
hence,
the
verb.
always precedes
JE To take (see Les. 28). is much used along
means to, but never
the Yang-tse for &, when

South, especially in the region of Hankow.

In the South, |j5. ft and
largely supersede
which is, however, the regular aud recognized
andarin form.

^ To

substitute

&

t;

Vocabulary.
T'i*.

To take the place

of; to

do

for or in-

stead of j in behalf of; for.

m Pa

1
.

To

to take hold of, to seize; to

regard as: an instrumental verb,
To : see Sub. Also pa* and pa 4
.

Lesi.28.
Yu*.

take;

Iff"

stratagem; a comrade.
A comrade, a companion;
Hwo<i* chi*.
the employes in a shop.

flu*.

4 pot,

1
TfC K'ai shieeP.

$.

/p Chid1

Chid1

Boiling water.

fe'ow*.

Family; wife.

hsiao*.

A place;

ggiChfu*.

a jug, a pitcher:

Les.

147

Les.

Also

wife.

a state; a circumstance:

To give; to transfer; as, rather; with,

and; to: see Sub., also Les. 110.
To plan, to consider; to compute; a
.

%\cu<

98.

classifier

Les. 125.

ch'u*.

Ti* ch'u*.
.

8h&,

To buy

place, a locality;
tion; a berth (l.).

or sell on credit;

to

a situa-

trust; to

borrow.
Fie*.

Father; a Weu-H
ing doubt.

final particle

imply*

Lkssox

25.

m t

54

SK

saw

don't see

Rl|

m. o

mu

them

behind

temple talking.
2 Right before your
3 I

was

$ # n
3

5 It

the

T'n-ti

and yon

eyes,

it ?

and he

inside,

4 There

a a

*r

$H

Tbajtblatiob.

# m #,. ^r^ *p ^ # ^
E i f I I i^ i. f
O ^ #
O J|
H f O
fft

-f

-X

outside.

inside the earth.

is fire

very cold outside.

family live within.
7 Is the house in here yours ?
8 Wan the Fourth's dog is constantly
out biting [people's] chickens.
is

My

now saw your two children

behind the house.
propose to build a side room <m
the west side of the yard.

9 I just

10

NOTBS.
1 On leaving a Chinese inn, it is customary to give a
email "tip" to the servants; not, however, bo much as five
hundred cash, unless one has been at the inn a number of
days.

3 Marriages in China are arranged by go-betweens. This

a request to some one not to neglect the business entrusted
to him. j3f, in the North, and as\ in the South, are used only

12 Chinese ideas

of hospitality require that, in sending

distance, you should make him a pres
ent of something for his journey.
18 It is related of the ancient emperor Too, that he
yielded the empire to his friend Shun, instead of leaving it to

away a guest from a

his son

which the Chinese regard as au unparalleled example

is

with reference to a second wife. In some places 3?

means either wife, or wife and children ; in other places it

P
is

confined to the latter meaning.

"
or
written by
9 A fj
^S, is a page of
copy
the teacher in a large, fair hand.
This copy the pupil places
underneath his thin paper and traoes the characters.

Hi

"

The use of ^C P f r China is a specimen

of patriotism.
of Chinese egotiBm.
22 This is from the translation of the Lord's prayer. The
clause

fti flj

W\

.ft

means

23

{Si

re

j(g

form, equivalent to

>

is

literally, the

drink and food,

M andarin, not readily understood

used day by day. It is high

save by constant use.

somewhat inelegant

{ -f ($

colloquial

!)&

XXVI.
Beside the postpositions of place, U> 5h Jl>
"f given in Lesson 6, there are also such as
ijif
fj, , ^f, etc., all which take after and combine with themselves the words jjgf, head, flf, face,
and jj, border. We say, inside, outside, etc.; but
,

'

the Chinese go further aud say, in-head, out-heart,

The meaning in the several
iu-face. out-face, etc.
cases is substantially the same. Which form ismost
suitable in auy case can only be learned by practice.

The usage

varies considerably in different places.

"VoOABULAKY.
jft or
iijjr]

T.

T^

Edge; border; boundary.

A templegreat or small.
A local divinity: Note

Miao*.

Tu

Mil

ti

To

Ckiien*.
.

f*

Pien1

j&

love;

family.
Chia 1 chuen*.

care

to

for;

To bite,
crime

ffi

Hsiang fang*.

small house at the side

of the court between

other houses.
1.

ff" Pet*.

kindred;

Yao*.

Jjffi

The back;

the rear; to turn the back

falsify; in the

on; to repudiate, to
1
shade; to repeat. See pet
.

Family, household;
to

chew ; to involve

wife.

throw aside to leave

a
stroke
down
inadvertantly ;
and to the left in writing: -See Radical 4.
1
To bind up; to fasten or tie to; tc
J-E Shioan
flfll

in

to bark.

To skim

PHe\

off; to

1
$$> Chi

Jfg Ilsiang

..

chicken

a cock.

mats ouuUm</

a siiborb

hitch.

[188.

Les.

,B| Ma*.

horse; warlike; cavalry.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 26.

& m
M 83

n,

;>

To

ft

&

fjr

,H,

iff

tt
ft

is your yonng master's,

not ?
14 Wang the Third lives in the innermost door in the east alley.
15 The tipper side is the right side
the lower side is the wrong side.
1(5 The
big child was on the inner side
of the k'ang crying, and the little
one on the outer side laughing.
17 If a man thinks to accuse yon,
is it

wautiug your inside garment, let

him take the outside one also.
18 Did you also search in the drawer ?
19 They were talking inside, and I
heard them outside.
20 Please take the upper seat.

ji,

Young, juvenile; a youth; secondary;

!v

m Shoo* yie

yfa

Hu

llff

Tung

official.

out, at the side of the door.

To take

Too}.

off to undress; to escape, to

evade; to avoid.

?j P'ang

75

side street.

Jj>

2<2

The son of an

See shao

jfg

The side; sideways;

an alley (Pekingese).

$Jfi

Kwa

/5C

Fan

9^ K'u
$<.

To cry,

T fu

2
ill TAen

EH Yiu

to weep, to
to

bemoan.

smile; to ridicule.

Clothing, dress, a garment.

To connect;

to join; following; even,

Les. 110.
still; and, together with:

The

origin

allot; to

Jjij

7V.

JH

.jjjlljt,

...

A
.

smoke,

as a pipe.

ffA><.

The right;
t'ou 2

to honor; to aid.

Upon; above; overhead; the

term by which inferiors

designate their superiors, and the apartments in
which they live, "topside."
i

jfc

Shang pien
1

lt{i

K'ai fan

The same.

To

pad, a saddle-cloth

set forth or serve a meal.

To cover over;

$Ij|a Teng

tray.

chao 4

to shade; a hollow
an air-pump receiver.

lamp shade,

lamp

chimney.

Ku8

..".'.

to perceive by hearLes. 51.

iug; to listen
a,

Chao4

'cover

71*

drawer.

Z*in0
.

^f Yiu4
4
r. 3m Bhang

ffi

or

jjj

to drive with the wind.

left; second in position, a deputy;

depraved, heretical.

antecedents; from,
through; the cause or instrument;
Les. 83.
to let, to permit
1
To
or draw out; bo select, to
Ch'ou
take
;flij
.

.To blow;

to turn over; to reverse; to

To laugh;

Hsiao*.
fjji

ut-

137.

Les. 112.
rebel; but, on the contrary:

Les.

To return;

or by the side; the side.

The

most:

near.

At

P'ang pien

.3l Tsod

side street.

An alley.
A Hsiang hang
Chin3 To finish; completely; all; the
4

side street,

the teacher to

go before, and you follow after.

You may take off your shoes with-

Tig

You should allow

21

Jft

Shoo*.

is
is

large gate

13

15

east side of the house it

sheltered from the wind, and

[side.
quite warm.
12 1 inadvertently left nay clothes in13 The norse latched in front of the

14

21

j|ff

.#

At the

jft t

19

to be second

-M

Hi

*a

11

ft

16

W
f

~&

(is

#. 4*.
o o
22

fft

* T

& *. # m m & $
& *\ r m i ft m
t ^ m w. ft ^ * 0o
o #5 S? 3 o
o ft
* 1 ft $& n
m & *&" n * # n
n & A ^ ft * T
# m M # o i. 3C
is m
p
#t O
@ ^ tf. ft Jt ; W
it
^ *
s; *
^ WW ft *. & # PI ff
- A ft * IE
# IE
*b a

ft
# ^
n
ss %
f*

ft

12

f&

&

IT fig Ku3
|H Fa?

bone; the skeleton or hard part of

anything.

t'ou 2

fiEi^ Vow* fa

.A bone:

Les. 47.

Hair, the hair on the head.

3

Human

hair.

60

* *

7
o

T> 24 *b

23

f28

ic

ft

^ ft
m &

if

is

i.

27

*
$ *

IE

gfc ft

mi

o
ii 26

26 The climate here

in the South is
too hot.
27 Has the meal not yet been served
to the family (or, guests) ? Ans.
It has.
28 This lamp chimney is not clean

i, k

iffi,*

it

strong wind is blowing outside

it is very hard
walking.
24. If it is not inside the book-case, it
is on the top.
25 The man ought to be on the left,
and the woman on the right.

US
# *

25

it.

ffi

*e

a o
*s

^F-

+ =

and

o
29

-fc

m m- %
^ # o

inside.

29

On

the inside of one's bead are

bones, and on the outside, hair.

^23

Not EB.
China with magisterial
J J; fy. The lowest god
There is a T'u* ti* temple, or shrine, in or near
functions.
The gods in
every village, and also one in every Hsien city.
these many temples are all different individuals, though they
all have the same birthday, on which they are worshipped ;
It is to this
of the second month.
/iz., the second day
temple that the soul first repairs after death.
7 xl ^1 SS frvl Wt "? Lit., ** inside's Itguse; i.e.,
the house which is here within.
17 The sentence is taken without change from the
were
Mandarin N. T. It would be smoother colloquial if

20 The English speaker is strongly inclined to put $!

before the _t, and the Chinese will allow it, but prefers to

added to ?

uses of the

in

omit

it.

sentence might be taken indicatively

24 This

viz.,

It

on the top. Which

meaning it would convey, would depend wholly on the
manner of saying it. The use of |fq BJJ in the sense of on
is

not in the inside of the boot-case;

top, or above, is exclusively

25 J3

ft'j

and

]C

it

is

Southern.

$f might, with equal propriety, bo

translated in the plural.

29 This sentence well serves to illustrate

word

some

of

the

JSf

XXVII.
Foub Common Classifiers.
This lesson illustrates four of the most common
classifiers: See subject to Lesson 1. Other Classifiers will be illustrated in a number of future lessons : See Les. 38, 42, 68, 100, 125, 140 and 147.

which have

J2 A handful, classifier of things

a handle, or can be held in the hand.

classifier of things in
ij| A piece,

lumps

fj To

classifier of wide applicageneral of particular articles regarded as separate wholes.

classifier of persons,
ffi A seat of dignity,
as worthy of
of
are
such
as
regarded
especially

divide,

tion, used

in

respect.
pieces,

or fragments.

For full lisfc of words falling uuder

these classifiers, see Supplement.

each

of

Vocabulary.

$2

Pa*.

handful, a
1

pa

ff

Chien*.

To divide; an
piece:

0(1

Chwei

To

See Sub.

clip, to snip,

to pierce.
to

shear; shears,

'Pie*.

P'i 2

Yuen

.Iron; firm, resolute.

Skin; leather, fur; bark; a covering;
tare of goods.

2
1% I

yard a garden ; a park; a large

shop or saloon.
;

The

JJE Fei

Edible vegetables.

Ts'ai*

an item, a

geixxors, tongs.

^
HJJ

article,

An awl;

fjf Ghien*.

bundle: See Sub. See

also pa*.

Fat, plump; rich; fertile.

Black; lictors, runners.

Tsao*

A kind of

jJC j|L

'{J^Ni

2
.

ytj Ch'ie

caul; soap.

coarse native soap.

Mud, mire; mortar; clods, earth; dirt

To eut, to slice. Also eh'ie*

MANDARIN LKBSONB.

Lesson 27.

Translation.

The awl has no

# to
T\ *> o ft
i a f
J. m w # a
o
it

15

ffi

ft

#j

T
o

#
^ a

&-,*.

*&

IE

Jl.

ft

3fc

ft

)fK

JQ

PHng

Melon* cucumbers, gourds,

A watermelon.

2
.

To

Tact.

vacate
Les. 112.
See

% Fu9

pour out;

to

still,

tao*.

long

$H

Po<)

^fH

Hollow;

jjg;

^f Shang* wu'

R# Chung

Midday, noon.

^J

$C

-The same.

shi*.

fliij

4* Jl Chung shang*
To enumerate,
Shu 3

A
t'ai 2 .

The same.

1
.

To

ladle out;
a spoonful.

fiHj

Ch'ou*, hsiu*.

%k Chung 1

An

offensive

smell, stench;
putrid, tainted ; disreputable.

The end,

finis; all, the

utmost; dead; to die:

1
Chung shin

% If
|$ T'an*.

brush

jJ^Cffl

Ch'wei chou*.

whole

conversation; chit-chat.

$j| Ch'a
)|J3

Ch'i 2

-A

to

life.

chat;

ladlt

to

a spoon

to brush

fl

Keng

rPUff

to scrub.

small broom or whisk

used to wash dishes.

The same.

chou*.

A folk., a large pin.

spoon , a key, in which sense
2
in Peking read shi

it is

Les. 127.

Life-time,

To talk about, to discuss;

the

1
^P Shwa

To cook; a small broom.

to censure.

to

count;
Also shu* and sod 4

Shwa1

cleaver, a meat chopper.

shovel, a scoop, a scraper

level off, to scrape.

2
Shao*, shwod .

Ch'wei 1

furnace, a kitchen range.

kitchen range.

t'ai*.

Ts'ai* tao

Cfcan*.

The same.
.

J^

71

hinged shear or cutter.

straw cutter.

Thin; thinness; thickness.

||S(

tao 1

Jg[ Tsao*.

3b

talk familiarly, to chat;

to gossip.

wj 77 Cha?

thin.

Cha 2

fflPj

fjuj

Thin, subtile; a thin leaf; poor,

pao*.
...... mean to extend, to reach. Also pod*.

To

OB 1$ Hsien* fan*.

m-jl Kwod 1

cloth.

Hsiao 1

14 That piece of foreign [cotton] cloth

which yon bought is too thin.

jig itE Tsao*

hatchet, a cleaver.

Foreign cotton cloth,

7^-flj Yang* pu*.

etc.

empty, to

on the contrary; but,

An ax,&

$j

The two ladies have already gone.

12 The water in this bottle you may
ponr into that pitcher.
13 This ax of mine is already spoiled.
1 1

pitcher, a jug, a bottle.

invert; to
;

then:

10 Three officers have arrived without.

tf

13

1
1
{? $>. Hsi kwa

not take
out the dirt.
8 This business of yonrs is not according to reason.
9 Please cat me a piece of watermelon.

5 c

*P^ M # o o
^ JS # * m m ft ft M 2&
I ! E To & Mjm $ ft m
T M o o T o Ji^ Ho * if
=& ft
* 3 if * o i f
K #
ft ft T
Uk Kwa1

sive.

7 This piece of soap does

ft

3fc

5 This piece of laud would just suit

for a vegetable garden.
6 That article can not be very expen-

t-

&
^ ^
* 2c

m i

ft

ft

*g

point.

2 That pair of scissors is not usable.

3 This piece of irou is too long.
4 This fur coat is very genteel.

1
.

T'iao 2 keng 1

Soup, porridge.

spoon,
usually made
wood or porcelain.

of

A + -

% * - ^ & s m m m w

77

T>

?v^r\

JS

f-f

ft

* - &
JG JB ^
I ^ o

Iffi

it

ft

*
*

Jt.

jb

fi*R W
#.

a
SH\^f
JB

T.

lit.

^ S
o

m m

ft

ft

That piece of meat is already tainted.

is the great affair of
your life;
if you have any thing to
say, do

not hesitate to speak.

are natives of the same place,
and must not fight about a small
matter.
20 I just now saw the two gentlemen
in the room chatting.
21 I want to buy a straw knife:
1
19

We

wonder

if they are to be had

ready-made.
22 On the cooking range are a meat
chopper, a scraper, ladle, and
a whisk.
23 I kave six knives and six forks,
and also twelve spoons: I won-

]6

# A *
JE
* * # *. ft
w a
77. *n w

18 This

*.
o o
31$++*
$fl#*

77.

23

ft

ft

count them

$
*

ft
ft

Ji

is dust under this chair;

bring
a broom and sweep it away.
16 Of the silver bought aj; noon there
were eight pieces
Did yon

&
A -

ft

fl

- & m
JE

15 There

gift, JH

19

tr

^2i^
**" o

^
+
-

ft

J*

der

ft

if

they are enough.

Notes.
7 f

is

here used as a verb, meaning to remove, or take

Foreign soap is called BS ~P in the North,

18 Said by an officer to a girl Drought before him in a

matter concerning her marriage engagement.

or jjft fjp fl" J|.

P means beneath the chair, not the under

23 Foreign spoons are called jju -y in some places ; in

other places they are called j|i njt- soup spoons, or Jffl jfe
The Chinese use
stirrers; and in others, ^) ~y, dippers.

wit, the dirt.

and

in the

15

South,

fj j|,

I&

'Da

which would be,

"? ~F j^form used in the North, while 4* ft

ide, or part, of the chair,

16

^JT ia the

H|rJ

and *p _ are used

in the South.

much less than we do, and they are generally

either of China-ware or of wood.

made

spoons

LESSON XXVIII.
The Instrumental Verbs

5Q is used instrumentally of anything that can

be taken or held in the hand, and often, by
accommodation, of other things. Whether used
as a classifier or as an instrumental verb is known
by the connection.

ft

and

JJ$.

j|^ as an instrumental verb is very similar in

to ft, but is a little more bookish, and is
often used of affairs, and of mental operations.

meaning

may sometimes

These words

be rendered

by

take, but are generally best untranslated.

Vocabulary.

^
-jr}

p5jjjj

Separate; additional;
.sides, furthermore.

TAng*.

jfc

another;

he-

support with tbe hand, to bear up; the

lengtb of the extended arms, a fathom.
The lapel of a coat; a collar.

|M

fH^Ji

T'od 1 lintf
TIu* ling

3|S

Chang

3
.

Tot To
1

jfc

Lined, donble.

Chia*.

Chin
4$i

The round

collar on a

woman's

dress.

Pa4

The same. (n.).

The same. (s.).

8
.

The palm of the hand; a

hoof, a
to grasp; to rule, to control.

chang

1
.

The palm of

the

paw;

hand; a

slap, a box.
tjljl

Chang

curtain, a screen; a plan.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lksson 28.

+ - ^

| | f

o g|,.

ffi

ffi

ffi*6flt

n w

J2

fo o t
& ^ m m $ *r
9

#
t.

H
*

13

ffi*

*, T.

JS

ft

as

i ^ ^ i

ir

to suspend; to dwell

$k Shing chang

1
.

To noise abroad,

to

He

I will tell

you this affair, but you

must not spread it abroad.

Chang has gone home. Do

you go and ask him to come.
10 Take away this dirty water and

(ft

out on the street.

(or, may) put the key in
the drawer.
12 Your shooting off that gun just now
frightened the baby till it cried.

^|

Ghao*.

1
J#| Chiao

pub-

lish.

it

pour

You can

11

jjf

set the stove outside.

9 Mr.

upon v

kwa1

See

gown.

got angry and struck me two

blows with the palm of his hand.
7 Go and hang up the curtains.

To spread; to publish; to scatter,

to winnow
to raise or lift up.

this

You can

% M

to

#,

the leather trunk.

8 Take away these dishes and put
them in the clipboard.
4 I intend to put a new collar on

f?

iE

si

Kwa*. To hang up,

Yang

Hf

to be anxious about.
Jfy

^C

i2.

*e

ia

# ^ * *

Pf

$: If }K

Translation.

The child has poked out the fire.

2 Take my double coat and put it in

Ao*. ...

(S?

long time

Proud, haughty

Proud,

a surname.
;

to be proud of.

uncivil; to treat rudely.

*m WL

Proud; overbearing; to disdain.

Pa*.
The cry of a cockatoo.
$lj
The cockatoo.
i^ljU Pa* ki\
1

Chang yang

%fkwjij

mi Hun2
jffi

The same.

Turbid,

muddy;

shi

Also hun*.
a key.

key.

gun, a pistol

To threaten,

Dj|| Hi*, hsia*.

bolt,

2.

Ch'iang

dirty.

Yao*, yod*, yue*.

$tjib Yao*

gg

to

a spear.
to

intimidate;

Tu?.

5j|

Vie*.

^
^

Wv?.

Wu

5v^
j*

Ch'uen2

S Ti1

Military
kind.

i*.

tactics; skill,

The fist;

of

Ting*.

Bfi-Lao

<*.

Ufa tA&.

kick.

3
.

In the

heart; intimate, confidential; the bosom; the mind.

An

ass, a donkey.

ring,

fm Yao

J J

jail

firm, strong.

One
2

rocking-chair.

maternal uncle.

maternal uncle.

hsia*.

Ma

and

Tung yang
3

inheritance, estate.

fro; to shake; to
as a bell; tossed, disturbed.
to

jp (Jhiu*.

JJ| fi-^

A corral;

To move

Yao*.

See Les. 21, Note 16.

time, one stroke, once.

ch'e 1 .

kwa*.

A jinricksha.
short outside coat.

3
^B: N~iu

seat of

... Family
.

jfCv^p SfL

the mind; intimate, dear.

Wi Hsin fu
1

'll*

RE-

yie*.

HE To spoil, to ruin ; to squander.

3
The belly, the abdomen; the
IJK. Fu
.

any

to grasp in the hand.

To tread on; to kick.

To step, to tread ; to

Military, martial; majestic, fierce.

Estate, patrimony calling, profession,

trade. In books,
a sign of the past.

Ghia 1

|j|

scare, to frighten.

5V

To* wager, to bet; to gamble.

$P

P'an*

$8:

HI

knob; a button; a pivot.

A loop ; a belt, a band.

button loop.
A button

10
Q ["J K'ou*
K'ou*.

min*.

a clasp; to button.

buttou loop, a button hole.

% + Z

$ *
# w

*t

t.

fa

^ *

$ # m n ^
* as t& * w
*. A JE 5 #

22

i?

m t
I f
naw ^ % $
fc^-t. & & m
m

o &
&Ht^E25^

ft

pr

15

to

2i

t>

IE
aa
fl.

is

not willing to teach his skill

to others.

14 Between fist aDd foot he killed the

man.
15 My mother died and left me.
16 Li-tsi ruined that pair of shears of

#J

m
H O * |
m *"JB #
*
A
i

He

18

*e

mine.
not

Do

tell to others what is told

you in confidence.
18 Do yon go over to the Bast Street
and borrow Wang the Third's

17

donkey.
19 Mr. Chao the Second is too proud
he can not see other people.
20 Bring here that cockatoo's cage
for me.
21 Mr. Ting's son is all the time
gambling, and has wasted all

*fc

w m

m ^ lb>

%i a

his estate.

22 You ought to keep this thought

always in mind.
23 Put that large rocking-chair beside
the table.

24 Go quickly and
uncle of this

25

tell

your (maternal)

affair.

A jinricksha ran against me on

the street, and tore out two of the
button holes (loops) on my coat.

Notes.
to take this piece of gown, and betides
exchange a new collar.
6 The Chinese is similar in structure to the vulgar
" He
got angry and took and struck me."
English,
8 Or, If I tell you this affair, you must not spread it abroad.
10 7JC is not uged in the South. It means muddy
rather than dirty water.

Lit. ,

/ intend

[the original one]

UJ is spirited and very expressive. It

does not necessarily mean, one stroke and one kick, but a
few strokes and kicks.
"

LESSOIST

16 : -p is a girl's
after fruits and flowers.

It

is

common

to

name

girls

17 'L^ wk MB' words from the heart and belly ; i.e., confidential secrets. The Chinese regard not only the heart, but
also the belly, as the seat of knowledge.
18 When )J* precedes 2f, an 1 is always used alter
it,

thus showing the diminutive force of jj.

19 ?C J\
/}> vL
Lit., takes men and
them not in his eyes; i.e., disregards them.

sees

X2CI2C.

The Auxiliary Verb

jjB is joined as an auxiliary to verbs indicating
motion upwards and, by accommodation, to mauy
It sometimes has an inceptive force, and
others.
Boxsfltjrnes denotes progressive action, but is more

name.

jig.

frequently used simply to express the completion

of the action. It is generally followed by ). In Peking jfe 2fc ls often replaced by %. The number of
verbs followed by *jg 2)5 is very large,

Vocabulary.

A hnU, a parlor a court room.

Ting1
2
The central and main buildj| f% Ting fang
ing in a wmponnd; a
.

reception

room

or hall.

^ Yang
JSt T'wei

^5

1
.

Tiao*.

sheep, a goat; mutton

The
To condole,

hang up,

to

leg, the thigh.

to suspend,
as pity;
by a cord.

to

HAHDARIN LKSSON.

Lksson 29.

71

m % +
s n s * *.
4 o ^ # ^
% * &
m # *. ft ft fe ^
o

Translation.

Chao has not yet finished

building his main hall.
Will you please get np a little ear-

Mr.

tfc

*fc

3fe

m it & #
% u m
fi & o 5fey
o *& # ^ &
^wfe m m m.
# & 7. o
O

ii 1

J& Hu*.

11

Pf

}g8

it

w.

ji

8
9

?pp

hu*

put

1i| C'h'ing

To prop;

to fasten or

to pole,

fl

Hi

To drink,

1
.

Also

San

To

as a boat. stretch open;

to sip

a gurgling sound.

To break

two; to annul; to
to decide, to discrito fold; to abate, to discount; to barter.
she*.

minate;

he*.
HCTT

^T $R

To shake;

to cherish

to fall into

slip or fall off:

J^

Chien3

~)j j$J^

1
1
Fang chwan

TodK

($>

Fen

pft'

Fu*

To

square brick or
paving.
;

2'si

to

remonstrate

wrangle,

to quarrel.

To

dispute, to contend, to
wrangle.
Paper with characters on it,
either written or printed.

tfc

La1

tife

hand; to buy on credit; to bring up.

To
Fu\
help, to assist, to support; to defend;

yjfi

Chan*.

To

pull, to drag, to tug; to take

by the

to lean upon.

To stand up;

to stand
a stage of a journey.

tile for

to pile

prove

strive; to

ching*.

chi 3 .

to harbor.

or down, to

still,

to stop;

To roll up ; to curl to seize.

To fold; to reiterate; to reduplicate.
1
'Q Pao To wrap up; to contain to undertake, to

fff

up

order, to direct.

'hiien 3.

Tie 2

contract; to warrant; to plate; a bundle.

enjoin.

1$*pH To command, to order; to charge.

To stamp, to sign; to arrest;
Ta\

to

to collate, to sort.

stack of grain

To

arms;

brick.

..To

ChingK

^F Wi Cheng

Les. 92.

To gather up;

1
$Jl Chivan

the

in

off;

testify, to

to startle.

break

dispute, to wrangle.

compress

J$- Tiao*.

To

fit

@! Hsing*. To awake; to arouse

To infold; to hold in
f@, Poo*.

fall

with.

%%,

To

USE Cheng*.

apart or into disorder scattered, loose ; a medicinal powder;

odds and ends. See san*.
f|fc

confinement; to guard to pawn, in an

pawnshop; to mortgage. Also yu\

in

unlicensed
2
ffi Che

window.

this picture.

My

13 The large coat is not yet bemmed.

14 The officer gave the order, and they
were put in confinement.

sit

ffi

have some

pen has fallen on the floor

please pick it up for me.
12 These square bricks ought to be
piled up in order.

it

o
5K

Hang up

II

'**>

*,

10

# m ft
*
& *

door of one leaf; an opening ; an

P Ch'wang

&
t

individual; a household.
$|*

^%t^

To

3
4

j&

5K.

to-morrow

business to entrust to you.

Hang up that leg of mutton.
It is too warm in the room: you
may raise the window.
This medicine is to be taken mixed
with water.
[me.
Please reckon up this account for
Is Mr. Fu's book-case finished ?
String up these loose cash for me.
The baby has wakened you may
take him up.

ffi

o
*&

lier

K\ Fa
t<

ijllfft

2
.

cloth for

wrapper; a bundle.

wrapping bundles

72

IS

r21

*a

1$

IK,

tpR

15 These remnants of cash amount

-fc

16 Your speaking of this reminds

of a certain affair.

fi

& M

# *.

tt & o
* HP
ft #J
i 1 i i
& m i
& *. M M
ffi

Wk

7.

*.

"F

fi

mtt *

T, o

ipi

5fc.

O o O
14
15
6
#i jg

j&

*-

19

20 Jesus took the child by the hand

and assisted her to rise, and she

a P^ it #1. ^ ".#"*

Wt &
f i ^a *

IS

had gone but a little while when

it began to rain.
19 Gather up all that paper with
characters on it.
18

i8

JS
R

me

17 They two, having disputed a while,

began to revile each other.

. T.*T.

& &
PS
&
* To
o

in

all to seventy-five.

stood up.

21 Roll up such of these clothes as

should be rolled up, and fold such
as should be folded, and then tie

JG
ft

them up

in

bundle

(large

handkerchief).

Notks.
]

{i|

meaning

is

building.

the emphasis be thrown on jf > the

simply, built ; if on ft2jS> the meaning is, finished
When jgl is used alone, it necessarily takes the
If

2jS.

emphasis and the meaning is, finished building.

4 Jt is used iu the North, $5 in the South. The former
means to hoist, the latter more properly means to prop.

8 ?

Some would

write E$, as the more proper charIf used, it should be

acter, though its tone is not correct.

read eh' wan1 .

pictures in frames are generally classified by

rather than by jffi: Les. 42.

10 Foreign
f|,

and

_fc

"~"
14
3p> One sound; that is, he gave one short per
cmptory order.
16 WL here means at once, as it often does : Les. 44.
It is used in
13 )Ei 2}S seems inappropriate here.

ceptivoly.
19 It

is considered a sin and a shame to defile paper with

characters on it, and a meritorious thing to gather it up
carefully and burn it, thus preventing its being trodden
under foot, or defiled by others. Written characters, being
handed down from the sages of antiquity, are regarded as
sacred and hence to defile them is a species of sacrilege.
21 The form of expression in this sentence is very common in Chinese.

as Auxiliary Verbs.

XI '8 added as an auxiliary to verbs expressing

to verbs expressing
motion upwards, and
motion downwards. They are not confined, however, to verbs of motion but are used freely with

many

others.

Besides the idea of motion, they

sometimes express the success or practicability,

of the action.
To both of them

Jg5

^ are frequently added.

and

VOCABTJLABT.

To encase;

Tao\

case

ventional.
^flr jjifi

4$.

^ Pi

a snare, a trap; tedious, con-

classifier:

Piz moo*.
s

to include; a wrapper,

Les. 42.

brass cap to protect

point of a Chinese pen.

t'ao*

To chop,

fj) Ghie*.

to

mince

to cut

^P

Gh'ao 1

P'an2

To hunt up;

^T Mu*.
|pf Kou*.

to

write out, to tran-

scribe; to confiscate.
.

A platter, a plate;

a market an affair
wind to examine, to question.
... A cow, an ox; kine

to coil, to

off.

limit of time, a festival;

section; temperance,
moderation; to
classifier : Les. 147.
AlsocAte8

regulate.

the

The same.

4
^ij Tod

verse,

To drag,
reach

to

up

pull;

to.

to

beef.

implicate;

to

MANDAKIN

Lesson 30.

78

r.KBBONS.

m + =

m w *n
u m
#e x
m *. a ^
< ^r *
& * -
t jg *.
ffi

Translation.

&
a w
i jb
t M

&

ft

ft

#.

31

51$.

ft

-to

Pf

ftl

s
m ^
o

$K *ife

7.

^ *

<>

i ft T
o * * ^ *. M T # A m o A
* & u fa m
% & #. T ft M
7- o & JE $ T
o
T ^ ^ o
$i
ft

#,

ft

14

Pi

ffi

til

up these two

0rv P'ai*.

ies prevailed.

branch, a tribe; to appoint, to depute; to send to distribute to each.

Kang1

fff

Lao

1 2

large jar for water, etc.

To hook or haul out of

-' .

dredge, to grapple

To ask,

5j Ch'iu*.

to beg; to

aim

for, to
r*

fzk Hsia*

pien

for.

at.

Below

down-stairs ; the
apartments of inferiors

see

Note

mate-

ink, writing
pen,
ink, paper,

Riches and honor

To play or toy with;

4f-

Shwa3

sort.

Ancestors.

to

Also ya
ramble;

1
.

heavenly

Li

messenger,

an

transparent glaze.
vitreons substance like glass.

raren, a crow.

eh'iod*.

he magpie,

Glass.

Ya1

Ch'iao

3
,

self; to dally with.

jackdaw and

jay.

to

to trifle; to make game

of; to fence; to work at a trade.

^C 5r T pl a y> to amuse one's

wealth,

To play with,
.

sh'i

Pod 1

The magpie.

dawdle; to practice.

class,

angel.

To bring into subjection ; to conquer,

1

generation; a

etc.

J|lj
;

/^ $ Tien1
ij

to repress; to intimidate.

$C Wan

shang*

opulence.
J5? Ya*.

IH.Jir.stt

Rich, affluent; abundant.

Jcwei*.

3
1$L Lao pei*.
Grandfather; ancestors.
Tsu3
Grandfather; anctstwt, forefathers.

inkstone.

rials,

1| Fu*.
| fa' Fu*

The head; the wits; the mind.

To descend; to send down; to fall;

pp Chiang
...... to reduce in rank. Also hsiang'2

Pen and

yien*.

33.

An

3
=p $6 Pi

jp.

Les.

The brain; gum camphor.

A bag ; a pocket; a purse.

Tai*.

UlaSK

"^

one's self:

24, Les. 33.

$, Yien*

Nao

me.

amuse

play, to

IpC Pei*.

pray; to search

for

up
To

!<iE

3js?

the water, to

13 There are writing materials on the

table below.
Please briug them

7)

iS.

by appointment

of His Excellency.
There is a spoon (dipper) in the

water kang. Do yon go and

rake it out.
12 It was half a day before my entreat-

o
*

ffi

for

chairs.

am come down

10 1
1 1

51$.

the

me.
9 There are no seats upstairs; take

&

oft'

You may take away this plate.

Take down that piece of beef

-fc

rip.

bone.
6 Write out this verse.

13

him

Dull

5 Take a chopper and chop

10

7-,

*. o

2 These two characters have not been

written.
Please write them.
3 You should put the cap on the pen,
and not allow it to get dry.
4 The child wants to get on the k'ang;

-^

k m T

Pull up your shoes.

*r

Jg- al|

Hsi3

ffa Lao*.

ch'-iao

To

alight,

price.

as

See

The magpie.
a bird; to

lod*, also la*.

fall,

as

- + H

m m m t

74

^^m m $
#^ap&t*JB"F*W
- # * T ^* ^W *o

p # m
IS*.
*. *h 22

Sl^^^^^o
m & T W
&
t

17
fft

heaven.
15 During school hours it is not right
to go out of school to play.
16 You want to put me down, and I

want

o
16

down from

14 This opulence has fallen

put yon down.

younger brother fell off a horse
and cut his head open.

17

IE 15

to

My

18 Apricots get ripe early, peaches,

;& K &SMI.7. Jt S
f T tt. o ojftJ!^
^IW $. o ii ^i8^ T ft
O $> ^ j $ #
*>
ft JB M # T *. ^
ft 1B
*. * # & *

late.

down to
him from his ancestors.
saw an angel coming down from

19 This house was handed

19

20

heaven.

Jgt

21 There

is a pane of glass out of

window. You may put it in.
22 There is a magpie outside which has
just flown down from the tree.

21

this

Ji.

Notes.
1 The Chinese are much given to wearing their shoes
turner] down at the heels ; hence the occasion of thiB language.

is properly an adjective, but is here used as a verb ;

3
yet it does not mean to dry the pen, as would seem most
natural, but to allow it to get dry.

in

this verse

of book.
order to limit the word 10XI. fil

^?>

The word

is

14 This is a strong way of saying that the good fortune

was both great and unexpected.

referred to

use

added

S'

f r the head, is Pekingese.

17 fin
more

general.

20 7C
22 -gr

n%i

is

Its metaphorical

0' for angel, is a Christian term.

is the more general term ; though ||J

nfj '

also widely used.

XjIESSOIET X3C2CI.
Negation and Affirmation with Auxiliaries.

When a negative is inserted after the principal

verb aud before the auxiliary, the meaning is not
that the action does not take place, bat rather
that it can not take place; i.e., the negative applies
When
to the auxiliary, not to the principal verb.

desired to affirm strongly in opposition to a

previous negation, the clause is repeated with
substituted for the negative
Les. 43.
These forms give a peculiar aud admirable
force, which we can not fully express in English.
it is

Vocabulary.
Must, ought. See. This distinction
of pronunciation is not Vvmg hsing.

Tei*.

Must, necessarily: Les. 104.

ffiPiUei*.
2
To copy, to transcribe; to transfer;
Ting
.

to vacate, to

Tung*
Ti 1

To

Liu

1
.

To

flow

lift
;

up, to carry.

to issue forth

wander; smooth.

MB To

^ Mng

carry with the hand,

s 2
.

{$1 Ying\

Also

See ?i\

2
J Ch'en

Hard;

To
.

(s.)

Chinese hour; the hour from 7 to

chin2

M^t SWchen

A.M.

Chinese hour, equal to

two English hours.
piao*. ..... ... A watch.
.

I^f

to pinch.

obstinate; unfeeling.
excavate, to dig out; to gauge.

to

float, to
liu*.

etc.

stiff;

8 o'clock
2
|Kf ft% Shi

as a bucket,

To haul about, to twist

To carry in the hand,

>

l2 Wa1

empty.

An osier or wooden bucket.

A tub, a cask; a bucket, a pail.

Shad

t8i

MANDARIN LESSONS.

LK8SON 31.

&

+ = $
n * -ft ft
o
&
# o *I,
m *$ *. %
^ i^ Z- o ft
x
*

#, ^
*>
$
tt
#>
b#h ^ SR a &

Translation.

it

a s

^s

ft,

HTM

$.
o

IJ**t
o *&*-.

*
^

*. ^

ft

o
O

digging.
8 If you go with him, it is my opinion
you will not be able to keep up.
9 If yon depend on preparing this
food after it is ordered, you will
certainly not be able to do it in
time.
10 My pocket knife has fallen into the
water, and I can not get it out.
11 Watches come from abroad.
The
Chinese can not make them.
12
fat man can not put on a lean

J^

1 I can not afford to bay this watch.

2 The shoes yon bought for me are
too small; I can not get them on.
3 We must go to-day.
You can not
detain ns if yon would, [one day.
4 I can not copy it in the space of
5 His tongue is thick; I fear he will
not be able to say it.
6 I can not carry this bucket of water.
7 The ground is frozen too hard for

ffl

Iff

ffi

T# ^ ^A
* & ft

a s *
a $

ft

;.**

ft

&
* m
ft

o ^-a

m %

%.

fa

m,

14

m.

<ji||

Shou*, sou*.

|$

K'u*

7)

m m

man's trousers, [beat into a froth.

13 The whites of these eggs will not
14 Is a boy four or five years old not
able to get down himself?

Pjfij

To breathe;

Ck'wan*.

...

An

To

flR T'an*.

egg; a testicle.

2
Ying kwoa

Great Britain.

Thick, dense, close; fine, small; hidden;

intimate; secret.

ffi Mi*.

hard, to

sk

A small ingot

&*.

moau. To

breathe, (s.)

Salt, saline.

of silver or gold; paper

money.

Flourishing; excellent; brave.

sigh, to

2
f Yien .

Froth, foam; bubbles.

1

to breathe

pant.

To scatter, to splash; to drip;/ro^;

to waste; to dissipate; resolnte, gamey.

Ying

Ife (HI

Lean, thin, poor.

\% Mod*

Trousers, pantaloons.

jit Tan*. ...

y| P'od

ft

76

Hips A small
2
JI il Yin Ke*.
J&, St*,

she**,

shoe of silver of about ten taels.

The same.

shai*.

Color, hue; manner; expression of face; kind quality;

;

$lj$3

Fine; delicate; close.

Ilsi* mi*.

j^ K'hig

1
.

pit, a hollow; a quarry;

to entrap; to wrong.

amine;

lust, venery.
2

Cheng
2
Tsu
chu 2
j

J$i t^I

jOlfflp]

T'ou* shang 3

The forenoon.
The same.

1
_ ^i ^C Shang* pan* Men

i0L

Tien2

To fill up;

make up a

to

to repay; to

^L

A pill;

Wan*.

&fil Wan
lift}

Yien*.

yao*
.

To swallow,

Yao

a bullet.

Shin1

Also yien 1

|* Pang

foot; enough, sufficient; to

satisfy; entirely, in full.

The whole body.

small
loins; the
of the bach; the
kidneys; the waist; the middle.

To

stretch, to expand ; to straighten;

to explain; to redress.

Pills.

to gulp.

.... Quality of metals, touch.

The

OH

The

sh"n x

1
':5f I

deficiency,

add on.

a small ball
.

st

-.

The upper arm, the humerus.

la

IT

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSON8.

32.

77

m - + =

Translation.

&
it it ^. if
m. % m % w o ^
o as g M. a
3B
A ft. lU o 1 I I
i O M | *RU* ft %
ft & ir ****& fr o
9

ffi

3fe

15

*
#

#
M

SB

ft

A,

it

19

Sis

$.

SB

it

I
4\

Lan*, Iwan^.

Disorder; confusion; anarchy,

rebellion; tangled.

Tsa 2

W Confused;

fft^U S/moa1

Kwang
.

disorderly promiscuous. Note 8.

Hwa 2

Light, brilliance; honor, glory; naked;

Les. 49.
smooth; only, solely:

Smooth; slippery; polished; knavish,

cunning; to slip and fall.

Smooth; polished; shining.

Towards, facing; an
flsiang*.

"Jfeffl

of the compass:

Yin\

To make up a quarrel;

T^k Kwai*.

Strange, monstrous; supernatural: a

ghoul; to take offense at, to be
surprised very, unusually : Note 1 8, also Les. 1 42.
;

flC

lee ; clear; crystallized.

Ping
THe* chiang*
A blacksmith.
.

aid, to relieve; to effect, to further;

to stop; clever, excellent.

^f$f Pit* chi*

ft Ftn\ To divide,

Inferior, poor, scrubby.

to separate-, to
apportion;
to share ; to distinguish : a tenth a
;

candareen or tenth of a mace.

intention;

Fen 1 mings
Fan1. To turn over;
.

fy%

hitherto, heretofore; the points

Les. 119.

a bout; a

T'Sng

dark; cloudy; hades;

the inferior of the dual powers of

To

Chi*'*.

ft

A shadow, shady ;

to

act as mediator.

To break

hi 2

Mixed confused ; heterogeneous, mis-

sociate with.
[shaded.
12 This side faces the sun; that side is
13 On this side the argument is fair;
on that side it is forced.
14 The table has a drawer on this side;
on that side it has none.

oil

12

|5j

ffi>

or snap in two; to put a

stop to; to discontinue ; to decide;
Les. 116.
certainly, positively:

|Sj

10

jft.

$j\ Twan*.

ffj"

cellaneous.

vfc

ft

o fe
10

jL

it
i
& PS
M
=4
W % m M M
# & # li A
19 SI I?.
SB
. ai ^ a % m To
m ie o m, m &
$ SB it SB o ^ 1 I JS
A

13

ffr

ft jftg

if

1.

m>

g|j

O O jl
J=S?3 <&
S5
xa xa. M

This side is wide, and that side is

narrow.
This side is thick, and that side thin.
This end is large, and that end small.
This end is coarse, aud that end fine,
This is to be the upper side, aud that
the lower side.
This side is level that side is concave.
On this side of the river there were
robbers; on that side, soldiers.
There is a deal of confusion over
where I am : there are idlers around
all the time.
This side is somewhat smoother.
Here it is light, and there, dark.
The people there are not fit to as-

Clearly, manifestly.
to

3et:

To ascend;

To turn

See frn*.

change; to reverse;
fickle.

to

transfer ; to vacate.

to

rummage, to overhaul.
2
In this phrase Jjjg is, in most places, read
ting
[^ Chen*. To set in array, a rank; an army; a
Les. 100.
battle; a burst, a time.
J$|?

over,

nature; female; secret, private; supernatural.

fjjijj}

Ifpf

P'ieri1. Deflected

; excessive
partial, prejudicLes. 112.
ed; bent on, determined:

Hsii*
4

3
^C$ff Xil

^.s'ii

Km1

$tfifjf>

yie

fiH

Ke 2

A division;

chie*.

son-in-law.

son-in-law.

Son-in-law,

man by

a
the

to separate, to put or
to prevent.

keep asunder;
given to a
servants and

title

younger members of his wife's family.

$f

To

Ting*

Ke pan
T
ou*.
To pass
53
1

fflhtyi
l

nail

See ting1 .
shelf; a mantel.

to fasten.

through ; to comprehend ;
through; thoroughly: Les. 102.

78

81

#
o

3fi

ffc

1.

I'^o
ft

%H 35
i

ft

i I

i i

$f
fg. i**%t

& &

*,

fc

E
o
J:

16

mm
ji

r,t ft *. #* > m
tfeftTttfcoWWi&m
- 1 W $ *
4*
i* t # ^ W W EK T
H. *. ^c *,*#* M. #
o S
ft W, Ji. J* i\ 2R
si m m a m
*m ^ ***
3 ^ m r, is a 'ft a
m & &u m % &
/H? ^ t o I

o m 19 ^
AT*** IE

22

21

1S

^fc&ftSR^fllSii
-

# W

A,

ft.

ft

When

acting as mediator, it is not

right to shield one side, and blame
the other.
16 Was it the son-in-law's side that
brought the suit, or was it the
15

3K

E + E

1?

daughter's ?
[wrong.
17 This is the right side, and that, the
18 This end of the k'ang is very hot,
and that end is cold as ice.
19 The blacksmiths of this place are
very poor: there is not a good

one among them.

20 Yoa are manifestly partial to that side
what are you coming over here for ?
;

21 This side of

my

mirror will

reflect

your person, aud that side will

show you a picture, [with us.
22 The crops are later here than over
23 What are yon rummaging my drawer
for? There is nothing of yours in here.
24 Yesterday there came a great rain,
which cut me off on that side of
the river.

25 Look at this shelf which yon have put

This end is about two-tenths
up.
of an inch higher (than that end).
26 There is a small hole on this side,
which lets out the air.

Notes.
meaning.
9 The two forms are quite equivalent ; which is used
being a mere matter of taste.
12 Lit., This side /aces the light ; that side backs the shade.
18 ft- Properly, monstrous, frightful, but often used as

are often used in colloquial English. When so used its tone

in most places changes to Icwai1
a very ex P resa i ve phrase, which is widely
19 sf> 8 is
It is found
used, though not, perhaps, entirely t'ung hsing.
in the Sacred Edict.
21 The Chinese are fond of having pictures set in the
backs of their mirrors.

a species of intensive, meaning excessively, very, rather. It is

only applied to things that are disagreeable or unexpected,
and its use may perhaps be explained by considering it an
exaggeration; jst as the words "horrid'' and "frightful"

25 Zl. ft' The parts, or tenths, are understood to be

parts o{ an inch, without specifying the fact.
relative must
26 fife $h $L 5B, Lit go out hah air.
be supplied by which to connect the clauses.

ill t$ is often

inverted

(viz.

^{ jfL)

without appre-

ciable

change

of

LESSOIST 3C3C3CIII.
REDUPLICATION OF VERBS.
for emphasis, and
the
to
action
expressed. In many
partly
specialize
is inserted between the words, by which
cases

Verbs are repeated, partly

the second verb is turned into a verbal noun;

" to take
thus ;g ~T^,to look a look, or, as we say,

a look." It is very likely that the original and full

form is that with
and that the
has been
omitted in some cases for the sake of brevity. The
is
meaning is substantially the same, whether
inserted or not.

Vocabulary.

To

T'ing*.

stop, to cease; to delay;

able, fit, satisfactory.

luminous; aspect, view; a

sight, a curiosity; style, form.

Bright,

Cking*.
.

suit-

yfc

jg Kwang

|jf

or UJ5 Skai*.

eking

3
.

State of affair* ; circumstances; scenery; sights.

To dry

in the

beam upon.

sun

to

sun

to

LESSON

MANDARIN LESSONS.

33.

78

m = + = #
o

-!**.
tt
- T i o |

T.
1S

*J

Translation.

*, i,

H 4

91

flfe

ti

i?

ft

1\

Take

Why

Thank

11

HI

'PP.

3
ifa K'ati

theme, a proposition, a subject; a

heading; to mention; to discuss.
To chop, to cut off; to cut with a

sword or edged weapon;

JJjf

Chi 1

Lard,/a<.

'/ft

[ or

To

$f( Lien*

ffi Ch'tng*.

js Shu*.

list,

destiny, fate.
8:

^C

Fou* shu*.

Wen2

To melt;

Ch'ang

To

$j$ listen*.

Hsiu 1

To adorn;

to

to

The

to

flit

jJfH

or

?S Sas

Chia1

ska 3 skai*.

usually,
192.

To add,

^(M 4

w^st
g

to scatter;
to spill, to slop over.

to superadd; to increase; to

To burn

t-i.

to inflict.

in or

brand; to bake;

to

branding iron; a soldering

To

'Fang*.

a fiatiron.

iron or smooth out;

burn or

to

to scald, to

blister.

To ramble;

walk for

to visit; to

pleasure.

H&

Lien*,

To

liien*.

She3

for;

Unable

%iWi&M.

Shu 1

ffi.

Ma

1
.

on,

to

loving.

To let go, to give up; to abandon; to

... renounce; to give alms.

WfcWw'^ffi

jflt

dote

to

long for,

hanker

to chasten.

number one

exhaust;

To sprinkle;

confer upon

clean up; to repair; to

chief,

to

required, necessary.

j| Kwang*.

prove;
Les.

cultivate;

and

to cancel;

pass away;

to

U p, captivated.

give

Yang yang* tP

i*.

Saltish; salted; bitter.

adjust;
ffl Chia*.

report;

taste, to test, to

to

to allay; to digest;

formerly, ever:

ff^

iao l .

for the purpose.

hear, to learn from

smell; news, fame.

^fjf

Enough

sat for a while,

^^

iron

an account several
See shu 3 also sod*.

To

oil.

steelyard, a balance.

number; a

all

iron clothes or press a seam.

to try out,

you, Mr. Li, for taking

excel; armor; a scale, a finger-nail ; C in music.

Chi 3 chia 3
Finger or toe nails.

7%t Lod*, lao*.

to separate.

smelt

refine, to

before

sure and come back early.

the kettle, and then try out
that fat.

suet.

Oil; fat; slippery; shining; to

yft Thfi.

%B

Fat, lard, grease

to fell.

little

Wash

12

[you go

it.

then went off in a hurry.

When you go home for a visit, be

To thank; to resign, to quit; to fade.

To take trouble, to be accomi[j> Fei* hsin\
modating; thank you.
3
4
To plan; to seize, to capture;
liao*, liao
:. Lite
to abridge; a resume; in genLes 1 77.
eral, rather, slightly, approximately

away and sun

sit down a

not

He came and

10

#o

Ilsic*.

it

quickly and look if your father

has come (or, is coming).
7 You need not tell it out
plainly : you
can allude to it in a general way.
8 Do you go and listen to what they
are saying over there.
9 This end is a little wide.
Take an
ax and hew off some.

6
't*

it.

look at

Go

ifc

ffi

to take a

this trouble.

* ^ % z- n\ H *
g *> T - ft to o a. *
8
S - m. ft; W
* 031
m m #. pf m ft. * # pt
^ ti w m m. m ft.
in
f- ^
- ^ &
# # H
^ ft & # M it w * &
SR

have come

the state of the affair.

**

* *

We

in the parlor has stop-

Do you go and wind

ped.

ffi

The clock

Self-satisfied,
elated.

coarse-toothed comb;

To wipe, to wipe
to dust.

off or out

Also mod 3

to

to

comb.

rub

off;

90

IB

ft

&

13 Bring the steelyards and weigh it,

and see if it is full weight.
14 If yon don't believe it is spoiled,
smell it.
1 5 When
yon made it, did you not taste
whether it was salt or not ?
16 1 intend to go to see him to-day and
ask him why he is offended at me.

*%**
*
# ^ &

- *> n
#.#&
$ #& g

* T, f

*3feT #
t;
m * *
o * ^ # * m
m m w in ^ o mm m m & v m*
Vlftift #
#n
# #
4\#&.flfc
jw

2i

I&II.1
i I
ffl

.
o

#22^.

ifc

17

Rfo

pg

^h i6
Not E8.

the more general word for winding a clock or

In Nanking pfj is used.
4 In the translation, !pj is rendered be/ore. A more
literal translation would preserve its normal meaning; thus,
Would it not be well to sit down a little and then go ?
7 Some teachers insist on |ft, instead of 5|g, in this
_fc is

The usage

sentence.

varies.

both characters in the sense

is

is

authority for using

of to mention.

translated in the passive, though the construcnot properly passive. "^ means to take offence, and

16 f^
tion

There

is

hence, to be offended.
17 In Peking the tone of

in Jjj p to chi
the Chinese, of its melting.
19 Atf Wk i 8 properly either a branding iron, or a small
goose for pressing seams but the term is often used of forThe second character changes its sound in
eign flat-irons.

18

fg changes

We speak of anger cooling

many
iron;

jfll '$$
places to t't*, in Peking to fie*,
proceed, in addition, to iron them.

Ut

about

him

a(

<*"

i.e.

XiElSSOIsr

wait

till

will see

flatirou.

up.
his

appearance he

is

quite elated.
23 When yon get up in the morning, the

things in order are, to wash

face, and comb your hair,
and sweep the floor, and dust the
first

your

table.
%

24 Wait

in the rear, till I

go in and

inquire.

A hook phrase, in which the first

Jb
repeated and the opposite idea added with a
Phrases made on this'model are common.
-

is

negative.
<

j|ji

head with a
!

a.

22 Judging from

m
22

it.

iron with

character

<

now

aud we

20 In such pleasant weather as this,

you ought to go out for exercise
and recreation.
21 Even to this time she can not give

21 E$ $&

watch.

very angry just

19 First sprinkle with water, and then

ifc.

tiL

He is

(the use of) your knife to

finger-nails.

my

his passion cools

# m *.
I I o
&* ^14
# * *
n #

# 5ji8
<$*# I i l s JG
& m m m> Jft t

18

I |$ |
3 & 7

^
o

trim

IfflMtl

Lend me

17

ffl

| I| f
## #
in. ,i * * m # &
S fi ^ ^,. W
m *. <& o
# & . ik *i^p.
-

ffl

+ H

is

i}

'\=&

^M-

book phrase, meaning

to loss the

self-satisfied air.

ma

23 vli is not read

by the dictionaries ; but the syllable ma is everywhere used, both North and South, in the sense
of to wipe off, the idea of cleansing or removing being prominent ; and $ seems to be the best character to which to attach
this meaning. The tone differs in different places. Read mod', it
means to rub on, the idea of adding something being prominent.
24 In a yamen, or wherever there are servants or
the officer, or head of the
employes, to go into the presence of
house,

i3

to

-jj;

and

his office, or residence, is referred to

hence, also, the houses, or apartments, allotted to

inferiors, are spoken of as p jW. In the rear, seems to be our
best approximation. It shouldbe noted, however, that with
the Chinese the apartments of subordinates are frequently,
perhaps generally, in the front.
88

_L S3

XXXIV.

The Interrogative Personal Pbonoun.

applied only to persons. It is
but is also used to mean
properly interrogative,
some one, somebody, and with a negative, nobody or
It is not much used along the Yatigtse,
anybody.
$,

who,

is

It is understood, howbeing used instead.

and but a short distance northwards begins
Its use is one of the characteristics
to be heard.
of a pure Mandarin.

3$

fll

ever,

MANbARIN LKSSONS.

Lesson 34.

%M

4>

ft

m + = %
m o f 14 I

in

n.

#f

81

Translation.
1

JP.

5
6

Who is that pock-pitted man ?

2
3

Who is outside the door ?

Whom have you come to look for ?
Who was it that told yon this ?
Who is outside calling at the door ?
Who is in the parlor playing the

organ

^w

^ ^ mm^M m
a ti m se A*

& % o
*& mm % l ^

H: o $
^ifc ft &!. # A
u
a, m o m * w W n
mm. * m> mj & , ss s%
i o i * p g o = ft.
^ fl IE o 51 2R6#|w o
ft
. # H ^ M W. 1 m*
i2

It is the

Who has powder and does not rub it

Whose

10

?
Who
?
in
the
Arts.
No
one.
Who is
kitchen

11

Whose is

on her

ft}
is)

fSt

this paper-weight?
Ans.
do not know whose it is.

Every man stands up

12

face

playthings are these ?

is at home keeping house

13

Ans.

man Chang.

for his

own

employer.
13 Do you think it will rain to-day
Ans. That, who can tell ?

Vocabulary.

Shwei*.

2JR

Na3

^ Fu

Who ?
Which

...

whose

who

whom

See

.,...

2JS Ch'irP.

i?fe

lute or harpsichord;

Numb,

Ma?.

Using*

^ Fin Powder
To
^
K'an
^f
^ Wan A
3

Ck'a*.

me'n*. ...

1
Hll t'h/uen .

surname

etc.

a clan.

i*

to watch.

ch'iien

1
.

Also

jjj

Shan

J^

Ilsiu

J}&

C'A'f*.

Ch'-ao3- 1

1
]3$ Chi

To

Chi1 hwang1
a row
Wai* j&n*.

&v

Jpp P'flw*

...

to

keep

Same

A gem,

in

subjec-

Famine, scarcity;
money, indebtedness;

as

tff

g.

(s.)

straits.

An

outsider, a stranger.

shield; a signboard; a tablet; a

permit; a notice; cards, dominoes.

hamlet, a village

to sneer at,

to gibe.
^f|5>f5j

jfg

^5

Hsiang

TV

ts'un 1 .

country village.

To put

t ie*.

one's self in the place

another, to feel for, to

sympathize; to appreciate.
1
Humid juicy ; sap; numerous; to fer1$& Tsi
tilize; to moisten; to grow; to stir up.
.

$ Ijfc

Tsi 1 wei*

^T Ch'ie*.

Taste, feeling, sensation.

Urgent, earnest; important;

all,

the

surname.

a pearl; precious; perfect.

A mountain,
be

Ts'un1

straits.

want of

of

oblong brass ring used

as a paper weight.

To

7$

out

let

clamor, to wrangle.

Dearth; famine; hunger;

chiien*.

An

chi*.

Yu*. ...
1

Toys, playthings.

circle; a small circle; to encircle;

to draw small circles as marks of

Chen*

||f Chiang

35

Shame, mortification; modesty.

To chatter, to clamor about; to
a secret.
Also ja?eg*.

difficulty,

tion; to guard; a large mart.

^ IK

Wy

BRut

To keep the gate

To press down;

$L Chin*.

HI Jang

paralysed; pock-marks.

punctuation or of emphasis.

[^ Fang

aEfl*>

jjj

to

applied

of any kind, meal; chalk, powdered soapstone; to whitewash.

rub on, to smear, to spread over.

P*j

f?t

See Sub.

to lay the

the piano, organ,

Ifflt

na*, also Les. 45.

hand on; to play a

stringed or keyed instrument.

To pat;

a hill; wild, untamed.

ashamed;

to blush; confused.

Disgraced; ashamed; to blush.

5f Chi?.

To order;

to enjoin upon, to charge.

To

9f|p# Chu fu*

IH -JJI SweP pien*.

At

charge, to enjoin.

pleasure, as you like, at

.your convenience.

llSf

K*

R#

OTI

ft

-tfc

ft

#.

ft

j>

ie

% m

n -

ft

Iflf

mPffl**

n m
*. ^ m \u
iEmsife*isu ^w^iift
it n
# & *r. w * a n
ss e ik xns
ft *s it *
ra
p m %>m m
_t.msai * ft
& ti
fe $ iw m an. m m &
& * * * ^aj# o i i i
m
s o nf#f# 1 i8 $p
ft. m. mm m ^ m. mma
*

-#a

jiK

o
ft*

24

ig

^
* o
a

21

pj

m n *

+ =

14 Chiang Yii Shan has no shame at

all.
He fears nobody.
15 Listen to that incessant clamor on
the street. Who is making a

0g t&

5.

i7

row with

Who

whom

know

that man's
bad reputation ?
17 There was no other (outside) person
If it was not you, who
here.
was it?
18 Who is willing to admit that his
own melons are bitter ?

16

does not

Who

can hang up a "no trouble

"
at his door ?
20 All living in the same village; who
does not know every body ?
21 No one can appreciate the feelings
of my heart.
22 This is not ray fault. Arts. If it is
19

notice

not your fault, whose is it ?

23 You should strictly charge him not
to tell anybody.
24 Just now they are in the height of
their anger, and no one will yield
to any other.

Notes.
not to the person telljjj here refers to the thing told,
be omitted. Its use or omission
ing it. The &} at the end may
does not alter the sense, but changes the grammatical structWithout it the translation should be, Who told you this ?
ure.

7 fjj' here means the white lead with which Chinese

women paint their faces. The idea of the proverb is that one
who has merit naturally wishes to display it.
neat way of expressing the idea, that it is to every
12
one's interest to stand up for the man through whom he gets

his livelihood.

14
is

is

and prevails in Central Mandarin, ft

where BE
slightly bookish in the South,

colloquial,

more elegant, but

is

16 The translation given supposes the sentence to end

with 5. If l'J| be used, the translation of the last clause
should be, Is it some one having a row with some one f The
$f. and on the f^ 5ft should be quite
different for the different interrogative endings.
18 lit is here equivalent to
C|. Its use in this con-

emphasis thrown on the

g Q.

general than that of

19 This sentence grows out of the custom of hanging
tablets over the door with complimentary or sentimental inFew families are so happy that they can hang up
scriptions.
an inscription setting forth that they are free from care.
22 This sentence, affords a good exeroise in emphasis.
nection

is less

24 M, 8t _t

used (3).
fjg is chiefly
I

IJT1

kit.

>

On

the top of their anger.

Indefinite Pronouns
Kft All.

Its sense is comprehensive.

When

it is
referring to two things previously spoken of,
to be rendered both; when nsed, as it frequently
it has the force of
is, with a single person or thing,

even

and when preceded by

$ itmeans severally.

Tt is frequently joined with the other indefinite

It follows the noun.
as an expletive.

pronouns

Hi Every body.

Its sense is distributive.

^J All. Its sense is collective. It is ordinarily

It precedes the noun.
applied only to persons.
the
whole
crowd.
All,
~fc%L

"^C

All, the

3tJ|$e! All, all

whole family or party.

together, the whole lot, in

toto.

5|fi>$fc All, every single one.

jfj 5j All together, en masse.

For

oilier

words of this

class, see Les, 158.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 35.

m + =
o m & *

r>

# *

&

*
***,

^>

8)1

U
%

II
ft

Rffi.

.
rt

tf

the world

^ 8

ft

common, vulgar

concourse; the majority;

See Sub.
whole; many

all;

the

To

seize; to collect together; to

operate on ; to draw near, to comb.
To unite in one, to comprehend all,
jUJ Tiling*.
the whole
generally,
generic
Les. 104.
must be; a president
still, in any case

jff

Lung

Have all [the gentlemen] come?

You may takeaway all except this.

iu all, over three

thousand soldiers.
9 That talk of his is all false.
10 Your two children are both gifted.

11

People's experience differs.

12 He treats everybody meanly.
13 I have not a single cash in the house.
14
alldo you knowin this place?

Whom

Ans.

jj||

To go through; to perceive; to make

known; to communicate; to pervade;
everywhere, general; the whole of.

Tung

current

Mi

Insulting ; oppressive; one-eighth of a

....... Chinese hour, or fifteen minutes; a
little while.
Also k l i\
5^lJ K-t*.

^Ij

^ K't

potP.

fij^ 'Li*

To

Chwan

ksin

1
.

Undivided atieuiUHi ; a
gle purpose

jt8 C'A'u*.

l-M JiC

To

-g

To run quickly;

to

show

regard pleasurably;

gal.

province; to diminish; to use

sparingly, to save; to avoid; fru-

intent on.

flavor ;

1
>t& Chi ch'u*.

To know the

flavor, to have a
sense of the fitness of things.

!pi listen*.

JHftB Ching
fFp Ching

alacrity; to
taite,

Also hiing s

sin-

j|i

"tia

ffc

flM

Pan

1
.

The capital

ch'tng*.

well; a pit ;
plot of ground.

an excavation

The fruit of

trees; really, truly ;

Les. 136
results, effects; reliable:

ChV

the district ruled by one

county,
magistrate.

Kwo&3

insult, to oppress, to treat

meanly.
Province of Shantung.

Sheng*.

graceful, elegant.

ft

Shan 1 tung 1.

gather into one; the whole, general,

entire ; to control ; a cine.

t$1 'Tung*.

all.

to deduct; to divide
Les. 135.
(math.) besides, except:
Pw6 Chien* shi*.
Opinion, sentiments ; experience ; discernment.

donot knowanybody at

To exclude,

pf? CA'm*.

earthly.

6
7

know.

mortal

m6

Who

15 The province of Shantung has, in

all, oue hundred and eight hsieus.
16 At what time he left, noue of us

metropolitan city ; all, every

See Sub.
one; in general

or f\j Fan*. All, everybody;

of tilings.
all are there iu your family?

8 There are here,

a*

tou 1

$$. Chung*.

7.

w ft m m
i A

Hi

sr

* #, it
i I H ou a
tt * ft. * *

TV,

are sick.
2 In both studying and writing, one
should give undivided attention.
3 Wheu a man gets old, both his back
and his legs are unserviceable.
4 Iu every thing, a man should have
a just appreciation of the fitness

fi

pi

jt

^o
O

m $

IP

oil

=?

n.
o

ft

tfy

is

^r.

%L

a
m

it

ft

His whole family, old and young.

w.

ii

1 i $
. fc

Translation.

ji,

an.

S3

ou*

A finger,
Sort, class

toe.

manner.

84

m t

IB

*&

f&

27

^s*

ft

ft

17 I always carry

m & a mm h\ a *.
m ft mm. m.w * &
,
&flLtf)Bto t is ft
ItMfi 7. * # *

me.
18 There

20

wl

-)j

-y- %

*W *.
o
o
& & o

$ m
& m ^- m n A wt m
?> m ^ n * t> * &
7.

#, ttJE.fi
29

spectacles with

water in the
All the water used is

no river

19 The business concerns [us] all.

can not venture to decide

I
it

myself.

20 Every tree that bringeth not forth

good fruit is hewn down, and
cast into the

ft

21

fire.

It is a very difficult thing to

please

every body.

25

my

capital
well water.

7^

is

+ h

3i

22 Children can not be

19

all alike.

Can

the ten fingers be all of the same

length ?
23 Yon must not follow the crowd in

every thing.

i i i

ff

I.

J!

ft

ft

A,

*<fcft

#>

aa

ii

24

o'IIKT I

^f

^,

*.

it.

24 The wind capsized the boat, and

everybody on board was drowned.
25 These things are all in confusion.

Arrange them in proper order.

26 This scholar is outrageous. He even
dares to swear at his teacher.
27 You two families getting into a
quarrel and going to law, is al>

o
18

of his getting up.

s ^ *
m m>
w mm m
8,
3& * ft
S JR. 1
1 f - A . ^
I f o
21

28 Card playing, thimble-rigging and

dice throwing;
he is skilled in
all of them.
29 1 know all about when, and where,
and why, and how, he did this

ft>

jjh,

*Br

$8:

I1 pan1

Swei* ts'ung*.

'

|f|

Alike, the same.

''-'-

To follow,

Ch wan\
i

fi$

1
$f Yien

$&5E
fL

"fcl

$0

ship, a boat, a junk.

To soak, to steep; to overflow; to

drown ; to tarry long.
To drown : Les. 183.
Yien 1 si s

A 8H Ltoan* p
confusion Note
oil*

ter, all in
)i@

Ees. 106.

to accord with.

T'ao

ment
j\)t

W>*M

7t/C

"

tia

Topsy-turvy,

helter-skel-

25.
to reach beyond.

P ienl-

to law.

JH Ya\
s
jj Pao

two 1

To overpass,

Wan*

a quarrel ; a hanger-on.
Form, appearance; to accuse; an
accusation, an indictment.
Kao* ckwang*. To accuse, to indict; to go

Chwang*.

thing.

ffl

Wicked

be-

To press down, to weight. See ya*.

Precious a gem ; a coin a treasure ;
a complimentary term
Les. 171.
.

M SP
3" /3|!
|g|5

Kt 2

Chi 1

To throw down

or at; to fling away, to

as earth.
reject; to shovel,

f Ska?

long creeping vine; connections.

3
a snrname read ki

As

$fe T'tng*.
$k Intercourse

trailing plant; the rattan.

a difficulty, an embarrass-

Dice.

A facing, a binding; correspond-

$f? Yien*, y&en*.

ing with something previously

To play at thimble-rig :Note 28.

/Com 4 p'at2.
To play cards.

yond bounds,
onii-aqeovj), incorrigible.

existing, a subtle affinity; because, therefore.

Yuen*

few

4
.

The cause, the reason

Lesson

MANDARIN LRBSOWS.

36.

m * + = n
% ^ ^ if m *

Translation.

m.

oiisosniiWoi
m s H
^ * & #*
s

6
fl&

^>

ji

ft

&
o m m
ib ^ ^ i
k it f& &m

No

to

impose upon your

matter what you say, he will not

What

have you used up

all

that

lot of

patches ?
baby has never cried so before.

5 My
6 Having abused you in that way, yon
should not suffer him any longer.
7

Knowingsomanychavactersasthat,
can you still not keep accounts?

8 In that case, I will decline.

tft

still

listen.

j&.

and

brother in this way.

ffl

4ft.

as yon,

Yon ought not

*
o o ii ^
T 3R ft g A,
m, m & # s
o -g Ji a w
$t*>% n m
m.

ik

ill iii^
a *
^ #

afraid

ji

aws

Such a great fellow

Notes.
2 In Northern Mandarin necessity is generally expressed
is used.
by ^f , rather than by ?J. In the South
13 fl|S in this sentence is used somewhat like our phrase,
"at all," / have not a cent at all in the house. Its use in
this way is common, but not elegant.
The sentence in the
lesson is taken from a Pekingese book,
yet a first-class

18

P BV

at all times; i.e., always.

; i.e., iviih

TfC. the

HI

eight accidents

$%

i.e.,

to be

a most expressive term for confusion.

i

a book phrase

lit.

ten

thousand vices

jS

'

much practised in
similar to the gme, or

a method of gambling

of China.

It

is

somewhat

trick, called thimble-rig.

Modal

Partiolks.
It is a question whether JJ should not
The use of @;,
be
written, and read as M.
always
however, is not without authority.

ia use).

jll

Such, in this way,

2!

jm

Snch, in that way,

so, thus.

so.

k? u

The more common and

with

/5

some parts

the water used

for domestic purpose*.

of all;

overtopping the heavens ; applied hyperbolically to a bad boy.

here includes all others, with the teacher as climax.
jjj|5

28
all

i.e.,

26 $5 la 3\

me.

water eaten;

ifr, to get the hearts

22 ^f J| 32J- have some long and some short.

The original and proper order of
25 ffl -fc 7\ I@phrase undoubtedly is, - 0l f\ rjf , seven disorders,

this

Pekingese teacher, in reviewing this lesson, threw out the ;{$

and wrote <|g|.

17 |$ here means,

ffc,

acceptable, or pleasing, to all.

following [my] body

^ A f

21

colloquial form is that

so used as to involve a compari-

When

Jggj.

son, the comparison is completed by as this, in the

case of jj| J|| and by as that, in the case of JJJ |c.
;

? Hi \ Sncn

li*'
The book
here used

it is

>

m tnat

wa y>

>

How,

in

what manner.

The normal use of flg is interrogative (see next

lesson), but it loses its interrogative force in some
cases
as when used in two correlative clauses
;

(11, 15); or when preceded by such words as ft,

etc -> (3> 13); or when immediately folP?> tSt>

so8

pronunciation of Jg is^'iw
read nin 3 or n&n 3 (the final n

is

but as
elided

lowing a negative, (14.) In some parts of Shantung, and perhaps elsewhere, ^g fe is often incorrectly used instead of Jjgj

Vocabulary.

/&

Tstn3

Ao
.

interrogative particle
followed by
why

See Sub.
^j

8
iVj'n .

Thus,

so,

such

generally
?

what ?

See Sub.

j|

Fit*.

To carry on the back

to turn the

to be defeated
J$fc

to bear, to suffer

back on; to abuse;

minus (math.).

x
J( ChH fu*.

To

to slight;

insult; to oppresn

86

ft

mm

* + 3

& mm m
- &m& & & *si $
o n *>
#iM* ft * a
# 7. m ft Ji & a. $ it *
* iB ft. tl * if it Jt 2t*S r
^
&& #

nit

&
o

i5

ie

9 I oan not do all that work in this

little time.
[prompt.
10 1 did not anticipate he could be so

)&

12

fiud out.

13 This

15 I do not care in the least.

Do just
as you think best.
16 According to what you say, there is
no use in my acting as go-between
for these two families.
17 That scholar is essentially lazy. No
matter what you do, he will not

11

14

fft

a very important matter

is

we must, by all means, come to

some satisfactory understanding.
14 You are not yet very old; is your
mind failing P

* fi a ^ $ i o m
^ ji m %. a
w *
it & ffflf o
&& ft.
1 i ^ 1 T
59
& o
m m, m & wg. m *, a ra ^
18

whatever

questioned him in this way and in

that way; and, after all, I did not

12

i.
o

to

the officer asked.

13

17

He answered according

1 1

fti

io

study.

18 With such a slippery road as

P'u1

To spread,

to arrange

the phrase
Cfcen*

used

See

fj j|g.

pu

Inner garments

for

Rags pieces of old cloth used for

pasteboard ; patches.

2i*

Ts'utig* lai*

Jin

Fortitude

in

Xai*.

To

^jj flSt

xao*
.

To

'fH

Lan ...

to bear, to suffer

to forbear.

JIJ

Hsiang

To think

Lazy

'pUffl

to expect, to

of;

to

expect,
Les.
91.
to

3$[

T'ung* kwai*.

Shwang

3
.

com-

Cheerful, buoyant; prompt,

ready; hearty.

Cheerful

^ $k Shwang*

light-hearted
healthy,
vigorous; sudden; ready, quick.

k-wai*.

Cheerful, healthy, vigorOU8 quick, prompt.

To arrange and record; aunals

h.

period.

slip, to

Weak;

stumble.

to hobble.

The unsteady motions produced by

WsJ&

slip-

a^

Tai 1

to stare vacantly
Foolish, silly
loiter, to tarry; a simpleton.

^ Tiao
^

To carry on a pole on

1
.

Tan*.

The burden carried on a

a picnl.

jp|

Chien 1

j|

Also tan 1

Chien

pang

pole,

a load;

The shoulder; to
1

to

the shoulder; to

See tHao 3

select, to choose.

sustain

firm.

The shoulder.

jjE Chi*.

disinclined to exertion; averse.

To

JjUx/fc

ping or stumbling.

Pain, ache acute feeling

miserate distressed.

T'ung*.

Lie*.

of; to arrange
grain, pulse ;

to anticipate:
jJJH

use.

Indolent, remiss.

7gt C/fie*.

To anticipate,

tao*.

adapted to

go-between, a match-maker.
Lazy ; remiss disinclined to.

flf Tod*.

deem.
?|

skilled,

f?|j

ability, skill.

long-suffering.

rely on, to trust to; to conform to;

to accede to ; according to, as.

Met*.

Age; years; time.

To fulfil an office, or

To

jfK-

patience

eM

function

Heretofore : Les. 119.

To estimate, to judge
.in order ; materials

3
ffi i Liao* hsiang

R3) Ting*

be patient, to forbear

$i (or

ffi

bear with; to suffer

strass, colored glass

IP

making

'patiently ; to repress; hard-hearted.

|j|jj

nP 7$2 Men 2 chi*

padding.

#5r5

also p'u 3

this,

a year,

1
J^${ Chien

ou*.

The top of the shoulder.

See Les. 47.

S^js

To jump;

Ping*, fing*.

ffc Fei

1
.

No, not ; wrong

cious

Les.

21

to rebound.

bad shameless,
and 135.
;

vi-

MANDARIN LESSONS.

fjtssoN 37.

^
m m m m m sn
B
# * m m t
# w #.
* ^^ w
Pf * # *
^ggfg
*r
1. it
. ft
$ * i ft f.

87

one can not bnt walk unsteadily.

22

ife

IE.

>1>

tf. jt

5E

si

| |

load?

mad
youngster is hopping
(jumping up and down with anger).
No kind of coaxing does any good.
Nothing will serve but to whip him.
22 What a pity that such a fine, fat
21 This

ft

SB

21

is

loitering (or,

stopping) in this way P

20 Are yon not afraid of injuring yonr
shoulder by carrying such a heavy

-ft

3\

What do yon mean by

19

child should die.

Notes.
3

here rendered what, though the force of the

We might render, No matter how you put it.
More literally, As many rags as that, and you have
is

]& Jg|

used them all

up

The

'

might be omitted, but

its

use adds

3 More literally, In thai case, you may count me out.

contraction for JB
9 xl Sfl i
j$J, or jiS j|j

The
13

and

JJ)

Ifr

Byt see

Leg

8ft-

to stop

or re/use to proceed

whereas jf\ means,

to be absent-

to loiter listlessly.

21

I2E'

dropped out in this way.

Hero Jfe and $| are both used,

^ J *

For the use of

here read Na*.

"
S8. H v ifL *?
hopping mad." Some would write
but I find no authority for using this character in this
sense; while the meaning of Sft is quite suitable, and it is also
read ping*, as well aa/Sng*. The dotible way of putting the
coaxing is a characteristic Chinese idiom ; while the use of

Igj is not unfrequently

is

16 Or, According to the way you represent it.

19 The two forms are not quite equivalent. >7 means,
minded, or

emphasis.

Jfj.

means.

how.

is

thought

this is a not infrequent form,

fy Jj) Jgj By is a phrase
in some parts. It answers to the English, by all

much used

the

LESSOUT

word

Rjt

intimates that Chinese coaxing

is chiefly deceiving.

2C2C2CVII.

Interbogativbs of Manner and Plaox

&jg

How?
How?

why?
why?
when jjj is used

MM

Notice, that
takes the third tone.

W5 5S \ Where ? The two forms

$$ JtL equivalent in meaning, but
-*

interrogatively

it

colloquial and somewhat

rarely heard in the South.

is

are quite

the second
It is
undignified.

Vocabulary.

To

Pi*.

flee

from

to

.to stand aside.

15 Hwei*

avoid; to hide to shirk ;

To shun;

ffi.

Chwa1

To

Stockings, socks.
scratch: to tear with claws; to

Choi

flt

T'wei 1

J Moti*.
flt

JH

bracelet, a wristlet.

...

To grind

The proceeds of the year,

A millstone;

flour at a mill.

mill. See

$& Hsin1

mod

2
.

k'ov? t'tng*.

Pain in the stomach, dyspepsia.

jt

Y&

Yffi

CM*.

^Jfc

to secede ; to shirk ; to
decline; to resign; to extend; to infer.

ch'Sng*.

-^ Sun1

Ohi 2

To push away ;

'L*

iiw

seize; to catch; to grab.

3

Shou1

the harvest.
to avoid; to taboo.

To avoid sacred names; to avoid a deli$> j||l

cate or forbidden subject; to keep clear of.
A small bell a hand bell.
$$ Ling 2

^ Wa*

JpC MX,

faj

"fL

grandson? a surname.
Vague addled, stupid.
;

To

obstruct, to stop ;
... dull united.

an impediment

Stupid, obtuse, doltish; obstinate.

To seize; to lay hold of; to keep; to
manage; to maintain; obstinate, set.

Chu1

ss-^r Chin

Obstinate, immovable.

ch'P
4

'

lisue

1
.

To get the
graduate.

first

degree, to

u m m t

8S

m -t + h
41 ^ * jf S *
k m & s* *# *
IE to SB * #
I p f I T SP If
fT 25-^ $> o ^ $
* ft V
J* +35 R"Wi!!lB #.
Ufi I o o
ft. m m a ^
3a
jg * o n ft Ji #
* * 9 iP

Translation.

& &
T
3

ll

B^

^T
ts

4
^ 4 Ji ff
# -& js ^ * T
m = it i# ft is
ft * it a it #
m m & m *
# * #, it %* $
# w * #> *. *
# a, ii * o m
*. *
o o
15

J&

ft

&*&

w. *.
o & Mr

*n

!.

ji

ft

Me

ft

fj

Hsing*.

tJp

fj

tH Htng

ft

SB*

fl

n
*

*.

Doings, conduct, character.

hsing* and hang*.

or

^j Tien

2
.

Shu*.

gjj YiiP.

How

sayings

To talk with;
sentences

a phrase

to tell;

words

he intending to go

ir

Chung*.

ffli

Tien 1

to

speak, to

To add; to increase;

Fit4

JK

At

tell.

to

to

throw

in.

ease; satisfied; to prearrange,

prepare; beforehand; already.

To prepare

'pjf Tex*.

to provide for; ready

complete; entirely; all; wholly.

To prepare,
Tsou* yue*.

to

To

provide ; to anticipate.
lie in,

Note

to lie

speech,

is

In the middle; a surname.

JJfc Pi*, p'i*.

To

shelter,

to be confined

22.

to cover

to

protect.

Properly pi*, but often spoken p'i*.

4

Hf J$E Hi*
f Hwoa*.

pi*

To

shield; to protect.

Evil, misery ; calamity, disaster, woe;

the judgments of Heaven.

to say.

language.

bracelets

my

it

Words, conversation;

cf Inf

|p -ff|

Also king*.

arrest

days ? Ans. I have dyspepsia, and

have no appetite.
14 Sun the Third is an intelligent man:
how is it that in this business he is

See

erect; to stand upright ; upright ; perpendicular; chaste.

word a remark

(or,

the harvest this year? Ans.

Nothing extra : only ordinary.
13 How is it that you are so lean these

To

talk

it

told to come quickly : how

that you have come so late ?
Where did he come from, and where
is

4* Ji

Crosswise, transverse
across.

don't you

why

You were

me

that yon have not yet

the
meal ready ? Ans. I was
gotten
hindered by going to grind at the
is

so obstinate

hung

How

12

kind, rank, order a rule or guide

2
actions; a part in music. Alsop'in

that

are?

If

Deportment, character, conduct.

2

tell

did you catch

him)?
8 Do you know where
9

&fc or

P'in*.
...

it

strangers come,

Where

acter.

$i

you

come and

Conduct, deportment, char-

is

is it

do, to effect ; to act; to play the

part of; to regard as. See wei*.

TT *$ Hsing 2 wei2

to

When

sfe

How

you did not hear ?

4 Where did you find your stockings ?
5 What about the business I entrusted

& *
& m
m n.
&

bell has rung.

mill.

14

To

The

ft

12

Wei*.

subject

13

fft

Why
Why

tt Ji

SB

did you not go to church ?

is it that you have not sense
enough to avoid an unpleasant

>

+ h m

-t

phrases,

KsJt

Tiao*.

To

leap, to jump; to hop, to dauce;

to palpitate.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

38.

* W * Mr w jk
W :* & IP #o iR
& 1 A ft m T> o
i E S 4 IB, ft. M .^
& o t ^e ^ fa g %

f&

sh:

15

B#

80

How

is it that yon do not do your

work at the proper time ?

16 His scholarship is only so

could he get a degree ?
17 I have a mind to hire

fft

-fie

19

*r

ft
f

ts

s a ^ & f* ft
H&
W fe & #
^ H
**&*. 31 #
>J>

ft

i
&

ft

iftl

t?

wii\-

^
|
^.
m
^

pi

In Jl

i
M

t^

$>

M.

*
U M

pj&o

s o
ft

22

hear that Mr. Ma's abilities are

very good, bnt I do not know what

20

No matter what is said, you dissent.

What do you propose to do ?
You do nothing but cry. No matter
what one asks you, you make no
What is the matter with
reply.

21

his general deportment.

is it that you did not speak of

these things sooner ?

anyhow ?

you,

*Pft
M.

can not come to school

Why ? Ans. My wife
to-day.
has presented me with a baby, and
I must provide for her the things
necessary for her confinement.
When we are all
23 What do you mean

jib.

III

Q.

ii

uh

Why

ft

as

19

&
m a

him

his general

22 Mr. Chung,

i 1
ft^f m

is

How

18

ft

is

Sfc

IE

What

gate-keeper.
character ?

so.

ti

in this

protecting you
way, why is
it
that yon persist in courting
disaster ?

Notes.
We

1
might with equal propriety translate, Why have
you not gone to church? The Chinese fails to mark the distinction between the imperfect and perfect tenses.
^ lj
is here equivalent to why, although its proper meaning is how.
The same thing is true of "how" in the English phrase,
'How is it that, etc.?" The sentence might be rendered,
How is it that you have not gone to church ?

20 fa Ht 15 Wti 'peak
niarly ;

If this

if

with

10 It is quite
noma quickly, but it is implied that it was either by the
speaker, or by some one sent or instructed by him.
12 The force of 7fc
%j- Ht is, that there was nothing
noteworthy about the crops, either good or bad ; that is, they

fj

is

Wb may

be applied to any one

but

crosswise, or speak perpendic

trill,

were average crops.

18 Note that -fj

you

woman's confinement ; also the month

22 ir?
*
following it. During this month the mother is supposed to sit
on her k'ang, eat certain kinds of food, and be served by her
husband and sisters-in-law. Such language sounds strange in
the mouth of one who is a pupil in school but it must be remembered that boys get married in China, and that such subjects as this are spoken of by them with the utmost freedom.
23 Lit., what sort of a speech is this? expressing both

made to end with US, the emphasis

PJf, it falls on "know."
uncertain by whom the person was told to

sentence be

on " where";

tpea/c as

21 m^ Jk fly i s 'he common Southern form. It is sometimes heard in Fekiug, especially when the cause, or reason,
is required ; while ]). Jgj 7m ' s U3e ^ when manner is spoken
of.
See Les. 80, Sub.

falls

J,e.

surprise and reproof,

%#M

jft 31
Jg tj&
Why must you go and jump into the pit of woe ? i.e.,
you persist in bringing disaster on yourself?

np

properly applied only to persons of some social standing.

^g

why d

-*^^^>w ^flJ^sa^->-

LESSCCEr

XXXVIIL

Four Cosimon

$ A branch, classifierofthings distinguished

for length,

rather than for breadth or thickness.

iinjruished

things as dispairs, also of some animals.

classifier of various animals.

^ Single,from
H Head,

classifier of single

Classifiers.
|7m A pair,- classifier of horses, and of kindred
animals though the usage in different places is far
from uniform.
For full list of nouus falling under each of these
;

classifiers see

Supplement.

90

m t

16

m a + =
f f f o I |, * ^
JV #> M 3l # *

n a + s
Translation.

3E

II

ft

is
fiue
truly a
strapping fellow.
^ I think this street must be over three

li

fM&lMfcffi.fgffl

mrrnxm*
ii

13

ft*

* M

R| o

flj

Wo

* ^

fc

worn

riding a large she-ass.

my

eyes

pain

to.

me beyond

endurance.

we go by that road it will be

further by at least five li.
8 One rope is not sufficient
use two.
7

If

Do yon want to sell

A certain man had

3R

10

if

%>

this

cow

a hundred sheep,
and he lost one (or, one got lost).

can not go to-morrow.

I have
rubbed blisters on both my feet.
12 Miss Li wears two gold bracelets.
13 I have rheumatism in this leg, and
on that one there is a boil.
1

ffl

*&-!&

W **. m
Pi

Both

f ^

:*

He was

are

shoes

6 I wonder where that dog has run

tt

Hi

W i&> $ B ft o
a a ^ ft . ^ $
ft
^

* *

#.

f*

it

Both

rS

long.
of Pao-tsfs
crooked.

s |g O = M
T m M jl
o m m $> -

the Second

Wang

Vocabulary.

jfc

Tiao

branch

One of a

see Sub.

A pair; a mate. A classifier:

P'i

sort or of a pair; single.

see Sub.
classifier:

BE

an item a secSee Sub.

classifier:

a switch

a law.

tion,
1
3!t Chi

A bubble,

1
fG P'ao

in Chinese novels.

& Chin

Metal metallic money gold; precious

Li3

of a mile.
paces, approximately equal to one-third

51 Wai 1

Deflected; askew, awry; crooked, aslant;

depraved, wicked.
2

ifoj

^
oft

To ride; to sit astride.

The female of equine animals.

Ch'i

Ts'ao3

To command

Ming*.

to

nance, a decree,

charge

an ordi-

commands, orders;

fate, destiny, lot; life; living creatures.

;1tjy

To take

Yao* ming*.

$B

Shtng

fc BI&:

^ Mi\
^t *Si
J?

tal

life;

deadly, fa-

To

lose; to neglect
slip; to fail.

To

the

unendurable, terrible.
cord, a string, a rope; a line.
.

to err, to miss; to

delude; to fascinate;

confused;

pefied; blinded; infatuated.

To lose one's way;

The same.

lost,

confused.

stu-

noble, honorable.

Jji

used in the South, also

Alsop't
place a village an alley with gates; a
measure of three hundred and sixty

a blister: See p'ao*

Younger sister Miss,

'h Jul Hsiao3 chie3

US! Ohoa
j|fl

Chin1

?ov?

Chin1 ku3 Peng*.

3
.

jfjfJLTa

Jj|

Tiles;

^|

chiang

P'ien 1

Ch'ung

1
.

Jc'ou

Ch'ang ch'ung

SM

Ya1

$|

On1

^$

Tan

62

yii

island.

Les. 124.

The

sole.

snakes, snails, insects.

2
.

snake.

treacherous, subtle.

The domestic goose.

To open out; to share^ to fall to; to

divide amongst a stall, a stand.
1
A stand for selling meat and
Ts'ai* fan
1

^ift

an

.See

earthenware; pottery.
mason, a bricklayer.

A serpent;
A duck.

the sea,

fish

Worms,
2

j!| J|
tyfe

yii?

Wa3

HlQi.

To

HPH

47.

Rheumatism.

hill in

3& Wa3

bracelet: Les.

The sinews; the nerves; strong.

Win?*?

^ Tao

vegetables.

Lisbon

LUoMlhi.

MANDAttim

38.

I-o^io*7^f!l

91

You

14

may

patch (mend)

torn

this

stocking.
15 There are

two boats fishing to the

Oh'ang Shan Island.
16 Chiang, the mason, fell off the house
and broke one of his arms.
sorith of the

think that this horse has the

greater strength, or has that one
18 The cook went on the street and
bonght three soles.
'i

16

18

^%

19 Both of the child's hands are as cold

as ice.

a huckster's stand were spread

out five pheasants, ten rabbits (or,
hares) and two deer.
24 The family of Mr. Chang the Second
are in very good circumstanoes.
They keep a cow, and a donkey,
and two mules.

15

25 Catch that small Peking dog

yard for me.

l-U !p

Shan

chi

1
if-gjl Yit? chi

IS Mao1
Sgf-fffi

,*.

5 Lu*
ch'ao

Ch'oti*,

H[,#ljt

K'wan1
.

1
.

cat.

jH;

51

swpport;

H$ Xo(i*
8^ Ha* To
1

Pa1
s
1
Vfc PE $) Ha pa

mnle.

Large-mouthed.
kou*.

The png-nosed Peking

in

dog.

P$) Pa

easy circv/mstances.

to bring up, to rear; to

; to develop.

to provide for

sip; to laugh.

Pfi

kindly; generous;
spacions; vagne; many.

the

172.

Used as a phonetic
and frequently read hP and tea1 *.

liberal;

Les.

the

easy circumstances ; am-

To nourish;

Yang*.

a stag.

Wide, ample;

remnant;

remainder;

K'wan 1 yu*. In

In Peking,

Gentle,

ch'otf1 .

ff!

in

pie; abundant.

rabbit; a hare.

deer

Overplus;

pheasant.

cat.

The wild
a hare.

Yie?mao\

Yh 2

rest; besides:

The same.

56, Tu*.

$fl

two

On

23

ffi

The same.

22 I bonght seven yonng chickens,

cocks and five hens.

20

Ts'ai* ch'wang*

There is a big
qnickly and see
snake at the foot of the south wall.

21 There are ten dacks and six geese in

the river.

5R:^C

Go

20

tfitfc

Do yon

17

T - i i.o ii
T"
ft 3L -^ {& ^ O ^
^%%^ % -k % * f- # *f
3B UfclWlll *
I SI
* # + IL o
J E $ $
* 31 *Ofrrft.# 1
^pfi
ci**** * H o ft ft ^ *
*l
=& ^ T ^ o
^ffc*
M. + * = IS #
ft
E **!**. T
. J&. * * II *. Ul
$. ^ o # ^ #> p m & &
&mm M &i * m m. be a ir.

^ ^ f

kov?

The same.

No TBS.
1 KJH, applied to a

man, implies that the individual is

very tall, and inasmuch as jj= is not ordinarily applied to
men, it suggests a tinge of ridicule.

9 Cows
though
13
ttb-

|ig||

are generally classified either by |f, or |${ (24),

is

it

is

15 When applied to hills, houses, streets, etc., "j$f means

Following the noun, it means south of; as, |1] $J\
south of the hill when preceding the noun it
means, the south,

smith.

southern
fJK

by jfj|, because it is long and by

one of a pair.
The latter is the more

leg is classified

because

dignified.

used in Hankow.

; as,

means

]gf

0j, the southern

ttreet.

In the same way,

north.

10 Hi

See Les. 141.

'$> ie* cold.
take that little Peking

26 Lit., You
catch him for me

dog in the yard, ana

n *

m % + s
ft If ^
ft o
& g % & ft> * -a
* > pT ft>

Translation.

o
'

ft

ft

Have
Has

gone?
The muleteer wants a cnmshaw.

ft

I desire

He

clothes.

'l1f.

IS

^mm 4\

ft

1S

ft.

the chair-bearers come ?

the
letter-carrier
(postman)

that the man I hire should

be able to keep accounts.
5 The handle of this knife is deer horn.
6 We mechanics can not wear good

&

iio * n #a t ^
IS ft
* g $ m &
ft o
ti m & ft.
o o
*. X *& m * *
m
m m
12

ffl

+ - %

sn

that ministers, Bhould do

it

with

perseverance.
You
8 There is a beggar without.
may give him a couple of cold
sweet potatoes.
9 The manager is not at home.
can not take the responsibility.
10 To lay in grain aud buy fuel, is the
business of the head of the family.

We

11

The farmer works hard, aud gets but

little

&

money.

Do you

intend to build your house of

sun-dried brick, or of burned brick?
13 The man who cooks is called a ch'u-

12

m.

ft Denoting the Material

ft Denoting the Agent.

ft, when added to a verb and its object, indicates the agent, corresponding to the English termination er.insuch words as letter-carrier, fortuneIn English the number
teller, book-keeper, etc.
of terms so formed is limited, but in Chinese ffy
serves this purpose with entire regularity, wherever you wish to apply it.

ft, when added to nouns of material, turns them

into descriptive adjectives, corresponding to the
English termination en, in such words as, golden,
In English the
leaden, earthen, wheaten, etc.
number of adjectives formed in this way is limited, but in Chinese the usage is entirely uniform
with respect to

such nouns.

all

Vocabulary.

Kan* chiao*. To follow and drive a beast

burden
2
3
VJt; Chiu ch'ien

an employ6, a
Note 3.
... cnmshaw

bonus

to

ter; one-tenth of a dollar.

angle
Sfc ife Chi*

Jg pa

fit

Heng*

sh'i*.

a cape

classifier:

superintendent
Note 7.
[See

Les.quar125.
;

a deacon:

pa

1
,

and

pa

Constant; perpetual

A yam

the sweet potato.

Pai*

^fe

)&

kwa1
Shan1 yu*.

jp|f

shu*.

Ti*

J_L| ^JF"

Kwari?

Ip-

taro.

EJ

The sweet potato. (Peking):

Note 8.
The same. (Shantung).

The same. (Southern).

To superintend.

shi*

Ti 2

To purchase grain

or 7$k Liang'

tit

Rations

for use.

grain; provisions
taxes (in grain.)

persevering.

Persevering.

The

rjr Tut.

A handle, something to hold by.

1
Hlng* hsin

ft?^
3 Shu*

To act as book-keeper.
horn; a corner; an

^fJ| Kwan* change

Chioa* chiao3 chiie*.

of

a muleteer.

to be

1
1
Tang chia

husband

To

Note 10.

Chung*.

To sow,

act as

head of the family;

the master of the house, a

to plant

propagate.

to cultivate; to

Also chung*

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 39.

*
m

i o fl
m w

ft,

A,

mm

99

tsi,

&

is

What

14

lfi

&

fl

and do not

affairs.

Onr

tea-pots are all silver-plated.

of the rich have gold- plated
ones.

16

Some

ft

$ *. * Z&
& *T
ft.
ft. o
*a + $ o % ^ o $i6ft ft.
^ - ft *pi- $ ^17^ ft o
m. m w m n> & a ft o f&
# ^ ^a
A S

Ant.

your occupation

understand military

W.

is

am a watch-maker.
am a literary man,

ft.

#>

and the man who waits on table

called a pai choa tsi ti (pai t'ai ti).

ffl

18

pro

Of the

17

five brothers, four

are business

men.

14

fortune-teller has put up his stand

at the side of the street.

9 At first sight, I took this pipe

piece of yours to be jade ;

looking more

closely, I

monthbut on

see

it

is

glass.

& 5

^ 1
21

ft,

Who

20

^ ^

ft,

Jfc

M i

IS

ii

1B

ft

Ans. It is the servant?

wrangling with the carters.

Heaven

is a most
glorious place
the walls of the city are of twelve
kinds of precious stones the gates
are of pearl
the houses and the
streets are all of pure gold.

21

ChH*..

if

{H j] Ch'u1
.

T.

Chi3..

To exert

...

3
f2> T'u p'ei 1

Sun-dried brick,

Ch'u?

ip\ Ta*,
ipl
fj||

Pai

jg

or

f(|?

Ifi

and

fa W'aP.

fro

mud

cook.

rinse; to scnll

to

To regulate to repair.
to plate: Note 16.
.

A rich

m, Liu 2

,g Sh'ng

i*.

To

Swan* ming*
Cha*.
At first;

^P-

^ ^t

tell fortunes.

at first sight; unexpectedly,

suddenly; for the moment.

1
#?? or i$ Yien

Vien 1

tai*.

Tobacco; tobacco leaves.

tobacco pipe.

liao*

Pan 1

To

SJI Jtt

To

scold

a troop:

KSn 1 pan 1

Jade

Clouded glass; glase.

Clouded glass,

distribute

set;

kind of glaai.

fine

to

and wrangle

disturbance.
a rank, an order
a

Les.
;

make a

140.

Attendants, servants of an
officer.

^ S Tien

fang*.

The heavenly

hall, heaven,
the abode of the blessed-

a term introduced into China by Buddhism.

5R

Yung*, jung

Hwa 2

^R

lp

Glory, splendor; honor.

Flowery, elegant glorious, beautiful

ornate; China.

man.

Business, occupation.

3?-ujj

1
"^ Shao

Also tan.

hard.

a gem
A

3
ffr nil Cfcao nao*.

ffi,

stone; a rock

. .

3
y\L Jp| Liu* li

JJE

gild,

Ts'ai* cku 3 ...

brick.

To

fa Sh?
.A
2
Yti*
ski
.
3 fa

jr$

brick.

sway
to stmt ; a pendulum.
table, a stage : Note 13.

li3 .

Hsiu1

ft

brick.

Tc wait upon, to serve.

To wait upon, to serve.

To spread out,io

$f 7V.
fit

hou*

to

mud

Sun-dried

si*.

$k ^s '**
3-

tsi

ft.

one's self.

Unbnrnt

li| T'u ch?.

Wi -f-

stone step ; ornamental tiles ; to

lay brick or stone, to build up.
Unbnrnt tiles or brick.

H *

&.

ft.

li*.

1
1
J2 P'ei , p'i ,

ft.

y$

making that disturbance

is

outside?

Glory, splendor, effulgence, grandeur.

3^

Chin 1 ..

^fC

Chu 1

#*fc A

.Precious; rare; excellent; valuable

A pearl;

a bead;

fine, excellent

pearl.

^ Je Fang
1

tou 1

Okie tao*.

Houses,

street

buildings

ft

Translation.

A iMfcfh*
*. fa &
o ^ #& *
*,?
* ft
S ^ H 21
*

*
a m %. T o iU ft %
2

Can you understand what I say

Yon go in and call him out.

tt{

My

ffi

m*

There

You can

wonder

it.

is nothing hidden that shall

not be revealed.
8 There will be time enough to wash
up the dishes before you go on the

^J

ii.

m m

JE

Jfe

& m * Ui Si
ft ^ *, # *.
^ ^ o o $
& m HMn n m.
% o

W. *.
o o

#j

-tfc

chicken has run out.

who has nabbed

ffl

%.

3 Will yon please punctuate it for me?

4 The door is too narrow; it can not
be carried in.
5 Empty the kettle for me.

ifl;

ffi

street.

not get white cloth out of

an indigo dye

10

He

pot.

rejected from the

virtuous men.
is

company

of

Notes.
3 Muleteers, boatmen, and all, in fact, who are hired to
do transient jobs, expect, in addition to the price agreed
idea
upon, a small present, which is called }B i&> The
"
in such cases ought to
treat,"
probably is that the employer
but this being inconvenient, he gives a few cash for the party
to treat himself.

4 f@ is here to be construed with J\> understood, at

the end of the sentence.
7 The term here rendered "minister," means rather, a
manager, one who has charge of some special business. The
same term is elsewhere used in the N. T. for deacon.
8 Sweet potatoes are of comparatively recent introducIn Peking
tion into China, and their name is not settled.

i# and $ ipl in Shantung, they

llj ^p! in Kiukiang, |ji ')
Hankow, simply ||t

they are called both (3

are called

j& !&'

(read shoo)

in

and

Nankiug,
in

10 jh

lit

%^

made

fj

to do

^
V t|
f?^

A full construction would require

til-

but one #F

The

duty for both.

^
but

is

and She other

elided,

Jfc ff>) is ordinarily the

in case of his death or

father, or head, of the family ;

disability, another member is appointed to control i;he business
of the family.
This is generally the elder brother, but not
always. The term is also frequently used by women as the

ordinary designation of their husbands.

IE

is

used only

of

buying grain.
13 ]at M' My

is usea< t0 designate the servant who

spreads the table and waits upon it. The term is only u*ed
in connection with foreigners.

16 Botli J* and "gj are used

terminology being as yet unsettled.
old

way

XiEJSSOIDsr

is

for

To

electroplating, the
gild by fire in the

&%

2CXi.

Thb Auxiliary Verbs QJ AND

91 9K Come

^ Go

out.

"I

As an auxiliary,

{|J is

nearh

} always followed by JjS or ,

J
and corresponds in a measure to the use of the
"
"
word out after verbs; but it is used much more
" out " is in
English.
freely than
ttj

out.

5f

$5 Oome

sH^g* Go

in. )

As an

auxiliary,

jg

is

also

nearly always followed by JjJ

or ^, and corresponds in a measure to the use el
"
the word " in
after verbs in English.
It is not
See Supplement.
nearly as much used as {fj.
in.

VOCABULABT.

^J

A stop,

Chn-'.
.

a period; a sentence, a phrase;

a line in verse.

A classifier: Les.

42.
!

Yien*.

To screen;

to cover,

to conceal;

Yien* ts'ang*

Lou*.

to

To

To

hide; secret

disclose, to expose; to reveal,

protrude.

Also

lu*.

'

bide from observation.

Tien*.

Indigo; indigo color.

to

MANHARIN

Lksson 40.

- O
m +
A

*
20 o

p i mmmW^
m *. *. i
*. o o # ^f# * m,
o jfti7|X M W
#J *

If

^n

g & 4>
* ^ T PR *
Hi

tt

Bfc

21

14

15

lft

Of

these two sisters, I can not

distinguish which is which.
Yon had better
18 It is going to rain.
17

take in the sedan chair.

55c

9 Mr. Li has come.

to

You

ffi

rank, a

;x Sai*.

ffi Tsu

A classifier of companies.
Also

stopper, & ping, a cork.

3g Wu1

plug, a cork.

(c.

and

si*.

To grate the

To

Chief?

To

1
$fj Jeng *.

HI

abandon; to
throw away.

To examine,

to inquire into judicially ;

to scrutinize

jj^

Pa1

To

Also p

An

Ts'P

^fljf Chang

kwei*.

ifl

\i

Wu*.

Chin
Sp.

To

Mtn* chin 1

talk;

An army;

To

Shou*.

A devil,

KweP.

tary

officer's

gatekeeper.

a billet;

Les.
;

147.

The

soul of a

a demon.

dead man before

it is

formally enshrined or deified; a ghost;

a goblin; a demon, a devil ; any monstrous thing.
Devils, the devil.
JH[ yfa
T$fr

Hwoa*,

To

delude, to blind the mind ;

to unsettle another's mind, to

he*.

excite doubt or suspicion.

^ MP
rS

hwod*.

To delude

to beguile ;

ft

1ft Sht* chHng*.

Using* fa

SK ! Hwan
J$L

hsP.

Shu*

A&

Ta* *A *

"pj

snare, toils.

To imitate; a pattern; punishment;

JW

to *n

snare, to befool; a delusion.

Hsing*.

a soldier; military.

guard at a gate, a mili-

get your

tortnre

a surname.

him

receive; to contain; to endure,

to bear ; to suffer :
Les. 79.

17.

Superintendent, manager,

a card; a placard
petition; a report.

J$& Mod*.

JW

head-man, boss.

certainly not

Ch'iien 1 t'ao*

sister.

Note

i8l

a*.

younger

Sisters, a sister
3

to discover.

elder sister.

^js Mei*.
typfyfe.

divide; to pnll apart; to tear or cut

out.

$i

reject,

will

A writing scroll, a writing

THe 1 3 *.

to choose, to pick out.

to

discard,

to

Ch'a*.

Ift5

yfa

select,

Invite

3c
(n.) Rubbish,

Ans.

in.

To report to a superior; to receive

from heaven a petition.

HI IPo

filth; dirty, foul, (s.)

}$

teeth.

fretful,

Worried, vexed;

^f| Ping

s.)

Small; sordid; crowded.

jS Ts'u*.
JK||ji

a group, a company;

file;

a crowd.

come

20 The earnings of ten men would not

be enough for you to spend.
21 Gen. Wn's gate-keeper is too strict.

ffl

up?

it

i=-

Twei*.

very

15 I can not find that he has any fault.

1 6 If I should tear ont
my heart and give
him to eat, I could not please him.

12

\g$.

is

ont.

have washed the clothes

you should pour out the dirty water.
13 Select the good ones, and throw the
bad ones away.
14 This little account is very simple;
how is it that you can not reckon

13

ffl

it

When you

12

tfj

$
M

^ o
T. M. U & ^
A ft w a m $ $ Je **
A
W # 18 P * K ff W
ft A J# JG * 7.
it W
P^ & if m tu & # *
* m * ftS&JftW
*
* 15 *r fi ^ @ . *. it
a f$ $. ft
A JH JB
o

bottle

this

I can not pnll

tight.

ffl

The stopper of

11

as

IB

r.ESSOVS.

castigation

penal; law.

Punishment

The
To

-torture.

facts, the trntk.

rejoice, to be glad
fied ; pleased.

satis-

A father's younger brother

The

seni r

&

* *

T>

& %

% W o
* #> * *

23

Q a

=&

85

fit

Al

pt

*.
o

m w
m

IS

If

+ a m

81

Jw. I have a
which
be sent in.
it
can
plan by
22 When yon have been ensnared by
the devil, it is hard to escape his
petition sent in.

it

*.

i*'*]h

%&

22

ft
ft

toils.

23 Without torturing him you

&
^

* 4% A**& ft
* m m m. s

will not

get the truth out of him.

24 Whether a man is pleased or not, can
always be seen from his eyes.

25 If you, uncle, positively will not do

anything, you will put me in a very

ft

embarrassing position.

Notes.
2

jit

is

here used as a principal verb.

the lesson

is

illustrated

3 *H tB
punctuate

mJ

by

2jS-

'V

5tt

$
Lit., point out the clauses;

i.e.,

Note how the verb is left without

both of which must be supplied from

either subject or object,

the context.

6 Wi does not here mean

to

lift

the kettle and pour out

In like manner, Jjj[ does

the contents, but simply to empty it.

not mean to tale out the kettle, but simply
^r*

relative, the
Les. 23.

of

it.

jfb

The sabjeot

pi

3jS ft

its

toSR ft?*

See

10 A witty saying, meaning that the person referred to,

so far from being a good man, is refuse, whom good men have
eliminated from their company.

Jk

is

without emphasis.

If

and

but

is also

^^

emphasized the

20
idea of

heard at sea ports in the North. Jjl Tg

is, an employe, in the office of head-man

and often

be,

husbands

family.

-6k

it,

may

clause

A proverb applied to one from a vicious or disreputable

16

the children of a family.

19 In the North, 5j fl is generally used of the headman of any business. In the South, ;jgj /fjjt is used in place of

contents.

The ft here makes the

antecedent being the clause,

meaning would be, I can not find out what fault he has.
17 5$ lT> moans properly, sisters, but is often used in
the singular, either of an elder or younger sister.
It is also
sometimes used to mean both brothers and sisters ; i.e., all

'8

5j

** e proprietor.

Tgi that

is

frequently call their

the head-man of the house.

It really requires

"

Women

both

9k ~T and

j to cover the

money."

25 This sentence does not properly illustrate the subject

but it has both Jg -Jj and CQ ^ used in a

of the lesson

very idiomatic way,

ft

$ # ft

ffi

So circumstance me that
in;

J.

% jg ^

ft,

I can neither go out nor come

neither retreat nor advance.
The order is often

i.e.,

changed to

^^$

ffl

ft.

LESSOJST XLI.
The Auxiliary Verbs
j, as an auxiliary verb, expresses the idea of
over, either in respect of time, or of place. It gen-

after it.
When followed
erally takes Jjj or
it indicates motion over and towards : when
by 2|S,

followed by ^=, it indicates motion over and away

In many cases the original idea of motion
from.
is

lost in that of change.

AND

[U, as an auxiliary, expresses the idea of turnIt also generally takes J}J or
after
ing back.
it.
When followed by J$J, it indicates motion back

and towards ; when followed by {, it indicates

motion back and aw;ay from. The range of its
use is more limited than that of jg.
For full list of verbs followed by each of these
auxiliaries see

Supplement.

Vocabulary.

An

orifice, an aperture ; a cavity ;

the mind; the avenues by which
the mind acquires knowledge ; the key or due.

Ck'iao*.

'Ci*

1
TTsin 1 chHao

Power

to

comprehend, the

understanding.

5$ Ch&
$|

Lai*.

nephew, the son of a brother.

to rely on ; tc assu me

To depend upon,

to pretend, to
falsely; to deny, to ignore.
Lai*- hsue*

trump ap;

to accns

To play truant

(s).

MANDARIN LK8SONS.

Lesson 41

Wk

97

Ss

m.

fn

H H

With such a tongue as his, I am no

match for him.
12 Mrs. Snn is in the dining-room: go
11

llltiei&it&TttfcfflfMR:

&

ft

&

ft

o *.
#21 o

ft

^ * %

ft>

#K

and

mT#.T>M
i$

you go over yon can take

along his umbrella.
14 There is no place there to
sleep.
Would it not do for you to move

ex^^w

mm,
$ w
* . * M $ jMffi *? o u
T. o- * + o 04 rc je m
o 3B #n 1S M * % o #, am
+23- 4*$ JB T. a ft &
1 & m
o g # #
* #, * ^ ia n m m m
20

over here

22

vftvtU

i8

**&*.* *
35 14

definite opinion.

19 This

is one you brought over

the side house.
You had
better take it back again.
20 These ten boxes of kerosene oil were
sent from Shanghai by mistake.
I mast send them back again.
21 Ohu Senior has now reformed, and
avoids every form of dissipation

fft

nit
-**.
&
m m m m ^ m ^
m
fl|

i:

and profligacy.

f 7.*i
f 7.S 7.*
- ^ 9
R & t, o
H fl * f w
# *..K #

22 That night he was very seriously iH.

He fainted, and it was a long time
before he revived again.
23 Ten oily-mouthed Pekingese can not
get ahead of one tonguy Tien-

IS

16

pT

7-.

broom

from

^a*

ffl|.

Arts. I have.

What

they took from ns, we must

get back again to-day.
17 The folks of the south village brought
a box of jewelry to settle the
betrothal, but were sent back [with
a refusal].
18 He talked the business over and
over, and, after all, expressed no

15

17

Have you eaten ?

16

19

7 1, I 1 I I lt
#1 If $
$ #

invite her over.

When

13

tsin ese.

ffl

Notes.
2 It is a traditional idea that the mind receives knowledge
through apertures in the heart, and the more of these apertures
a

man

has, the quicker is his power of apprehension. fQ T^

of wealth) was reported to have

(now canonized as the god

seven such apertures in hiB heart, and the tyrant $J 3l had

his heart cut out to see if it was so. Eg jjt is to have these
openings freed of obstruction, thuB admitting the light which
gives knowledge. f(| 'Js. JK 2jS is to have these openings
turned in the right direction, that so the light may find due
entrance.

10 The $$. at the close of this sentenoe might be omitted

without detriment.
11 The more usual form is fjfc /^ j fa.
fjfc fa 7[*
is an elegant transposition, which is also used in colloquial
in some places.
12 Chinese houses have no dietinctive "dining-room.''
The terms P fjR 1st an<* IS Jft< are on, y u8ed in connection with foreign houses, ppj J3 fa zfc is not'precisely the
same as tft fa IS 2j In the first, the stress naturally falls
on the wprd fjjf in the second, it falls on ift The first means
the second means simply t
(o bring her over [by invitingj

jft

of the

' '

cated by the use of the word ]J[ or y&-

did not express a

white, i.e.,
nothing to the point ; exor
decision.
pressed no definite opinion
21 Hi ^Ci tfk wR Kb> etc -> ha* nothing to do with such
vices as gluttony, drunkenness, licentiousness and gambling.
These terms are linked together as a comprehensive summary

l8ij&tUfl8l!fftj|&*
black or
said

blue, red,

and are

of dissipation,

23 This

come over, her coming, or not, being no concern

party inviting.
15 /n, as here used for eating, is in some places quite
colloquial, and in others it has something of the stateliness of
"
/ have the advantage of you
the word
jj| js
j
partake.
in that I have already eaten;
used when one happens on
others while eating, or about to eat.
17 A. present of jewelry to the bride elect, is always
necessary to the settlement of a marriage contract. In this
case the friends of the intended groom went with the presents
in due form, supposing, or assuming, that the proposal was
satisfactory ; and were sent back again crestfallen, as is indiinvite her to

aud

--Jijs

is

all

included in the term

|aj !g|.

a pithy fling at the people of Tientsin,

~r- a* here used, arc slang.

jjjj

-f

Lesson 42

m m $

at

ft

o
3fe

22

* & m m ^

it

W % ^
ft *f
& 3B

19

A *
* A - a,
1

To

Also chiang*.

Oongee; starch; broth; syrup; pus;

to starch.

WC Chiang hsi2
%, Win2 Lines, veins

til

To wash and

variegated elegant ;
civil; literary; scholarly; ornamental;
as of prayer.
Les. 125.
classifier:

a form,

strife ;

iron.

^^^CCh'ien

tsi*win2 .

T&$5 Ki 2

To

unt*.

the

nature of

things; natural science, physics.

Ju*.

pP

Yin*.

To

enter; to penetrate to pay in or receive; to progress; income.

a stamp; to seal, to print, to

take an impression of.
To alter to transform ; to influence
to melt, to transmute, to decompose.

yC Hwa*.

seal,

VC^k Hwa* hsue*.

Li1 lei1 To rein

35 yC

or set

Ht Win3

tang*.

To advance money;

Tien*.

to

put

down; repose.
Steady, safe, secure.

ki-tst

each

that

old

cents

to

me two

book-

make good;

to

to

wedge up, to shore up; a cushion.

Form, figure, shape; body; manner,
style; material; to give form to.

hsiie 2

The science

of form, geo-

metry.

A table, an

If! An*.

official

desk

the records of a case

ill

"S^" 1

Ik

jUJt

Su1

1
y$ Chou

a case in law
an

affair.

A study table.
a
bench;
stool; a form.

an *~

5p Ting*.

species of thyme.

district larger

than a hsien; a con-

tinent; a region.

Suchow.

Capital of Kiangsu Province.

4>U Hsiang*. To look at to prognosticate a minister of state; similar. Also hsiang 1
minister of state (ani6 4V Hsiang* hung1

f|f yj\

in

gentleman;

$1

g Ku

$W8&

Peking,

Loa*.

Astrology ; astronomy.

Firm, constant; secure, stable;

it up.
seventy-five

requires

22 1 want you to make for

Chemistry.

to rule;
in; to restrain
to exact unjustly ; to strangle.!

T'ien 1 win 2

f|t Win*.

It!

scrutinize

a
in

purchase a geometry.

^ Using
^ Esing

The One Thousand

Character Classic.

me

characters

thing to prop
21 It

make a

j|i

ig

should find some one to

17 It will not require long; I only wish

to speak a few words.
18 Please put that book in the t ao for me.
19 That little scholar Li T'ien Pao is
He can commit
certainly gifted.
to memory ninety lines in one day.
20 This table is not steady. Find some-

fifty

ao

wonder who borrowed

astronomy of mine.

16 I

SB

starch.

with eight
column.

*fc

and

hundred

for this chemistry.

15 Please, teacher, rnle for
t

Mu*
a m ?r u n
nr
$ * ^ s x. *, -

3^ Chiang

You

14

fl.

m
n *
+ m

S^ffftiH*
$
^
1

#|

16

*>

two

it.

book of Natural Philosophy is

priuted from wooden blocks.
13 Mr. Ma has one landscape
painting
which is worth twenty taels.

^ ^.
o
$ m
m % ft. nii w
i # o % m w.
3K ^ $ ^P. o

3tf

Chiang

lines in

ft

ffl

17

git

fit

has just
12 This

3l

.
o J
i 18 o

m $, Ei
t..o q,*
$ mm*>m
^ >
& ft
91 #. * ^
# #-* #>
*. -b g\ it w 35
)|5e

- + b n

m m % t

100

cient) ;
actor.

an

tlie

son of a

gong.

to arouse; to encourage; to
bulge, to swell; to warp.

drum;

Gong, drum, cymbals, etc., used as an

accompaniment in singing or acting.
Glazed crockery. China-ware.
sj 7y?

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 45.

w m w m W

JH.

a w *\

101

benches

tables, one round table, six

and .one cane bedstead.

3ft

I went to Sochow 1
Mr. Wang the Third a set
of brass musical instruments, costing thirteen thousand four hundred
cash, and two nests of stone-ware
basins, costing two thousand two
hundred and fifty cash for each nest.

23 The

time

last

bought

for

Notkb.
the dropping of the
1 The
second character of y} %L, which is the more general term.
Those who decline to drop the final /|C, use the general
use of the classifier causes

classifier above.

3 Kanghi's

dictionary

is so

called because

made

in the

and by the order, of the Emperor Kanghi, the second

and most illustrious emperor of the present dynasty. A 2|
is a number of volumes enclosed in one case.
Large works
are usually put up in j|5 of six or eight volumes each.
6 The words 31 f@ are inserted to indicate that the two
are to form the pair which are necessary in order to }p
reign,

a thing.

They might, however, be omitted without

damage to the sentence.

6 The first clause

a rhetorical inversion for

is

^t
.

9 In Peking, !| is generally written for to starch ; but

doubtless the proper term is fjg When read in the 4th tone it
means starch, and in the 1st tone, to starch. Where hard
sounds are used, the sound of J, being soft, is incorrect.

The term

^ DC

is

ures of four each, no character being repeated

a singular inversion of the natural order.

12 A* Pl> entering the door, is a common term in the

titles of books which are introductory or elementary, /fc IR
a wooden block, or board, engraved with characters for printing.
/fc is added to distinguish this style of printing from that
with moveable types, which are called fj IJlt. An electrois a f(J <fRstereotype is a $jf $.
14 T& =1= and fl=f *p (21 are names given by foreigners.
17 .H 5. p] n> three or Jive clauses of words.
j^
three or two clauses, is also sometimes used in the same
n.

type plate

special

If Hi lif' hy which stress is thrown on the f(f ff ]|j

7 The sentence might also be rendered, Go out to-day
and buy me ten pens, etc. Which meaning was intended would
depend wholly on the pauses made and inflection used.
fft

here means to apprehend, which is one of its more

10
unusual meanings.
11 The book called ~f*
jiC consists of one thousand
common characters, arranged in two hundred and fifty meas-

TJJ.

way.

A book, or portion of a book, which has

19 9i
not been previously seen, or learned.
When
dollars
were first used in China, there were no
21
fractional coins, and the dollars were chopped into sectors
-

and used instead; and from

now means a dime or 10 cent

this

came the term

jfy,

which

piece.
their books in

22 Instead of putting
bookcases, the
Chinese usually pile them on long tables at the side of the

LESSOIT XLIII.
Th* Auxiliary Verb ^|.
f%, as !tu anxiliary verb, expresses completion
under the aspect of practicability, feasibility or

With a negative it strongly reverses

propriety.
these ideas.
It is not infrequently inserted between the principal verb and another auxiliary, in

which case it adds to the force of the affirmation:

Compare Les. 31. In speaking, it is often heard
tai, which is simply a corrupt pronunciation,
ffi
is sometimes substituted for
it, with
little, if
very

any, change of meaning.

Vocabulary.

Us ter

Deflected from the right; depraved,

corrupt, evil; heretical; corrupting;
magical, demoniacal haunted.
3Jft

Mien 3

g Km1

To

avoid; to escape from ; to evade

to let off, to excuse, to forgive.

-.

release.

to nntie; to extricate; to
dissipate; to dispel; to explain; to

Also

chie*.

To

sorrow; auxiety low-spirited,

melancholy mourning.

Grief,

To open;

Chie*.

jfi;

Chin*

thirst; to

long

for, to

put after.

Near; recent soon to approach; sim;

ilar.

Vao1

tale,

a rumor; a false report

m e

102

= + h n

sr

m ~ + a

Translation.

'

* *

7.

ft

#.
" o

#,

ft

$
I

is

#10 w%

JW
ft

Ml

3R

ft

* o

i ^ Hf *
*
& * o #
- o m m % m w
* if i otn
* n % m* m * &,
m. 7 i*. a n o
$.

is
haunted and is not
habitable.
[docility.
2 Do not be deceived by his outward
3 Restraining momentary auger may
save a hundred years of sorrow.

l4

St.

A o I K t

J:

ft

ft

ft

$p

Yao* yien*. False reports, flying

if

alarming
'$1

Ch aot

WL

SUP.

',ffi}JV|f

The

tide ;

%
# t

Rfr

fa*.

*. S.

ft

&\

o
5

m.

rv. mors,

damp, moist.
;

damp, humid.

fy ^$ KweP shin*.

$}

You provoked

12

A shed, a stable;
To doubt;

1*.

1
^C Shang* THen

fH Tung*

surmise; to hesitate.

i*.

What

13

Education,

Heaven

civilization.

(personified), the
powers above, Deity, God.
To deceive; to hoodwink ; to conceal
the truth.
.

Copper; brass.

No wonder
[caught

we do?

shall

he

fire.

the stable has

Regular, invariable; natural relationships; right conduct; species, class.

Tf Lun*.

The five relations; viz., husband and wife, father and

son, brother and brother, prince and officer,
friend and friend.

/V nS

J&n*

$iL
^J JT

Tsa* Iwan*

lun*.

Same

Pen* fin*.

@f

Tswei*.

IK

Ku*.

as U,

$. Les.

32.

Duty, obligation the things

becoming any station.
;

Intoxicated, drunk; stupefied.

To attend

to, to

regard ; to

reflect

on

to assist, to patronize.

H$

Chi*.

|$

Lin*.

fe

Slit*.

To govern;

to limit; to hinder; to
cause to do, to control to test.
Near, contiguous a neighbor ; a neigh'
borhood.
;

To lodge a
;

my.

Suspicion.

Chiao* hwa*.

Man*.

to

a tent; a platoon.

him.

got angry.

provoke, to stir up, to excite; to induce, to bring upon.

$|$ %jk Esien*

f*

Statute law; the

To

$RPVri.9*

WlVC

pernatural beings in general.

JP.

sore; the itch.

law of the
land ; punishment ; order.
Demons and gods the gods; sn.

6 If you did not know, you are not

then to be blamed for it.
7 Water at a distance will not quench
(save from) thirst near at hand.
8 Those are all flying rumors unworthy
of belief.
[purpose.
9 This mode of speech will answer the
10 With such a damp house as this, it is
no wonder you have the itch.
11 You may evade the law, but you can
not escape the gods.

W I
x # *#

well I never,
sure enough.

I ? Wang

stories.

Wet, soaked

A small

ft

tt

Damp, humid.

Chie*

* * o
M % #

1
E Hf| Kwai'pti ti*. No wonder,

$ff-

is not worth while trespassing on

your time with this trifling affair.
5 He who stands firmly on his feet, need
not fear the force of a strong wind.

4 It

That house

$1$^ A
tyj

Fang

1
.

shed, a cottage, a dwelling,

Also

shi*.

neighbor, neighbors.

An

alley; a hamlet; a neighborhoods

an honorary portal a factory.
;

Chie 1 fang 1

$f i#
01 Hsiao*. Duty

Neighbors.
parents and seniors; mourning apparel; time of mourning.
to

Lesson

MAHDABIN LESSONS.

43.

103

14 She

$ # m % ^
If T. T> ^ *
w o n ~x #
* A i. f
#. o
27

26

0.

^H A

*.

& o ff
m n^m

#
&

&s

jm

. W.f7f A.

25

16 Education is most essential.

17 You may defraud others: you can not
defraud Heaven.
[not usable.
18 I have an old brass tea-pot, but it is
19 You may deceive man (or, men): you
can not deceive God (or, the gods).
20 The genuine can not be made counterfeit, nor the counterfeit, genuine.
21 The human relations must not be

17

;*

is urgent.
One can not
stop to guard against suspicion.

The business

15
15

I ^ . 7.
^ nmmm m

a 24 * n

a o

z-

*>

is the yonngest daughter-in-law,

and nothing is under her control.

confused.

^ M autt o

m
& m
ji ^ . & it 10 * ai
* a h % A * #
m w rs ft #7 s
A. T 1 fl. * o A.
o f *E - * f. A
f^ *. & in & # *

19

21

I$S

28

ff

^ Hsiao* shunK

jjjj

F'an*.

^ ^
# o
*
%&
o
^ ^
m &

P an* wang*.

To look/or,

.long

to

to expect.

hope

,e

for, to

is not fit to be used.

He
not behave himself.
He is

man

will

18

Dutiful to parents,,/?/?*/.

To look towards ; to long for,

22 That

continually getting drunk.

23 Will yon allow me to speak a few
words with you ?
24 Every one, when he is first born, is
dependent every moment on his
father and mother.
25 I have been so poor these two years,
that I really have no way of living.
26 In looking out for himself, a man

To illumine; effulgence, splendor.

*B Yao*.
$K jH Jungtyao*.
Splendor, glory; honor.

To follow

Nien*.

iJB Chwai*.

for.

after, to pursue.

To throw away, to cast

Also yie*.
drop

aside, to

NoT18.
5 More literally,

It

wX not do to trust to hi* appearand

elaes,

the

1$

are superior, exercise authority, are canonized,

of docility.
3 A proverb somewhat Wen-It in style.
6 A proverbial couplet in rhyme.
6 $5 may here be regarded as standing for the matter
referred to, and be rendered it; i.e., what you have done; or,
it may be regarded as combining with Jjjt to form a conjuncThe translation
tive adverb, meaning, then, in that cane.
It might seem most natural to
views.
given combines these
make it tand for the first clause, and so render, Tow not
not to be blamed for.
This, howknowing, is a thing you are
ever, is not the correct sense.
9 Note how fjfc here takes three auxiliary verbs after it,
each of which adds to and modifies the force of the principal

and good. A canonized %, becomes a Iff. The attendants

and messengers of the St are $L
Use/1 impersonally, as a
philosophical term in Chinese cosmogony and metaphysics, it
refers to the (supposed) inferior and
superior powers of
nature, viewed from the spiritual side.
|tj and PJ5 characterize these same powers from the
physical side.

If the jE were dropped out, the translation should

This language is admissible.

14 This might also simply mean a young daughter in-law,

referring to her being recently married and young.
16 The jjjj; is transposed for rhetorical reasons.
The

verb.
be,

10 ot

'

9 ' ne

general and proper term for itch; but in

the Soutb it is rarely used, ^ff which properly means a boil,

or sore, of any kind, being substituted for it.
11 A common saying in the mouths of those who would
exhort people to virtue. The term
7|Wp is a comprehensive
,

As a class, the
classification of all spiritual beings.
inferior, subject to authority, unoanonized, and evil.

^As a
are

13 J /p f=f is a common exclamation, used when anything disastrous or alarming suddenly occurs. It properly
expresses the idea that matters are beyond all remedy, but
is often uBed as a mere
The addition of a ~X
exaggeration.
at the end serves still further to
strengthen the expression :
See Les. 88, Voeab.

regular colloquial form would be,

sentence is from the Sacred Edict.

jjjjf

^|? /{\

^f $j

17 The use

The

of 5}$ J\, in the first clause, shows that _fc

is the
regarded as personal. This use of the word
only meaus that Chinese colloquial has of expressing person-

7^

is

ality.

m m m

104

&

5fc

* I* *,
a
1 ^ S
*& $ ft
83

>l>

Jtt

ft

n
must

#.

ft

\m

- **

A.

ft

M HJ % T &#*
o
II T ^ i T> T> + I
*
3?
ft. * ft # ^
* 8. ft * 1 # ?#
ft

f#

29

19 If the speaker were a polytheiat, he would of course

be understood as using Ifff in the plural but if a monotheist,
he would be understood as using it in the singular. The want
of a plural form leaves all such distinctions to be inferred
from the circumstances or connection. Fewer mistakes are
made in consequence than one would be ready to suppose.
;

22 ?B i s here somewhat redundant.

additional force and perspicuity.

It is

added to give

The

C.

first yff

When _C and y

expresses necessity, being put for (& f^f.

are used together, they generally mean
Here, however, _ attaches to JjJ, and "f

above and below.

is used as a
principal verb.

27

My

keep within the bounds

Jit to be seen.

too poor: it really is not

can do nothing at all to me.

writing

is

28 You
29 If you go with some speed, you can
get back in two days.
30 We have been neighbors for over ten
years, and now mat you are going
SI

away I am very loth to give you up.

Look at the undntiful man. How

32

can he bring up a good son ?

looking for glory on high,
heart is filled with joy

am now
and my

inexpressible.

33 The

was pursuing
dropped the goods and

thief, seeing that I

him

hotly,

fled.

27 H,

\i

^r*

not [fit] to be seen by

A,

logical subject; viz.,

is

made

men.

The

the object, thus turning the

used indefinitely: Les. 52.

verb into the passive form.

is
This phrase seems to be quite t'ung hsing,
28 ipj -V J
but there is a difference of opinion as to the proper writing.

Some would

write fa-

j;,
peculiar meaning in
spoken,

26 In some places the accent in

^ Ct is thrown
on the C, contrary to the usual custom with the term

still

+ m n

nq

of reason.

tfe

o
82J5 ^r^|fefi!t#T
in I i 1 5f8 jfcifcft
4> m o ffc iifttt
o

g&

jjjfl

The form

J|$

Je

or, as it is often

Teachers say that its

Pekingese.
this connection comes from the custom

is

of banishing offenders

beyond the borders.

33 The sound and meaning here given to jjl are n t reThe word is very widely used,
cognized by the dictionaries.
being found in Northern, Central and Southern Mandarin, and
this character is established as the most suitable writing.

LBSSOH XLIV.
ft-

has already been illustrated (Les. 1 3) as a

sign of the immediate future, and has also been
several times used, meaning at once, it has, however, a variety of other uses, of which the following is an approximate classification
1. It is used as a principal verb, meaning to
approach, to take advantage of, to be ready,

5&

dered, but, bat somelww, so,

(3)

giving the

idea

of,

ready,

(15) (26).

Before an active verb, and referring to past

4.

time, it me&m,just, then, at once, etc. (3)(6).

Joined with -|j| it forms the much nsed phrase
which has a variety of uses not easy
WL

&

to classify:

(4) (11).

it

latable. (18) (29)

satisfactory.

3.

etc.

marks a decision.
with a concession
sometimes

At the end of a sentence

coupled
having the force of such phrases as, might
as well, sol will, etc., but is often untrans-

accommodate one's self to. (5) ( 1 3).

is added as an auxiliary to a few verbs,

to
2. It

At

the opening of a sentence it means, even,

even if (1) (14).
(2) luasubordinate clause itdraws a conclusion,
or states a consequence: and may be ren-

(1)

(4)

As a
be

reply,

it.

(28).

it

means, that's
See Les. 70.

so, all right, so

f^ is one of the most important and ever recurring characters in colloquial Mandarin, and
its skillful

peaker.

management marks an accomplished

MANDARIN LK880N8.

Lksson 44.

* m + ra #
i AI o 1 o I iUil^

#. f& #.

|jn

tft.

ffi

?J

a & & n a

jp

12

W W

fa

idtt

$i&i ^fli

Translation.
1

m.

14

ft

105

Even

yon do get angry, it will do

no good.
I am
exceedingly nauseated, but somehow I can not vomit.
[would.
Yon ought to do jnst as yon said you
Whatever he does, he does very rapidly;
the trouble is, he is too precipitate.
When you take out the rice, you can
take advantage of the hot kettle to
if

warm

a little water.

When

Somehow

*.

Wt

he saw the business was going

wrong, he left without ceremony.
I can't translate this

No

matter whether he

not, this is the

m n
P

fc
T. c

5Fa

>

si

ji

ft

fl*

tf^i

flnftffltt
i' s

H* hsin

>Ij*

P|e

Oul

T-u*

JlVfefe

*.

Nausea. See

ii&
#

1 I
T.

ft

ttl

flr.

'i

k'wai*.

Also

-$;

shi1

Mao*

tlft

fie*.

$? Bff TP

Yuen*.

To wish,

Yiien*

M Wt Chiang
f$

Cheng*
Jou*.

to desire

wu

chiu*.

He

willing;
Les.

To put up with,

make

al-

13 i will take advantage of your broom

to sweep before my door also.

Win 1 jou*.

Mild, gentle, meek.

Hi*pHng*

Peaceable, amiable.
;

CAiu*fu

Sao*.

$f

|0i

Miao3

bow down

to

condescend.

To accommodate to;
shift; to make the

coarse broom.

to

make

best

of.

See sao

broom of coarse grass, or

4
3
bamboo; the sao chon plant.

Sao* chou*.

59.

Willing, agreed.

i*

if you are not willing [to this

arrangement], you should make

To

slight, to look

down upon,

to

ex-

press contempt in the looks; small.

to be

vow, a votive offering:

1

See

be.

favor

law.

In favor, in luck.

skfl

J$

to steam.

in

Even

Ftp. ... To stoop to

WtVn

Rash, imprndent. precipitate;

is

in every thing willing to

lowance for people.

Hi*

mnst

understands it, but somehow he

can not express himself.
12 Mr. Cheng is mild and peaceable, and

$,

jf^P^

Also ou s

willing or

is

it

[with the
he says
whatever
that
powers
be],

Quick as the wind, very quick,

To warm,

Wu*

man

5*

fool-hardy.
j[|

way

some allowance.
11

inn. Ife

very rapid. Les. 149.

Hf

When
is

10

Wtt

also wu*.

I*,

vomit, to spit out.

To vomit.

Ftng

isfe

& m *

i o i

Nauseated.

To
1

** #

&

u Ji

jg

^
^

ft

sen-

tence.

JIJ,

Sh'i*

MiWL

To inspect, to look at; to regard.

T skow contempt, to disdain; to act

superciliously

to tolerate,

to make,

allowance/or.
Serious; a surname.

Flexible, pliant; soft; mild, gentle;

complaisant; a flat in music.

J?

King

jjt Chien

to treat scornfully.

alter; to bestow; age, years.

To
1

l|i|!j

To

King He*.

select; to abridge;

a card.

A card containing the horoscope of a betrothed person

m m % #

106

&
14

*a

$W!f

ft

M M

ft

fl-_tft

ft

ft

m m o ft a*,
$
^*tt jb
7.*!$;^ 1 I
- ft * m
w * <& $o ft
* *. *4> o
+ o $ 5p
fin

ft

m m^ m m t*

*#

#,&&

f^

li

jK

fw

m o
#^ 4i n i
ft
^ * ^
g ft & K
ig fc^frttsif tt x # s
ff*j|A #t W fe M. % 7 Wt
w>

ffy %

l7

&

18
16

ft

fJf.^T$

# * 7>

ft

3ft

P. *p

Iffc^ Chiu*

shou*.

Along with,

19

j?

IPwa

To

g^fftP K'wa

IS

to

forth

to

change the

To brag,

to boast ex-

St* shu\

trouble

To

ffl Pi*.
.

^P

ftE

close a door ; to shut, to exclude; to

.lay up; to stop up, to obstruct.

=f Pi*

frou* mfiyien*.

be silent; nothing to say.

To shut the
month and

wash them.

to

is

she can not thread her

it, eight hundred cash

per foot is a high price for T'ien
Hsiang's broadcloth; yet for some
reason he will not sell.
[ready.
25 Is the rice (food) ready ? Ans. It is

fm Hs?

mat; a table; an entertainment.

A /east, a banquet.
iSffi Ckiu*hsi*.-

$s

Ts'ao*.

Rude, unworkmanlike;

$fl.43B Ts-u

ts'ao*

The same,
To thread a

|2J Jin*
j|Sp

Hsiang

pjjyj

La1

To talk

fast;

(l.)

needle.

Good luck; happiness

omen from the gods.

inferior.

Coarse; rude.

la 1

Also

^
+

come

needle.
24 As 1 look at

boast, to brag; to exaggerate.

hai* fcou*.

self.

The Four Books viz., -fc

The Great Learning;
jj.
Tbe Doctrine of the Mean; |% gg, The Analects
?, The Works of Mencins.

P9

am

M.J3L Ts'u1

travagantly.

Jl

to restore.

mind, to go back on one's

1

at the same
time, while one's hand, is in.

Back and

t Fan* fit*.

Jt,

betrothal card.

Again, a second time; to return;

reply

2$

&

ft

chien*

Fit*.

not

While

-tfc

$ jfl Me?

You need

22 The feast is quite ready bnt when I

went to invite him, for some reason
he would not come.
23 She can still do coarse sewing. The

21

26

with

simply talking large. Even

he is bright, do you think he
could commit the whole of the Four
Books in half a year ?
21 I just took up his own words, and
shut his mouth so completely that
he had not a word to say.

27

ff

me

if

tt

he does treat

He was

20

-T

if

at it, 1 can wash them

for you just as well as not.
19 1 settled it definitely with him. How
is it that he has changed his mind?

fc

BF**o-8fe|fc*
w ft
/r. & ft "** T
o ^ - m m m *. * ft *
a ^, i a i o i ^ i
&
##*& m & m. *ft
o
I J. I f
S T. i i S
o * m a ^ o. * ft

do not care

contempt.
15 It is already settled, that on the sixth
of this month the betrothal papers
are to be exchanged.
16 I can not find this thing anywhere.
We'll see where it finally will tarn
up.
[go and see him.
17 Even if they take my life, I mean to

B.

gp

#w *

+ m

is

a favorable

a final particle:

Les. 61.

la*.

1
Broadcloth: Note 24.
^RifyJ K'a la\
The Chinese foot often tJ-, ts'un*.
CA'P.

j|l Chia*.

IS ^1

&

$&
JnL

Price; value.

2
Chia* ch'ien

1
' Hsiri

si

1
.

inten;
tiou; to consider, to reflect.

Thought, idea, opinion

Ch'ou*.

$1

ft'

3,

sun 1

Price.

Mournful, sad; apprehensive.

Children nnd grandchildren.

Lesson

m
"tfc

MANDARIN LESSONS.

45.

m m

T.

3fe3*

^n

i S 7

&%#.*#
X $
i IE

T.

ft

26 The price I have settled with him at

two hundred and sixty cash per catty.
27 I was Dot raised on your rice: you have
Ans. If you
no right to whip me.
insult me, I have a right to whip you.
28 If it does not suit our wishes, he will

^ $ ^
& a * n *

id

T>

4>

fflU

JB.

f#. *r

^ifc

ft

not constrain us to stay; and if it

does not suit his wishes, shall we insist on staying ? Ans. Of course not.

am I willing to keep constantly

If, after all, he does
scolding him.
not change, I will just discharge him.
30 You have no anxiety about food or
clothing, and- your children and
grandchildren are all doing well ; it
seems to me you ought to be satisfied.

29 Nor

##.

l i ^ ^ I *
m . jb. * # #
ffl

107

NOTBS.
2

7J5

li*

properly means a wicked heart, but

figuratively for nausea.

jp!

j{fj

$jl 2j$

T>

tools

up

his legs

and

put

10 fflL here expresses the speaker's impatience with a

peculiar elegance and force, which the translation fails to

convey.

ia

left;

colloquial phrase, meaning that he left suddenly and without

It is sometimes shortened into ^ jjjS 7fc J
notice.

here applied to one who is in the confidence

and favor of a superior, so that his advice prevails and he can
get whatever he wishes.

\ft fl$

12

>s

7$f f$L an<l fflL

or make

is to tolerate

%}i

are not precisely equivalent.

JHF
allowance for the peculiarities of

19 fflL $> as here used, is not entirely t'ung hsing; it

means to the point of perfect readiness, and differs slightly in
^C- The order of the last clause would
meaning from
more regularly be, #, flg $|
The flg Jgj is
'i% T-

put

it

%R

additional emphasis.

20 f $J Pi brags with a mouth

21 fflt is here repeated, but not as

like the sea.

in the 19th sentence.

The emphasis there required, is very different from that

required here. The first $t is an adverb, the second a verb.
22 The fact that ?@ j/jf is the common, and in fact the
The
only, colloquial term for a feast, is very significant.

13 This sentence is an indirect apology for taking the

The use of Jjjt implies that the owner of the broom

second part of the sentence is only intelligible in view of the

Chinese custom of sending round, when the feast is all ready,
to invite the guests a second time.

while J8t PrF

the peculiarities

it

of

is to

others.

broom.

had just finished sweeping before his own door.

The use of jjt points to the 6th of
15 *B $1 A\ H
The $? IfiS is a folded card of red paper,
the current month.
on which is written the proposal, or its acceptance, as the
The age of the party is given by means of the
ease may be.
eight characters, marking the year, month, day, and hour of
hence the name, age card. See Les. 1 17,
his (or her) birth
Note 31. The exchanging of these cards by the hands of

84 "& DU

the go-betweens (^J A), constitutes the marriage engagement. The 53! j$L is a similar paper, and is used for the
lime purpose, but does not gnerally contain the eight jj

JR

or age characters.

fxj is

another name for the same.

"cloth."

#$ With thk
$ft,

which

? is

joined with

all

the classifiers.

often inserted between the J|J and the

jlassifier, and properly belongs there in all cases.

When

is

emphaais

is

desired

it is

always inserted.

is

probably the result of an attempt to say

of "jf is very various.
In

The pronunciation

Nanking, cloth is called ha la.

25 Of the three forms given, f|j is Pekingese, the other
two are Central and Southern, jljt may refer to rice specifically, or it may include the whole meal.

30

Pis "4* ^-5

natural order,

Sr A* S5

-f

is

an inversion of the more

Jf i ?J^ made for the purpose

the words Pf? and 3p.
JjJ 5H IS EI

Ss PI?

emphaais to
know to make a

of giving

dissipated, but diligent

LESSOW

An

order to give

adapt or accommodate one's self to

In many places <S f)j(f becomes

others

first in

living

and

i.e.,

they are not lazy or

thrifty.

XI/V.
Classifies.

Thus

used, JJJ is not alwaya strictly interrogabut passes into the declarative form in the
same way, and very much in the same circumstances, as "which" does in English.
tive,

108

}B

*.

ri

10

$ #
* IB
* #
II

ft

3B

WB

-ft

W.

ft*

ft

9i

ra

by birth a bad

prefer

Yon say yon want to find a man by

the name of Ch'in but which of

the Oh'ins

5 Just use whichever Poo

suitable.

is

Of

Which gentleman

(Jfe.

come to iuvite to the feast ?

Examine these pens and see which

the

of these

sewing
gowns, which is better

SI

is

is it

two large

that you have

yonrs.

9 I really do not know which one of

&

man ?

these three chairs

ft

is

knows which inkstand is his ?

3 Which of these four pups do yon

Who
Who

# IB
* ft A
M &
- * *
0&. ft H

i
# SB as
- m
&

$##^ *

ffl

s$

Translation.

**.& W.
it ft ft 31
g 4 t ^ &
f ft isb
95 flg^e. ft
- * ft
tt
H Id A M !'*
Ji SB fl. *
t> - 8 o ^.
tt.
^ o
o $. $. m m
m o o- ft = ft ft A 10

s +

"&

+ H

3l

M>

o ^
ft

SS

W.

IB

ft.

*P

Which volume

10

is his.

of the natural philo-

sophy are you now studying

VOCABULABT.

An

JjJUl Yien*

t ai*.

;f| FJ* K'an*

chung*.

1C sf~ Hfc Hwang 1

ink 3tone.

To be pleased with

to

prefer.
fs:

An

ChHn*.

^ Shan

of a dy-

coat, shirt or

.jacket.

attend; to

to
to, to repair to;

hasten.

Qfffi Fu*

name

nnlined garment,

To go

j&Fu*.

kingdom

nasty; a surname.

An

1-

j& $5

ancient

To

sit at

feast.

a feast, to go to a

feast.

%$
iJil

To

Pien*.

HI

jffe

dispute; to argue;
discriminate.

To

Pien* lun*.

Hsi

2faWs

Rare, scarce; seldom, infrequent.

Rare, uncommon;

3fe.?f

Hf Chtien*.

TJ

K'toa 1 ckiantf.

P'u1

to prize, to

delight

*ft Ya*.

enclosure; a prison; a fold; a

See ch'uen 1
snare.

The first (month). Seechtng*.

Pai* tf'aiK

praise, to eulogize; to
boast, to brag.

The vine

(grape).

for its sound in ^g

^gj.

^|j

lei*. ..

JfL ffwei*,

|j|i

TVt* kwei*.

A class,

vocabulary, an

The

^ Hu Lao
9

3&%
$$

sort.

abridged

The

fjf Chung
|fft

Shou*

!y

HR

Q[ Ming

The

fierce,

cruel.

tiger.

bear.

Inhuman;

cruel; fierce.

Fierce; resolute; cruel; severe; sndLes 115,

denly, unexpectedly:
:

3xLS

...

Yie 9

9.

tiger; brave,

A seed; a sort, a kind. See chung*.

A wild animal, a beast; brutal.
A wild beast.
shou*.

32. Hsiung

lion.

hu9

Hsiung*.

germ, a sprout; the beginning.

Cabbage.

a series to

dictionary,

China

Cabbage.

commend;

The grape, grapes.

9
The buckthorn or jujube, commonly
Tsao
5f
called "date" in China.
-fj|]

in.

An

To

Used

T'ao*

$9 Sh?

discuss, to debate.

light

25

tfjfgli;

to criticize; to

Rare, seldom; sparse; to expect; to deLes. 57.

in; almost, nearly :

ts'ai*

To attend a

ksi*.

Tsoa* hsi\

ya*

gR Chiang*. To exhort, to encourage; to

to praise, to laud.

Fierce, savage, ferocious, raging.

Lksson 46.

MANDARIN LKSSOHb.

* & * m m m ^ & m w.
gt m> m m fta wt u m A o
ft - m 1 if* 3? S# ft
l
m
=t # as* B mm #.
s

IOC

Which

of these pieces of silver is it

with the quality of which you are

dissatisfied ?

11

Iff

3fl

Of the two whom yon have heard

12

debate, which do you think is in

the right ?
13 To my ears, every word he said was

ffir

interesting.

3P & o
^ m - %> ^
* ft *?>
*
IH
&
- m m n
M^.imm
35
% %
- if
* ft.
^ tt ft. o -h
*. * O ffcH.
ft. o
m m ^ o
m*m m n m.

^t
ffc

gg

i7

ntt

16

ffc

ft*.

be.

pT

14 Just ride whichever horse yon

# su is m
E f |!
31. .BI

15

Which

16

Go

17

What day

of these three pictures do you

prize the most (prefer) P

to the sheepfold and look, and

dress whichever one is fat.

of the first month

Ans. The thirteenth.

5115

n u a *
ft

*
*

18

^ff

19

Which

?t
is

the scholar yon are always

? Ans. That small-

est one.

20 Here are both grapes and dates.

Which would you prefer to eat ?
21 There are two dictionaries in the
book-store
one new one, and one
second-hand.
Which do von wish
to buy ?
22 The lion, the tiger and the bear all

ft o

IS.

this ?

biagging about

m %v
ft M ft 4
m ~ m m
- m - m
Hk 9 $$ M
o

15

20

wfl

want

^^m^
m M

21

is

18 Both ends of this load of

cabbage
are good.
Which end do you

13

like

best.

ffi

these three kinds of wild beasts are

very

fierce.

Notkh.
1 If the Uj were omitted, this sentence would more nat" That man was
urally he taken to mean,
by birth a wicked
man. The two meanings might of course be
distinguished
careful emphasis, even without the (JEEvery interrogative sentence in this lesson
and if the
!
might end with a
language were regular and consistent with itself, would do
so.
As it is, some do, and some do not. The sentences are
just as the Chinese teachers have made them.

by

t the end of
Perspicuity would seem to require
this sentence.
Its meaning, as written, is
entirely uncertain.
It might be translated
just as truly, Who would have thought
U t That inkstand was his! As
spoken, the meaning would
be indicated by the emphasis.

4 The first ffij is here used somewhat as we use " one,''

meaning a man named so-and-so. The use of JlJ
implies
that there had been some
misunderstanding about the person.
9 The Chinese here makes the comparison by simply
asking which is good : See Les. 58.
9 Note how far the auxiliary 2fS is separated from
ft,
and from the principal verb, fjjL

Lit.,

[because]

13

its

Lit.,

These [pieces of] silver,

you dislike which piece
touch is not full.
[As] / heard his words, no matter which '

all

were

interesting.

"^ U Southem
the

North*

31

"s

UHiversally used in

LESSOlsT XLVI.
Thb Compound

A place,
compound relative pronoun
meaning what, that, who, that which, the things
which.
The clause it introduces
comes
usually

Rblativb.

between the subject and the

predicate, and in all
la other cagfls the fft ic
g$.
sometimes omitted, or replaced by ^f
such cases ends with

no

IS

m * + w %
m> n m m ft m
* 7. tofrfflM W

n.
W. o

Translation.

WM to
ft
$i &
- M
it g * *
1. m m
J!
9: ytffTfli* n,
^
t 1 t i I
& ft % 0f o # * to
ra. ^
i.x i 1 ^ ft
o SB o
E
i ^ |
- # ^ u n * o a R.
o ft
* f o )B# ^,
#f ^ &^ w^m ft o ft 7
12

flfc

ifc

IT

&

What you have

vH&

and

fa

to

13

to

7.

0r

is

large,

He who has little

many surprises.

experience

Yon have eaten more

salt

What

has

than he has

What

surprises me is that he tells

his lies with such proficiency.

was bat

I learned

Even

remember

is

little,

and

not distinct.

he should sell off all he has,

not enough to pay off the
debts he owes.
10 This is something that he should
attend to.
Why do you come
9

*f
ft

if

is

it

bothering

me

about

it ?

The

plan you drew np will not

work, I fear.
12 Is this your little son that you spoke
of?
1 3 He did not examine me on
any thing
that I had prepared.
11

* w m m m

bi

men

their observation, wide.

what

f?

true.
I already

ft

to

rice.

% ** ft
m
m m m w % m ^ is
*. $ * tf
R ft . A &
m.
o

to

is

books

knew.

fii

the

mentioned

4 The experience of old

to

)f

14

all

2 Every thing that he says

2fe

INI

have forgotten
studied.

Vocabulary.
fiJX

Soa s

A place, alocality;thecause by which:

A classifier: Les. 125.
&ee Sub.

...

To read aloud;

Iff Tu*.

Also

study.

$$

read carefully; to

to

to practice;
train, to drill; to select.

ffl Ching

lien*.

to

Experience.

win

pi Kwany*.

Broad, wide; spacious; extensive;

large; liberal; Cantonese.

Observation.

Extraordinary, surprising, wonderful;

Also chi1
strange; unnatural.

-affairs;

*? Jf Pien*

rnai*.

yt

To be

Ch'ien*. ...

Ch

i*

kwai*.

uen z

Remarkable, wonderful, surprising, abnormal.

Complete ; entire
.

feet; all, the

1
Yiien* cfcuen

liij

%L

listen 1

A limit:

unbroken, per-

whole:

Les.

I Lo&
5P l| Loo*

to limit, to set

bounds

Prattle; troublesome.
soa 1

Troublesome, embarrassing;

to

To place

T^f- P'-aP.
-

4c"

just

$p An

p'ai*.

$| $.

P'u1 p'a?.

in order, to arrange; to adto stretch ; a row, a line.

To arrange,

to dispose; to propose, to plan, to intend.

To arrange,

to distribute;

to

plan.
3pL Chang

A statement; statutes, rules; an essay;

1
.

a chapter, a section ;
variegated.
^3E Ch'ing

2
.

little;

to; to assign.

to owe; wanting.
an
debt,
obligation.

bother, to trouble, to worry.

158.

Complete.
a restriction; a few, a

deficient

'fH Chai*

rJ T^E

to change; a turn in
a revolution; metamorphosis.
To sell off, to turn into

money.

To experiment on;

Lien*.

ChH2

tou*.

JiL |^J Chien*

ti^

To transform,

Pien*

3g$3E

Apian;

rule, a pattern ; a regulation; a

task; aroad, a stage; to estimate.
a set of rales; procedure;

policy,

Lesson

MANDARIN

46.

* #
> u7

fit

ft

SB

at

m
w

w.

* &

16

14 The graia gathered in one year ia

not sufficient for a half year's food.

<

15

0f

i*

ft

ft

#f

as

-& 116 1

^ a ^^ #
2

20

16

What

17

0?

it

f1

$ ^

fi

<fr

IS

3*

ft

&L

5
91

ft.

7.

f?|)

Lang*.

Your

tt H|5
Til

f% Liang*

Q K ung
l

to

Les. bid;
71

a term of houor Les. 171.

:

young gentleman; a son; a term

of respect; masculine; strong.
son, a son.
ski*

$&

>S

Loa* k'ung 1

To come

JiLjiflE

Chien* citing*

fg

T'i 9 chi*.

r3<

To

to nothing.

secret, cou18.

Private; selfish; partial; secret; ander.

hand

23 The Lord of Heaven is the omnipresent, omniscientand omnipotent God.

dyke, a levee ; a defense, a

projection; to ward off; to guard

Btf Fang*.

against.
g/gf

illicit.

Illicit

7$L

feltS

$t

savings ; private, secret.

K'wei k'ung*.

WlH JfL La

3i

Note

is

of the thoughts of his heart, that

God (or, the gods) does not know.

jr.

testify; testimony.

Private, personal
fidential:

could he help

nothing that a mas says,

nothing that he does, not even any

22 There

Grain (garnered).
Empty, void; a hole, an opening; the
firmament emptiness. See k'ung*.

How

21 That night some robbers broke in and

robbed him of all he had saved.

&
ft. ^
m m

mm

command,

to cause, to cause to do:

good, worthy; your:

no-

running into debt?

20 The amount, as I have reckoned it,
differs from your count by just thir-

ft

Ji,

law, an order; to

to

teen cash.

je
IE

came

The expenditures of the year exceeded the receipts.

all

speak that which we know, and

testify to that which we have seen.
heard here all the private conversation you had over there.

ft

w.

he promised

you

of.

We

18 I

0r
ft

yourself,

keep an account

thing.

#f

to

ought

#r

- a

Even what you spend

iR

w.
o

T.
4nn
mi

19

o |.
jro

tiff:

SIR.*

Ill

LEBSON-8.

^ Lal

To run into debt.

fcweP- k'ung*

The same.

Tao*

Ck'iang*

Pietfi

Cku

to rob.

robber, a bandit.

To accumulate; to store up.

To collect, to pile up.

3
jfl T.->an ts'wan*

To amass

highwayman

tao*.

Tjj|

hwang

robber, a

C/,i h2

TJ*|jJ*

Debt, deficiency.
1
.

chi*

to

accumulate ; to hoard.

The Lord of Heaven.

NOTES.
Or, Everything that he said was tru4.
6 A forcible way of expressing, that one is a great deal
older and more experienced than another.

11

5? See

13

ffii

Leg. 13,

Note

19,

widely used, but is not Vumj hsing.

, ia
here frequently read ch'i*.
In Peking the phrase is heard
C? hsi1 but the writing of hsi 1 is not apparent.
Li* 18

21

ff? ~T li
pnutfipal ierb, and

We nave nare one

Tanother

to the auxiliary.

added
This

is

to the

often

done for emphasis, but is not elegant, Both the

7* should
be spoken la*.
22 This sentence was made by a Christian teacher.

28
original

1 these neat phrases fj\ may be taken, either in its

sense as a noun meaning place, or as a relative

pronoun meaning that which, and the sense will remain the
same thus showing how the !y( passes from the one meaning
;

to the other.

m m m t

112

m n

m % t

My

3 It

IK

m #. a*

The snn

is

not

x m

very annoying.
8 I have not yet bought a plow-share.

9 The old lady has two maid-servants

to wait on her.
10 1 have in the house a kettle of taros
cooked.
Are you fond of them ?

^iiiti^^

mm.

m>

him with

4 I gave him a large piece of bread, and

yet he thinks it is not enough.
5 These shoes are small.
It will be
necessary to stretch them with a last.
6 A large steamer has just come alongside the wharf.
7 These small stones on the road are

jfc

m m

struck

your fist.
is cloudy
to-day.
visible.

m.

finger hurts.

Yon ought not to have

10

^ m m

+ a m

Translation.

S o o H, E o ^. o ff t
% # ^ o o & o & m. m
& m m & - W t b
* IS * & * * m44>
#. # W .R S * # -5c0 &
o T St*
i ^^|o
8

-t

$. $s m.
XiESSOXsT

How

can

plow

XLVII.

The Spbcifio Suffix H.

is added to
many nouns to
head,
rule can be given as to what
them.
No
specialize
words will take gjf after them. In general it may
be observed, that words involving the idea of a
lump, or of a point, take Jig after them. When-

0 The

ever the addition of |H makes any special modification of the meaning the combination is defined;
in other cases it is not.
For full list of words taking jjgf after them, see

Supplement.

Vocabulary.

Hsiien*..

A last;

to stuff, to

fill

in a cavity.

Weights a yard (meas.) an emporium,

.
amart,a7'ey; abbreviated numerals.
A jetty, a wharf; a mart.
Mo? t'ou*

Ma*.

J5j|

HwotP

lun* ch'toon*.

steamship, a

WL Tod
jPI

Ling
Lod2

wave, a ripple; ruffled: vast

corner, an edge; an angle

2
.

net; a sieve; gauze; to spread out.

to arrange; to bolt,
as flour.

1
^fcfltfa Pod

ling

kai*.

steamboat.

Li2

A plow; dark; piebald.

A spade; a plow -point or

Rwa

2
.

Ck'an

...

To

Ch'an1 t'ou9

Li2
Ching

Ya

king

Ski 2
or

...

fork

The lips.
The lips.

ff Tswei* ch'un*
.

PJ Chien1

classifier:

pp

|bj

To

swell, swollen ; boastful.

space, an interval ; between in the

midst of; in, during; to set apart. A
Les. 68.
Also chien*.
[midst
;

1
1
Chung chien .

a
P Chie

A pillow; a

'

CMn*.

et.

in the

2
.

...

on, to lean

See chin*.

Ch'fi.

rest for the

back a sock;

Also chin*.

To pillow
.

Lung

Between

A joint, a knot, a length: Seee^'e*.

s
tfc Chin'

tfc

The same.

lot? kai*

point, a coulter.

a slave girl; a daughter.

The tongue; the clapper of a bell.

H Ch'un

Chung

plow

The same.
To till; to plow.

t'ou*

share.

the knee-

pan.

$ HH. Pod1

carve, to chip; a coulter point.

Tkelcnee;

colt,

on ; contiguous.

under two
halter.

years.

MANDARIN LESSONS

Lesson 47.

m *
#.

%\

m m m

*&

Co

m
& *
e>

m.

t. w.
ii

$>

17

mm

t m>

1$

#.
O

i I + ^ i

i a

39

H.

i&22^

^f B

Tu* Pou\

Hwai1

remember

fc,

5.

ii^it

W #

W>

* *

it

to close up, to stop; to fill

coffin,

Les.

a plug

an end

140.
;

the end of

Twei*

t'ou

An

22

He borrowed

23

twenty thousand cash

and mortgaged three acres of land

want to turn four table legs

wood is the best to use?
Walnut is the best.

what
Ans.

What

24

necessity is there for having a

bridle for such a little Korean pony ?
Ans. But you see, without a bridle

IB

it is

impossible to ride him.

jH | Pa 3 t'ou*
wt Twei*. A mortar;
A

Chiu*.

A
a pestle.

head-man

foot-pestle.

opponent.

mortar.

WeH A mortar, of wood, stone or metal.

^p Ch'u*
# jjj| Twei* t'ou*
2
IT 53 Ya frou
1

Tod 1 tswei3 To intermeddle with the tongue,

pestle, a beater.

pestle (s).

Property or goods given

pledge security.

in

to criticize the affairsof others.

Hsien 2

Anything extraneous to duty ;

an unimportant affair, a

ski*.

private affair.

$L ft

I want
is a little small.
one somewhat larger.
18 His opponent is violent
Who would
venture to meddle in this business
which does not concern him ?
19 The end of these things is death.
20 WaagJiiHsin is acting as head-mau
in the cart company in Chinanfu
at a salary of over fifty thousand
cash a year.
21 He has a mortar in the house, but is
short a pestle.

17 This end piece

piece.

The ends of a coffin; a stopgap; an end piece, (s.)

13 The knee is the joint in the middle

of the leg.
] 4
This pillow is too high.
15 The son of man hath not where to lay
his head.
16 That mule colt has broken his halter.

(B.)

to think of; to put or

carry in the bosom; to harbor, to
against; the bosom, the heart.
t'ou*.

it
np.
12 His tongue is diseased, so that even
his lips are swollen.

as security.

To cherish;

2
fH jjfj Humi

ft

A classifier
A shutter,

12

ft

wA

in.

& m

111
a
f

ft

To obstruct;

a 3E#
4fe

a *

lit

ft

<j

#. ,

^f 7V.

'Hi

- * -

under the feet of this stove to raise

A" m
? mm

19

Get fonr pieces of brick and put them

1 1

* & && * iii^ &. At

Msuc m m ftmW m, - m m m
tt * H H5S^ o M ft * *.
* ^ # m ? mm>m * * w o

& h &
= J. ^

113

Ch'f 1 hang

2
.

cart

company : Note

20.

To turn

|j| Hsien*.

f$

ChHu\

j|g TA*.

&$ P'ei*

-The catalpa: Les.

147,

Note

15.

Elegant, graceful; beantitul, bright.

0) HH Kao

in a lathe.

Korea.

li*

bridle

the reins of a bridle.

m %

114

A + H
o

ft

^
ft

- w.a
# * &
10

^ ^
^

4-

ft

ft

M>4* O

&

ft

T>
-b

7L,

* T

5r*

ft

T.

$L

VK

f?^

W A

<f>

W
*

ft.

A.

-g

a+

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 48.

m a m &
ft & & z
-*
a
% o
^i^ v^m
^.m *
B9

3.

*h.

*r

tfy

w n
% ^ $. W

m a

"f

18

in the society (church).

When you

17

You are a beggar that does not know

when he has enough.
I can not tell how much anxiety of
mind I have had on account of that

start, be sure to take a few

cash to buy some biscuits.
15 How old is your child this year? Ans.
Five years.
1* I can not start to-morrow, I have a
lot of business not yet arranged.

13

-7-

18

Ira.

>lA

f.

14

16

How much coal do yon propose to take

I propose to take five tons.

Ans.
13 There are only a few men of ability

^ ^ ft o # 4>
^
# ffcM* &
* ^ n & m *
& % ^ & * a

O
ft

W,

* m,& m

^
*

115

affair of his.

Vocabulary.

How many P how much ?

?g| Chi*.

eral:

Kan 1

f*

A shield;

a little, sevAlso chi1

see Sub.

to offend; to provoke;

concerning

consequence

arms;

a stem,

the ten stems or horary characters,

^, ,
a few, some.
dc, ,, M,
:

A series,

an order; a degree; a

but, yet,

The

3f Li*
7Jcl

J\j

Lao hsiung
3

2
fig Ch'an .

merely
:

section;

Sir,

To bind up;

to

P'u*

3
ti

ShSng

f1 I

a term of respect.
to involve;

bandage;

exchange, to barter.

Shop fixtures, outfit.

The same, (s.) To make
money, to grow rich.

ts'ai*.

To heal;
1

Is THao*

To

Ch'un 1

9t

Ch'ien 2

to cure; medical.

Medicine; the practice of medicine, medical science.

tao*.

see Sub.

chestnut; firm, durable.

E Iff
fli

To

Twei*.

MJJ&

plj,

$,IJ;

SfJ Ti*.

>J

(only used of grain).

sell

Spring, vernal; joyous.

Heaven; superior; a father;

firm.
See kan 1

to implicate; to bother.

stable,

2
2
Road money.
$?r$5 P'aw ch an
Hao*.
To
to
^%
consume, to use up to
spend;
make void; a rat, a mouse.
To expend expenses.
ffi; 5f Hao*fei*.
l

$ Lung 2

High, eminent, surpassing; exalted;

abundant, rich.

the fourth emperor of the

K'ienlung,
present Tartar dynasty.
|^|

/tJi

Ch''?.

pond, a tank; a moat.

Regular,

Jl

Hwang

Great, imperial, august; a sovereign,

an emperor.

H
^P
fl$f{

f$

even, (l.)
ft}},

Cfra 1

ch"i 2

Different from,

and

Il

Tun*.

ton,

cake;

^C'JH Ilwod shao

^0 *

Chi tsu

biseuit.

A baked
A baked

To be

cake.
cake.

jffi

Liu2

To

Yung

kill;

1
.

a surname.

redoubt; an adobe wall.

under the emperor K'ienhigh

fnjjjp
lnug, a native of Southern Shantung.
1
A market street.
fsf "fjj Chie slii*.
fcj

Mu*.

official

The

eye; a principal man, a leader; an

index; the mind to designate; to eye.
;

satisfied, contented.

Ts'ao1 . To hold: to manage; to drill; to exercise,

... to putforth; to restrain. Also ts'ao*.
1
Ts'ao
hsin 1 To take trouble, to charge the
>LV
mind with, to be anxious.
.

IflJ

" ton."
press the foreign word

The emperor ; His Im-

shang*.

perial Majesty.

a new character made to ex-

Ping*.

_L Hwanrj 2

s.)

to put off, to undo ; to

vacate ; to unload; to take delivery of.

To lay aside

Hsie*.

1
'^ f$ Shao ping*.

^
^

(o.

Hf

WS

Han*.

$j.^

TH2

mil*

Yofrhan*

W jl Ohiao

li*.

text,

a theme, a subject.

pencil, a quill; writings.

John.

... Freight, carriage

116

I A t

Iff

m + * t- * o
T.
& H T # & t
** * . - a* + a *. a

19 1 have

II

2fe

may

a great many goods uncan not tell how long it

be before I can dispose of my

##. x^aa^

shop

fixtures.

i&

xt

fij

sold,

19

ft

= ^

22

ftf.ii^M

He

has spent several tens of years at

medicine.

22 I wonder how mnch grain Oh'in the

Third has. He has been selling all
the spring, and he still has a great

W 5 O^BfJgJt

rfr

deal

o a.

=&

^f. to

^.j&m s>

ff

off
^ n

fo I
m m ^
* i a

^A*oX

23

is

left.

23 The Emperor K'ienlung asked Liu

" How
many people
Yung, saying,
do you think there are on this mar"
Liu Yung answered,
ket street?
"
Only the two men, Fame and

& o :*
ft ^ . m m %\
i\ # *. m * m * * n
m m m > ^ t ^. ^
84

20 Please, cashier, look and see how

much I still owe. Ans. It is not
mnch, not over eight or ten taels.
21

#.

still

and

20

Gain."
24 The text

in

is

first

chapter and third

John,

second

verse.

25 Please write me a reply stating the

price and the freight.

Notss.
1 Note that JUi o chestnut, takes
a plum, but ^j| t a pear, does not take

3?J *fr is

exact equivalent.

^ ^p

is

-f~ after

not used in the South, and

^t

1 is

a black

a spotted cow of any

young persons

it.

1 is

^f

color.

HS

BR

11 $3 here refers to the order of succession in ages. It is

sometimes confined to own brothers, and sometimes includes
cousins of the same family name.
iS'lJ

We say,

" How much

will

you have?"

or,

"How

you take ?" but the Chinese attribute to the buyer

How much will you unload ? In
manner they say of meat or cloth, How much will you

much

will

the act of the seller, and say,

like

cut? and of silver,

13 $

manage

is

Sow much

will

you weight

here used as a verb meaning to transact or

business.

14 it %k are unleavened cakes, baked on both sides in

a small oven. They are round, about an inch thick and from
four to six inches in diameter. They are sometimes made
with sugar or dates in the inside. In the South Jg|
of a cake, but in the North it
applied to the sam kind

ftjf

is

only used of children, or of

is

-J* *J?, is

befitting the circumstances.

not to

If jJH

JE

know
is

the quantity

here equivalent in

meaning to /p Jfl 3> is? (of which I am not sure), then it

is used somewhat out of its usual sense.
The use of fft Ju

f@

?;ives

a tinge of impatience.

19 it Here means to

sell or

dispose of as a whole, instead

of selling off in detail.

20

We say "

"
eight or ten ; the Chinese say ten or eight.

The

na5 to De inserted twice, otherwise the ten or eight

would be eighteen. By, at the end, is really superfluous. It
gives to the Chinese something like the force of the English
" a matter of
eight or ten taels."

expression,

21 It is worthy of note that gfc is thus used only with

the round numbers ten, hundred, thousand, and myriad.
When it precedes the number, as here, it means several tens
several hundreds, etc.

over or

upwards

of ten,

but when

it follows,

as in

(3), it

means

but usually about a hundred or a thou-

sand.

23 -7 >S not over, only : See next Les., Sub.

26 The style of this sentence is not colloquial, but such

is

only

in them, or sesame seed on the

applied to such as have sugar
The usage varies very much in di/fernt places.
outside.

J&

in their teens.

17 Not to know

not its

cow with white spots, and

's
probably derived from the
4 The meaning of
custom of carrying money in a belt encircling the waist. In
' 3 often heard.
colloquial the combination 3c

12

16 la inquiring ages

-J" after it, as also BfE,

as

would be used

ox return

word

in a letter.
i.e.,

IkHj

Please write

me a

'fj

reply.

Please yiw

Lksson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

49.

* % + n n
1

m % % a. h
i f I I I
T *. *a ft*

+ if
M =
K. H
o m

^.ftm o
o

i k

ifi

ft

^ I lift.
# flL SI. ' o &
o 3. A It

m b ^ ^ $ &
u
* 5i jg, $ 1$ W B *.
w 1 I 1 ^ ^ f
mi ^ m 'bS at o *
--*.# a *i
12

*ft

10

117

118

ffl?

] 3 It will not do to listen

only to one side.
14 It is not enough for food alone, to say
nothing of the claims of society and

* 1 .
m t o - m W- *u
?. #
o m m % m ^ ^ m $ m
, w> #u ^ m * m s
4 =& # f| I i o | i,
#. ft

tt

ff

ffl

#F

15

other incidental expenses.

only eat this one kind, and

Do you

eat nothing else ?

is:

16 Rather entrust it to anybody than to

him.
17 He spends every day in the opium den
and pays no attention whatever to

25

gij

24

legitimate business.
is only talking in fnn to
yon, yoa
must not believe him.
19 You regard only the present moment,
caring nothing for the future.
20 I know only one thing, that is, I
know that I myself do not know

18

ff|

fi

lanexpression, a phrase; words,

... gnage; a poem; a writing.

J**1 * chHng*. Natural feeling, mercy goodwill

the presents and acknowledgements which express good-will.
;

*ff|

or suffer wrong; a wrong, a

grievance needless, to no purpose.

To do

To

Wang* fei*.

spend to no purpose;
for unneces-

money spent
sary things; incidental expenses.
1

TE$?

Cheng* ching

^C til

Wan* hwa*.

cash bank-note.

Hu*.

The moustache, the beard.

Hu*.

Hf

Lu*

A gonrd, a calabash.
A reed, a hollow-stemmed plant.

T^J

at

&

gonrd, a calabash.

To

raise the eyebrows and stare

glare on.

|jg Teng*.

IJfcSai

lU

now
ra

1
Yien* ck'ieri

See Les.

P*** h ui

Before the eyes, in the presence of ; the present,

Sub.
18,

Behind the back,

in private

^]
|jj|

Kung
Lwan*
1

pft Ch'wei

mtng*.

An

Tstng

To

to

cash; coin.

warrant; a ticket; a bank-note.

style, form, appearance; the face, the visage.

Luck

To add,

1
1

tifizft

Tseng kwang

^jjj je^j

/ 2 hwoa*.

in business.

to increase, to

augment.

To increase

one's reputatiou, to shed lustre on.

To suspect, to doubt

in sus-

honorary degree.

A common

Ready

Ontward mien;

pense.

hereafter, the future.

~%i

^j""^J Ts'ai* ming*.

Jesting, in fun.
J^a

n$.

Hsien* chHen*.

P'iao*

apg Mao*.

really, verily.

is

Legitimate, proper, right;

it

enough
24 I have no ready money at hand I
have nothing but a two thonsand

>|3:|

merit in nothing;
yon do not offend.

HI
$f

Wang*.

eyes.
if

Pf

7W. An

jfi.

glaring
23 Seek for

#[S

ft

anything.
21 These few days they talk of nothing
else save of how to get a degree.
22 Lwan the Fourth talks too violently.
He is all the time vociferating with

16

23

ffy

pO

&

He

i i ^i i i m
# H W. #ft<* ^ . *
A i, o | I, o t | o ^
H Jl o ^2oj^
&
^ f $ 0 ^l K ^|@ ||
$l m % m^m sn * g * .
o
o
* * ^ tf % *
i

i7

+ H

ft

SR

surname.

blow, to breathe; to praise.

'^f

>|^>

Lao2

hsin 1

To weary
...

2
^ j\ Lao li*.

.toil;

the mind,

meutal

study.

To weary the body ;

to labor.

physical

toil

Lesson 50.

MANDARIN

LESSONS.

118

120

m +

IE

Translation.

&&

ft

a * -

3. ft

m **

it

ft

s *
am it s % it
* ti & ft m
# =f a in
& ^ o n &, ft
W. JE ft MI m
o %, m it#
mm. & - %
% m *> #. &

-$

g>

m *

m>

ft ftl*

*ft

o *#$

7 I listened a while outside the gate;

there was not the least sound [stir].

8 All

#E #

An

BBH Ying*.

$$j

wk

I|ft

T-o&\

i$JC

Tod*.

J J Tien

A
.

1|{)ji}P

Tung*

w Pa

5R Hi

be defeated.

camel;

a chance, a wage?-.

to carry,

ching*.

Lai* hwei x

1
^J )% Poo

Motion-rest, motion; stir;

noise; sound.
to

to

assure,

guarantee.
Go-return
the round
return of goods.

trip

To guarantee a thing

to be

yung*.

){fil

Itwei* hwan*.

To

return, to send

Han*.

Drought; dry; land

exactly the

is

&f#

13

never gets

Yuen* chin*.

*5l

gft Oa

He

1
lp Pti

Far-near

what he

distance.

false, errone-

Base; plebeian; inferior; humble.

Tsun 1 pei1.
Ts'u 1

ft* i;S

[does.

a hurry in

To deceive, to defraud;
ous.
To differ, (s.)

e*.

in

High-low, rank, position ; the

respect due to age.
Coarse-fine

hsi*.

;
size, thickness;
fineness; coarseness.

Chin3 man*.

Activity-indolence; hurry,
excitability; for the time

being.

^K

T'anK

1
'$ She.n .

To

feel and search; to explore ; to

sound; to try; to spy out, to inquire.

Deep

; profound, abstruse; old, long

intense
very, extremely.

ChHen*.

Shallow; superficial;

light,

as

color; easy, simple.

$^$l
-fc /J>

back

revert; to exchange.
Jfi

as yon are, and yet yon do not

understand the respect due to your

suitable.
[p]

carried by an auimal.

To warrant,

x hwan*.

As big

right thickness.

as a beast.

Light-heavy; weight;
judgment; discretion.

chung*.

that you speak without the

judgment ?

seniors
12 The handle of this ax

i
iS

To heft in the hand, to lift and estimate

the weight; to bob up and down.

ChHng

gi

* ^

to lose, to

The load

^S
/

a venture

is it

least

jfe

overplus; profit, gain; to conquer,

to win; to excel.

Lose-win

the privi-

Shu1. ... To overturn;

How

1 1

IE

7-

who buy our goods have

lege of retnrning them.

9 The distance by water and by land
differs by as much as (just) one half.

ffl>

$||

weight

12

ft

1
All men have a moral faculty.
2 Stave the matter off somehow or
other, and it will he all right.
3 This millet grnel is cooked to exactly the right consistency.
4 The business of Tientsin is not so
great as that of Shanghai.
5 If yon don't believe, I am ready to
lay a wager with you.
6 How can a donkey carry such a load
as this ? Have you not tried the

& * m
m % #

g&
(9
ft

+ m

SR

travel.

to

Deep-shallow; depth.

TV huao

3
.

Big-little; size; capacity; calihre, station, place.

Jwans ying*.

Soft-hard

hardness

ness, rigidity.

stijf-

MANDARIN LR88ONB.

Lbsson 50.

& g m
m - #
*
#>
* *
a ^ *
a ^ #

w m m W # T
$ * m *?, IS -h *
&'. # <* ^ *
& o ft % & i
=t *
*f s Ji #
-

ft

it

first and try the depth

of the water.
[about its size.
15 Put on this short coat and see how
1 6
How is this pen for stiffness ?
1 7
Goods differ in quality. Do not merely
regard the price asked.
18 The sentiment of this couplet is
very good, but the tones are not

21

@i

^.

jx

ft

>f

ft

35

$.

ft

:*

tt

ife

#fc

20

*.

ft

^ H

correct.

9 Looks are of no great importance, only

so that she is thrifty.
20 The length and thickness are both
is
not
sufficient, but the width
1

it o

sufficient.

* * ^ us mm
* % % + ttJWI
#
# A *g?
& ^
Hi
ft
W &o T. To o T>
ft
* o
#^j $ *3 # H
* A a m ^ g to; %.
*. # # ^ # ft ^ M o ^.

1
15

19

'j\

ffc

fcl

rt,

*EL

IBS

iE*

lEt

ffi

25

^
IJJC

Ti1

/&

it

Kao 1

ti

be-

ily; station.

)J\

7V

4
.

tsS*

P'ing

3
Jlt1$ Ch'ou

f>jj

Lou*

chai*.

3
mffli Leno je*.

Level-deflected; tone.

chiin\ Ugly-pretty; beauty,

liness; looks.

come-

Low, mean; ill-favored;

sordid.

JI %3.

Ch'ang* twan\

U ?H

FIou* po& %.

j^ Hsiao

hou*.

Wide-narrow

width,

am-

Cold-hot; temperature.

1
{}&& Kao ai*.
High-low height, size.
6
To
Sun
to
diminish;
J(f\
abridge; to wound; to
.

... spoil
to injure
loss; damage.
1
Fen
To
ftty\\
pie*
separate, to distinguish.
draw
j|n T'wei*. To
back, to retreat; to back out,

Long-short
Thick-thin

to refuse; to excuse; to
yield.

5H

jM. Chin* t'wei\

Ugly, homely, unsightly, repulsive.

iHPll-i

~\$j

Mi -^ K'wan 1

JJ\.

eighteen or nineteen.
a man takes no pains to distinguish between loss and gain, he may
be said to be without common sense.
24 In my opinion he has one serious
fault; viz., lie has no idea of prudence in what he does.
25 If a man is proud in mind and without a just estimate of himself, he is
sure to be constantly getting into

When

23

Aslant, oblique, inclined, deflected.

plitude, breadth.

High-low; height; rank; qual-

The temperature of China is not the

same in the North and in the South.
22 Jndgiug by the height of his stature,
if he is not twenty, he must be
2

trouble.

To lower; to droop; to sink; low;

low; humble; common.

jfrj'yjc

23

24

Do you go down

14

IS!

121

length.

thickness.

1
)$3 Chii

^t\j Cku

Thin-thick; thickness.

To
1

live

Advance- re treat; prudence;

judgment.
in, to reside; to remain in a

condition; dwelling.
hsin 1 .
To have or maintain a certain state of mind.

NOTBS
85.
1

takes the place of $j, becauBe

j^

j)

ifr

is

book construction.

, as here used, illustrates

2 It is a question whether xf
The sentence, however, illustrates
the subject of the lesson.
an important principle of Chinese polity.
5 Though the two forms are somewhat different, the idea

The first, or right hand form, might

expressed is the same.
be rendered more literally, 'The consistence to which this millet
is cooked is just right; and the second, This millet
gruel is so
cooked that it is neither loo thin nor too thick, but just right.
This method of using two negatives with words of
opposite
qualities, is a common way of expressing that u thing ia
medium, or ju3t

right.

122

n %

- + a m

LE660N

MANDARIN LESSONS.

51.

pjs

1 n

%s

ft.

Jgg

#,

iE

#
^

&-

$i

fft

ift

!tt

16

The book

is all in confusion; there is

not the least order in it.
12 There is a man on the street selling
He asks eighty cash per
honey.

ik

* & * IS
ft sn it m n m % A
o m mi $ & *
^19 1^ ft P To *. IS 1
SI IS M &f
^rt
^ ^ o - o =8\
&^,iU as o ^ m m u fr. ffiuo
H #
J3
8
% g m H a a * ^ fi l
I l^c I |& I 1 i I I
18

123

catty.
3 If yon can not drink wine, can

yon not
eat?
14 His not being able to sleep at night
is a serious matter.
15 It is not necessary to write a letter.
I will tell it over to him which will
1

fil

answer every purpose.

15

ffi.

16 Li the Eighth

is continually slandering people. I thoroughly detest him.

1 7
Yon scape-grace ! You are certainly
How is it that you are so
ill-bred.
disrespectful to your teacher ?
18 Knowing that he is given to getting
angry you should by all means
keep out of his way.
19 It is cloudy out of doors; you can
not see, even with the moon.

iff

55*

Vocabulary.

To love fondly

g>\$Ai* hsi\

jt

^ Kwang

begrudge
1

yin

to

to spare

to

improve time.
Time.

$|

Tsa\

j|?|

\ Kwo&*

Jff

Nan*.

HJ Hi
i
JJeJt

0(L

Difficulty; embarrassment, adversity,

See nan*.
suffering.

Difficulty, straits, trials,

MotP

discipline; to train; to refine; to learn by experience.

Nature, disposition,

'|4 Using*.

hardship.

To

lien*.

spirit; property,

quality; faculty.
>L^'(3: Ilsin

Natural temper; character,

hsing*.

disposition.
'|$|
fffi

To

Lien-

Min

*|$|tff

To

>M Ohou
tJB. iifc

pity, to commiserate.

To mourn

pity; to

man).
To be sorry

i^CfiJt F/ou* hioefi.

To

for; to pity.

revolve, to turn round

Chou1 swei*

j^ Chien

6] Ku*.

a year.

full year.

Stable, firm, strong; durable, lasting;

resolute, constant.

JB King1

To change,

HI:

HO

&

Ch'wei?.

j B>C Keng 1

^
^F

A hammer;

a mallet; a club.

To

hai*.

ffsin 1

repent

to

alter, to

wife.

bee; a hornet, a wasp, etc.

Honey; nectar; honeyed.

Honey.

To narrate

1
5Jt fft Shu* shwod

To

tell

Wu*

To

in

order,

to

[amU

3.

hate, to dislike; averse to. See od*.

To detest, to abominate.
To instruct; instruction, precepts.

Yien* wu*

Hsiin*..

to tell in order.

over

rehearse.

|pi|

amend

Order, precedence, a preface.

order, order of precedence.

gjt Shu*

J$vjf|;

to

undo.

Second, inferior; order; a time.

&$

weariness, fatigue, -es~

pecially that of a journey.

Ftng
l\fi*

change

to

repair,

Inner, internal, interior; in; inclusive;

Ts'i*.

ir

to

Toil,

ff Hsu*
y\ /f Regular

alter;

Bitter, toilsome; grievous.

Hsin1 ku3

among; a

y\

to

to

f*J Nei*.

%j

firm, stable, immovable, fixed.

for, to

Also king*, and ckiny 1

amend.

Secure; constant; pertinacious; fixed;

assuredly.

(of the wo-

change the mind.

have mercy on; to commiserate.

To get married

men*.

(""j

knock; to crush to shiv-

er to pieces.

03 K'un*. Exhausted, wearied; distressed ;needy;

to go to sleep; to besiege; to enslave.
K'un*
fru 3
03
Poverty; trouble.
1
Difficult; distressing; hardship.
IHJ: Chien

to

Topound;

124

IS

JlBUiML
ftil, SLto&T.

O
O
* Wt
ft
M,## ^

20 Judging from
he

ft

ft

&

IS

Pjgo

9R

^ #

flLfflgg

ft

ff

in

W ** *.

Jft

H *
*.

fk

fjjlj

Chiao 1

^ CkHng
...

a*

t>

poi

To

To

avoid, to keep out of the

shun; to

=fj|

Met*

flee

way

from.

Cruel, relentless

tuK

'..''

p|!

Kang

rf'J

!*5

Kang

ch'iang

Firm, resolute

strong
j?5| JoCi*,

l|JC jjJ9

(l).

The eyebrows.

hsiang*.

Likeness; image; coun-

Hard, unyielding; intrepid;

sharp
(music) ; recently, just now Les. 65.
;

head-

violent.

feeble; pliable, yielding;

Weak, yielding ;

infirm; delicate; debilitated.

JwanPjoa*.

Jj$j

Jou2 jo<i*
K'toa?

Pliable; tender; delicate.

f|ji C/i'i

G\&d, joyful, happy.

lod*.

Grieved, sad

1
.

vexed.

Ts'an 3 Hard-hearted, cruel ;wounded inmind;

.

miserable.

Sorrowful, sad

^H|^
1
HIa Pet

To

Weak,

jao*.

decayed.

terpart, figure.
.

one has cause for rejoicing he

unconsciously becomes joyful, and
when he has cause for sorrow he
unconsciously becomes sad.

ft^l

savage.

The eyebrows.
The eyebrows,

M Yien* me?
jg % Me? mad
1

together.

When

24

2fc

Cruel, savage, brutal

W<-

^j |H Using

ft

..V

The moon.

Od* tu 2

^}

(with

Cruel, harsh; intractable.

igi

man's words and deeds are the

counterpart of his mind.
23 They two, the one firm and the
other yielding, can not do business

ft

treat disrespectfully, to
condemn, to slight.

Yue* Hang*

/fj| H6n
JR -fl Hen3

to instruct

22

authority), to discipline.

of, to

^5

&

is not over three years that I have

not seen him, and his hair and eyebrows are all white.

21 It

81

$i

Aft a

To teach,

ftsSn*.

Tod? pi*.

j?

4?

as this

^20

* #
.jii&*i m
#.-,
ft # ft
$t %m = m
&

ft

*
I

JSSjSl

this man's appearance

eminently mild and peaceable,
could he do so cruel a thing

is

How

o
II

- + 5

SB

^ Shang

feel for

grieved

melancholy.

grieved, sorrowful.

injure, to wound ; to distress, to

grieve, mortified.

To

Distressed in mind, sorrowful, sad.

Ht\^

Notes.
Or, You have never been to school ; how can you write ?
11 Jl Mi 7$i 9- is a book phrase meaning without order
or method; in confusion. Adding a word of opposite moaning
with a negative, is a common rhetorical device of Chinese

style.

by

paraphrase of

WL 7
Wi }J

16 $&
a man, or to speak
injury.

J? IS ^C

is

used

an approximate

p1i

evil

is

of a

To

disseminate evil reports about

privately, so as to do him an

man

17 il? <ffc
expresses the idea that the boy has not
been properly taught by his parents or teachers, and also that
he has not profited by his teaching hence it means iUrbred,
;

sometimes omitted and y? 3& used alone.

'3

Mao

My

to teach is chiao

but that

to

teach with authority

is

chiao*.

is

15 " Which will answer every purpose,"

is

The tone of jffc is in

also use<* '" sonie places.
1
violation of the distinction of tones usually made. See
and chiao'.
Peking teacher says in explanation that
J

simply

^^

honey, but $& 4$ is a honey bee.

13 When one has declined wine, this language
way of insisting on his eating the more.

12

p|

unmannerly.

10 Judging by analogy from

fijl,

we would expect

M instead M <^i which however

used again, judging by analogy from such words as
niean moonlight, while
we would expect M
the
means the moon.
of

to find

simply

lesson, but not

22

I^J

is

any

is

never

{jjl

$|.

in fact it
ijb t
It illustrates
principle of the
of the three classes specified.

doubtless added to ij> in order more clearly to

from Jf"- the body, which in many places ha*

distinguish it
the same sound as tlA

Lesson

MANDARIN LK8S0N8.

52.

M + i ^
: m A, & g A A T> m m
II o f f A. IT &5 i % m
ft A
# s Ji -y^a ^ o s
3

Tbanslatwn.
an adept at swindling.
2 This language is purely evasive.
3 He can not wrong any one.
4 You
should not injure others

^ m

Ro

*.

-if .

m
#*. &

ra

fe

a.

pf
ffi

fit

!5

A
The word

AS
as

A
a

Personal

added to verbs to generalize

is

It

ing people.
If you are not respectful at home, you
will not be respected abroad.

He

11

others.

is

simply deceiving you, there

shadow of such a thing.

is

not a

What good

12

there in

is

learning to

worry people?

We

13

can not allow him

to impose
way.
14 Do not take along many things, they
are only an incumbrance on the road.

upon us

in this

woman Wang

15 The old

at stirring

up a

is

very clever

fight.

Sumx.
When joined to verbs expressing emotions,

A. in (5,) and |jj ?f?

they become causative; as
A, in (7.) Sometimes both uses are found in the
same word, as "| A, in (27,) and in (28.) This use
is very extensive.
It may in fact be added
of
to almost any transitive verb.
See Supplement.

may sometimes

be rendered people, or
a man, but is generally untranslated; or rather,
its force is comprehended in words which express
When a
the idea of the verb and it combined.
contrast is expressed or implied, it is equivalent to

them.

when you help, help effectively.

9 These brothers are constantly inault-

12

tfl

When

& m n m A*ft
wm^mmo a #!##*
* AA.* *. Jl A # d A
* Ao * * o fl,:gA.# o ft
o H H iijus o m
.
K^km n m m *r m
o

befool people.
[ting.
7 This great fat baby is truly captiva8
you strike, strike hard; and

o
it
IE

to

[up anger?
5 Are you not thus purposely stirring
6 I am incapable of doing anything to

m a m
I A,ffl Jf A *4

&.

is

benefit yourself.

m &
o

He

10

A.

125

Vocabulary.
To take advantage

P-ien*

9
jff^- Ilao

my

I,

3E Chi1 wul

make excuses

to

prevaricate.

To make

tao*.

to

^ J(

KvaeP-fu*.

all sorts

of excuses;

deficient

ti Li*

chi*.

To

specific:

ffiM- T'P *
Nan* wei\
1ft

f lis Hao*

single
Les.

special
159.

purposely;

On purpose;

To harass

specially.

to

worry, to annoy; to maltreat; difficult.

ch'u*.

|?|

Hsiung

To

to

to

wrong, to

defraud.
^|J

mate

Good, benefit, advantage:

Les. 98.

to tergiversate.

To be

0$f T'i*.
j

(w.); to excuse; to delay.

To evade;
.

Hu?

to

to straddle,

Skilled in any art; an expert, an adept.

skou*.

Wu*.

ri

cheat

to

swindle; to defraud

J$

scold,

to abuse, to

impose on

browbeat,

trouble, calamity.

To involve,

Lei*.

to implicate ; to trouble; to
encumber; to embarrass. Also lei*.

benefit oneself, to act selfishly.

Wl Hi* Ch an%
k

mod?.

...

To

pester, to tease.

126

W fa I i I A
A, o I ^ i ^ fi A i, A
IB I #. o &
I ftU

AA,JS

M
l^ilfti^

# & oi&llJI
, w ji m ub. & * s *. a
o #
a. o m m m at ft
4&m m m #. f m %
#
l^ * 5 1 1 O S. & ^

ChHng

A
m ^

iH,o
ft

ft

20

To look down upon,

k'an*.

to des-

him

suffer-

is

really pitiable to see

them

doses

it is

injurious (poisonous).
The most important principle in our
intercourse with friends is to be

24

courteous.
am loth to go to see him; he does
nothing but storm at people.
26 His methods of entrapping people
are invariably successful.

27

91

make
amend

for

23

A1#J3B
3FPIW*

he has to
fun of people, he will not
as long as he lives.

20 That disposition

23 This kind of medicine should not be

taken in largedoses if taken in large

ffi,

315

you look down upon others,

esteem yon ?

will others

24

(jl^^fr

When

ing so from the cold.

22 How can one show kindness to others
when he has no feeling of sympathy

22

28

19

21 It

A.|l^i

But doesn't

to his lot ?

ffl

18

olllif

III
% # *

exceedingly offensive.
it
worry a man to have
such a worthless wife as that fall
is

people

18

3TO

25

ft

PfcP^ Ck'wei1 hu1

To talk

"

pise, to esteem lightly.

H^/ft"

Chung

4,

To have regard

k'an*.

to,

to es-

^t Shwa* ksiao*.

.^L

U^

^ P'P
pf ^

To

K-t* lien*

Ying*.

makefun

pity, to

lung

To

Htn*.

disposition.

have mercy on-

response; an echo; to fulfil,

1
respond; to promise : See ying

loud, to storm at, to

blow up."

rebuff; to insult; to scold.

To entrap;

2
.

to

pose upon
'|f|

To

of;

temperament,
Disposition,
idiosyncrasy, peculiarity.

chH*.

Jjlfl

{fj

ridicule, to
to hoax.

The spleen digestion

P't*.

To

fjf Ch'&ng

^ ^| Lao

teem.

hate, to dislike

spite
:^|*

55.

16 Virtue does not fear the light; that

which fears the light is not virtuous.
17 This habit you have of pestering

tfl

$ s m m w a fu * *
o
# a as. m j a. w
*& ft o $ j ; # m m
ft & %?%% A W iu A ft si
i
S f i A.^l i ij A
,

& ~ +

ft

dupe; to imto

victimize.

to be indignant

vexed, sorry.

To offend

Fan*.

to transgress, to violate

to

be exposed; to assault; an accused

Les 91.
criminal; worthwhile:

to

Hasty. flurried,

VjfcTsao*.

nervous,

irascible;

88 JH Chao*

ying*.

To protect to care for to

show kindness; to entertain.

|j

Kung

To

1
.

treat with veneration

respect, to
verence, to honor.

Rude,

Tai*

tfiljfK

Lcm%

$$ Hu1

tai*

An

irritable;

out of

to.

to revere

show respect ;
Kung ching*. To show
to

Worried;

i&V&ChPtsao*.

patience.

UK

J>

Hsie 1

To

hsi*

rwfe;

ts.

stop.

decorous, reverent.

ffitifc

Can; able

ffl.Wt King* kou*

damp, muggy.

re-

idle; lazy; remiss.

Disinclined, loth.

out to; to speak

expiration; to call
to; to invoke; to cry aloud.

f!
jp*

TsHoei1 ,

Liang

over.

2
.

To

urge, to press

to importune.

To measure;

to estimate, to consider;
the quantity or size of; to think

See Hang*.
3

fJH^jl^T'i

Hang

2
.

To

feel for, to sympathize

with.

3 Wu1

A sorceress, a

witch, a medium.

\n

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson- 52.

To deceive and

^ # #

@|

A.
o

i&

*
* $
tft>

ffl

ft

A I & o $
a * * &
H ^ A
# as.
m & A. T ft
M O # M i& o ^ m
m A n . m
a, * m & i m & $t ^ w, & ji m & m
& W &
m n #p#h *
*
^ It i A. 1 4
T
& ft ft o A
as ^ a * ^
PI

29

ffi

34

is,

*
^

Wu 1 p'oa*

f& F3

sorceress, a witch.

Simple, stupid, rustic; used in letters

for the pronoun I to cheat, to befool.

is difficult

~J3

Ju

75"

pb

-J

To
To

ffwod* lung*.
a

deceive, to befool.

beguile, to befool.

Ancient, old; of old; antiquity.

AV yi'A

An

diffi-

think reliev

ing the poor is an easy thing ?

a man has the reputation of
being a thief, not only is his own family disgraced, but his relations and
friends are involved in the disgrace.
34 When we first arrive from the foreign
country we can not speak a single
word, which is very embarrassing.

{$ CkouK
$% Jpf Chou1

To give alms.
To give alms,

chi*.

to relieve the

poor.
2

2 lung*

and equally

Do you

When

33

W
^W

@.

to open,

cult to shut

32

#>

His wife

is
a sorceress and well
versed in the art of deceiving.
32 The old saying is: The door of charity

31

ffl

B#

1 '2

siderate ?

33

& &
^w if

:3* t5?

k * m
X # A. #

ic

to hate are two faults

very easily committed.

28 1 have never seen such a trouhlesome
child; it will not leave one's arms
for a moment. Truly it is vexatious.
29 I am out of all patience; after questioning him for half a day I have
found out nothing.
30 He has just got home and is not yet
rested, and you forthwith urge him
to go again ? Why are you so incon-

^Jb|: Ming shing

2j^|c Pin

^A

chia

Tiu 1 jtn\

Reputation; fame.
Original home; native place;
own family.

To disgrace

old saying; a tradition.

to

oneself, to be put

shame.

ISlOTBS.

4 JM

Ti Ci

a neat and expressive book phrase,

carries with it a telio
is not and, but in order
correlated with C,, it always means
is

often heard in colloquial. The J|l

force, so that the proper connection

When

that.

is

word ^. The Chinese has a touch of grim humor

which the translation does not bring out.

of the

23 Ub
Northern

5 iE hsre

refers to

whatever the person in question had

3(v which is usually a noun, is here

been doing or saying.

used as a verb and, asexpressinganemotion, is used causatively.
6 The inability here is such as depends on moral causes.
8 Approximately equal to what is worth doing at all is
worth doing

well.

9 (&' heing

it.

fi"j

Note the

force of f[

in apposition

with

may be said to be added

/, 3l |g -y, the 5

15 In

When

-gf

is

used

in

f(i

51

ff9- is

to

both words at once.

is

placed

first

the sense of skilful,

to emphasize

it is

nearly

ways followed by "fj

13
Jg- is liere used somewhat depreciatingly

Marriage

is

plural.

regarded as a lottery, as

is

intimated

id

al-

for wife.

the use

centre,

used in

hundred arrows, a hundred

If
"T
W
a ready-made Wen-H phrase,
expressing with

26

others.

The

ifx is quite t'ung-hsing, but is much more

thai, in Central and Southern Mandarin.

Ir a

hit the

equal
elegance and force the idea of invariably.
is used as a verb,
28
does not form a phrase
as it usually does.
iR is used causatively and conveys very
strongly the idea of vexation.

f^

31 A
|g is a sorceress who, by burning incense,
making motions and repeating prayers and incantations, induces her patron divinity to visit her and
give the assistance
or information which she desires.
32 The difficulty in beginning charity is that the clamoif
of the beneficiaries will not allow one to
stop. These clamors
not responded to, easily pass into violence.
33 In this sentence, which is from the Sacred Edict,
4?u oL is Wen-li rather than Mandarin.
For Mandarin i<

if

should be expanded iuto

,$.

JJf]

~fc..

128

si

a?

n = +

fr

Translation

T.m

$w^. H o

ft

a
m~x m m n
77 it p
n
- m.
o w. H T
ft * # ^ o
m, s e m
J) & m
nr
ft * % m* m
* . . ^ -7%
a J6 o ^ $R
? m mm m
o

^c

w
m n
a T
& K
* m.
# 55
ft

tt

have been grievously injured by yon.

My leg has been bitten by a dog.
3 The sun is hidden by clouds.
4 Good men are constantly being vilified

m %
IS.

7 *fr$*

J.

u mM o m

*i

it

To

fft

by the wicked.
[word to say.
5 I reproved him so that he had not a
6 Liu Hsien Sheng was offended by me;
(or, I offended Lin Hsien Sheng.)
7 Both children have been
spoiled by

7.

Hf

f, to suffer,is used to form the passive, and

is the regular and proper passive form of the language. In the North its use is largely confined to
the more stately language of books and of literary
men. In the South it is much more extensively
nsed, being the ordinary form used on all occasions.
is

also used to form

Do

not talk boastfully, and yon will

avoid being ridiculed.
12 What a pity that such a fine book
should be worm-eaten.
13 Li Ta Yin lost his suit and his degree

ffc

Pabsivb

Si

call,

Pt o

$ff#r1ff
# 7o

^t, to teach, or B^, to

you.

8 I hear that Chiang the mason's leg

has been broken by a stone.
9 Every one that takes the sword shall
be killed by the sword.
10 He was roundly berated by me.

ft* ft

&

-in

1]

il

>

>b

#j

ic

was also taken away.

He was

14

very

much

because
by robbers.

grieved

was carried

his silver

off

Forms.
the passive, and, in the North, is the generally
used colloquial form. It is only occasionally used
in the South.
Peking teachers generally use B^,
while Shantung teachers prefer ffc. In purely
Chinese Mandarin books the two characters seem
to be used indiscriminately.
IfX

the older, and

is

&y

the

more modern form.

Vocabulary.

SI

Pei'.

5^

bed quilt or comforter; to suffer;

see Sub.
... by, from ; sign of passive :

Yun*.

Clouds, fog

/ Ts'aP..

Chi

'jf

Kwan*.

Ju* ma*. ...

Cfci\

numerous.

to shade; to hide, to inter-

cept; to protect.

ifp Ju*>*.

Wi

JPf

Ijjg^

CA't

Habitual, accustomed to addicted

to; inured to; to indulge.

To

...

rail at, to berate.

To laugh; to laugh at.

hsiao
To laugh at; to ridicule;
4

To screen;

$$

shaded

Variegated, colored; beautiful, gay.

cloud.
.

%9&

to

sneer at.

S3: Chu*.

Insects that eat books or fnrs

these insects do. (l.)

Kwan1

gf Hj

si

1
.

to eat as

lawsuit, a case in court.

To

insult; to dishonor; to rail at; to

outrage, to debauch.

jjl

Ki

M$

2
.

Skin, hide; armor; to change; to de-

grade from
1

Yiu ch'ou*

office

to strike off.

Grieved, sorry, sad

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSON3.

53.

- m

i #
21

*. *r

$>

*r

!2

A large bole

15

18

*r

ft

by the

was barned iu

my gown

fire.

wonder by whom the vinegar bottle

was broken.
Truly Wang the Fourth is sharp; yon

16 I
ffl

- M A

a. a> n.

#>

# s

jiw

&

ft

m.

sis

ffi

T. 3\

mi

were all deceived by him.

is a pity you listened to his advice,
and thus were hindered by him.
19 When a man is good he is imposed
upon, aud when a horse is good he
18 It

^ ft *
2

ridden.

is

20 If he had not been stirred up by some

one, he would not have gotten so

A. igiaBffcltiSolHIAilifl
^2* *. * tt it # *
T o

T. e

.
^24 o

r>

jr

angry as

Wang Chang T*nng has

been
arrested by the conalready

m *.K

^ T # ft,
o
*
^ il #"#^
51. A * H A #5 it
* % ft. g # t, m # * w
;

ft

25

27 3E

ffl

19

# * a i& & A
fo&m m ra wn. #.
ft

22

Kt

/fc.

"f

P ao*.

A long dress coat.

A cellar, a hole in

fBs
Jfi
Jiff

K'u1

M [Hf
jf|pj

An

orifice,

Tung*.

0B

Ts'u*

$E

T'u 2

'1

Lung*

Ya 2

T3t

t*.

Yuen*.

a cavity, a

a retainer

A court-house,
to

a tribunal an
;

serve

%L ~F
f^

it.

126.

plaintiff.

The defendant.
Policemen;

Asia*

Oti* cha*.

Les.
The

for

do not know,

plateau; origin, beginning; natural;

1
)!;$ Tsao* pan
'S*

Bible.

"a" Ytipn* kao*

Private,

To accuse

office.

illicit,

falsely

lictors

clandestine.
to extort, to

squeeze.

Chie 1

underlings,

policemen.

To

lift

up,

as a

cover, to raise up; to

bring to mind; to state to superiors.

iHf"

To

away.

The Holy Scriptures, the

ff1?r Pei* kao*

pickle.

follower, a disciple

j^

Official attendants; underlings in a ya-

Chodr.

dog whose owner

originally, really:
;

to,

now being prosecuted

'

men, constables.

is

...
jjp

must

it

it

The man who brings suit is called the

plaintiff, aud the man against whom

if)

27

the ground.

orifice.

cave, a dell a gorge

hole; to see through.

To minister
.

not seen it for a long time;

be that some one has taken

1
lifii Shtna* shu

low fellow ; empty; futile, in vain.

s
Chiu t'u*
A drunken fellow.

fitj

^J OX

o''

[a kick.

suit is brought is called the defeudaut.

26 Wang, one of the head lictors, illicitly
extorted twenty thousaud cash, aud

T. *
1:

stables,

22 I struck him a blow, and he gave me

23 If hereafter we are questioned by any
one, what have we to say ?
24 There was a Bible here, but I have

a hole.

Vinegar

Vt

cavity, an

0'

it

jtB

16

ift

this.

21 That drunkard

seize; to arrest; to catch

To answer, to
(U *k Btoefl ta*.
pr S/u'ng*. Intuitively wine and good,
cred; sage, wise.

Okie1 kao*.

To

and

reveal

acense,

to

charge, to prosecute.
;

jijlrf

T-ou 1 tsweP.

respond.
holy, sa-

$|

Kun*.

5|? Sod*.

A stick;
A cord, a

...

To

staff;

rope

steal food.

a club; a kuave.

Also soa 2 and soa*

m m t

130

b +
came
when

in to steal

stick

w &

m m m

1,

t^

28

?>

T>

ft.

T.

it is a lie.
once bitten by a serpent, is
startled the next time at the sight
of a black rope.

suspects

29

He who

*r

ffl

eat,

28 Lin Kwoa Fn has been deceived nntil

he is over suspicions. Even when
you tell him the plain trnth he

W7*oawagt
&
jg W
5
*

something to

him a blow with a

and drove kim oat.
I struck

is

Notes.
7

lit

SI To

by

spoil

indulging in the

practice

The sentence may be translated passively thus: He wag

and I was struck a kick by him.
2* Jg 3E is one of the divisions or classes of underlings
in a yamen whose business it is to act as lietors or executioners.
The classes are usually divided into sections, each having
a head.
These headmen are distinguished by their surnames.
Hence ] Bij is that one of the headmen of the lietors whose
name is Wang.
27 f$I 'j^ to steal a mouth; i.e., to steal something to put

of

ly.

struck a blow by me,

Vicious habits.

12 Sit
same sense.
16

is

J|S|

more or

less wtn,

as here used

is

9$

being largely used in the

It is used

exclusively Southern.

North of a rat hole, or of any hole or cavity in a

solid, which is used to contain or secrete something, but
not of a hole which perforates.
19 A common saying made humorous by a play on the
words fife and jjf which have the same sound, differing only
in the

in the mouth.

28 KJt To I applied to one who from being repeatedly

deceived, becomes excessively suspicious.

in tone.

active form gives the sense accurately

22 The

and

brief-

liEesoisr iiiv.
The Instrumental Verbs
in common use as instrulj and ffi are both
mental verbs. They may sometimes be translated
an
as verbs, but are generally best rendered by
instrumental preposition. In most cases the sense
be used, though
is quite the same whether ft or JJJ

and

'yg

ffl.

rhythm; also
in certain phrases or connections one is nsed and
is used
In Southern Mandarin
not the other.

there

is

often a choice in regard to

almost exclusively, $* being rarely heard.

Vocabulary.

fX
IJ

Hsiie*.

^ TYod

to

Ssien1
1

'*.

a shovel.
pole; a wooden shovel,
Snow; snowy ; to whiten.

To take with the fingers;

to gather

to manipulate;

np, to scrape up;

a pinch; a handful.

A tune; rhythm,

Pj) Tiao*.

move See
:

Hg

Chiao*

)fl

Mod1

Wan9

& Yao3
0j 7V<m*.

A
To

deep dish, a bowl.

IP

Sod 1

bail out

M ng*

to

To cut out garments ;

to diminish

jjH

.To

to regnlate, to plan.

To rub

fj| /Yoa\

f$.

cut
pivot; to shear, to

off.

stroke with the hand; to handle; to

Also moA*.
fc.l for.

To

j|!s

sew, to stitch. Also fing*.

||g| Atilpr.
$U$1 Pie* is'a? fing*.
;: Win* change

dip up or out.
to cut, to trim

t'iao*.

To

make a resume;

$j[

style; to transfer, to

1
JH Mod

Also

in the hand.

l
.

stroke affectionately; to toy with.

the hands, to twist; to
scrub by rubbing.

To rub between

ts'oa

To stroke with

the hand, to

fondle, to toy with, (s.)

sewing machine.

literary essay.

fy Pao*

$ $&

T'wei pao

plane; to plane,

to level off.

carpenter's plane

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 54.

m + i n

ft

f o
m *

IS
4*

^.
o

ft

l m

en

isjfifft

|,

13

io

#r

w.

* *g$ ^

ft

ft

>&

o
9
fft

i 1 |
A a. &
T

&

*.

n is
n m m
& a. $j ^
#fe

ffl

is, m m. w mm
*s Tfl o 5g n & s
# & w mm ^ m m *
n* & *9feiiFifc * w.
*s #am ?# ik. m m *r ^
w.mgi o & n m. m
o o # ^11^ #| o
# u tf. ##. a ft
f

#fe

ffiHI

15

fc

31

it
*
^
J

ffl

tf

fc

# O

SI

HI

fc

3$

*. *H

Jl

fPI

131

132

fg

SI

A>

1@

iff.

AIJ
H
a

III
^*t

ft

HI

IS

*r

i, T.

It

*e
tt *E

ffl

*,!-

ff

* # ^ $ m m * 5M
7 #. * * a^c fl # *

($.

& n + s

ft

* o ft i$Jt*f; m tc
%p% o ^^m a
ft ^$ 1, *e it
H *r a. *. <& *. o
# * m o m o aide
T. > ^ #r H @ ^ Mh
o * s ^ Ji # ft
m #p23ffi =&#.** #
* *. **
i 4> rtfaR W*R IP g * ^

16 All native cloth of good red color is

do not
dyed with red flowers.

We

know how
You haven't

17

to nse aniline red.

a cash on hand, and yet

buy this and buy that.

What will you buy it with ?
18 Cooking for one person is most
conveniently done with a furnace.
19 When you farm without using manurei
how can you grow a good crop ?
you want

to

20 You need not nail it; gluing it will

answer the purpose.
21 When you look at Saturn with a
telescope, you see around it a large
ring of light which is very beautiful.

When

22

whips a pupil he
with a ferule. If he

a teacher

should do

it

strikes with his fist

ffl

and kicks with

his foot, he loses his dignity.

17

19

f!

23 With

people

money is
at Chung

to

nowadays, to have
have a degree. Look
Ching Tang, how he

bought, out and out, the office of

What can these impecuniprefect.
ous graduates do ?

ffi

Notes.
1 For shovel some would write yk, but the balance of
There is
text.
authority is in favor of the character in the
As
to shovel.
great diversity in regard to the word meaning
used in eastern Shantung, Jf$ expresses the idea perfectly,
but its use is local. IE is widely used, but it means to scrape
up (usually into a dust pan or XsStr)- rather than to shovel.
Chinanfu teachers reject both words and write pjji while

Kiukiang and Hankow teachers write

Ji.

Please take these medicine*

Lit.,

and wrap thea p

with paper.
3 In scientific books the telegraph is generally called ig
When it was introduced into China the people dubbed
^j{.
it

Jtjfc<
Chinese parents constantly threaten their children in
The children soon learn to
just such a reckless way as this.
know what such threats amount to.
10 Note how this sentence, as also the 12th, 19th, 21st
and 22nd, all have hypothetical clauses introduced in the
"
"
translation by
when, without in any case having a hypothetical particle.

14 The

translation does not fully bring out the foroe of

Its use implies that the. subject had been referred to

jjjfc.
before, and the speaker takes this opportunity of showing a
"
there, this book,
specimen of the printing : as when we say,

etc"

18 The " furnace here referred to is the small earthen

furnace used by the Chinese, having holes in the bottom, and
a raised rim for supporting a tea kettle or a stew-pan. These
furnaces burn eitherchareoalor grass and sticks and are fanned
or blown with a small bellows hence the name, wind furnace,
which is used in the South.
"

20 The
is

translation only implies the instrument, which

fully expressed in the Chinese.

22 tK f^ means a ferule, both in the North and in the

South, but in the South it is only applied to the ferules used
by offkers, while JfJ( ~Jf is applied to the ferule used by a
teacher.

23

Jjli

here means,

sole, sheer;

that

is,

the party bought

his office by the sheer use of money, overriding all the proThe theory of Chinese examinations is
prieties of the case.
are for the purpose of bringing to light the talented
that

they
men, and a high degree

is

theoretically a passport to office.

As is generally the case in China, theory and practice differ.

Money will get almost any office without a literary degree,
and the degree without the use of money rarely, if ever, procures an office. The government openly sells its titles and
offices, and the money paid for them is facetiously spoken of
$, being the first of the ten stems, or cyclical
characters, is used to denote first in rank, meaning that they
excel the others with whom they are examined, and hence
are rewarded with a degree.
as contributed.

TiBSSOS*

m
&

+
^

Translation.

m.

-f-

% &> % m o te o
m ^
m m
M
^ JW t *&*|.:*
* o
o ||^ *C\ m
HI ^ o
*

o m.

ft

&f

3fc

IE

>F

&.

5fc

^u

i.

*F

AND

^,$$

to return ?
will certainly

religion

be preached in all the world.

I am not satisfied to entrust it to him.

probably have to go myself,

are you showing your fists and
rolling np your sleeves for? Are

T shall

What

yon going to strike me?

7 Judging from the way the barometer
is falling, it is jnst going hi rain.
8 Please have patience with me and I
will pay thee all.
9 Seeing he has been so self-willed
from his youth, do you think there

any great outcome

is

10 It
Hfi|

of being

probably can not get well of his

Are yon about

The Christian

&m s n w

now on the point

jast

disease.

m.

p ^ g

is

settled.

He

m a
a # & a % m

^ m n

It

ffi

f M

31

133

MANDARIN LESSONS.

:"'5.

now nearly thirty

came to China.
is

Judging from his

1 1

talk,

him

in

years since he

he

is

intending

fff INDICATING FUTURITY.

In addition to its nse as an instrumental verb,

(Les. 28,) flf is alsoused to express the near future,
combining with it more or less of the idea of
It generally takes 20$ after it, which
probability.
does not sensibly modify its meaning(2,)(9.) The
combination, however, often takes after it either
(17,) or gj. fllj or
ig (4,) by which the
meaning is modified in each case.
When #$ is used alone with an intransitive or
neater verb, it expresses simple proximity (10,)

fif is used in some places to express futurity,

In
including the idea of purpose or oughtness.
other places
is used in the same
In a
way.
general way it may besaidl.hat f is used in Central
and
in Southern Mandarin.
f|f is used occasionally in the North, but is always followed by g.
The use of both ffe and
is
qnite colloquial,
albeit they frequently give a shade of
meaning
which no other word will quite replace. It is a

(16,M23)

mispronunciation of

&

question whether

$S.

not in this case simply a

is

Vocabulary

$C

Wei*.

3|fl

Pien*.

Not yet, never; the hour from

o'clock P. M.-Les. 152.

Lu 1

to 3

E very where; a 11, the whole; entire; to go

around, to pervade:

f ffj

To

strip; to wipe off; to

J&l

3? Wt

T*

$! Hsta* lao*.

Finff ?/<& piao*.

~F $ Hsia*

Les. 64 and

j%

Tsi*shi*. Self-opinioned: $e\f-willed; arro-

P 3R, K'ou"

gant, overbearing.

Manner of

cA't*.

s
peaking,
phraseology.

86.

rob down.

barometer.

To fall,

to descend.

ill

Ckwei 1

To be

lenient, to be merciful, to be indulgent.

talk,

To pursue;

to trace or follow
up; to
press for a debt; to overtake ; to

reflect on.

*& 9fi Ckwei1

To follow up;

chiu\

To descend,

chiang*.

j|[ 3t K'wan^jung^.

1%m
tuj

Ya*

to

investigate;

to ferret out.

3
Yang hwoc?

Dumb,

To nonrish:
silent.

to support.

134

go into business, and does not

propose to carry his education very
to

o3g

m m

$ m & m

w. m_ f*

ft

far.

n n * ^

H#7*C T. o
o
^

19

*
&
* *

;gg

uj6

PQ Yas pa1

Dumb,

ffil3f

1B

ft

&

If

An

Jffl
4Jfl

;?JC

official

messenger; a con-

Pien

i@

s
.

Flat, thin

vC

to flatten ;

Pirn* tan*

*$C Chang*.
iff

To draw water and carry it to

the place where it is wanted.

Ta* skived.

staff,

flat

a signboard.

carrying stick.

a cane; a clnb; a pole.

A carrying stick with a chain

Tan* chang*.

and hook at the ends.

jgli

.A grooved wheel

Lu*.
.

#
fill
-fo.

Jp.

Tai*

To encumber,

lei*.

to

obstruct

ck'S 1

A chain or elevator pump:

17.

pg

To expel summarily,

fall into, to sink; to involve; to

entrap, to inveigle.

To encumber, impede.

Tai* hsien*.

To

Ifs Chip.

raise with the hands, to lift up; to

recommend; to begin ; to move ; a

proposition, an affair; all, the whole.

To introduce, torecommend.
To recommend, to mention with favor.
7'2 m1 lien*.
To lose face, to be put to

)i ('hien*.

%jp iSi

Sw

'

shame.
rH J$ T'wei t-od

To make excuse ;

1
.

draw back,

to
2S5f

to

evade

to put or turn

secret, quiet; in the mind.

to shirk.

Jan*. Certainly, yes, so; but, then, however:

added to many words to give emphaor express oertainty
see lies. 94,97, 115, 116.
:

^$&Pu*jan
'

R# P

2
z

Not
.

1
^jC^f Chie

tai*

..

no; otherwise;

certaialy,

if not.

At one time,

ski

out, to drive out.

Dark;

to

To

listen*.

7p Pw

sis

clog, to impede.

Lung*.
dragon, a sea serpent; imperial.
A pump ; a fire engine.
fig Skwei? lung*.

$( Mod*

be addicted

See kao*.

to.

a pulley a roller.

windlass;* pulley.

.Note
..

quiet; on

windlass.

Shwei3

Nien%

love, to be fond of; to

IK Lu 2

To keep

To

ffiHao*

ts'fl.

Ch'aP- jbn

the sly silence!

some willcertainly change to pumps.

18 Let him follow his own convenience.
If he wishes to go I will not keep
him, and if he wishes to stay I will
not send him off.
Ck'iao 3 mod* sheng 1

stable.

^JT

12

&
W

silent.

8
Distress, trouble, calamity.
J|i K'u nan*.
1
Cfrai To send (a person) to commission one
sent ;an official messenger; a waiter.

/V

help me: by and by when he is in

trouble I shall not help him.
16 Just before daylight on the ninth,
he was arrested by the officers of the
law.
17 In China, at present, water is raised
with a carrying pole, a rope, a windlass, or a water-wheel; by and by

14^ O

See ch'a 1 also

jf?

I will just
prospective relative?
have to bear the loss in silence.
15 When I am in trouble he will not

w m

ft

You
know how to spend it. By and by
who is going to support yon ?
What can I do with one who is a

14

3tP

jm

<n

there to investigate ? There

a shadow of such a thing.
can not earn money; you only
is

isn't

13

*.

What

12

% ^fll#* &

5 +

ffi

of

tfie

at once,o the

moment
To

spur

receive; to entertain.

Lesson 56.

MANDARIN LK880N8.

- & $

a $ it it
* x * a ^m m ^
ffi*i tt ft
f^ i I ^i^l I
& & - K
*
$ y 11 K ^ A
<*

ft.

Ait

136

19 This business
v

to

manage it.
make any reply to him, 1
fear I should offend him yet I really

20 If

I should

can not swallow

will

fli

aft.

^
^

*. #
o w.

^ L^^ ^
22

If

tt

tfi

"S

it

in silence.

21 So gluttonous and lazy as this, yon

tt.*j

beset with difficulties.

it will be best

is

do not know how

most

22

am

Ji

keep your husband

recommend him,

afraid to

he puts

likely

all his life.

poor

me

lest

shame; yet if I do
I have no way of excusing

not,

to

myself.

When

23

you get nearly there you can

down and smoke a couple of pipes

of tobacco, while you send some
sit

# T

A w n VPS*

it

A. o

one forward to give

otherwise, I fear he
difficult to entertain so
spur of the moment.

ggg#'

him word;

may find it
many on the

Notbs.
7 ~T ?Sr or "1* Pr is an inversion of the nsual order,
the auxiliary being ma tie the principal verb. The difference is,
that the usual order is commonly transitive, while the inverted order is always intransitive.

f@

fft %H Sit a relative who has not

the young lady through whom the
flfii ifj
f| >!ffi
affinity is to take place i8 not yet married,
PC Wj* this dumb loss of his ; i.e., this loss which he has inflicted on me, and which I must bear in silence.
By a characteristic metonymy the dumbness and loss, which really
7
pertain to the speaker, are construed with the other part}

14

yet

$ iS

crowed the door ;

l"J

i.e.,

15 The & might be represented

but the sense
smoother without it.

is

also,

better

in the translation

by an

expressed and the sentence

17 When wells are shallow, the bucket is let down on

the hook of the tan rhang into the well, and drawn
up by
hand. When the well is too deep to reach the water in this
a
is
tied to the bucket and the water drawn
way,
rope
up
h;i nd over hand.
In watering gardens and in ease of
deep
a
windlass
is
In
used.
wells,
raising water from a river or
canal for irrigation, a species of inclined chain
pump is used.
It is usually drivn by a large horizontal wheel with
cogs,
turned by au ox or donkey.
21 The phrase jtj P IIS ffll-i hankering after good eatand lazy at work, is most commonly applied to girls and
young women. It expresses the worst fault a virtuous woman
ing

can have.

23 Note the different use of |^

from that In
The two words there form a phrase here they do not.

16.

-*4t4>

lbjss013" lvi.
The Disjunctive Conjunction.
the regular word meaning or, but is not
In
use or in English.
nearly so ranch used as we
many, perhaps in the majority of, cases the dis-

^C

ia

in the structure of the

junctive idea is implied
clauses, as (1 1); numerous such cases have already

occurred in previous lessons.

with jjj for the sake of rhythm.

Whether
peated,

or,

is

but, is also

clauses, without

is

often joined

or,

is

sometimes expressed by one

formally expressed by | re(9), (15.)

(14); sometimes by two (6), (8).

Ipt^t", or else,

frequently used

in

a Wen-li phrase, but not unMandarin. It also means per-

is

haps, possibly.

When

a double question

is

alternative, the second clause

frequently expressed by correlate

any special word

Either

asked, giving an
often introduced

is

by 5' which, in such cases, means or, (4), (13),

It generally gives a slight preponderance
(16).
to the

second alternative.

130

SI

* ^ + 5
* ^ a tt i? k

ff

Translation.

m &

ft

B&

ft

lift

* & M

on

^e

jo

ft

ft

I.

w
o e

IS

it

tt

ft

EQI

Use a

to-morrow before deciding

little

will

soda or a

wash

little

soap, and

clean.

Yon can go and ask him, and yon

will know whether it is so or not
4 Do you want it all in copper cash,
want a few notes?
medicine may be takeu either
four or five times a day.
6 Lend me a little I pray you, either
or do you

5 This

'

#. IS

till

7,
7.

&

Wait

it

ijB.

whether to go or not.

Wt

+ s *

s\

B*C

Mia

W
^

of money or of something to pawn.

Whether this or that, say quickly
how it is.
8 Whether much or little, you ought
by rights to give him a cumshaw.
7

a $ m m
#. *
& $ ii # a a * o
s ^ft^ii #. # s. #> m m
o wi $ m
Hi #. #
W I o ^ ^ ^ I S
s

ft

sb

am

undecided at present whether

best this way or that way.
10 Does the gentleman wish to drink
Ans. Either
rice water or tea?
9

it is

will do.

Opfl^0ll]|

^ #
i2

m>

'}>\

&

book from which you are learning Mandarin written or printed ?

12 When yon are physically so weak as
Is the

11

Ml.

you ought to eat more good

some tonic medicine.

this,

S5

food, or take

Vocabulary.
Doubtful

Bxi Hwo<%*.

moreover,

perhaps,
Snb.
may;

Wen-li parthat which; what;

;

or, either:

^f" Chi*. This,

It takes the
tide with many uses.
place of jj, and of $jf as used in Les. 23 and 39.
It is occasionally used in Mandarin.
|$||

nf BM Tang*

Something pawned, or given

t'ou*.

in pledge.
1

Broth,

warm
1

^Pffi Sken

^ Pu
Rung

monstration or
*rp

t'P.

soup, gravy

Ore;

Tonic medicine, tonics.

Hsu1 Vacant, empty;

.

Authority influence ; dignity strength

;

...

a potentate, an emperor ; a god;

form; condition.

Heaven.

The god of war.

ti*.

to jest, to make fun ; a theatrical play, a comedy.

To play,

Esi*.

IH

P'tng*. ...

ffe Lai*

titi*.

Overgrown, tangled, (w.)

thistle; untitled land, (w.)

To saunter, to ramble;
amusement, to make a

yiu*' kwang*.

*SjI

Kwang*

ching*.

To saunter

to travel for
circuit.

about, to take a

walk, to visitfor pleasure.

To view the country, to
enjoy the scenery, to

untrne; simulated; un-

substantial; exhausted; humble; space;

Shi*.

To make

a dea flourish of trumpets.

Supreme Ruler

a mine; the matrix of a gem.

unconditioned; abstract.

the

JU

3$)j
jjjjf

ski*.

A district or county in Eastern Shantung.

The body, the physical frame.

yao*.

rice water; a

Kwan 1

spring.

feint, to make

A ruler,

Ti*.

it is about
Barilla or impure soda,
half caustic and half carbonate.

ChienK

$zf T'ang

Hsu 1 chang 1 sking 1

if,

see

travel for pleasure.

Su*.

Plain; simple; pure; contented; heretofore, formerly: usually.

2p- Iff P'ing

su*.

Commonly,

ordinarily.

* # *
19

fft

17

A m t m &
t. ft i

f;a
T\ *.
o m

ft

is

&
*

13 I hear that you people are going to

Is it true ?
open a silver mine.

HI

or is it not rather false ?y

Yoa
14 Mere empty talk will not do.
must either leave a pledge or find

ffi
IP!

j *. ft
*
ft # #. # * i I o
ft ^ m * ft fl^ffl
3 * * *r m \u % m
$ M. * Si ft ft i@ & n
P
ft Al
3i>
BE. 5R * i& S ft A % M
9 ft ^ 3 ft
ft #. ft ft & ft o g$i,
# A, gg 9. #*<- H
i I 4 l i o fr> ft
?e k # n
tt *> & * *. 3E If % ft
Q & 1 O A ft S %
2*=.

18

i6

To break one's word,

1
Iff Shi hsin\

late

}|]f

To meet;

Yvfi

said he was sick.

not telling whether his sickness was
severe or not.
16 In Your Excellency's opinion are they

i
t

to fight? or are they

simply making a feint ?
17 Do you want to go to the temple of
the god of war to hear a theatrical
play ? or do you want to go to P'eng
Lai Ke to saunter about (enjoy the

really going

%>

1
1
JjSjJIP T-oa shin

(if)

/Tsu1 .-

$
ft

to

happen

ff Tu*

To

he

is

Ml

1
"^XTS Chiao

To

fu}.

1fs

Yin

HI

Fist 1 t'u*.

To

to find leisure;

desire; to want; to aim; to

desire

to

f|f Shou*.

WL

3z up

seek

for

Age, years

Shou* shu*

Ch'eng* ming*.

To give

fsf Fu?

to, to

commit

birthday

Fate, the decree

to.

aged.
;

life.

of Heaven;

endowment

To designate,

1
Ch'tng hu\

in years

Age

T'ien 1 ming*.

the

to

to; to

of heaven.

to call; to act-

drets.

scheme.

$C 4?

transfer; to deliver to; to

News, word, specially that

which comes by word of mouth.

hsin*.

seek after.
^Fj

himself to go into

preparin

business.

on.

Required, needful; usual; necessary.

hsu1

19 I do not know whether he is studying

in order to get a degree, or whether

man who

leave.

isf
.

ordinarily not

is

His not twain g

breaks his word.
to-day must be owiug to sickness,
or else some important business has
turned np so that he can not

IS.

to leave.

view)

He

18

hand over

to occur, to happen.

To escape;

a promise.

To meet;

JlL YiP ckien*

to vio-

security.
letter simply

The

15

ffll,

n:

MANDARIN LES80NS.

Lkhson 56.

To get a
hand over,

degree.

Jt

The Ruler Above, the Supreme

Ruler. Used by many for God.

ti*.

Shang*

to pay.

Noths.
1 The translation implies that the person to go was
The Chinese, however, leaves this
the porson addressed.
It might also mean, whether I go or not,
quite undecided.
loait

till

tomorrow

ifC
this or that.

flit

in

which

rice

has been boiled

especially just after meals.

It is

is

much used

usually called

to consider.

Tiank-notes are largely used in China, but their circulation is entirely local.
Usually they are only current in the
issued.
city in which they are
whether east or whither west ; i either

7 SS

10 The water
as a drink,

IS

14 The 5S

>

twice Hied for emphasis.

The Southern
3? with f-J, but in other connec-

form replaces the second

tions

fjfc

f=J

17 1$

p?j

&>

moans

to fib, to tell

<A Chinese

'white"

lies.

god of war, also called

ff(|

&

138

If

pf

w m

MANDARIN LESS0N3.

Lesson 57.

+ 3l n
i, I, - ^ i T. l t & m
m M $& $} o A
% ft
^5^ |K * -t * * # m t
to
*
?
ft. # *
*. X o &
ir

Translation.

-b

sfi

This [garment] is too ragged; that

one is fairly good.
2 You have not seen his writing for a
long time; of late he has been
i

fti

r6

writing very well indeed.

3 I judge the ages of youtwogentlemen
differ very little, if they differ at all.
4 Yesterday a man very nearly snatched away my pipe.
5 All the other crops are fairly good.
but the buckwheat is a failure.
6 The English language is now current
almost all over the world.

Ife

#isis**
^^^gi

^
o

s&

ojfraa j lew *r

ft
15

ft

to death.

8 Even

yon can not repeat it exactly,

yet yon ought to come very near it.
9 How does this class of paper compare
v7ith that? Ans. They are approximately the same.
10 There is no considerable difference

io

^^

&

tr

i*

The day before yesterday Yung Hsi fell

down stairs and was stunned almost

aw **.#. j ^ #* ft
o m.T\M m m
fl * o
mm m -m> o o *r\& *.*
si

139

in

if

their

skill;

they are both good

workmen.

Come

back, come back! Add a little

more, and if yon come anywhere
near the price, I'll sell to you.
12 Just when we had reached the middle of the river, a great rise of water

11

m S i ^, T^f i i ft m
- m 1* ftwmm 9
ffl.

Vocabulary.

Chi
.

See

few; nearly, almost; minute; subtle;

chance; to be near, to approximate.

chi*.

^p Hu

1' 2

Really, truly, indeed.

Hr CkHao 2
Mai*, moa*
flgf

Hsia

Buckwheat.

Wheat.

5ll fa"

2$.

Chia 1 tang 1

Chia 1

^C
fg

To fail, to
to nought, to
miscarry, (n., c.)

1
Ying win*

The English langnage.

T'ung hsing*

Chile 2

Everywhere

current.

ladder; stairs; a step-ladder, steps.

1

t'i

To cut

report, a rnmor.

inch (Chinese); a very

little.

Patrimony, property, wealth,

stairway, a ladder to an
upper story or loft.

off; to

si 1

The same.

Ghwang*, ch'wang*.

IS iPl

$j| ffp Lou*

An

T8*un*

to carry

water); to steep.

To ponnd;
to strike

Blind; ignorant; reckless.

dash against;

Ch'wan2 yien2

to cheat.

^ ZV
$&

Buckwheat
come

^^t

W-

strike or

fortune.

Chtn\ ckeng*

Hs^fcr

To

away (by

final interrogative
particle express-

ing doubt, or surprise, but often

used as a mere expletive.

51 IE

py Ch'ung 1

interrupt; to sever; to exterminate; very, extremely:

Les. 116.

HI

Ch'wang*

A &,

tao*.

1/ai

tyt P'oa\

To

to beat upon;
or run against;

strike and overturn, to

push over: Les. 91.
precipice; a bank; a shore.

declivity; a slope; a hill; a terrace, a bank.

Kan*

fft

_L

fr* Shang* chin*

fi

Ku

chin*.

Diligent, assiduous; to hnrry,

to pnsh.

1
.

To

The same.

estimate, to reckon, to consider, to set

a price, to appraise.
Also ku*.

n %

140

**
- m%^%L

H. 7
ft

7. *B.
o o

to

i # T>-$iP
# j & $ %>

It
fa

18

m *
Ji

*
to

ftft*J?-UffA,
9

^ %M

fft

came and we were

away.
13 That

zi

Ji

fft,

m m

A^isaiiP

19

*g~

t m m& * % i m
o jp.jfcip.n + *
* * & m m m, #

I think, be about right.

to wealth, the two brothers are
abont the same, but the elder has
somewhat the larger family.
children were knocked down
by the animal, and came within a

17 Both

very
bank.

3fc

little

of

falling

down

the

18 If we work diligently, I calculate we

can finish, or at least come very
near it.
19 I talked with him a while yesterday
evening, and our talk came very
near ending in a quarrel.
20 What do you think of the essays Lin

* * *.*#*.
^ # S* Ri3
* 4 .*
^ n m o &

20

fft

As

18

m i.mmm.
*
#> a
* # *n 3$ 3
& n % ft t.

man

is

15 It need not be two inches broader.

If it is one inch broader it will,

tom&T&mtoib&m-*
s.

but carried

all

is not a child
if not fifty,
not very far from it.
14 I heard a report that on the way his
cart npset, and he came very near
being crushed to death.

he

16

t 5

-i:

Wt

**- ^ *
m m

IlsiK'ung and Wang TsoaOh'ing

wrote for the examinations? AM.
Very fair. Both have a prospect of
getting their degree.

vfi

S Ku

3
$t Niu

Hang*.

To

consider, to calculate, to
gness, to appraise.

To twist, to wrench

to wring; to sprain

Actions bearing, behavior

a move.

yep gy Chip tung*.

^, lf

Ch'iri

sh'i*.

to wriggle.
Irlfj

%$.

^-$k

Nao*

To get into a quarrel.

The same, (c.)

ning*.

Lung* niu'

^ $J Lung*
^L
^

chie 1

K'ung*.

or }| Ch'ang*.

The same,

Excellent; the peacock.

An open plot of ground; an

tions, theatricals, etc.

Wi

$fc Tsi* ts'ung*.

7C

Yuen*.

7tj

arena for drill, examinaAlso ckang*.

Chi 3 tvang*

-fB

|jx Hsiang*.

From

the time.

fc.

To crack open

%% Lie*
VF ^k To

'pq

The rapid

Ihooa*.

-jffjfL

Broken

to split; to tear.

disease, the cholera.

JTwoa* Iwan* ping*.

wl

Fing

rnatri-

split in pieces, to burst, to fall through,.

Cholera.

Leprosy palsy xrabid; insane, demented; any nervous disease.

Jf Hoc?

To reckon

swan*.

up, to take the

aggregate; on the whole;

profitable, paying.

shoe or ingot of silver containing abont fifty taela.

The elephant; form, image; an em-

ChH* hsiang*

burst, tojiy to pieces; bits.

Also cha*.
coal (n.)

primary large, great;

blem, a resemblance.

To

Cha*.

Hope, prospect.

First, original,
a dollar.

Yiien* pad*.

(s.)

|vp

marriage alliance,
monial affairs.

Aspect, mien,

[H

Wei*.

....

iH P

To snrronnd; to invent; to besiege ; a

.wail round a viliaye, a fortification.

..

Hen*.

One

after the other, consecutive,

together
air.

Les. 105.

with; even also;-

Lissom

a % %
i\ & *

<%

m x

if.

-x

JB,t1w if

i@

m mm *

m wl
m m m % *
- T^ KF i ^E

#,

^. *
T o &

01

t &. m
o o fc

ft

i f
it o

-at

je** gg gc

ffl

23 If

21 Traly there ore some men in the

world who know how to talk. They
will take op almost anything, and
say it so as to make it seem real.
22 Ever since his son sent him the two
ingots of silver, his aspect has
greatly changed; hoth in his hearing and in his talk he feels himself

m
^ i
f> m

$>m

ft

% & & m m %

3t>

m.

it

21

% m

^ , & # o g
$ * in* a m & ab a #
ft # Vk m P # * w $ ^
m it. m # *. ft
f- a.
T. ^ - ^ * h ^
f&. PH T W *" ft ffi
7 *
ft
%>

ft

Ml

MANDARIN LESSONS.

(ft

22

decidedly worthy of regard.

I had not gone early, this marriage

have
proposal would, most likely,
through again.
24 He has just received a letter from
home, saying, that theday before yesterday his father was seized with
cholera and came very near dying.
25 Jast when 1 had reached the street
came from the
crossing, there
southward a large rabid dog, and
he came very near biting me.
fallen

26 Will you please tell me, my friend,

which of these roads I had better
go? Ans. The south road is a little
nearer, the north road is a little
better; but, on the whole, there

(ft

very little difference.

the rebels came, they besieged
the wall of our village for five consecutive days, and came very near
is

ra.

27

When

As-

breaking

it.

Not B8.
1 The

here put for the noun, and hence

Such an abbreviation is only allowable in

classifier 'ff is

takes the -y.

colloquial.

3
a

111

Hi

-ffit

common

/J

Differing,

still

do not

differ

much,

idiomatic form.

To fall so as to break or stop the breath ;

For a temporary suspension of breathing, a difand JQ are auxiliaries,
ferent word is commonly used.
pgj(
used with only a few verbs. Pekingese prefers }$ Jgf J

16\ 0}
i.e., the life.

5PC

9 The second

ifs

might be omitted without detriment

to

offer,

the language of one who has just refused an

and the customer has started to go.

13

is

^ $,

Gf-

17

is

It is

worthy of note that Je

spf

means

practical-

same as
SlS or
yf 7^
5fl, notwith$.
standing the fact that the one seems to say the opposite of

ly the

23 fj is the' classifier of $ft 1ft, and its use as a classifier

almost limited to this one thing, jlp fg is usually pronounced as if written Vf. jl$=.

is

24

^%

SI IrE
most any story

may be

ift frj

either a letter from home, as in this

case, or a letter addressed to those at

home.

taken passively.

term

T^

fflt

beiivg derived

>

the place

0f

is

is

streets cross,

from the character ~r>

omitted, and in others

26

where two

to be

the

In some places

substituted for

it.

a polite manner of addressing a

stranger, when asking for information of any kind.
27
jJjK, longhaired
^C is abbreviated from ;Jj|
roljbers.
This is the name generally given by the Chinese to
the adherents of the great Taiping rebellion of 1850 to 1865.
They were so called beoause they did not shave their heads,
as the Chinese are all required to do by the present Tartar
dynasty. In some parts of China notably in Shantung, the
larger villages generally have adobe wnlls around them, as a
In some cases walls
protection against armed robbers.
(generally of stone) are built for greater protection on the
iu
of
hills
several
common, and to these the
by
villages
tops
(in

ll

7L

is

the others.
fisl

$fc

or incident

Words which are almost;

which

i.e., al-

has even the least sem-

blance of truth or reality.

) IS f , lit., to speak alive;
\e. they can talk so well that in their mouths the most imon
the
aspect of reality.
probable things put
33 l$l W) l=f pip . H3 is a Wen-li jhrase which use has
,

portant.

(6 is

an exaggerated form of expressing

not young.
15 ?J does not here mean again, but in addition.

that one

intelligible, although it would be somewhat pedantic,

used in addressing an uneducated man. J jg /{\ ffj.
lit., proper and no mistake; i.e., both self-satisfied and self-im-

25

the sentence.

XI This

made
if

flee with their valuables in case of danger.

that village of ours.

people

^JJ Jl>

Hi-

m t

142

A +

f$

m. o

fat

i f

in

l6
-pr

IIm

3g

I
n

ta

3 For your

thing

own

^r.

a.

f&6

js

is

tt

^f,

*;xint

m # m

w.

short poker is better than to stir

the fire with one's hand.
It is not as economical to burn caudles
as it is to burn a lamp.
Still more should not one who is a
leader violate the rules.
To return a favor with money is not
so genteel as to send a present.
The air in the city is not nearly so
good as it is outside, [up to yours.
I do not think his scholarship comes
To beat him is not so good as to try
the effect of reason.
[one.

10

a.

to.

m. an

11
12

13
14

^ f
w
ft.

[ coat.

yourself.

o H
#u

it

father or mother to own a

not so good as for you to

else.

5fo

U ii 15

is

4 A wadded coat is not so warm as a fur

5 This dollar is better than that one.
6 Which do you think is the better?
Ans. I think this one is the better.
7 Man is more exalted than all things

^
# %$@ko w> ?* *
% m m m m o ** ^ ^
^ - & $ n ft **
& tt o if. t E * Si HL
J*

understands, but you understand

2 I can not compare with him in ability.

li

17

He

better.

14

A + S

Tbanslation.

S.

a #
n tr ^ o m & #> ^,
^ ^ #,, * m m &
#\ & ^ m m m M 3& In f*
m. & in ft * ^$ %
m o *

m.
c

S8

IB

M #

*&

15 This house is much better than that

16 You may cook a little more rice. It
is better to have some left, than not

have enough.

to

^f

*$^Stt&^^

Xi^lSSOIiT XiVIXI.
The Comparative Degree.
Formal comparison

made with

is

Jfc,

of the use

of which there have been frequent instances in

a variety
previous lessons. There are, however,
of other words and ways, by which comparison

is

effected.

change, as a comparative, is equal to

It precedes the
more, or to the termination er.
which it qualifies. It is often used in

JH To

adjective
connection with
ijtfa

rior.

Jfc,

as a comparative, better, supeViolent,

It follows the noun it qualities, and is

connection

generally used
ioined with fa or $\ or

5f

jfg Still better,

tyX Like,

is

parison.
is

with

$, as below.
much better;

Jfc (5),

often used to form a direct comit

is

is

colloquially in
t'ung hsing. (24)

the

same

also be used alone in the same

takes igS before it, or is joined
but
usually
way,
with a negative, as below.
^fl

The
(16) \ Better than, superior to.
\
first form is local, the other

*g5^I

3g /ful(8)(35)

( 28 )j

2$n
2*L

two are general.

Not as good

as,

interior to,

much

used form.

^#H Not equal

not up

to.

(3)(ll)(14)(22).
following an adjective is equal to
better, much higher, etc (15) (29)

^f ^
f&
much
or

mUck,
better. (19.)

It follows the adjective with which

joined. (24.)

or

used
not

As,
may

That,

as |3, but

(7), (19).

(5).

in

it
way

S^-t I

to,

Not equal

to,

Comparison may also be

peeial word. (20)

not up

to.

(13) (21)

effected without any

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 58.

man to reform is harder

than to ascend to heaven.
18 His disease is evidently improving
every day.
19 Why do yon specially select that one?
Is not this one better than that one?
20 Whether good or bad depends on how
each individual looks at it.
As I see

# * #
i I i, I i * I T> f
tt. #1. & m 7. 1 J*
- a o ^ 1@ it
in in Rf
- o ft Jg 35 IK * H * A * * - * m tt#35
A m im m %> # ff. . #
o T.
S& ^. ft. - * Jl &
J
*T o + 1.M*n ^ $ iPo
&m o - Ji a y ^
W A ^ -fJB. #h to g & B?
*. ^ in ft o A ft JMK & Ji
o ft - #, ftss* A, 4E # #
# # . it ft * A *
^^ W X 15 ta. IE * # SB
*# s . ft is o * f, .
us a + * #
io 35 ft a
A

ja=.

17 To lead this

IB

23

82

ffi

143

this is not as

good as that
use this dry pen is not eqnal
to that wet one.
In very deed, a man so devoid of conscience asthisisnotasgood as a beast
Those brothers of mine are not even
equal to strangers, [form a climax.
These four divisions which he makes
The good ones are all put on top; as
it,

21 For

22
23

21

24
25

l9

my

you descend they get poorer and

poorer.
[mine ?
26 Is your business more important than
27 There is a proverb which says, Ten
credits are not so good as one cash
[sale]; and another which says, Ten

29

birds in the tree are not so good as

one in the hand.

see a fault

When you

28

in

a man,

it is

better to tell him in private, than

to apeak of it in public.

24

tffc

Vocabulary.

see Sab. See

see Sub.;
Les. 92
practicable, availing
and, with,
about, concerning;
Sub.
Like, similar
ty\
Les.resembling
as
3 ChH*. A Wen-li pronoun having many uses
More, still again
1
1
king also ching
Jk. Gift To reach to; to connect

]|f King*.

effec-

tive,

at, to.

also;

Si*.

see

to,

99.

if:

as,

~L M- Shang* swan*.
Hf IM Shou3 ling3
|g Kan 3 To move the

there;

if,

phrases taken from books:

&k

JJ^J

2
Vang chHen*.

feelings; to affect, to act

... on physically or mentally; to rouse,
to excite; to be grateful; to return a
favor.

HL %& Fing1 chH*

|]

Wan* wu*.
To spread;
Pod
JH
1

Hi La
$ JH To
$j|t

Wax

La*

$S) Cku*.

Birds, flying

Hfc CkHn*

shou*.

candle.

waxy, glazed; a candle.

candle, a torch, a light.

Ts'eng*.

To turn over to pull about.

turn over, to stir about, to scatter.

CkHn*.

and feathered creatnres.

Birds and beasts, a comprehensive term for the

whole animal creation.

/H

All things.
.

The air; custom, fashion.

.....
Shing*.
Overplus, remainder; leavings.
1
To ascend, to begin; to record.
Ting

to separate; to distribute;
to transfer, to turn over to.
,

J
%
fit

Foreign money a dollar.

leader, a chief.

...

A wadded coat.

3
$jjfH Mien* ao

Vfc

Les. 146.

.A

she, it; that, the one; whoever;

then,etc; used in Mandarin in many
he,

Profitable, paying.
.

j&

8u*

3
M} Mao

Mo

Common, vulgar;

2
i- rm Su

ff"

layer, a story; a step; a degree;

division.
classifier:
Les. 100.

yu?.

Pei*

Kin

ti*.

chHen*.

lay; the world.

A common

saying.

bird, the feathered tribe.

In private ;

At the

secretly.

feet; in the presence

of, before.

% M

144

IS

ft

* S

*l

ft

^ ^

'>HH

i>

ft

#.

ftK*

B#

&

f I

T^

jbi

ff 33

2*1^

ft

#>

ft i=-#

#;.

:&

**

im

#i>

it

Jt

1
if- T'ien ching*.

shou*.

court between two houses,

a court-yard.

Intricate, involved,

a stratagem

ChHK

vessel;

tool,

To smooth,

fwfii Hwa*

state of affairs, the best way is to

What
decline all responsibilities.
an amount of trouble it saves, and
how many people it saves offending.

Jp? Lp.
1
2
ytffifr Shi ski

an implement.

^
Wi
JuX

machine, an instrument

$| T'ang*

apparatus.

to polish.

Pod,*,

m Ts'ai
HsUe?

In good

fabulous bird of felicitous omen, the phoenix.

silk; wealth.

pod

Money,

ksie3.

wealth.

Blood; related by blood.

The times;

l$f3^ Sh'f shi*

Do

no need

of:

state of affairs-

Les.

not,
82; perhaps; not so; nothing; nothing like.

j(P Miao*.
spirits;

White

J^L Mod*.

finished.

fe jg T& 2 i*

or favor; in unfavorable circumstances.

Smooth; slippery; polished;

t'ang*.

blackish yellow color, dun.

Out of luck

M< BkFtng* hwang 2

opportune.

machinery.
brindled cat in high spirits disports
a phoenix in
itself like a tiger
unpropitions circumstances is not
equal to a chicken.
34 You regard money as of more value
than your heart's blood. To take
away a cash hurts you more than
to cut out a piece of your flesh.
35 It seems to me that in the present

33

embar-

Change; origin; moving power; natural

cause; contrivance; a machine; a

t^fiff

person and see about it.

dutiful daughter-in-law is better
dutiful son-inthan a dutiful son.
law is better than a dutiful daagliter.f
32 After all, tools made by hand are not
so nicely finished as those made by

m. o
o *>

rassing.

Chi1

loom
1^1

Ch'an2

M *
a a #

ft34 if

%
m m m &
)f

S
W

it,

35

court !
The front court is much
smaller.
30 This business is very much involved.
It would be better for you to go in

* * M *
A # #. ft
#. *. o @ a is

29 The front court as large as the back

31

tt

31

R A + 5

If

satisfied.

Excellent, wonderful, admirable; subtie,

mysterious; supernatural

Notes.
1

T)>e

neetion.

"but"

The

in the translation is implied by the con.

sentence might also be taken hypothetically,

and be rendered, // he understands, you still more.

9 sjfc 5S0- wax candles, is the most general and most
Chinese candles are usually
perspicuous term for candles.
made of a mixture of tallow and lard, by dipping, and are
finally dipped once or twice in wax, thus giving them a thin
skin of wax, which protects the soft inside and forms a cup to
In some places, as in Puking
retain the molten grease.
candles are called simply
tailed

ij&j,

!$t-

flJRi

wat* lamps.

wax;

in other places

they arc

11 Wk

up or

trf

sometimes forms a phrase, meaning

but here ]//, is the verb and

influence others,

Tiff properly means affection, but is here

object.
favor, or present, which expresses affection.

14 fja is used to specialize the

principle, involved in the case.
17 3c 7C
something that

ascend to heaven,
is

impossible.

in set phrases.

to
'jff

stir
its

put for the

particular reason,

or

an

is

expression to denote
used in Mandarin only

Jt ST T) nn z day compared with

Note that the
improving day by day
Chinese says the disease is improving.
13

one.

'

day good;

Jfc

i.e.,

"

Lesson

m % + 5. %
m m m
m m - & & ss
H, S ^ f $> il fftt * 9 IS
T> If - T a A jfrfr to H

t* m

ft it

Tbanslation.
'

#i

PJSo

ft^

very small portion

or

$fc Bfc, is

wet with the

is

21 The ^L

+ *

it

*,

24 The

more litera.
translation gives the sense.
each division is more profound than

s 8

e nt An

JP and *!?, and their combinations, are chiefly

but
used to express willingness or assent
various other words are used with a negative to
;

express unwillingness or dissent.

Willing, to acquiesce, to agree. (1)

fftliS Of one's
"!?

M^

own

<Ci*

(5)

free will, voluntarily. (7)

How much

do yon expect to earn?

no
attention
to him: so it must
Pay
be, whether he likes it or not.

treat

29 J^

5nr

me

so rudely as this.

means properly

narrow court between two

houses, in allusion probably to the patch of sky seen from the

bottom of a well. It has, however, come to be used in many
places instead of |$ -jp, yard.
scarcely used at all.

it is

In other parts of the country

" When in the

33 Paraphrase thus
mood, a brindled cat
mien of a tiger; while the/iiig hwang,
though naturally a magnificent bird, is, when in unfavorable
circumstances, no better than a chicken." The meaning is,
:

will put on the air and

r>

Dissent.

>28M>

Willing; inclined, disposed. (9)

own

accord. (15)

Satisfied, willing, assisting. (4)

Freely, cordially. (13)

**#

Unwilling, dissatisfied. (8) (11)

>f>

To

ftp.

dissent, to

To disallow,

^!ft
yf>^To
satisfaction.

"ft*] Freely, of one's

"U"

Use some small paper cords and bind

that everything depends on circumstances.

the preceding one.

JUIS

w. ^,

a pen of which only a

ink, and it is allowed to

Would you

10 I do not care whether he is worried

or not.
I can not suffer him to

dry when not in use. In the ease of the TyC ^P> the whole
head of the pen is wet, and is kept from drying when not in
use by being covered with the brass tube or "cap" provided
for the purpose. The "dry pen " is used chiefly in the South.
translation would be,

# n %

^ *&

for

his own accord, abated twenty tiao.

8 Getting a salary of two hundred taels
a year, and yet you will not remain !

-b-

&

him

I do not like
it
[the book] up.
those coarse paper cords.
7 The arbitrators awarded him three
hundred tiao, and even of this he, of

ffl

ift

for

church by compulsion.

fft

ffif

work

prefer to be beaten, or to be
fined? Ana. I would prefer to be fined.
4 If fined to the extent of feasting one
table, would yon be willing or not?
5 Joining the church must be of your
own free will. No one joins the

K^ffi
4

willing to

is

work?

IT^I^f

Who

nothing?
2 If it were not for the sake of food and
clothing, who would be willing to

m m m $ ^w a
&.
o ?- , j* o ^ .
s&
I o o ^
.
Ji m m % & & & M
g ft g O

#. 3g f|.
o tt. i j a i if
- s ^
$iom m Si o
* 4> & *n B
# ftJB *
m

145

MANDARIN LESSONS.

59.

demur, to protest. (12)

to restrain, to resent. (14)

disallow, to withstand; to

demand

(18)

/V^t I To

refuse, to resent, to

%* or ^3?5STo

demur. (18)

refuse to submit. (10)

146

T.

&

IS

t*

12

* m
f

In this case, it is he that strnck my

If I had struck his child, he
child.
would never have been willing to

12

You

13

A man

are all the time boasting of his

power, in order to weaken my resolution, and I am determined not to

IS.

submit to

Si
to

it.

drop

IB.

*.
13

result of constraint.

When

14

want you

my

my

tl4
fft

set out to swindle people,

to hang out

you

If you ever again

sign.
to swindle people in

honor his parents of

and not as the

free will,

I don't

it.

should

own

his

$ TO $! #

#,>

1 1

-e

A.

% +

SB

my

He

&

will certainly make it hot for you.

I give it to him of
own accord 1

15

attempt
name, 1

took

away by main

it

force.

16 I do not like to play shuttlecock, nor

to play ball; the thing I like is to
play chess.

o
Vocabulary.

it*

Kan 1

Sweet; pleasant, agreeable; luscious;

... delightsome; willing, voluntary.
To toil, to labor earnestly, to exert
Hsiao*.
.

$(})

m.

Ta 1

To reply

ying*.

oneself; exertions.

3&

3l

Pi1

To

Hsiao* lad*

To

5c MB
ffC

toil, to

work/or.

press upon; to urge or force arbitra-

SAou*

Hsiu 1 ^

Kan1

Asiu 1

To qnit, to drop,

To compel,

0i

^ CAP

Hsiu

Chiao1

bind, to restrain, to coerce.

teacher's salary.

Scorched

i]j* fjtft

twisted paper string or cord;

a lamp-lighter.

Dried meat; to prepare.

f^f

join the Church, to profess Christianity.

To

fHf CA'ung

To

anxious, worried.

Worried, vexed.

Hsin chiao
1

rush against; to excite; to collide with.

^^

3H

CA'ing

CA'ung cAwang*.

T'u 1

To

butt

against;

interfere with

1
j& Wei

ffitfflt

cious:

Jf^: Tang* tu*

Majesty; grave, imposing, lordly.

WePfhig

Majesty; prowess.

The will; inclination; purpose, determi-

]&, Chi*.

nation, aim; topographies; annals.

w>%&

Oh'i* cA'i*.

?k JS

Lod*

t}

jfe Ch'u

Determination, resolution; will;

courage.
Heartily; willing, cordial.

j*.

To proceed from.

1
yfi*.

8
$g Mien

To force

urge

fjj>

Mien 9

oneself,

to of-

To

ch'iang*.
.

tliiii

CAwang*

Les.

115.

To

treat rudely.

Hwang
Chao

1
.

9
.

constrain;

to

constrain; to compel;
to insist on.

To cheat,

p'ien*.
.

l|Jj

to

to animate.

to

Abruptly; to rush; insolent, auda-

tu*.

to relinquish

to rely on; to boast;

presumptuous, reckless.

fend: to treat rudely.

Les. 82.

To presume on,

To

nierP.

)fl Su*, shu*

jiff

to force.

To fumble over; to toy with; to roll

and twist with the fingers.

|( Nim*.

to. (l.)

to desist; to divorce

-.-- prosperous; stop, do not:

TfC

To submit

t'ou*

to submit.

$1 jM ChHang* pi

chiao*.

to respond ; to assent,

To rest; to cease;

rily; to ill-use.

5|&^ Chm*

to agree to.

A curtain, a sign, an
To beckon;

to

humbug,

to

swindle.

advertisement

to invite; to excite; tc

confess, to admit;

a sign-board.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 59.

ra

at

= #

ft

* ft m
& # *
T> r H
fa

IE

I-k

ft

W A

ffl

#a

7>

7
'

ft

JK

ft

# *
H n m
T.

*r

pw$
ft

ft

jb

*E

i,

147

148

% t

TTiU

m + * n
o

H #
13

f&

*r

tfe

TRANSLATION.
1

4. p. .

milt

16

o o

ft

fft

ik

$
^

ft

# 1. 3. &
a ^ * o o
IS &wffc"#
ft m & $ at &
ft # #. % # &
^1 o H H#H$.o
ft * il &^
7. . & mnu^
o smuggle.
BF* ft te ft. *
* 7 m S. ft
# n. ft, o m im
15

14

ft
ft

ft

5 If you act in

demur.

HE.

yon

11

have

much

to

as

like.

will see

each other again.

to say, say

it

Ton have such

look.

ft

as

it go.
After the matter has come
to this pass, it would be useless to
speak of it

M o

I will

10 Let

ft

io}

=9J

way

Demur

you have anything

ft

this

Ans.

quickly.
8 If he positively will not lend, so be it.
9 Do not be alarmed, I shall not deceive yon.

We

7 If

ft

quiet.

ft

Keep

2 Do you mind your own business.

3 Well, good day. Ans. Good day.
4 I think some one must have offended
him.

nRoWfTR

o
#> n.
% o

JE

a sallow and shrivelled

must be that you have

some ailment.
12 Sit down in the shade and cool off.
13 As yon like: if yon are content, it

is

all right.

14 This is a private
out at once.

n
LESSOR

It

house.

Please go

XiX.

The Final Particle 1

ffE

a final particle of great expressiveness,

is

and with a wide variety of uses.

It does not
always stand at the close of a sentence, but it
generally, if not always, marks the end of an idea.
The following is an approximate classification of
uses:

its

emphasizes an injunction (9), or an invitation (12), or command. (1)(14)

2 It softens a command. (34) (38)
3 It asks a question which is coupled with a
doubt. (20) (38)
4 It modifies an assertion by suggesting a doubt,
1

It

(15) (38), or a query. (4) (28)

5 It marks a conclusion more or less definite.
(13) (19)

When
Pa*.

specially

To

@K

it

etc.:

Kai'ji*.

A particle

see

(10) (16)
8 When repeated (sometimes
trebled),

it

be-

comes an exclamation expressing impatience

(32),

or a concession. (36)
9 Repeated with
j,
(26), or surprise. (40)

it

expresses impatience

10 When followed by !3f, it becomes a term of

importunate, or peremptory entreaty. (29)
is well
Though the use of
recognized in
general Mandarin, yet its use in Western Mandarin is limited.
In the larger number of the
sentences in the lesson a
Ohung-k'ing teacher
the
to
the
changed
f
ffif,
propriety of which it
is impossible to reconcile with
general Mandarin.

marks a perVoCABULARY.

cease, to stop; to discontinue; to

finish.

a command,

emphasized

emptory decision (8), or expresses defiance. (5)

7 Followed by T, it emphasizes a decision.

used to emphasize

iSub.

Another day, again.

ta #V-

Decayed, rotten; withered, dried up.

1
K-u
s/mu*
$^jj
Lean, shrivelled, thin.
To pare, to scrape; to rub; to even
fi(J Kwa>.
-

off; to

scrape by or against.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 60.

m &

g.

w*%
^

|S

ft

30

m.

i&

Ans.

&

22

tit

have only to give my

[ chat a while.
17 When yon have time come again and
lx You need not escort me. Please return

19 If yon are

If I kill him, I
life for his.

fft

3? 1125

wm

m #
h * t

m m

w.

H ^: ^c

oft

2l

tr

$ ^ #

i.

18

#, o

fft.

^
-tliU -

ft

3B

all put up with it, it will

be better to drop the matter and not
push it to extremes.
25 Common fare, ready to hand. Waive
a point and eat a little.

* # & JS o
tt T ^ #
1 %. ft ft *
*$&#

T. o

. W.

f.

w
H $ fa M Hei kan
l

it

k'u 1 shou*.

little

Sallow

and

shou*.

Yellow and

29

Come now, Your Excellency,

me ten days time. Ans. All

that is speaking with such

a stentorian voice ? It must be that
that hateful fellow has come again.
is it

So be

?U fP| La 1

thin.

A chronic

fiE Cheng*.
5&H

$*

tao 3.

To

disease, a malady.

Yin 1 Hang 9

Shade,

fcwai*.

To

shady.

cool off; cool ; refresh-

ing; chilly.
Oh'ang*.

To pay back,

to indemnify

to atone

3|
to

|Bj

Jj$

ChHng*
(

hwei*.

'Irlng* cfciang*.

Please return; good day,

good-bye.

To

rely on one's strength

or prowess; to push

extremes; to stake on one supreme

ft IS Pien*fan*
Sang
l
7T Ya
B^l

}yj CA*P*.

A
A

final

threshing Jloor ; a time:

Ordinary

food.

emphatic particle:

Les.

61.

to toin-

Les.

64.

A classifier : LeslOO. See cfcang 3

To winnow the
grain on the threshing
floor by tossing it
up in the face of the wind,
which thus blows the chaff
away from the grain.
8

To clean grain with a $g |$.

Fm*f-P

BE CnV, chi
fg $ A wicker

winnowing fan ; a dust pan.

A wicker scoop, a dust pan.

scoop for cleaning grain

dust pan.

H W Pa*

hsiu 1

To

Jao*.

or fixed time; time,

period,
Wiason ; to expect, to hope for.
aet

mm

effort.

The throat; larynx; the windpipe.

to replace.

an

^f Ch'ang*.

'#,

desist, to give up, to drop; to

cease, to be all over with;

enough begone I
2
Driven by the wind whirled
j9f Yang
now; to publish; to waft.
it,

allow
right.

it.

Cktng* hou*. Disease, ailment; complaint;

malady.

fa yk Liang*

stop

longer.

Who

shrivelled.
1
InlfcSy^ii Hwang* p'i* kwa

28

ft

in

26 Well done Good for yon

27 Do not get impatient; wait just
!

19

20 Can I stay here over night?

21 If yon are still dissatisfied; then go
and do your uttermost.
22 Are you quite recovered from your
illness? Ans. Yes, practically.
23 First try it, and if it will not work

24 If you can at

itt

ift

all willing, so let it be.

we'll consider further.

* ft m^M &
u ^"KS
24
m + # fc & # tt % @
w ^ & # wi s * .

the water in the kettle sufficient?

I think so.

15 Is

7>a

149

cease, to give up; to drop,

pay no attention to.

to

to favor,
to excuse, to overlook; go
pardon.

lute.

Viie 1 Si*.

j| Ch'Sn*.

Abundant; surplus; indulgent;

M 8#
$jM

...

To avail

of.

Joseph.
to embrace, to

an opportunity.
1
(HJ l mien*.

One

face,

improve

one side: one*.

lftO

7.

7,

ft

ft

ft

&

ft

*t

ft.

m &

ft

A.

ft.

ft

+ *

ft

31

30 Drop

ft,

J. tt

f $
ff.

m ^.

ft

t.

* m
^

x ^

T,^ 1
*^ m & o

T>

f4

ft

I
34

ft o st

& m
,#w*
i
m & ^ ^

36

36

gfe

^i

38

>

ft

<*. ft

ji

ft

*>

Is

ft

&
y*
.

ft, -ft

a
^
* H *

7
ft

37

*.

ft

M *
n
m

37

X *

38 Is the water yon are heating boiling ?

Ans. I think so. Reply. If it is,
then bring it in.
39 I hear that in the market, fish are
Shall I go and buy a
very cheap.
few catties? Ans. All right if they
are really cheap, you may buy ten

ft
al

you go and

call

him

into the house.

ft

^ ^#II

*i

may

come. On the oth er hand, I fear if I wait

for him, he may uot come after all.
How can one winnow without wind ?
Ans. If there really is no wind, then
nse a winnowing fan to clean it.
If you know, then say so; and if you
do uot know, say so. Why do yon
lie about it ?
When he reviles yon, do yon pay no
attention ? Ans. Oh, he's drunk. For
his father's sake I will overlook it.
The child is out of doors crying. Do

m &

*#*#. aflifc
II.

please.
32 So be it then.
Let us stop here.
33 If I do not wait for him, I fear he

8$ itft Iv

people's business

do yon consider that I

ought in justice to give you ? Ans.
It is not important
whatever you

35

Is there anything
meddling in other

How mnch

31

it at once.
to be gained by

or

*. o

more

atties.

40 Well, well my son Joseph is still alive.

I will go and see his face before I die.
;

32

Notes.
3 This is a polite form of leave taking, but is not much
used in common life. The meaning is, let each follow his

both

own

jl*

convenience.
Or, It must be that some one has offended him.
6 Another form of leave taking, more or less indicative
The first two characters are often omitted,
of friendship.

and -S Hi nf use d

alone.

The Chinese

affords no

words an-

"
"
swering toour admirable words, good-bye," and farewell."
used
in
is
some
in
the
sense
of a plague
11 ? tH
places
or contagious disease, but its general use is as given above.
12 Tliis is the greeting of one sitting in the shade, to a
passer-by.

14
16

ii. zfc Lire home, i.e., a private residence.

Such foolish and reckless language as this is not in-

frequently heard from the Chinese.

17 The common language of a woman to a caller who is
about to leave.
18 This is the language of a guest, politely declining the

honor of being escorted to the gate

(or further)

by the

host.

not distinctly given in the translation. Its use

implies that several persons were addressed.
In this case 2j is not an auxiliary verb, but
21 f

The

ij$ is

f|> and ^fe are principal verbs, so that (gj 2f and 3;

are quite equivalent.
In Shantung "fUi would generally

be used alono, without -2?.

23 In conversation the j$$ $ would often be omitted.
24 Rf is the more common and more correct form.
25 This is the language of a housewife, or a host, to a
casual guest happening in at meal-time.
26 This style of speech might also be used ironically, in
/

which case
a prodigy.

it

should be translated, Yes, yes, no doubt you're

29 We have illustrated in this sentence

used in a reply. See Les. 44, Sub.

how

JJt

is

33 be here expresses most forcibly the indecision and

hesitation of the speaker.

36 The double jfg in the reply has a peculiar force, which

no one English word will express. It marks the apologetic
purpose of the speaker to let the matter pass.

j&
^ #j 7K put
7K,
40 ft T it T renders Jacob's expression
38

is

for fft FJj

t?$

the

water

which you are hiatiug.

of

satisfaction

and surprise with admirable

force.

mingled

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 61.

Translation.

s>

a Wt He
% m o ft ft
# # # ft *
Pi
4 ^
m % a n if iin
^ 1 jgti H #
B,
w * m* n * *- * ^* o
ft
f&*f t. a w. * ^ s o
o ft s at a
t$
^j
pt
ft
as <& # $ ft #
*
0^
!E ft ; i^io
a*. #*raiw. o55
*i. o
oftf i
* A *
o *i*nt
o
ft
o
* ^ % fg. * & #
ff
12

eft.

iff

10

ffi

(or, I

am

going).

Who

is

knocking? Ans.

am.

Make

haste and open the door.

11 With a few words I silenced him.
We had better be
12 It is past noon.
going.
]

Having given you

this mucti, that

is

enough. Be off with you.

14 If you come again, I'll have the
policeman drive you off. Do you
understand ?

LIESSOIT

must go

they all well at home ?

7 Stop talking and go at once.
8 It is getting late; you should be off
immediately.
[speech.
9 He simply depends on his fluency of

io

2 It will be enough for you to attend

to your own business.
3 All right.
So let it be.
4 Our Father which art in heaven.
The teach5 Get yonr lesson quickly.
er is just now going to hear it.
Are
6 Have yon just now returned ?

p^j.

lit

151

X.2CI.

Euphonic Endings.
Mandarin abounds in final particles, used to
round off the close of the sentence, or to emphasize
certain ide*s and emotions.
It is very difficult to
define or distinguish these particles accurately in
English. Their proper use can only be acquired by
imitation, and by close attention to the manner in
which the (Jhinese use them. The usage also varies

not a

little in different places.

speakers use them as

much

Few, if any, foreign

as the Chinese do.

A final particle indicating completion. It

not essentially different from ~jf. when ~f is
used as a simple final at the end of a clause or sentence and pronounced (as it always is in practice)
la.
There is in fact no certain principle to guide as
to which character should be used in any given
case, and the usage of different places and teachers
IfsjjlJ

is

differs widely.

final particle indicating certainty, but in

Pff
practice not distinguishable from P$J Teachers
vary much in the use of this character.
flp?
1

It

final sound having a variety of uses:

concludes a formal address or an invoca-

tion. (4) (29)

2 It concludes an inquiry. (6) (17)

3 It emphasizes an injunction or a declaration.
(8) (30)

final particle very nearly if not quite

Careful
equivalent in meaning and use to P|3f.
observation of tke use of this particle points to the
conclusion that it is simply a variation in sound
from pfSf, occasioned by the preceding word ending
in the letter n.
Notice how in (29) and (30) the
two words change places, for no apparent reason
save the ending of the preceding word.
Rjljjj

t$J A euphonic ending which in the North

used only after |f. (9) f'9)
In the South it
sometimes used instead of gft. (5)

is
is

RjJ A final particle found occasionally in books,

but not used colloquially in the North. It is sometimes heard in the South instead of ggj (16) (26)
P/f

|$js

PM, to

final

particle giving a strong emphasis,

an inquiry (21), or to an assertion. (25)

A final particle sometimes used instead ol
emphasize an assertion or an injunction

either to

m m *

152

m % %

jt

ffi

ftifffi

The house is locked np and my

mother has gone away with the key.
18 Will you please walk in and be seated ?
Thanks; we will not sit down.
17 Do yon wish to go with as, or do
yon prefer to go ahead P

p a ji ^. ^ - * &
is ft ft *?''>*#**!
#. 5f. |. ^ ^> ft H>
&& * * W & * "H> ^ *

18 See,

&
m
3R ? iS o it A sub m *
g k 53\ nag Sk^^s cM
# ft O
ft . ^ * m*
* *iH
e # t"HH a. a
o m. M M& n m # *. q n
t

fl

A man

20

ffi

moldy.

you may be considered

like

and manages the household admirably.

23 Have yon not had your breakfast?
Ans. No. Where have I anything
capable,

to eat ?

fft

tfe

all

as having a will of his own.

21 Please speak to the point. Are you
willing or not willing ?
22 She is so graceful, so quick and so

20

gN. f$

are

contrary to reason

19

ff

clothes

these

Take them out at once aud air them.

19 He also is a man. Will he then act

fi.

%$

II

15

f*i>

jp.

+ A

SR

16 24

youth becomes a man at sixteen,

and he is now seventeen; can he
then be considered small ?

Vocabulary.

Lea*.
.

$$ A1
BjjJ

Lie

final
gjjj:

..

cle:
No}'*.

PJ|

!/?*,

Hlj

^
$(;

Wa\

birds; a final

see Sub.

A
A

taking the place of

A common final particle:see Sub.

The chatter of

*.

$j|5

particle
see Sub.

final particle

parti-

see Sub.

particle found in books,

used in South China.

To

Kan* kwai*. ...... Quickly, make haste.

1
Hung
Any rumbling noise as thunder;

to

blast,

."'.

nimble.

W. Tb Chin1
fyjfi,

and

retch, to vomit; a final particle:

see Snb.

Quick, prompt, (s.)

handsome, pretty; sprightly,

fff Clviao*. Similar;

Handsome,

ch'iao*.

to explode; to hustle or

Ma*.

Hemp;

j^jjtfW

Ma*

3S
3|SJ-

Liao*

^
^

li*.

To labor strenuously, to attend

Wu*.

screen, to intercept; to overshadow;

a screen ajlake, a pellicle, a coat.

39*

Chia1 wu1

Household

8 if

Humid, damp; moldy; mildew.

fcstfSE

Moil*chia\

^"I8L Sh*u*

% mad
l % Pat* mad

Iff

7& WL

Mold.
I

IK

Mold.

1.

Mold.

Lao*

Liang*.

Jff Mu*.

To dry in the open air, to

The thumb, the great toe.

A }# H& SI Ta* mu* eh?

t'ou*.

corrupt form of

lu*.

air.

The thumb, the

great toe.

Yin 1

Experienced, prudent, dis-

ch'Sng*.

A bride,

Sedate, gentle, steady.

a betrothed girl
affinity; rela;

... tionship.

Fin1

yiieri

THen1

The

fate

or

affinity

which

brings lovers together: a match.

A 3S

warming the

creet, staid.

M%$

& *:

23.

brazier for
hands.

Wtn* chung*
.

BJ

affairs, family du-

ties; family.

fl| Mei*.

to; con-

cerns; duty, affairs; must; necessary.

Note

To

quick, sprightly, lively.

Ready; quick; clever.

To manage, to regulate.

li*

drive off; to eject; to blow up.

1
f I

pretty, elegant,

graceful.

final

'Pt

Shwang* p'ie

i^CfflK

I?.

The law of heaven, the

ciples of right,

priu-

moral truth

MANDARIN LESBONS.

Lesson 62.

M H
^ #
n mo

* H

ib

iff.

ffl.

Jft

ft

w>

^.
25 Is brother Wang at home ?
If
No, he is not at home.
Ques.
he
where
has
he is not at home
gone? Ans. He has gone to market.

1"

* a A
T ig ^. a -y
# #
* IN. IE ft
A. HH. S. *
ft A ft *
^ A * W. ^ ft. g
o i,
If 1
^ iz 35 ft
m. % m &
o % % # M * o
m & {&* ^ m
3& ^ t&
m
= % m & ft' ft.
& ft ^ H m A w s
Si
& 3k to ft H & *
= f*
j& i& ft 32 3E 4*

20 That man is very stylish; he insists

on having high living and fine

Sic

si

W
HI

f
ft

^
t
UN.

153

izg

clothes.

27

one or an

one?

Ans.

It

is

man Samuel is discreet,

and steady if you give him

28 That young

clever

your daughter it will certainly be

an excellent match.

-fc

29 Li Si

26

men have a heaven-im-

all

planted conscience. Iu thus wronging a good man you are committing

a

27

iff

old

second hand, but as good as new.

}fi

tfy

hear you have bought a hand stove

for four hnndred cash.
Is it a new

sin.

30 Chang San
Alas, yon
Chang San
have brought disgrace on oar whole
1

iff.

Chang

family.

Notes.
The Chinese hold up the thumb as a sign of resolution or of
defiance hence the meaning of this phrase.
21 In many places two IJS would take the place of the

2 nd 13. The use of ^, aa in these sentences, is decidedly

Pekingese, though understood elsewhere, and occasionally
used,
t3 is used in many places in the same way, hut is not

final particles

t'ung-hxing.

here used.

23

&

24

Mmanhood
~T T become a man.

ijj is

at sixteen,

attain to

11 Hi Si "ZJ
implied that the other party came
with a plausible story, when a few words served to "shut
-

It

'a

Shoot you out;

i.e.,

drive

you out or

26 IS
fl If27 A

off.

Northern word.

20

fljl

Vj-

X \% #f

jig

To put up an

jjB

inspect,

is

which it is auxiliary.
transitive verb, and in

youth is supposed to
to be capable of
taking a

is

^ Jf

here used, as iu the South, in the sense of

is

a small brazier with a perforated cover

It is used for
warming the hands in

for holding live coals.

erect

thumb.

TO To

^^

wife, bearing arms, etc.

him up."

1^ Wm fjv

form of

used as a reply,
corrupt
the !fe being in most places pronounced lea or lei. It is much
used in Ceatral Mandarin.
$j[ (Jig is used in many places
in the North, but is not t'ung-hsing.
See Les. 89.

6 fj e usually means to recite, but here it is used causatively, meaning to cause to recite i.e., to hear the recitmlion.
9 In speaking the words fj If; fft, the two latter must
be joined olos-ly to the first and to each other, like a word
of three syllables accented on the first.

me

The Atjxiliabt of Reciprocity.

placed before the verb to

It may be joined with any

most cases gives the idea of

mutual or reciprocal. In some cases

cold weather

it is

reflexive,

and

in others it
simply strengthens the idea of the
verb and makes up the
euphony of the sentenca
The idea of reciprocity is often
strengthened bv
the addition of g.
As an auxiliary
is used
both colloquially and in books.

&

m t

154

z.
ill

jft

fft

it

Up

^>

s^*

jb

>ft

f i E S.
^ A. * o o
- *
$*. m
9

Ou-.t

*M *
^ @

n#
M W

ft

Pi

jfc.

ffl

I,

15

Jg

tt

- # i
A # A
J

ftj

m o |g #
S - ft
# #. uk ft.
13

*T.

ft

96

$ m m a

&

* * o % ir
* I i ^ ^r *

s. .

12

B&

~f"

/\

Lesson

62.

156

x-

IS

H = + y>
m m m. o o f
m & o # m m fi
t. * m m. m m
o nr a o a to m>
H ft rpn to A ft
HI *. Ut M p H Ut
is o if A $
&
m> w*%> sm it j ^
6 * 8t f I Att^f
a JB W
o'tf*,
9

12

*.

&

15

5
tt
jtt

^l

#
6
m.
o

jtfc

tfe

ft
st

m *.
o
- *

16

13

to

n ##* m ^

ii,

17

ift

WML
o

ut

jit

*b

ft

A ut *
a * # ft

#r

mm

*a

$ #

10

#HfejH:fc1Bt&Jlt
Ut # I*
B * IP
3(ta

&

a.

iia.fft.

as

= +

MAWDARIN LE8S0N8.

Lesson 63.

&> W

ft

# ut 99
$ # m
m m m
i ^ *?
s * t*
*.# w
m n m
ST I
* flu &.
It.

SI

ffi

J\

flt

husband

jlfc

Jft

Jit

^
Hsiang
fill

$ HI

to

bedew;

Cinnamon
1

&

jit

ft

69

# m

P'ci*

ft .- -

3fc

friable.

TR Hwai*

htn*.

To

to apologize.

to, to decline.

jung*.

lowance
jgi

Kteoti* ts'od*.

fault,

make

a transgression, an

offence.

Wa

Jffi

Li*.

t?Q/H

$i
H

elassifier:

Les. 68

foundation

To pass over or through

La?

It*.

or

away

to expe-

order; successive.

Antecedents; history; annals.

A?, yai

CkH*.

To throw away,

Bauk, shore, water

line; limit.

to reject ; to

discard;

to abandon.

W- JR

Yien*

ch'i*.

To reject
off,

Hsien

hai*.

to

with disdain, to cast

throw away.

To victimize

to implicate;

to betray.

3Sfg
j

ji

Root; origin, source; cause; the base:

fundamental.

source

Origin,

proof, evidence.

The same.

j|i Ts'oa* kwoa*

$ Ken 1

al-

for, to forbear.

too

offended him so that there was enmity

between us, on account of which
he beat me; and so finally he refused
to entertain the suit.

m 4^ Kin phf.

Pw
to

be

without cause; yet when I went

to enter suit against him, the magistrate said 1 must have previously

hate, to cherish enmity,

To be generous,

if it

is,

me

to

to hold spite.

^ % Pad

it

rience; arranged in

To yield the precedence,

way

story.

plausible, men will not believe it.

Look at that affair between me and
Li the Ninth. Manifestly he abused

cassia.

own

superiors awl inferiors, keep their

places there is mutual harmony.

to instill into;

To make amends,

TivePjang*.

has his

20 "The corner of the ocean and the limit

of heaven," expresses the idea that
things are very widely separated.
21 At that time many shall reject my
doctrine, and shall betray one another and hate one another.
22 When in a fkniily great and small,

*.

ft

Fragrant; reputable; perfume; incense.

Much used in names.

give
flf

to enrich, to benefit; increase, profits.

Kwei*.

fn

Jit

Sand, gravel; reefs; gritty;

To moisten,

.Tun*.

#.

offence

perfectly the origin and history of their mutual affairs.

19 One says it was this way, and the
other says it was that way ; each

23 No matter what

ft

little

know

18 I

ift

Jit

ipEj

they avoid giving some

to each other?

21

3fc

fy Ska1....

and wife they should

mutually bear and forbear.
17 Being constantly together, how can

Ifc

ft ft, S 3R

m # I t t i i
ft *. . * JR.
A "F B o # W
ft . in ^ if.aNt
% ~F S && f$ o &
#
us ^
f
$ ^
#)>
f #. o H ft i

$ #
*
M ^o m *. m
^ S ^ a * m
ft. * *. ft %
ft ft sr * *. ft
% 1$ ft if, * &
*r ft. #, * ft g.

157

fife

To

Yilen* kin*

Ti*.

Ch'Snp*.

Chun*.

To transmit;

To

to

kaie, to detest.

hand

in; to change.

state to a superior, to present;

a plea, a suit, an accusation.

To permit,

to authorize, to allow; to

approve, to grant,

as a petition

+ *
W * SK M *J. li

# o ai. t.
1 i - o o
k * # ^
&

10

ft

Translation.

ra

T.

ffe

ife

twice.

had the whole

trip for nothing.

has imposed upon me more

than once.
1 have lost my living this time.
I pat him to shame for a spell.
He made me so angry this time that
my eyeballs turned bine.
I exhorted him once, but he would

As a

3
4
6
6

have already consulted with hiuu

Ift

w m. - *
t o |, I
m
n *i
m
*

+ *

&

m % t

158

ffi

He

not listen.

T IbL* - IR - Ik o
#. o m m h. # . t * #
o mn m % m * o m h a

first effort

at preaching

it is

very

fair.

Time

after time, it is too troublesome,

10 I came once

11 Tt

is

two

five

years ago.

o'clock,

struck only one

how

is

it

that

it

Notes.
1 To hold

all

you have at the service

of

your friend

is

the ideal friendship.

may be

2 The
more

forcible with

5 'M

is

omitted, but the sentenoe

ie

much

it.

to

here used aB "house"

f $| is
designate a business firm.
of business firms.
Social intercourse

used in English, to
used of the intercourse

is

is expressed by 2jS
both senses.
3 The two formsheregiven are not precisely synonymous.
i
5i includes suitability in other respects besides dis-

In some places JJ5 J

is

used

in

position, to

which 3$

limited.

jjlL i

_t 5? take the higher or more honorable seat.

14 $D jlfc fm V% -I* this as that; i.e., one by one in order.
16 The use of >tEi implies that the sentence is in addition
something which preceded it. It is from tiie Sacred Edict.

20

'{f$

?C wk

>

1)0 k

phrase, occasionally heard in

colloquial.

22

is

not infrequently added to

^.

-fc

^ fc

>J

jjv Jt >^ _L "F *ii"T Great i* great and email is small,

upper is upper and lower is lower ; i.e., each knows and keeps
his proper place.
This peculiar form of repetition represents
a common idiom.
;;

Adverbial Numerals.

One
'^C One
One
J5J

one time,
one
Much
meet,

time, once.

order,

used in
Northern and Central Mandarin, but rarely heard
in the South.
|j|

'^Sfc

One

'3H One

once.

one turn
one tim*

or time, once.

repeat,

one.
Often
course,

differ as to which i
Authorities
written
fft.
the proper character.

One down,
At one
^ One meal, a

a time, a stroke; at once.

f*

J -f"

spell, a time, once.

onset, a

tilt.

and applied to horsemen.

Used
a
once.
Ufc One send off. time,

chiefly in books,

^"T"

One
58
One
(Sp.

burst,

Qe whole,

|SJ

direction,

formerly.

'

Jfa

One

spell, a time.

a round, a time,

breath,

a while,

for

once.

some time;

spell, a heat, once.

a time, once.
rub,
fff
a time, a bout, a round.
i One arena,
One

These several terms are to some extent

time, at once.

"& One union,a round, an

Que road, a spell, a while, a stage;

the distance from one
stopping place to another.

once.

return,

inter-

changeable, yet each has its own shade of meaning, and its appropriate place cau only be learned
by experience.
Other numerals than one may be joined with
any of these words.

MANDARIN LES80NB.

liKBBON 64.

12

-*7 n m &

"F

*.

5f.

S # -

gfi

^
*
-%^m

-u $
H P *

From my youth

have only once

seen the mirage.

13 1 rather think I know yon this time.
14 That mess of meat dumplings has

,6

overloaded my stomach.
15 1 looked over it once, it is not very
hard to learn.
18 The second
time the long-haired
robbers came they were worse than
the first time.
I" Shall we stop here, or shall we go on
another stage?
18 The two generals fought thirty-two
tremendous tilts, and the victory
was still undecided.
19 Each time we meet we are older;
how little time there is for the en-

JM t*2 *
n #t~ji
* . o * A
i| *2 2
#
He ft SH ^ *
* * * * * 8 # * *
7 & #. To # JL ft. ft
M

O SS Jg
** iE O i&
n- 7. o
a** 7
. ** tt
*. ft # o if
z m ft - m. n j& m m m
&

l.

159

.
#. o

19

23

tel

fgf

iff.

joyment of fraternal affection

a man can attain the degree of
20
If
13
Han-lin, he may consider that his

ft

life

of study has not been in vain.

into business for a time, and

He went

21

lost all his capital.

22 I was vaccinated, and afterwards had

t.

* m

|.

ill

2i

ft

fi,

t$

fi

T.Xilo

* *

4^

- g
& *I> M
o

the small-pox the natural way.

wonder where brother Chang has

drifted to by this time.

24 Should we not once in a year knock
heads to your honor?
25 Does your stomach still pain you?
Ans. It pained me a spell this morn-

17

+ g *
il 1

23

ft

ing, but is

now

well again.

Vocabulary.
jf|

To pass by; to fall; the track in

which hor8e8 rnu a time a keat

rang*.

'

'

a row.

course,

jffl
I

f#

Chiao*

\f.

Ch engl

Meat dumplings.

^fif

Fan1

To repeat ;

to

change a
;

time,

a turn;

rude, uncivilized; foreign.

Jg^ Hsitfju*.

To put

to

shame, to

much,

Hi

Lan*.

1H

1
Chiang* shu

To expound the

classics ; to

$jt Soa*. Worried, flurried, distracted;

ana

l'

an

^ Huang

To gormandize; the sense of op-

pressiou caused
overload the stomach.

ffi $$.

Chiang

chiin 1

1
.

To resound;

jj$ *fo

to ring; noise,

clamor,

echo.
'M- ifr #a* ski*.

ftp Sheng*.

Han*

war.

<jet the victory; to excel; to rise

superior to, to sustain ; adequate.

tin*.

graduate of the third dea han-lin.

gree,

/& Pin3
jg

The mirage.

fight, to join battle;

To

Involved; troublesome.

8 <>a*

A commandant, a general,

To

jp^ Chan*

see shu*,

shu*.

by eating too

a chieftain.

Blue; indigo.
discourse on a text; to preach.

1$.WL

to

insult, to

disgrace; to outrage.

Meat dumplings.

Pien* shP

ckHen*

Ton4

^- ^f,

Niu* tou*

First cost

The small-pox.
The sow-pox

capital

vaccine.

160

^W

* a m T - ft mte fg
*r - ^ - i i - f 7.1
T ^ I f - W t, i o
o i& m. 3$ * #n H it
* M ^ o M & ^ - # - ^C
m & m aa| a * *
4 ^ ^ -*&. $r J*
*
a *
% #
iJao
10 & # ^ *:# T.- J5 g
Q
flL^iiftl. f,^ .H o # a o'
% m m a o n n m * it
jk it. & |
t ^ J* *. m.

26 The first time a stranger, the second

time acquainted, and the third time
an old customer.
27 I (or, we) have gone this stage too

35

myself quite wearied.

been for some time ?
How is it that I have not seen you ?
29 In my opinion he is somewhat fatter
than he was the first time.
30 This way of working a while and
resting a while is not as good as to
finish at one heat.
fast, I find

Where have you

28

36

-f-

61

+ * %

gn

31 That

woman Chang comes

old

con-

worstantly, time after time, and

ries me.
32 I struck him only one blow, whereupon he exhausted his whole vocabulary of abuse upon me, and I
was unable to get the better of him.

27

33

fft

Yon

33

need not be concerned; after

have had a bout with him we'll
talk about it.
have threshed that wheat on the
1

# # T
IB ^ # T

T.

ffl

w.

tt

fli

m n

ft

%H

kwa1.

To

Liu*.

ji

&>

&.

&

The small-pox.
The small-pox.

T'ien hsP
flow; to

wander,

to

circulate,

to diffuse; to

become reckless vagrant,

;

fir Liu* loa*.

To wander, to rove,

Hsin 1 k'ou8.

3* 81 Chu*

ku*.

Sjjff

Sao

fg| Jao*.

Jftt

ChHang

2j )$f

1
.

tune; the brogue or dialect

a place; conceited, vain.

Fan* chHang 1.

To turn the

of

tune, to get

the better of.

5j| (3

pit of the

stomach.

customer; a patron.

[p]

Pjgj

^j> <y

Hwan*

To answer back,

k'ou*.

HweP
Kwa*

to retort,

The same

tswe&
hsin 1

To be auxioas,

cemed

1
iS$ Htoei .

W Jl

to fidget ; perturbed,
disqniet ;
grieved; the male of animals.

To incommode,

To

to

|ij

Hwei* hsing

1
.

to

be

con-

about.

besom a comet.
;

A comet;

a star of ill omen.

embarrass; to con-

fuse, to annoy.

1
d 'i4 Chi

harass, to annoy: u> embarrass.

Chit? Hang*.

To carry

1
JJ| Ch'u hsien*.

to the uttermost, to
exhaust : to do one's best.

To appear;

to

come

forth,

to manifest.

ffffc

nS IS

Yesterday his mother gave him a

sound beating for his contrariness,
and to-day he has forgotten it

To

!|g fgg

The

to roam,

a prodigal.

Tired, fatigued, wearied.

jfig Chiien*.
1

floor twice, and it is not yet clean.

35 Comets appear, some once in several
years, some once in several tens of
years, and some once in several
hundreds of years.
36 Truly this child has no memory.

to rejoin.

to drift;

'L*

34 I

j||K

shifting; a class, a set.

J^ffc

T'ien 1

Ml. Jg

i & a 9 *

J\.

3R

i|

Sa

Memory.

hsing*
lai*.

To pretend

to

impose upon,

be injured ; to
to revy black

mail* to importune; to act contrarily.

MANDARIN

Lesson 65.

m
f&
mm ft ? mm $ Ji'm m
mm * *j. # jh - w i.
-t-

-i^

jj^

Translation.

#.
o

&

1
1

&

3*

*9*

m^m n

order.

he

w $ %

f a i$$ij.^ i i
# *& 5K
^ m
^ T i$ a #
fc

ffc

ft

now found out that

P
He is mnch im-

proved these last few years.

soon as you speak of Ts'ao Ts'ao,
lie is at hand.
4 I have just now heard a report that
the

ji

just

stubborn

is

As

was away and have just returned

and have not yet pat the house in

Have yon

ai.

161

I.BSSON8.

chon

tfy

When

examiner will leave Oh'ing[for this place] on the third.

came he was just able

now be has come to be a
grown man.
1

first

to talk;
full

6 Is

i*l.

Mr.

Li

Ch'i

Wen

How

here?

Mi.

He waited for
very unlucky
yon over au hour, and has just now
one.
I

Notes,
2 ?p

is

Lit.,

here translated all.

/ have smashed the

In China

kettle this time.

everything is cooked in a kettle, and to smash this kettle

means nothing to eat. Used when one loses a position or
ct unity on which his living depends.
6 The Chinese assert that when a man is rilled with
suppressed anger his eye3 turn blue.

Hi -^ sea market; i.e., streets and people pictured

clouds over the sea.
13 Said to one by whom you have been cheated, and
meaning that you will be on your guard against him in the

12

in the

future.

14 For meat dumplings,

widely used term.

;)JC is

are boiled in water.

ftfl

They are

j%

is

the more proper and

to 15 because the

added

dumplings
and in

also called 55^ |$C -f,

1
kit tsfl.
3t ~P usually means the bowels rather
It
than the stomach, but is here used indefinitely for both.
requires both overloaded and disordered to convey the meaning

Shantung

expressed by

t% Jg

18 A saying which originated in the words of a celebrated

reproving two brothers for going to law about tlio

official,

division of their father's estate.

20 The prime idea of seeking an education in China is

to get a degree, and by this means become an official, and so
get rich.
22 In many places the more familiar term for vaccination is fig ^fK.

24 7C 3$ here means, not an uncle (as it usually does),

but simply a man of wealth or high standing who has servants
and other employes. In speaking, the accent is thrown on
jjj. In the South 7^ j|jj Jjjf is used in the same way. "Your
Honor," is only an approximate rendering. The occasion of
the *' t'ov is probably the New Year, and is insisted on in
expectation of a present.
28 The language of a shop-keeper to a new customer.
34
in its

*~*

3?J does

primary and

36 Comets are

"J".

not here illustrate the lesson, being nsed

literal sense.

colloquially called fl$

^ jg, broom

Mars.

LESSOlir L3TV.
The Immediate Past Limited by the Preshnt.
In
Jnst now, immediately preceding.
used in the
previous lessons |$ has already been
sense of before; in order that.

Wk

|ji]

P$

.lust this

1*1 or

moment.
ffll

^ nst

Not often nsed alone.

nsfc

now

'

tn ' 8

J ust

The two forms are interchangeable.

moment.
The former, perhaps, indicates the more immediate
The former is preferred in the South,
present.
the latter in the North.
~)j

little

ago, just

now;

recently.

-)j

is

not

It is also nsed like

quite as colloquial as g$.
f|
to mean before; in order that.
"/ji&k. Jnst

now, just a

moment

ago.

Just this very moment.

For still furp$jlj r^Jlj
ther emphasis the ftjj Jgij is sometimes
preceded by
$g, and sometimes followed by it.
-jf and g| are
not doubled as
is.
|gjij

used in the Sonth

in the same way and

with the same sense as Jgj] in the North.
In
Uentral Mandarin both forms are used, ffy
See Les. 177.
predominating:

JS

is

m m n t

162

+ *
7

3?

m
^

ftft.

** A *

ft

m m mm
^ # mi T n % x at
m m w *** tr
* *
T o -a
i A &
.
o
^ #r^ ^ ft.
& &
o *
faun

%
n

m -&
tu

&

&

ft,

home when

gotten

how

is it

began to rain

eat a
just from the kettle;
couple before yon go.
10 May I trouble you, old gentleman?
9 Rolls

Did a man carrying a bundle on

his back pass by here ?
Ans. He
1 1

moment passed

Yon have been

time to

stirring

get

round
Is

wife.

by.

this long

now

it

Ans.
satisfactorily settled ?
far from settled.
Just when

it

in a fair

it

way to be arranged,
broken up by an enemy.

PBHf j|

'mm

it

heavily.

*ft

so old as this,

is

has just this

**.

tft

ft

W * 7. #
M > o b# &

41

he

that his wife is just in her twenties ?

Ans. This is a second marriage.
8 I was very fortunate indeed yesterIt
did not rain
on me
day.
the whole day ; bat I had barely

#.#* & #W^ A iK

m * ^.# t * a

*
m.
a Kn
ai *% #>
H #.

When

It is

was
was

12 Simply leaving matters thus, he will

make any

not

will

It

exertion.

be necessary to put a bribe in

his hand.
3 You are not the least afraid to run
first

* n mm&
m & mm o

7%

8 ^
w a &
B

<*

wife

into debt.

Having

just

now

fairly

paid up, you go again and contract

all this debt.

Vocabulary.
To dismiss,

Chi*.

to

pat aside; to establish;

-to place, to arrange; to buy, to lay

An1

put in order.

Obstinate, perverse, opinionated.

Jjjf

Stubborn, impracticable, obstinate.

The same as 3&. Also chiang 1.

5^

Cline* *.

Tsi Chiang*.

1)3$

tB

To arrange,

ch'i*.

to

tS Stubborn, impracticable, mulish, headstrong.

or 53J

Chiang

1
.

Barely nearly, almost; scarceSee chiang.*

iy, just, just now:

Peking teachers often write flf for the meanings

here given to jjg!, but ^f, being everywhere soft,
is not allowable where hard sounds are used.
"af Ts'ao*.

ff

$|

Officials ; judge of appeals ; acompany,

a class; sign of the plural in Wtn-li.

Ts'ao* Ts'ao 1

sf?"pTj

Hsue* guen*

^jE

ffsue*

fjf 7f| Ch'ing

Xgf /fun

"Kxh

1
.

famous

general:
A

chou 1

Hsien 2

to join on; to
tied together, continuous.

departmental city in
central Shantnng.

lute or fiddle string.

To marry a second wife.

Yiin*.
To revolve; to move

in a circuit; to
transport; a turu, a chance; luck, lot.

2
Brf iJ Shi yiin*.

Ml

in"

To

Fortune, luck.

drop

to

wet,

\Jft

Tod*. ...

m 3u

Chit*

To drop,

kwang

1
.

as

Also

sprinkle.

by

to

rain;

lin*.

to drip; to wet, to rain on.

I trouble you, please

May

Sir.

1
|5c Hsie

$$ fiUff*:

Up

Two*.

P'fld

wedge.

t'ou* hsie

HI

88

1
.

wedge driven into

a crack or split.

To beat with a mallet,

mortar; to

Tao* fan 1

reel, to

to

pound

in

wind.

To tangle, to jumble, to thwart,

to knock to pieces.
.

to

marry marriage.

)$} Hivei*.

second marriage.

S&

keep up;

$K

The same.

A bridegroom;

Hou* hun1

brigand and
See Note 3.

literary chancellor.

i'at*.

To second;

Itsii*.

in.

Lu*

Riches; a bribe, hush money.

To

bribe, to corrupt.

& n & m m

l8

14 If yon have a confidential friend, yon

may entrust it to him to bring if
not, no matter.
15 I have been ill and have jnst gotten
It
I have no strength at all.
up.
was only by special exertion that

m #

i 4& t

T
M W JB S T. * K

m
^ h as $ am o
^
9
^ it mmmn

T>

flE.

di

*j

'-*#.#*
m

mm,
T; ft *
* m

nt

?
'

&

&

m,

*. *

Ifit

J.

La
.

am

17 I

to-day.

had bnt

the snn

beyond measure to

delighted

fallen and broken his leg. Without

doubt this is a manifest retribution.
18 What rank has that Mr. Ma who
has just now come? Ana. He is

^ m &

o
17

&

it

$>

m*

% m

*N.

* w

*l

ft

bribe, a present intended as a bribe.

To run

k'ung*

earlier

little

left

just appeared.

*>

=&

To brace up, to put forth

Also cha 1
strain.

When

20

When

15

he was on the point of putting

hand to take it, I gave

forth his

one shout, which frightened him

He muttered somelips, but was unable

out of his wits.

thing with his

to say anything.

Hsi

in debt.
effort, to

a hereditary major.
a man first attains the strength
of his manhood, he ought to restrain
himself, and not fight with people.

19

1.

3
.

Double, repeated to attack by stealth j

plagiarize; hereditary.
;

-to

SM* hsiz

fix ]|j

TL Cha

started

When we

was able to come.

hear that that worthless villain has

ft m m
* ft -

ir

ffi

^ aw* &
P). ft &

$e

We

16

16

pt

i.

168

MANDARIN LESSONS

Lesson 65.

T^tffl Shov?

Hereditary rank.

pei*. ...

military

title,

a major.

fill

2
tLJ^" Cha

To brace oneself

cheng*.

orous
all one's
Ijj},

strength

f$ Hsien* pao

effort,

fe

^fit

Physical vigor, constitution ;

the animal feelings, the flesh.

ch'i*.

for a vig-

to put forth

H 50C Ten,

To restrain oneself; temper-

chie*.

to try one's best.

4
.

Immediate and manifest

ance; watchfulness.
ret-

Gh'ien 2 ch'eng 2

#?

4
p] Cheng ton
1

r% H4

ribution.
HUf

Hsiie*

4
.

Honorary degree, rank,

previous standing.

1
n$$ Oa

To fight,

to brawl.

To

call out. to shout; to scout at, to

scold.
See hi 1,

To chant,

to

hum;

to mutter.

Notes.

3
SB was a noted usurper of the Han dynasty. For
military strategy and unprincipled artifice and usurpation, he
is the most noted character in Chinese history.
The sentence
"
is a saying analogous to,
Speak of the devil and he will
appear."

_C ,??. To start; a term only applied to

and no doubt fixed in the language when it was the
custom of. mandarins to travel on horseback. They now ride
in chairs with four or eight bearers.
Although not so said, it
is fairly implied, that the examiner was starting towards the

JtB >Rj or

Mt

i* hero use< l of the platter on which the rolls are

9
laid in the kettle while steaming.
The sentence is the call of

a huckster by the wayside.

10
question or inquiry preceded by some polite expression, such as is here used, will nearly always elicit a reAn abrupt question often fails to do so.
spectful reply.

officials,

plaoe of the speaker.

11
time,

wedge,

From many days ; i.e., for a lony

Vt >Ji? H
ff
jjjl fjg To make a crack or split by driving in a
-used metaphorically of one who interferes and breaks

up or defeats any business or scheme.

Peking expression.

m t

!64

m *

m &

-r

3fc

Translation.

# ^ * "* w +

In

m,

s\

n^s

five

every
calates

man

2 Every

years

China

inter-

two months.
loves his

own

child.

Everv time yon come you should

knock at the door.
4 I will take a little of each kind.
3

# * # ^ A # #
o f\ #. 1* # * # A
ii m ^ o ^ ^. * a.
^ # # # *. I o - o
i h at o i# s i*
# ^ *s #.
PI # fc
n m, ^ m ^ ^ n m m
7

gH.

6ffii2

11

10

flfe

M&*

18 ft

The
& hard
# % thus
: The
you
*rce of

ffi

tfi

16

jfe

might

i&5

are

thine/

to express in English.
Paraphrase
not afraid to do is to run in debt.

$j ?

iB

ffl

^ $M ^t M

5 In

yam6n there is opportunity

and eighth day to enter
third
every
[nand.
suit.
kind and style are kept on
the

a
S

6 Every
7

How much money

ii

month ?
Each one

and

[affairs.

of us attends to his

own

9 Every man ought to do his own duty.

the
10 Formerly whenever he came to
to see us ;
came
he
always
capital
but five or six years have now
not come.
passed that he has
of
everv
was
He
11
day at the door

^-

can you earn each

detestable,

ft S &

ffc

To*

*****
Men are

the emotion.

power of expressing or containing

in proclaiming their
not wanting in China who feel no shame
all

here done.
spite as is

mean,

also

We

started

little

too early.

17

That P ieM f rotten bone,a. coarse

is thoroughly worthies*

phrase used to signify that a person

LESSON"

with Tj but is used

19 Wi does not here form a phrase
to become strong armature.
a
as
verb,
meaning
independently
is freffil
here means all at once, suddenly,
20
,

to express wild or irregular action.

quently prefixed to verbs

XjSI-VI.

Distributive Pronouns.

ig. Each, every. \

Each, every. J

$k

&

When

is

is

each inclusive of

all,

each severally.
is rendered
second
the
repeated,
while

is

own. (8) (9)

ig-Q Each

his

for himself. (16)

own, each

Q 4. I myself, you yourself,

In colloquial

&a

a&

is

often

he himself. (17)

expanded into

&

To meet, though not properly a distribubecomes one when applied to time, or to the
of an act, and means, every time, as

JH
tive,

repetition
often as.

4|i*^ Every

time, as often as.

is freely
In Central and Southern Mandarin j
save
used
is
it
rarely
used alone, but in Peking
in combination with %.

Vocabulary

Mt.

.Eac*,,

alery; a<;A ow ' constantly;

ways.

%k
**

Fing*

occur; etxsn/

vhmever.

|H

Also p'ang*.

To

j-Mre

^"Fl
$C ^
1B

To meet unexpectedly;

Ya1

men*.

Fang* kao'

to

To call,M a servant.

kioan*

f& ff Hsiu

hsing*.

To

^w, as often

as,

To

jjs,-^

to

practise

feel

for,

to

commiserate;

pity,

sympathy.

**

a government office,
an official establishment.
To receive indictments.

reform,
virtue.

happen, to

intercalate; intercalary.

A yamin,

Hu1

2
$Sk'$L Lien Asu*

Kwei
to

go home;

To

pity, to compassionate.

to revert; to restore; to
oneself
betake
to; to belong to;
to divide by one figure.

To return;

Lesson

66.

MANDARIN LKSSONS.

& $ & i
I i i 1

= ^ m

m.

IE

K.

# * & & &

ft

*#
*
W #
i J.
*

II

* A
,

-;

ft

II

* #

*h

fc

#23-j- o fn

a.

mm

Liifi.

Tung*

J% Pin1

t&

m. @

*> n.

^ #

r.

}e

s.

Also hat 1

to expectorate.

busy with; to

to hurry.

fly,

An encampment.

9 $& Tsi*jan
-

extended,

To

drill, to

parade.

That which exists or acts of

itself;

natural,

necessary,

spontaneous; certainly, of course.

>m

To give a reward,

H. Shang*.
.

f& Pi1
.

fr^-

to confer on; a

prize, a reward.

21

We

,fi

Chi*.

VS^S

Given

to

present

become

in-

Buddha.

to avoid, to
keep aloof
... to dread; to
dislike, to be

from;

jealous.

To abstain from eating meats,

Chi* fcou*.

to fast.

MP

Chie* k l ou.

mfei

Chie 1 twa?i 3

The same.
To find fault with;

'

to re-

proach for a fault;

pnblisn the shortcomings of others; to slander.

,'

% % Fang*

To prepare

pei*.

for ; to be

to

on guard

against; to be beforehand with.

Ifsun2

To go round and inspect;

1R

Fu*.

to patrol;

m. Iffil
Pq Yie*.

To rub, to quiet; to soothe; to

cherish;
to manage; to
play, as on a lute.
The governor of a province.

To examine,

of.

bifferent, diverse; unusual, rare; heterodox; to regard as strange, to marvel at

Chiu* ping*.

to

To shun,

Vile*

JSf

To get drunk,

tswei*.

%Fo#,Fu*
,R

take leave
F*.

make you each a

here, hold
and 9th.

markets on every 4th

How is it in your honorable village? Ans.
In my nnworthy village the markets are
set for every 5th and 10th.
22 From that time the two
separated,
and each one went his own road.

Bad; unworthy; a demeaning term for

Les. 171.
my, mine; to stop, to close
Fhi 1 skou3
To go apart, to separate; to
-

necessarily the
[ f a dollar

to cruise.

same.
wish to

20

foreign,

is

toxicated.

and cough.

yien*.
.

human nature

to store up.

to hack.

yon should

go yourself.
18 In the
encampment they drill every
third, sixth and ninth day.
19 In all countries, Chinese and

He

to practise, to exercise; to perform; to drill.

$|$p* Ts'ao

each pursued his own road.

17 This business
requires that

skein of silk.

"^.^Chun ying
m. Yien*. Ample,

1ft

run, to go; to hasten; to follow;

to be

assort them according to heircolors.

15 I have a cough
every winter.
16 The geuerals did not dismount, bnt

cough, to hack

To

a,

compassionate;
he responds to ever}' plea.
4 Take these few skeins of thread, and

To cough,
To cough;

'*.

13

m* g
*#T #

Winter; the end

$k K'i*.
WC $u*.
(M ^K To

|@

person himself.
13 Mr. Wang is very

, ft. k
A # * # o A.
- H. S #"**
ft a m 8^ m #

*, o
A

Wa

^T

19

16

the audience room waiting on flu's

master's] call.
12 The teacher explains first
principles;
to practise them rests with the

a.
o

ti

o ^ $
#20^ Wi

1S

wine, intemperate.

to
inspect; look over; to
read over
carefully.
pien\ To make a tonr of ins ruction.

Note

iVSB Kung

kwan*.

An

30.

official

stopping place,

a reception room; a pub-

166

* + * m

23

lie hall

the head-quarters of a

Yuen*.

Any

1
1j j^ Kioan

company

prepare reception rooms for him,

officers or all grades are expected to make presents.
31 My third sister-in-law, do not be
troubled about food and clothing.
If you really desire to remain a
widow, 1 will help yon each year,
to the extent of fifty taels.

and

49.

or society.

When

8aos

An

officer civil or military.

Officers

yiien*.

ttt

all

of

ranks;

elder brother's wife; a

lady, a matron.

Tsoti*

nan 2

Shu3

chie2 .

To

grandees.

$ -1iC

CAing* ft
... .,

An

expression of respect, a
present, a largess.

tJ

Buddhists and Tao-

one who is generally healthy

is always severe.
sick,hissickness
gets
29 It behoves us each to be on his guard
that he does not steal from us.
30 When the governor goes round on a
tour of inspection, it is necessary
for every prefect and magistrate to

28

a*
A
^
v

sects,

require to abstain [from meat]

every first and fifteenth of the mouth.
27 Let each man state his own case, and
not each find fault with the other.

25

regularly

ists,

29

+ B S # *

accounts

tain to get drunk.

26 The two

:#**#.

settle

every Saturday.
24 On the declivity is the flower garden
of the Wang family in which is every
kind of rare plant and curious flower.
25 He has a weakness for wine, so that
every time he drinks it he is cer-

^ 16 =8i a # ftrtABP A
i ^ i f T. I. i PPJ. ^
& &. ^ <& o o M. o o #
T ^ T> *& M ^ - #27fl*#.
# 3S A 1& f1 **A it o
# ff 4> "F # ft Hi 1t
30

wish to

'PP

woman, a

be in trouble, to be embarrassed, to be in straits.

To remain a widow,
to a deceased

to be true

husband.

Notbs.
1 The month, in China, is determined by the changes of
the moon, thus giving only about three hundred and fifty-four
days to twelve months. In order to make up the loss, a month
about two in five years.
is intercalated as often as necessary,
The month intercalated varies, being settled by the Astronomicnl Board in Peking.

|iHA;

6
and 28th

is, the 3rd, 8th, 13th, 18th, 23rd

This is the established custom in
indictment may be presented at other times

of every

that

month.

yamens. An
by paying a special fee.
is to be understood after each
3

ail

pressed

it

would

If fully ex-

life,

fjij

HI being taken

metaphorical sense.
21 In North China, markets are held in the cities end in
large villagea onoe in five days, and those in the came

in its

til

ordinary

the month has only twenty-nine

days, the market that
would have come on the 30th comes on the first of the following month.

24 3*1 Jf[ Isf -ft;

this connection, would

a book expression but, as used in

be understood by most people.
here means a school or sect.
When spoken of as
is

a religions observance,

means to abstain frocn meats,

with the administration of medicine,
mav b*> incompatible with the medicine. Abstinence from meats on the 1st
and 15th is mostly confined to the priests, and is not
always
observed by them.
29 Lit., that we are not stolen by him. The meaning
is, however, that our goods are not stolen by him. ijjj, jgfc
~f
The best we can do, etc.

but when used

it

12 The original reference is to the cultivation of virtue,

but the sentence is often used, by accommodation, of ordinary
skill.
learning, and even of manual
10 This sentence, from a standard novel, is often quoted
affairs of

fifty.

When

26 W.

be^f-ABTiffAtKi-ff-

and applied to the

vicinity are arranged so as not to come on the same days.

different form of expression when the market occurs
on the fifth and tenth. This form is probably used to avoid
the juxtaposition of five and ten, which would make

Note the

Jg

in connection

means

to abstain from anything that

30 The $f ,

jlt|
$, are three grades of cities in a deaoending aories. Kaolt governor is expected to make a tour of

LfcssoN 67.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

m m m t

18

m
10

I"*i

common

is

ft

-t

phrase with us

Nanking; every one uses it.

11 I have broken all the ten commandments of God. My si us have gone
over the top of my head
[square.
12 Every Mohammedan cuts his beard
18 Lin Cuing Ch'ing is very good at
painting pictures. The portraits he
in

& H ?

ft

ft.

B.

ft

te

*. . A,

ft

ft

UK

at

*l

a*

5L

Jft.

A & * -

1B

m iff
* * *

^IB^e^ft^ftA
t***a
**#?.
m>
O S i i S, I
i5

graphs.
the world were good sons
and good brothers, the world would,

14 If all in

fi

*.

a* $ * o ft g
* * . n a #

ft

#. o

o'

S A,
& m

**

paints are almost equal to photo-

g
it*

13

#ft g.

at

sa

m.

ft

t #

16 His affairs are reported among all

our people; there is not a family or
household that does not know them.
1
When anything has flourished to the

*' #flt
. ^

ft

of course, be always peaceful.

is a distinct drawing of the
several features of the earth.

A map

15

utmost, it must decline; and when

has declined to the utmost, it
must begin to flourish. Throughout
the world, the same principle every-

1
!

it

^#fr^ ft *& i@ * o
n - m, s 4l
Mm
n ### ^ ft & us *e m*
o wwm>m> m & m
15

in,

-+-

where prevails.

18 The saying runs, " He that is jack of

"
all trades is master of none
that
is to say, he who would excel iu
:

anything must give his whole attention to

it.

19 The general scope of the book I

Kans pao s

To guarantee,

to

to assure,

Using

warrant, to wager.

S@fi

Tiu 1

To expose oneself

ch'ou*.

to

cou-

1
IBB Chi

tempt, to disgrace oneself.

2

T* *fft

P'ing ch'ang

JL Ufa

Far? ch'ang 2

P|

fx

fJwei"-

Ordinary, common, usual,

customary.

The same,

The

chiao*.

(s.)

Mohammedan

ligion:

Note

re-

12.

A command, a precept; a warning.

A fault, an error; a failure.
fl( Ch'ien
Tswei* eh ien\ A transgression, a sin, a
ffifljjC
Wk

Chie*.

1
.

To

to flourish ;
rise,
prevailing,
fashionable; to hoax. Also hsing*.
The utmost point, the extremity; extremely to reach the end, to exhaust.
;

gfli
i^S

lutentiou, purpose; scope, sense; imperial will, a decree, au order.

Pi* ch&.

jj|[

m. I
"

ca*.

CA'a*.

^^

ffi.*fr

*r%

The top

Ung*.

of the head.

.P'*

T'aHp'ing*.

Peaceful, quiet.

sh'fi.

outline, contour;
Aspect;
shape; configuration.

Hning*

Wt Oh'wan*

shwotf-.

To report, to pass from

mouth to mouth a
;

rumor; a tradition.

1
.

straight
Les.
149.

as a

line,

direct; forthwith,
Les. 162.
mediately:

im-

Used oniy iu
village, a hamlet.
Central and Western Mandarin.

A fork in

the road; a branch, a divergence; to mistake, to go wrong.

short-coming.
J2Tlt T*o#.

Straight,
direct :
Straight,

(JH T-wan*.

still

To criticize, to revise; to give judgmeni on a communication from an

inferior.

5J Hao*.
to label.

mark, a sign; a style or appellation;

a signal, a call, a summons; to mark;
classifier:

79b Cki* hao*.

Les.

147.

Also had1

mark, a sign; a token,

motto.

Wesson

MANDARIN LKSS0NS.

68.

remember, bnt to repeat every

chapter and exponnd every verse,
is really more than I can do.

to

w.

to

_t.

f^

# *

ft

&

m
ffi

#.

-t

Sft

ft),

ft ttftJS. IE

^^

Jl

^f,

ft

to

20 Which way do yon go from this to

Hsiu Tien ? Ans. When yon get

out of the town, go on directly

northwest; there is no fork in the
road, jnst go on straight as a line
(pen).

21 I notice dots and circles on Chinese

books; what is the meaning of them?
.4725.
They are the marks of the
critic.
Where the style is very

/Si

to

m &

good he makes circles, where it

not quite so good he makes dots.

is

Notes.
3

igji

here refers to the number of times,

and hence,

means always.

dropped out in the translation. If you should

would seem natural, this kind of jwan lien paper,
you would miss the meaning, which is not that this par-

||f is
translate, as
etc.,

ticular kind of

paper

jwan

lien

paper

faulty, but that jwan

is

before,

fljj

here refers to some one

jsl >s

is

for "better" in Central and

not often so used in the South.

generally used by the non-mandarin

dialects south of the Yang-tse for jib
I* i a sometimes
used in the North, but its constant use marks any dialect as,

10

$fc

J*

is

The use

of

jj

for gJC

repeated instead of the noun.

classifier may be thus repeated instead of the
noun, though, in many cases, the general classifier, j@,
is

classifier

which accounts for the phraseology

"x> but this term is

S ff

is

a repeated word, bnt does not illustrate the

put the learner on his guard.

It is introduced here to

first 2; ' 3 a verb, and the second, a noun.

The Chinese
language, especially tho Wen-li, is very partial to this form of
See also 21.
expression.
'
~~'.Ove
that
each one in
the

15

common form

is,
by one,
of expressing this idea.

order,

17 This sentence sets forth a stock idea of Chinese

philosophy.
18 This proverb is the exact equivalent of our "Jack of
all trades and master of none," and is more briefly and ele-

gantly expressed.

also characteristically Southern.

12 The
Almost any

13
lesson.

is

by so much, an impure Mandarin.

jgt,

The

who had been mentioned

commonly used

Northern Mandarin, but

here used. They are also called

not considered respectful.

lien

in geueral, is faulty.

of themselves as

is

substituted for the specific classifier. Mohammedans are

as 13 13 ^(but they, generally, speak

commonly designated

20 -fT Sl 19s By w hich way? As here used, ff

quite t'uny hsing, bnt a number of other forms are in use in
variouB places. I havfi heard jfi and Jr and jE, also ma
is

and man and ka. jjfc also, is properly used in

though not often so used colloquially.

J*

this sense,

LESSOIiT XiX-VIII,
Classifiers.

fH
;fpf

P| An

Classifier of trees.

A class or order,

olassifier of herbs, grains

is

and shrubs. There is mnch confusion in the use

I have given the disof these two classifiers.
tinction which seems most natural, and which is

commonly observed.

classifier of strings, sticks,

generally, of things long and narrow.

5r?
span or team, classifier of sedan chairs
other than those on wheels.
vehicles
and

%j Double,
P Mouth,

classifier of things in pairs.

classifier of

kettles, hogs, etc.

members

of a family,

^n A dose, classifier
PJ

partition,

$j% Root,
HI
/E

g|J.

of doses of medicine (S).

classifier of rooms. Note 28.
and,

classifier of things in heaps.

Classifier of pieces of cloth.

^A

For

pile,

In

not infrequently used instead of

writing, f

and

classifier of buttons
assistant,
sets, also of doses of medicine.

of things in

classifier of wheeled vehicles.

chariot,
lists sec Snpplenleut.

% t

170

i A t *

mm

fii

-12

ji

- i

i,

ff aift

^
-

%m

hi

pf

m
II
-

*.

A +
T IiANSLATION.

|fci

ings.

2 Li Jnn Fa has a family of eight

3 We are still short two pairs

:& H. T

ii

4 I

will guarantee that one dose of

medicine will cure him.
5 I leased a house of three rooms.
Draw out a thread and give me.
7 There are twelve apple trees and

^o

3\

eight pear trees in the back yard.

8 This
honeysuckle is
exceedingly
fragrant.
9 The two heads of the family are

m p
$& u& n ^p a
I I ic f I fl
ft Hi *. A #
* S o W *. *. m & n
P A ^- o o
# A
$ ft JE M
o o A.
* - SB
%

tfy

going to separate.
10 Pluck out that hair.
11 Two thousand eight hundred catties
of stone make one cord.
12 Every blade of grass has its own
dew to nourish it.
[cash.
13 1 bought a set of buttons for eight
14 I intend to use this kettle to-day to

13

boil the clothes.

*fr

10

of

chopsticks.

*. #.

have ten pairs of woollen stock-

^ +
M H
t $ + n *
#

He

hasn't a stalk of grain, but depends entirely on his trade for a

15

living.

5ft

VoCABTJLABX.

pair, a couple; both; double;

Shwang*.
even:
see Sub. Also shwang*.
Fu*.
An assistant, a deputy, a vice, an altersee Sub.
nate; a duplicate:

1
fit K'e .

H Twei

Used only

1
.

as a classifier:

span, a

team

see Sub.

cfatng*.

/E

P'is

!$jjj

Liang*

ML

Jung*.

Used only

see Sub.

a heap, a mound; to heap up,

to store
see Sub.
pile,

fjf C/reng*.

as a classifier

A chariot

Also

see Sub.

see Sub.

Floss velvet woollen cloth ; worsted;

;

nap, down; punk.

Chi*.

$Fc

Same
The same

$j| listen*.

|$j P'in*, p'ing*.

3j

Kwo&\

Wi, ?fe

spougy and

as

P ec

'

es

of

quite

which there are many kinds

To take with the

fingers, to pluck; to
to fabricate, to tramp up.

To pinch,

to nip, to hold with

tongs or nippers; to twist.

nien*.

m K

The honeysuckle.
Chin1 yin1 hwa1
1
1
To divide the inheritance; to
5r^$L Fen chia
i-B

P^

P -fr Liang* k'ou

Wi

Lu*.

y^C

^%

See

f5

Lu* shwei

|f

chiao*

fg

PiflflrV.

5fc}|a|

litter

mat

covered with matting.

A mule

litter.

Silk gauze; crape.

%> Slid

|f

lou*.

To thatch a coarse grass used

rude mule

7W

wife.

Dew.
for thatch; a

Ijffc

but

Husband and

to bless

large,

separately.

t*P.

Dew, mist;

as |g,

of

knead;

$g Me1

water plant.

apple

in China.

1
1
p3 Shan ehan

Fruit, berries, uuts, et&

insipid.

1
}*t Nie

jig!

Chopsticks.
To trim, to cnt even to portion out
see Sub.
a dose, a prescription

Pao* hwan*

live

<P K'wai*.

Pears

Countenance, visage; color, hue.

Yien*

si*.

Kwang

jun*.

Color, hue.

Smooth, polished; shining,

brilliant.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 68.

m &*& o
m - m & u

p 3^ i
a # *.
+ fHfc.au o
X - #
3ft ^ * ^
& # ^-. ^
o + ff
+
K

$-

&

H
m

*>

& hits

ft.

. .

ft

23 There are

ft

W. ^:
II.

Also

bright, brilliant, re-

splendent.

Chu1

fff or 3f|

Ic

M ChW chHn

^ffl

Ck'ou 2

% $1

?X

Met 1

5|

Kwei*

season

of the year,

a period; a

younger brother.
chiK

Yue* yue* hung 2.

/T> ipL

A bright red gem, a garnet.

A red gem rare, admirable.

fj Tan

The red

-^-

The male of quadrupeds, of a few birds,

and of some plants; a bolt, a piston.

Carnation color ; cinnabar; a medicinal

concoction, a pill; sincere, loyal.

A freight cart.
A passenger cart.
A wheelbarrow.

ehW

Ta*

Hsiao3 ch

Hwang

il

ni*

jjiS

Clay, earth.

To ask;

P'in*.

to betroth;

P'in' h*.

GhHen\

^ Er

to espouse.

Betrothal presents.
Betrothal presents.

finger-ring.
to descend; to fall, tocrum-

an ear-ring.

Pincers, nippers, tongs; a

see Note 20.

An

ear-pick or scoop.

skewer

to fasten the hair,

wa\

Tsan .

pin or

P ei
l

2
.

To

assist; to accompany; to
to act as second or mate.

1
ira P*i* hi

A low

2f,

Ts'ung

Onions.

match;

cabinet on which the bedding is laid during the dav.

It stands across the head of the
fcang or bed.
1
2
A lamp stand; a lamp-post;
fsElMt Ting t'ai
a light-house.
.

The shrub peony.

$t TT ifc

clasp:

a hair-pin.

P5

rose.

twelve cash.

ble; a pendant,

J3&7
3
'jpL Mu

the cooking is very inconvenient.

bought two heads of cabbage for
sixty cash and eight onions for

/ jflil Ting* M
$L -Nf Chie* eh?.
IU Chwei*. To sink,

$#
The monthly rose.
Same, (s.)

25

1
ff^ipi Chiao* ch'i

yfy
wife.

silk, pongee; a clue, a thread;

to investigate, to follow up.

M ^ Ym*
Jn

hog, a pig.

To take a

$L

"PC $&

millet.

Coarse

2y? Chi*.

fc

24 With upwards of ten persons to eat

and only this one kettle to cook in,

- WW
= *

five flowering bashes in

the front yard,
two monthly roses,
two red roses and one shrub peony.

* ^
t

be

Fresh, new; bright, clean.

hsien3

Grain cereals

21

xE

PS

/E

ffl

20

P M*

Ku3

19

22

a m e n %
o If * ft .**
i"flra*ji;i- * tu

six

17

*C

#r

New,

f^

m n

= #

18

is.

5fc

Hsien 1 ming2

18

at that piece of red silk ganze;

not the color brilliant ?
Twenty or thirty stalks of my millet
on the south hill were eaten up by
your cow.
I saw that he kept two big, fat hogs
in the sty.
Wear this pair of old shoes at home,
and keep that pair of new ones to
go ont with.
At weddings in Shantnng, some nse
two sedan chairs and some, four.
When yon go out to-day, you may bay
for me three pieces of white cotton
cloth, and one piece of ash colored silk.
is

1 ^ Oi *
^ * m m

ps

1
lip Hsien .

Yon

Look

17

o'^r*

^ ^ #

Hi

24

o
Ife

3K

ffi

25

nm
\ii

4-

23

~ T

22

10 In three days 1 am going home.

may hire a male litter for me.

mM<mm

&

171

$$

H P'u

kai*

Bedding.

172

* A
M> ft
S * * m *
3 #. /E X ft 7 f
&J Pi M
*K A # m m m w I I A i
3\ &&* Ji * * - SI
* ft
~
* .
Q 5 m. *t
IS

^ /E
#
B W. #
It o ;*
jH P Jf H
^ S
f
ft *. <* w * +
= *B,
= * #
IB
* p - ji $6 j A

tt * # ft $%m *H
*. It. *.* II m *. V"
A

&>

sK aiii
J&,

ffl

tUL

fc

#.

18;

SB

26 Mrs. Wang took some hairstrings

and gave the large pupils each a
black one and the small pupils each

a red one.

ffi

27 There arrived

this evening at the

cart inu to the wast t eight freight
carts, five passenger carts and thir-

ffi

teen wheelbarrows.

28 Outside his front gate are nine piles

of stone, a heap of clay and one of
fine sand.
I hear he is going to
build two side rooms.

*ft

g| k

15

i=- k

29

What

30

What outfit was

all did they bring for betrothal presents ? Ans. Two pieces of
strong blue foreign cloth, one piece
of fine red foreign cloth, one pair of
bracelets, two pairs of finger-rings,
two pairs of ear-rings, one ear-pick
and three hair-pins.

fl-

tfe.

tK o

given with the bride?

One

large clothes press, one

sideboard, two leather trunks, two
chairs, one cabinet and one large
mirror, besides wash-basin, lamp

Ans.

/j>

A + * 9

i|| 4

stand, bedding and pillows, all

BftH

com-

plete.

Notes.
1 Woollen stockings are of foreign manufacture. The
Chinese do not knit their stockings, bnt make them of cotton
cloth.
is not quite an accurate translation of J^.
an indefinite lease in consideration of a round sum
is subject to redemppaid down at the first, but the property
tion by the owner at any time, or after the lapse of some
If not redeemed within
specified time, usually three years.
forty years, it is not redeemable except in the case of land

which

Lease,

is

with graves on

it.

JKj

is

not properly (as sometimes trans-

lated) to mortgage, which is expressed by f$, although in

drawing a mortgage the term Jfl( is used, for the reason that
Jf is illegal. There is in this case, however, no possession
a real jSj.
Thue a mortgage in China
given as in the case of
is a lease given, but held in abeyance by the lessee, with

to take possession in case of failure to

pay as promised.
here be regarded either as a classifier of
understood, or as a noun standing for member of a family.
the inheritance between
ify '& properly means to divide
but is sometimes used, as here, of the separation of

power

may

brothers,

husband and wife.

12 The idea is that in the economy of nature, man

are provided for.
included, the wants of everything
14 Or, J want to use this kettle, etc. Which meaning was
intended would be indicated in speaking by the stress put on
J|J.

Boiling clothes, in washing them,

is

a foreign custom.

16 The "Jf -Jp is used only in North China, and there

only in hilly country where carts cannot be used.
21 In the case of two chairs, one is for the bride, the
other for the groom. In the case of four, the two extra chairs
are, one for

the )j?

xb

i?>

th e other for the

jS

5ffl

rides in the front chair, is an elderly woman

of the groom's friends, the latter, who rides in the rear chair,
is an elderly woman of the bride's family.
For Jj| as a.

The former, who

classifier see Les.

125.

It

was not intended

here, but the Pekingese called for

to

introduce

it

it.

26 The Chinese say head strings for hair

27 Wheelbarrows are extensively used
West China for the transportation of goods.

strings.
in North

and

28 A pile, or cord, of building stone is in some places

understood to mean a definite quantity of from 2,400 to 2,800
catties, in other places it is like a pile of earth or sand, quite
j^j Jfj| } a side building of two rooms.
pfj
R5J
does not necessarily nor properly mean a room, but, rather,
the space enclosed between auy two of the posts which
The partitions usually
support the girders of the roof.
eoiooide with these girders.
The size of houses is indicated
by the number of these chien.

indefinite,

29
is, in some places, a particular
quality of
foreign cotton cloth, fine and strong, in other places it simply
means foreign cotton cloth of any quality. Ear-rings are

VrWi^S

called |{f -Jr in Peking, because they clasp into the ear.

MANDARIN LE880NS.

Lesson 69.

173

m % + * n

tt *

A.

o ft.
o gs o
a

Translation.

ffl

^
JS
*&*- m o # i ^ M #
** ff ft = $ ^ Of
*wf.
# * *
- o --*&

1g|g1i ft 1H & T\
IB
>
^^
mtf%~wrm & m ft m
tr. "^^ m m ir **
*.*

eft.

*> It

l0

H
& 4#

& ^ o

s&

pT

ft

PH

MiSOELXaNEOOS
ordinary normal use, $f has
a sreat variety of peculiar uses most of which are
brought together in this lesson. They cannot be
its

is

pompous style.
Yon say you are a good man.

little like

the

see

m #
a #

Eng-

they

it,

A3

you are a good rascal.

Be off; it is time to go to school.

That Li P'eng Chin is mighty bold
that he should venture to control

BR

my

affairs.

10 In three days he has not learned

one lesson, and to-day the teacher
gave him a good flogging.

ft

am sorry

I
off.

P'ang Loa Ch'fin has a very fine

looking daughter, except that her
feet are a little large.
Wang San Yie speaks in a very

LESSON

%f

great many roses.

are about to drop

^f o

& f^i, si - m m
n b m it m. m *

classified.

one long sideboard, all very neatly

arranged.
This climbing rosebush has on it a

&
m

ftfl

aualysed or

He

&, it

was soundly berated by Chians

Ping Wfiu a few days ago.
Why did you not suit your actions
to the circumstances P You have

not the least discernment.

has in his drawing-room two
square tables, four arm-chairs and

ift

Jft

If o u.
8
'K ifc o

In addition to

11

I/XIXU8E8
lish

OF

word

Iff*

"

only more

so.'' Like other words,

however, it has its proper place and should not
he made to do service on all occasions.

well,

Vocabulary.

An

aquatic plant; a surname.

Bright, luminoos.

#qr Chiang*

')$ I'ing*
IFc

jij

The eyes

Yien* mu*.

the expression of
the eyes the aspect of things.
Yien3 skin 2 The expression of the eyes
as indicative of the thoughts
;

j|lip

or the feelings.

8R1?1

Yien*

se*.

Discrimination,

discernment,

judgment, sense a wink, a hint.

1
Reception hall, parlor, drawt'ing

A fw ^ Pa
eight persons

T'ai*.

?f?

U4

hsien 1 choa1

Note

ing-room.
%%. j| K'6*
f(l|

Hsien 1

wu 1

A human

3.

liberal.

The most noted sacred mouu-

tain in China, situated

sixty
miles south of Chinanfu, in Shantung.
3* U4 to T-ai4 shan1 t*. A high backed armchair:

/L
i$k

Chi

JL

1
.

...

Note

3.

bench; a low table; a side

T'iao* chi 1 .

long narrow

table,

table.

a side-

board.

Parlor, drawing-room.

soul with divine powers, a

genius, a fairy.

square dining
table seating

Exalted; honorable;

T-ai* sha?^.

%r SI K'^

g5* ^ke*.

To

institute; to arrange, to set out in

Lea. 132.
order; to suppose; if:

174

mm wm a &
& ft w *&** 4fc
ft . a ^ $
ft n an # - 91
ft. * & p

*
mm & n
#
vt
* & m * UK
#. ^ ^ n
H *&
* t# %
# m. e P IK.
i* * o & o

a a a #
% * $ ft
#. ft ft 8
o # # -

BSWffcW 19 o Mi.
o 64 it* o ^#
ti&>

^ w &

20

ft

x +

ffi

* *
A ft $ ft

ts

o
i4

ffi

pain is a little lighter now,

but this morning it was awfully
severe for a while.
13 Let me take it for you. Ans. Thanks,
I could not think of troubling yon.
14 It seems to me you are wholly wanting in a sense of the fitness of
things.
Why do you [stand] there

and laugh when others are weeping?

15 Dinner

To spread out

shi*.

range,

^TfE

Ch'i* chtng*.

in order, to ar-

to display

regular.

$jjl

Wei*

13

do or act in a
heedless or reckless manner, to shift,
See kun*.
to eke out, to slur over.
'Mi Hun*.

'/^Iral

Mixed, disorderly;

Hun* chang*.

to

Unreasonable; vicious, recreant; worthless.

lilt

or

jjjj|

P'ing

/Jt|jj

Tan3

Jjfl.

Hsiao

The

2
.

ch'i*.

gall; courage, boldness.

fabulous bird.

Mean

spirited,

narrow mind-

ed, stingy, niggardly.

'h IHi Hsiao* ch'i*.

Jp. $B Tsad* ch'i*
^| Gkia* a chariot;
...

J^t

Ch'ing

L a0

"

P SK

K'ou 3

tai*.

Ts'wei 1

iE

To trouble

one,

phrase of apology.

seldom:

polite

lightly;

bag, a wallet.

drive, to urge; to dun,

to push ; to insist on.

deliver to, to
to entrust to.

1
1
^S tft Chiao t'od

To put

he

Les. 161.rare-

To

tai*.

if

To

ts'u*.

in the

hand over;

hands

of,

to

entrust to; to consign to.

Jpj Li*.

Water dropping, the pattering of rain.

^
M H $1 $
yji

VlM !#

* liu 1 lo&* soa 1 . Prolonged and confused, complicated.

Lo&i

**

A small feudal state;

Ts'ai*.

J Hwei*.

Same

loai so&1

a surname.

Kindness, grace, liberality; charity,

favor; to be kind to, to bestow.

noble, a lord.

$$

Ch'ing

'$3

A whirlpool; an abyss; vast.

Yuen .
Poa 2 "*. Ample, spacious; intelligent, learned;

to barter; to

The morning.

to drive or sit iu a chariot;

to mount, to ascend; to avail of.

~kia*.

For small cause,

i*.

ly,

jj^j.

Same.

a bag, so that I
can attend market to-morrow.

20 First try to persuade him, and

3^

go.

You go and borrow

%TC Chiao

kind of fern, greens.

yon

a friend that

18 1 beg pardon for pushing you. Ans.

Not at all. I am sorry to have
inconvenienced you.
19 The other matters can be readily
arranged, but there is no one to
whom I can entrust these children.

in

to

make

you should lightly offend him

IE

IS

before long.

ready

eat a little before

so easy to

red rose.

climbing rose, the cinnamon rose.

A surname. See ftng 2 .
P'ang*
A flock, a herd; a company, a multifl Gk'iln*.
tude; the whole.
(mv$(,

it

bric-n-brac.

Uniform, even, neat, orderly,

Hf- Ch'iang

xs

1(T

be

will

Wait and

II

f^gS* Pai*

The

12

/J>

SB

even grudges to spend these few

Really, he is niggardly.

cash.

* # *

3S> ft T

ft %
& * m-MS.
M % ft o
. ft. Hw

$>J

He

1 1

tt.

-n

$3 fl
$t

^
'Jpjf

&

Profound
Pi* pa*.
2

Ch'ing

gamble.

in learning.

ch'ii*.

To

raise up, to assist, to help

Taste, .savor, relish, satisfaction.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

69.

$>

% m m
&.m $

to

25

if

ft

ft.

fe

fr$>

m, *.
o

ft

# & #

#.

an inveterate talker;

21

When

83

he

begins,

strings

out without end.

it

yon have finished writing the

read it to me before yon seal

letter,
it

24

up.
did not spend more than ten or
fifteen thousand cash in this lawsuit.
Ans. He didn't, eh? He spent over
forty thousand.

He

#g o

ft

is

when he once

# ^
K T.ftft ft
fill J &
ft,

man

22 That

ii.

ft.WN
pI

*n

Please do not worry. That man is

I guarantee you
very reasonable.
he will be willing.

21

% *

!B*sft

ft

ft.-^ft

positively refuses, it will be time

enough to agree to pay damages.

ft

175

ft,

zo Mr. Ts'ai Hwei Ch'ing is a man of

his handvery nne scholarship

# # H & ^ ML
ft ft IW. + T> & =* 1H ft
S
ft A A
M ft ft
g ^ ft. T ft, ft S
ft. o
ft 7 ft o + # J& # ft
3& 22 35

writing, also,

26

is

quite good.

money aud effort to help him

along aud yet a great deal of fault
is found with me.
I
feel vexed
whenever I think of it.

I spent

3fe

27 This lesson was very hard to make,

don't

87

know whether

easy to learu, or

it

will

be

not,

Notbs.
2 Although no interrogative form is expressed, the interis
rogation is implied in the first clause. In Chinese, reproof
The sentence might, of
generally in the iuterrogative form.
course, be taken in the direct indicative form, but, in that case,
would hardly justify the emphatic expression that follows.

A Ml Ms

Eight fairy

a high souading name

table,

^|il^T

for a square table that will seat eight persons.

Tai Shan chairs, high backed chairs with arms at the sides.
Tax Shan is used as a fancy name in allusion to the high back
of the chair.

i.e.,

7 There

is

one that

is

here a play on the word Jff

a good rascal ;
fully up to the standard of ordinary rascality,
,

a grand
9 The name
rascal.

is

made emphatic by being put

in this

nt one mark; i.e., one lesson. Chinese teachers

mark lessons by pasting a small strip of red paper at
'

Usually
the point to which the lesson extends.

, and

is

put

This paper

marked by
the South where _L

for the lesson

which

ent phraseology prevails in

setting a lesson, but there is no
"lesson."

ig

way

is called

it.

is

A differused for

of expressing the noun

insisted on recasting

Hence the Southern teacher

the whole sentence as given, avoiding, as will be noticed,

'
the use of the noun "lessou." jj-jp
and
tij$ ff
(Jj

express the same

choice of the two forms.

XT rT

the

common

response to a compliment, or to expressions

supposed to ride in carriages.

16 Tiie meaning, strange to say, is substantially the
same whether the negative be used or not.

is elided
17 The word
colloquially before fffc.
18 T>
W. f ffc 8H This is the language of one
who, having vigorously urged payment, now receives the
money. The force of /p fjfc is, I will omit the usual
apologetic forms for having inconvenienced you by

The sentence may

urgency.

my

also

be used of a borrowed

artiole.

peculiar way.

10

is

of thanks or of self-depieoiation.
/p jjjC $ jfj not venture
to trouble your carriage,
the word carriage being put by
metonomy for the person. People worthy of honor are

idea.

Teachers

differ

in

their

13 The term fn, here used, implies that there was a

third party who carried the other end of the
ftf t}
pole,

Notice the different meaning of this

22 >J jjju Sq
phrase in this, and in the preceding sentence ; also the different tone of jff
.

23

is omitted in the translation.

It is often
used in Chinese when its equivalent is not needed in
English.
It serves to soften what might otherwise seem too much like
a command.

PJ

)J,

24 XT W-ffo

very idiomatic expression not readily

analysed. It is, perhaps, put for jfr

gives the exact force.

25 The Southern

% f&.

teachers reject

f|

j|j

The

translation

and substitute

IS' which, in the North, is decidedly Wen. If it be used,

the translation should be profound instead of vary Jim.
vill

m t

176

*t* ^

fffi,

& W

it

Translation,
he so kind,
address an envelope lor

Would yon

1
i

-t

sir,

as

me ?

to

-4ns.

Certainly.
this hat carefully away, and do
not allow it to become saturated
Ans. All right.
with smoke.

Put

&

j.

u m m

* *

ft

*.

h.

tfi

&

The Chang family have

to-day.

i i i i

ss

their funeral

We

madam,
display.

would enquire if you,

wish to go and see the
Ans. I believe I will.

The ancients

Hi

Hi

^3

ffl

i1

&

ft

#>

^ ^

$.
o

m m m m m m m*
m * w m m> w *

%$

&

all said that the sun revolved [round the earth]. After all,
does the sun not revolve ? Ans. No.
Would yon be willing to lend me

% J.

your boots to wear on my wedding

day? Ans. Certainly. They are at
your service.
6 Will the gentleman please examine
whether this manner [of doing it]
will answer ?
Ans.
Yes, it will

r-

answer very well.

LSI.
Ybs and
The Chinese use the substantive
j: Yes.
as their most common affirmative.
It
corresponds more nearly than any other word in
the language to our word yes, though in many
verb

not replace yes.

ZEtKl Yes. This form is generally used in
the South, and sometimes, in the North.
it will

places

aEtZz Yes,

An

yes.

emphatic

assent.

It is

generally used by inferiors assenting to the commands of superiors Aye, aye, sir. It is also
used to indicate impatience yes, I know.

1$t

$~ So

Pjt or
It
word.
in

be

^l@
ia

it,

See Les. 44.

all right.

Yes,

sir,

aiely heard

jjfr Rp|

cordial assent,

it.

or

ffM

It

will do,

is

very

used instead.

^vaE

No.

light Iff

is

Generally less

often added to

emphatic than

^.
7fc

without J.

Won't work, cannot allow it, " no go."

Used in
j{\ Fp Won't do, cannot allow it
is
not
but
Shantung
t'ung hsing.

A^TX

^
*H

No

mistake, that's

so,

of course.

fiR'^'yil Not the least mistake, precisely,

well, all

3H$;S:^$B

it

will work.

Often
ife

or less reluctant.

be

that will do,

added
to #f ft
is
that's enough.
If?
generally
and +, and sometimes to ^, but is spoken lightly.
p|j or tffljij It will do, so

it;

A qualified

assent, that is, consent, you

This term has given rise to the
" can do."
pidgin English phrase,
That's so, you're right. An emphatic assent.

.
3^ No. It applies to the present and the
future. When past time is referred to, f or $ /J3

That's

certain,

that's

so,

of

coarse.

marks a concession more

pf
may,

to

to be sure.

rignt.

ff

is
added sometimes for
?&~Wi The
euphony, and sometimes for emphasis. It is
added in like manner to ff, fj, 4, and especially

madam, a Manchu
away from Peking, save

or

yamens, where everybody apes

$J" or

No.

)}X

all right.

.rfj

$jrRW
-pr

lijt

% marks some change

The use of

of thought or idea, in consequence

which the assent is given.

Affirmation and negation are often expressed by
simply repeating the principal verb of the interrog-

of

ative sentence, with or without Jp, as the case

ff U>
may be, as in fa ff

g t WAns.
8 *
I

you understand Mandarin?

principle

is

&?

do.

in fact illustrated in (1), (5), (6)

This

MANDARIN LK8S0N8.

Lesson 70.

ft

% T

m.

^
*

U
JE 1>X

m &
^ m ft

^% *&
^ a K
* % #.
!$

% m

ft 15

H,

*
j

$ W
W ^

0ML

$
#

iffc>

ft

* =&
^ 3R
*
tf

ft

it

ft

177

% t

178

* * o
& a 7t
I t s *
ft

&

15 If he will not pay,

ffif

rtJ.

m m
m ft *
& w

idea.

16 I will give you three days more.

If
you then fail to produce the man,

s * f *.
* ft Hi # SS ^0
n ^ * as m & mft*~ m
% ttc
& m % fc Hi ;f 1
^ I
m ff * it
# .to i
*-.*&&
IE
#
a tt *
ft
i ^ #

I'll punish yon severely. Ans. Aye,

aye, your honor is very gracious.
17 The best room is already occupied.

111

Please, sir, look at this room and

see if it will answer.
Ans. It is all

:/c

%^

right.
is enough if we do not make anything off him we can not sell to him
at a loss.
Am. Of course we can't.
19 Li W6n Ylin wants to borrow two
thousand cash for travelling expenses, and asks me to speak with
you and ask whether, or not, you
are willing to lend it to him. Ans.

18 It

$j=

(ft.

Si

& ft 7 A
^ - &
# m &> a m ^ i f A i
o a *.-
ft
n s w
ft. a^
31 IB
jb & a Pi ^ o H
^i9T^ M S *F
* ^
ii m&i*ft t-.
ft Mfc *

20

*|-

BR

Gh'ing*

k't*.

To

as

invite

to

Iftfc

Jf(

To oppose,

to

ward

HH

Ting* chang*.

in

lieu of

the money, in settlement.

Hk

In settlement of an account, to
componnd a debt by property given instead of money.
2
To reprove, to reprimand; to punish, to
fit Tse
fine; a charge, duty, responsibility.

ifli

Tfl chang*.

Ftin
Bit

Tst? ch#.

Cha 1

@, En 1
|vj, j& En*

Yes,

sir.

To usurp,

Chan*.

to

To punish,

to chastise.

See Sub.

Also ch a\
l

tien*.

Favor, bounty, grace, mercy.

in.

an inn

in

to trespass upon, to arrogate;

take possession

5l P'anPfei*
1
f$
~f)l
Rung fct*
P^]

^P

Spare time,

The

2
Hj Twan

occupy.

Studies, lesson, task.

Hsien* k'ung*.
2

of, to

Travelling expenses.

S!

leisure.

cat-tail rush, calamus.

lump, a mass; round, globular;

group; to surnound;

to collect, to

united, agreeing together.

TO 1

A-

rush mat, a [round]

mat

of

specially the mat on which priests sit

recite prayers.

jlgPii'd'a'. A

Favor, grace, mercy; kindness.

The rooms which

Shangifang*.

off;

Against a debt,

him

face the entrance.

jo

to sustain, to
bear; to substitute for, to atone.

call

me

ally true.

make

a party, to have a/east.

Ti\

It

from morning till night.

Am I
correct?
Ans. You are indeed.
That he has no leisure is emphatic-

j. jpy

company,

seems to

that six hundred cash,

at the most, should hire two animals for sixty li. Ans. It can't be
done.
This is a very busy time.
No one is willing to go for six
hundred cash.
21 I hear that his studies keep him
very busy, so that he has no leisure

ffe

Same

Go and

Well, yes.

17

Kwanz

suppose we get

up a company and go to his restaurant and have a feast on account.

Ans. To be sure: that is a good

16

21

ft**

+ *

rush

any kind;

when they

mat, a straw

has-

sock.

Chi*.

Wisdom, knowledge, prudence,

tiou.

discre-

Lesson

MANDARIN LBSSONS.

71.

- i A
, i m
*

it

>

* n + * si*
hl a * * ik *

* # * W m

J?

flg

ji

*U2t~F.

.79

22 If yon can not take

better leave

not

had yon

all,

this

will send (take) it to yon

Arts.
Well, all right.

mat and
by and

l>v ?

23 Will yon take fifteen hundred cash ?

No, that money will not buy it.
24 Of the ten thousand cash I owe yon,
I will pay six thousand this month,
and then, may I wait till the
eighth month to. pay
four thousand?
Ans.

the
Yes,

other
that

The

steel-

will do.

f T> SF. IB
in * ^ m a
n
#. * #
1t
*
ft* *,
* $ pft ^
# # is *# o m
m & 4 n $ *
ft.

-ft

hi.

HI.

25

3l

t.

25 It has always been

said,

"

yards can not be separated from the

weight, nor the merchant from his
goods." Is it proper for you to leave
the goods, to look after other
This time, fortunately,
things?
not much was taken, but if you
do so a second time, you will have

flpffi

a ^ *
x ft *
* #
h ft. m.
24

to

make

it

good yourself.

Ans. All

"Without experience (mistakes) no wisdom is gained.

I
right.

will not

do so a second time.

NOTRS.
11 3t S? Tins phrase is widely naed, bat it is hard to
how it can apply to external appearance, as it does here.
Some would write |fll and others (where soft sounds
Bee

3 S?
14 On the first three anniversaries of any one's death
paper money is burnt at the grave and also at home in front
of the tablet.
The first and third anniversaries are regarded
prevail)

as the most important.

the language of an officer to his

underlings
urging then: to catch some transgressor.

16 This

is

17 The _t fifr is the most desirable room in an inn.

The term must be carefully distinguished from
fffi W.
22 As used in the North, $? would here necessarily
mean that the party was going himself and would take the
mat

along, whereas Jfi

means to send by another.

25 ??Here, the merchant or agent who has goods in

In Peking 3|f an d Ifc
charge and who travels with them.

are read nearly or quite alike, and which should here be

used
is more or less doubtful, as either will
give t> good sense. In

eastern Shantung 3jf is Si* and

unequivocally the correct word.

is

Shi; and the latter

is

x.'meaour Xijcx:x.
The Causativhs

qX
and

or

$y,

in addition to its

primary meaning,

use to form the passive (Les. 53), is also

used as a cansative. This causative sense is

its

much

often modified so as to include the idea of instruction or direction

to

do or

act.

In the North

the idea of causing often passes over to that of

permitting or allowing as (2), (3).
"^2, in addition

verb (Les. 54),

is

to its use as

often

an instrumental

used causatively.

Its

&&

AND

causative force is a little

stronger than that of j
and it is a little more bookish.
T To
only, for

command,
|fc.

It is

is used in certain connections

always followed by A, or by
only used in connection with

a pronoun, and is
the expression of some emotion.

#n (read ke) is largely used in Southern

Mandarin in a causative sense, taking the
place
to some extent of both
It is never so
|fe and $f.
used in Central or Northern Mandarin.

 - +

n t

180

m
+ -h
T W. fR # ^# * *
*E o T & A. ^ IB ^
m m o 14 w #. # "4 H !* A *. S #
A, ft *. ^ o

-t

'

Tbanslation.

ft

i4

ft

18

A W

.0

ft

x, o

Wi

3 I cannot allow yon to suffer loss.

Do not grieve your father and mother.

o
ft

ft
Sft

16

Rlf.

ift

meal a

the

8 Ts'wei Ying talks in such a way that

one cannot understand her.
9 In my opinion, it would be better to

Let the cook prepare

little earlier.

* * o :* T. f 14 4
^
W ft. # U *1 O IE & #
* A 4 M * * ^ ft #
w. Ji a & ft ft ^ 3$ It x
o # fc * ft *. tt
dE
a * It o . S o o
o
ft jb, mioi4
14 H
4 ft *
ft

Have him go to work early tomorrow morning.

6 You havecaused me deep mortification.
5

O
ft

m
f
3

t#Ji

ffi

Who

directed you to act so ?

2 The teacher does not allow yon to go
on the street.
1

let

him have

his way.

10 His arts of deception are such that

one cannot guard against them.
11

According to your
yon have me do?

idea,

what would

12 Your not controlling him is the very

cause of his falling into bad habits.
13 You must not allow any one to know
what we nave just been saying.
Ans. No, I will not.
14 Do you do just whatever he wants

you

do

to

Vocabulary.

$| Tan1

To carry with a

pole; to bear, to susto be responto

undertake;
tain;

See

sible for.

tan*.

vm 5e Tan1 yiu1

Y.

To be heavy-hearted,
to mourn.

Jp. p tsao

in the

Early

Shang* kung

Ch'ii

5? )}

To bend,

to stoop; to contract; to sobject; to wrono, +0 oppress.

Skou*

cfcil

To

suffer wrong ; to be snbjected to injustice.

to grieve,

H f$k Mocfifei
morning.

To begin work,

to

go

to

IP 5c Nan*

skou*.

J$ Ying

To excite, to stir up, to egg on.

Sung*.
Tiao*
To cozen, to bamboozle, to
nung*.
jpl^p

Sp

befool, to deceive.

=^f3p Lung*

To cozen,

sung*.

tise
"pj"

$J*

{J|

KW kin*.

Shu 1

To

JH

T'an*

? ifi

ffl

open out; tranquil, at

lax, easy

abomin-

Comfortable, pleasant, at ease.

8hc&

yung*.

-An 1 win*.

Quiet,

peaceful,
steady, stable.

Comfortable, at ease.

tranquil;

'K & S& al

*oeP-.

Severe, austere, harsh, impe-

Ska1

chH*.

rious,

^X

Iflt

commanding.

severe expression, a harsh

%
[g] ^f Hwei

ksin*.

appearance; murderous.
A letter in reply, an answer,
a response.

^jg Kwa*

nien*.

To be anxious,

to be solicit-

ous.

#|) Ch'u*, cfcoa*.

To

comfortable.

level place ; tranquil, quiet.

Morphia.
;

upon.

Hateful, detestable,
able:
Les. 180.

unroll, to

ease

to dupe, to prac-

ISZim

Distressed, pained, grieved

uncomfortable, miserable.

work.

The feathers of the kingfisher.

The lustre of pearls.

Ts'wei*

ya

butt, to gore; 10 push;

against; to offend;

run
oppose; to excite,

tc

to

to quicken.

Ifflsi^ Ch'od* tung*.

To

stir up, to excite,

quicken; to provoke

to

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 71.

8F -

& m m m ft mm. if m
ip 4 m n & &H IE
.*&*# *

m
m

# & jig
# ii 4 ^ *
#. # % m & m
w ^

4 s ft A ft ft
** w *
if;

tfc

ffffitt

#Mf$

it

ia s. T
q o o

181

182

fS

$ % ft T o 4 ft A^ff,
9
#. m n a*. w>n <t m
^ ft w * *t
n m
m #
t ft.
& ^.
f
RfPI^ I o i
t

mm

pi

fl

fft.

m *4

#i

ftfl

A =

- +

flj

is
Heaven that has quickened
your faculties so that you have this
wisdom.
25 My father and mother, also, send
their kind regards.
Ans. Thank

24 It

you.
They are very thoughtful.
26 I sent you to get a pien-tan, how is it
that you come carrying a kanq-tsi?
27 Please explain it in detail, and let
him hear it step by step," and he
will understand.

# a # n
A 7. *

28 I whip you, not to make yon suffer

pain, but that you may be ashamed.
29 Stealing is the taking of people's
things behind their backs and without their knowledge.

30 This

PI

fl

*tii k

AA

IK

H.

JfrfflHHfe

tT

i$h

o
2l

$t

26

&ft*3#.

to do.

talking,
for

them

each one take his chance.

33 Just

before

his

death,

rny

father

made a

mow

will directing that thirty

of land be set apart for his

eldest grandson.

$ffl

ft)

what

and bade them [lie down to] rest.

32 If you positively cannot divide it
evenly, you may draw cuts and let

31

affair.

embarrassing

When the two were done

Hn Lan spread mattresses

31

& A & f
^o o o 1T $n S i *

#. iflPffe^^o . *\
o c & * ^ M $ -
^35^ i $ A t ^, i t
ft ft Jl $. 4R
#1
"4 .
. A ^ % %

A &

a very

is

I haven't the least idea

34 The chief

of Christianity is
able to chauge the heart,
causing men to turn from evil and

that

become
35

He

effect

it is

virtuous.

did

not speak one auspicious

word, but just a lot of ill-omened
talk which we were loth to hear.

ffi

flft.

Notes.
2 The Southern form |^, ib entirely t'ung hsing and in
other form,
very common use. It is a little stronger than the
does from allow. See Leg. 130.
differing from it much as permit
3

sentence might also mean, / will not cause you

The meaning intended will depend on the

Tliis

to suffer loss.

It means very early, or

5
Jp, one early, is emphatic.
as early as the circumstances will permit.
This is a
7 Kitchen is put by metonomy for cook.

common idiom
Jfi

thus heaven

5t

f r

Emperor, learning court

for

Ood, audience hall

Mfc I5t

for

examiner,

etc.

13 5

19

ffl mfty a ^ so

Lit.,

^e

use<* in tne

Tour causing me to

suffer

N6rth,

wrong

in this

way,

will

22

32 Hi HH is the book form, while in the North #|v |f|

the form commonly used. They differ in meaning, much as
"cast lots" differs from "draw cuts." The latter part of
the sentence expresses a very common idea, yet I found i
impossible to get two teachers from different places to agree
as to how to say it. $tt Hr} 5t. > s tn Peking form, ~j 52, Wk
is the Shantung form, while
the Nank^.g teacher rejected
both and recast the whole clause.

$!c I0i is

meaning

more

is

"G
a book expression.
33 )H
There is no legal
provision in China for either makiug or executing a will.
The case referred to here was probably nothing more than

verbal directions.

certainly not go down.

tn.l its

them.
is

connection.

jjjjj

26 A to jff is a pole for one person to Carry over the

shoulder with burdens suspended from the ends ; the <Jl -p
is a
pole for two persons to carry a burden suspended between

or * ess local-

much

stronger.

& SC

is

more general,

it ia,

to the meaning here used

however, generally read Sang*,

36 According
read Sang*,

should be

os-

MASDARIH LESSONS.

72

Zl

,2

fl

o
*r.

tt

35.

tt

m,

*
m W

PE
1S

/p

183

*#&*. *o
A

f*

man

Ch'tng

A man

Women,

ta0 chiaX

open up; to succeed, second to.

What! How? The Mongols; used
for $g,
confused, muddled.

#]
#j

Eu*.

fft

1
i
G* M. Hu* shwod pa

To talk wildly

tact.

or recklessly.

1
Wt 3L M. Hu* shwoa Iwan*

Same.

tao*

lai*.

f^C||

Hsin1

7/T#j!f l|R

Hsin1 ku>yie*

arily.

A
^

nib*

bridegroom.

bridegroom.

man's father-in-law.

Chang' jen*
Pai* nien*. To pay one's respects at the

New
ti*.

Year.

Pan 1

Note

22.

Oppression; injustice, wrong.

chia 1 .

One from whom wrong has

Chien*

tien*.

head-man, a steward.

To look over carefully, to

to oversee.

Green, the color of leaves.

Lii*, lu*.

1
tftSill$i Shwod

pai* tae*

To discuss

to*.

people's
characters, to gossip, to defame.

UtSiS^

Shwod1 pai*

too* hei1

Same:

Note

j^afS, Ckk* chHn

1
.

To make a marriage

2
1
Niang chia

A.

25.

alliance.

married woman's tuoth-

er's family.
^r\i

Ju3

Milk; the breasts; to suck: to suckle.

A pet name : Note 27.

%j ^1$ Ju* ming*.

/
H>4 ff= Chiao* tsoa*

^ Kou
49

hook

l|t

Named,

consecrated

The lotus,
To mark off and
.

chia 1

household-moving, to
to migrate.

flit,

to

called.

Buddha.

to entice, to

reject
inveigle; to hook on, to connect by a
the short side of a right-angled triangle.
.

^9

ffi

I 1 P* s & oul hsiao1

To erase by a
stroke of the

been received, an enemy.

ffiffi

pay

sort, to collate; to examine; to

revise; to compose; to pick up.

chia 1. ...

Lien*.

Sons and younger brothers; young

people of the family:

^t Yuen1
3& f Yuen1

his respects.

To

Kwan*

j^k *$

keif

3
~^~fffr Tsi

wife's relatives to

count over;
jjjjfc

visit his

every new son-in-law goes to

Heretofore; commonly, custom-

|t5r* Sut

3t
^L

that a mere child puts in

speak

wives.

port, to uphold; to

illicit.

talk recklessly.
19 It is not my custom to be in debt,
nor to be in arrears to any man.
20 You should not find fault with peothem.
ple, nor sponge upon
21 On the third of the first month

receive; to undertake; to assist;

to contest, to compete; to sup-

it

not, in the least, realize it.

one's patience,
tell yon it tries

Chien*.

as distinguished

is

when a full-grown man can't get a

sentence out in a whole half day.
17 Wives should not simply be the recipients of food and clothes, they
should also help their husbands to
get along in life.
18 When you speak for others, yon
the truth, and not
should

11 M
S .
& ^
^ %
^ If,
t> m a
a
pf I
# %
* UJ
% &

To

13

16 I

from a woman,
with decided masculine qualities.

$$M.% FW
%C

*u

Brt

2J
iVawi? **f* ^n*.

T.
15

IP

18

JJ**

histalkinsuch an unmannerly way?

15 Everybody detests him, but he does

17

22

ft

* & # m
A
* W *
A U * t
A ft
* o % us *.
n w ai o
o ft. #
o tm i*-o A
A

and half

How

14

% * * # *

= #

fc

13 At the present time official business

has also come to be half legitimate

I t f ,^ ^

n a
in

- +

ft

184

pen, to strike out; to ignore.

Ti*

To shave the head.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 72.

^
O ^
#*&
3\

IS
ft

3fc

ftr

It
in

m &
4

in

^ ^

*a

^
m

(ft

23 They two are enemies, and must not

be invited to

5.

^ *

*flL

A *
W

ft

m *#

ft

22 The prosperity of a family depends

on the rising generation, and, also,
the decadence cf a family proceeds
from them.

ft

SE^ o

To esteem,

Shang*.

to honor; to
furthermore, yet.

still,

IflfjSiJ

\\\

lljjL

He* shang*.
Ch'u 1 chid1

Buddhist

priest.

ch'ang* in

some

Sing
2ft

'fit

Read

hi*

places.

enter the priesthood,

Buddhist priest; a lama.

Priests, the Buddhist priest-

Sing ehia\

25

He is over there criticising

1
st Su* chid

|a

is

and

&

3X
llf
1jfif

My

He wholly

28

ignores

all

Kwoa

my

and

my

Lien.

former kind-

Favor, kindness.

i*

g| Chiang 3 shang*.
2

Li,

Li Ts'wei

and has now become my enemy.

ness,

Ch'ing*

name was

name was

little

In |a

g%

mother's

wishes exactly.

my

to his son, suits

27

chia

Reward;

State, country.

To

Cheng*.
1

J*

prize.

rule ; government, laws.

Scholars, literati, the learned

Hi Ju

chia

1
.

The learned

class, Confucianists,

the literati.

The

That which

this one

26 For me to contract a marriage alliance with him, giving my daughter

hood.

table.

wealthy families move, they

always appoint several old stewards

that one, defaming people's charactors.

|S| age

To. take a vow of celibacy,

.to
f||

control;

same

at the

When

to oversee.

IsC

jiaj

sit

24

o
IE
# *
&27 #JJ&*# # -

it. ft

186

laity, the

world.

fiX

J'it

To wish

to long for; aspiration

for,
hopes; last, appetite, passion.

right, proper or &t,/riend-

ship, acquaintance.

Notes.

HM

%M

oi %E
Both forms of thu much
1 J&
used phrase are regarded as correct. In some places the
aspirated form is chiefly used, and in some places the uuis
In some places, both North and South, )$,
aspirated.
'

This sentence might with equal

propriety, and without
be given

frequently used without the 3^,1 and, in. the North especially,
HV is often substituted for ; See Les. 108, Sub.
3 JJvL is read ch'ing 4 only when followed by jjj.
$
ifC Dry relatives ; i.e. relatives not really such, but made
sucli by adoption.
The Chinese practise a species of adoption

^i

the case of brothers and sisters, also parents and children.

simply a mutual choice, accompanied by the giving of
presents, and implying a promise or vow of mutual faithfulin

It is

The vow

sometimes formally expressed, and ratified

a member of one family enters into such a
by
relationship with a member of another family, the two
ness.

families

is

When

a feast.

become $

4 Bt

in the

Where

indicating time.

but requires a fff|

construction .if J

^E<

parents.

%ni

A jR

not used, ^jf ^5 takes ics place,

before it, which the
%Z does not. The

is

It is also

<dd*rly

poison

i3

Do

Lit.,

10

73.

of referring to

any one's

used as a term of respeot when addressing

is

daughter a mother.in-law t
used emphatically, and
expresses

eldest

11

tT W> One thoroughly

17

^ and^ 3p

is

all the

persons concerned.

not t'ung hsing.

versed in any business, art,

or profession, an expert.
The conversation had disclosed
what the speaker had not previously suspected, viz., that the
party addressed was an expert.
t*

receiving

all

Receive food

and

receive drtss, that

is

doing nothing, only thinking of food and

*

dress.

22 ~y

Sons and younger brothers, including also

their sons
a general term including all of the
family younger
than oneself, but primarily supposed to be used
by the eldest
who
is
brother,
regarded as the head of the family.
ffi

23 Wk means properly to yield or give place to, hence as

used by the host with reference to guests, it means to seal or
place at table.
is

way

Has your
f@

shade of contempt. %, %fc %fc

ig much used in some places, but

not forget to have locked the door.

a respectful
(30)

f)i IjJ.

though not often used

South, is readily
understood.
In the North it is more used in some places
than in others.
It may be applied to any verb or noun
iJC

-mm&

perceptible change of meaning,

24 7C fr
'. A family with a large doorway, that
a large and \ve<.th'/ i-mily.
25 3JI
Jfc 2
g etc., fjjfc must be supplied.

7K and

^5

being Vo'.y co^imon

n...i.cs

uro used *t large foz

186

$5

ib

f.31

ft

If

IK.

f*

. o

i29

^ A

o
:so

it.

*.

ft

ft

ft

132

ill

ft

any one, as we say Jones and Brown. It is not easy to see

is used in many
Jjf^ should not always be used, yet fie

why

Js

places,

is

used in the sense of

27 'J* 43 s " ,e colloquial, -jL 35 is the book form.

29 Buddhist priests shave the entire head, and in this
respect differ from Taoist priests, some of whom (those who
marry) wear the hair as other Chinese do, others (those who
'

do not marry) allow all the hair to grow, and wear it in a

knot on the top of the head. Buddhist priests are not allowed
to marry, hence the phrase {fj jfc

-t

29 To shave the head aud become a Bud-

n h +

ft

*'
dhist priest is called,
leaving the
the
call
themselves
family." They
priesthood, and call others the world.
30 That you, good sir, should be worried
on account of my affairs, is a favor
I am wholly uuable to requite.
31 Rewards conferred promote the good
government of the country, and
are, at the same time, an expression of imperial favour.
32 The effort of Confucianism is to nourish the vital principle; the effort of
Taoism is to refine the vital princi-

both aim at purifying the

heart and diminishing the appetites.

ple;

*
32 jR

refers here to the divine essence which

is

held to

constitute the soul, and ot whion the physical breath is the

emblem and vehicle. This divine essence, or vital principle,
the Coiifucianist regards as good, and seeks to nourish and
it as the path to virtue and longevity.
The Taoist

preserve

regards it as evil, especially is being corrupted by association

with the body, and seeks to purify and refine it, as the pass,
is a ready-made book
port to immortality, jff
phrase,
jjf and jjft are to be taken as verbs.

&^^

Xjseu303sr

ExraaesiNG

To send forth, is joined with many words

to express the idea of becoming, developing, etc.
It is especially joined to such words as express
It may often
qualities perceived by the senses.
be rendered by become, or grow, or get. In
cases English affords no exact equivalent.
To be or become yellow.
S?

fj|ft

To enrich one's family: Note

5K jfX. To be or become red, to grow

fjf i To become addicted to vicious

^^3t
jj[

become confused,

To become
To

be subject to

suffer

grow

or

to get in a

To become or grow weak,

f/C fft

gf 2J?

To take an
To become

li?^E

To become

to betray

oath, to swear.

or

to

grow clumsy.
grow dim or iudistiuct

stiff,

(of the eyes).

W. Wi To become

excited or confused, to

grow

red.

fg

To

^^J W
to storm, to

reckless, or violent.

timorous, to give

f*J

way

feel

gloomy; to have a sense of

distress or uneasiness.

a state of

an attack of convulsions, to

become

grow angry,

nervous.

fits.

|^ [4 To be
to fear.

or

to be in

Si? pa

rich.

or

weakness.

many

practices,
to develop a vicious character; to spoil, to ferment.

fpf fL To
confusion.

uM i& To become
passion.

2.

fj? Wi To make money, to get or grow

af y\l To appear lustrous, to shine.

Development.

an

^Jj^

To grow severe;

make an

To become

to

become unrnly;

ado.

assume

violent, to rage; to

|^S|ri

and anger.
To become hard; to grow

^ KB

To be

air of authority

stiff,

or

to ue clumsy.

stiff.

become obstinate;

to

grow

MANDARIN LESSONS.

LF.660N 73.

n = +

m m

-t

a.

to

187

tft

Translation.

1 Your tongne is yellow.

2 Illegitimate gains do not advanoe a

f* 1

man's
3

estate.

impossible to get rich at this

kind of business.
4 Writing done with good ink, shows a

^ m n o m 9 % a*
a * ^ioe. ii * ft n
& ft o o ft. 9 * *
*. It to A # o *t. 9 *
j
. * m o as. ft
# * ittt & ft ft 9 o 9
9

$fc>

Ml To

n
t

His mind

is very easy for the

young to
become reckless.
9 Without a stroke of good luck, no
one gets rich.

10

My nephew

11

You

ness, flatulence.

from ague.

The same: Note 24.

f^SsI
!"

& P 5^

of dyspepsia

to feel'weary [said of
muscles].
To have or suffer an attack

or

indigestion.

Ik"

dizzy.
fs~

ft

or

fp J|L* To

cold: Note

be

stupefied; to

or

To be or become or grow proud.

or $$!$: To have or suffer
be or feel hot or feverish.
feel numb.
To become foolish or
become bewildered.

To wheeze,

silly; to

be

to be asthmatic.

f$Jj To be distended,

26.

become

j{8|

pity,

To become or

fj? ^|C

fgfWJM
f{?

cold, to feei cold.

feel

1$M^r

sour; to

fit 3? To become
fjr& To seem or

*mWL

ax

f W? To

f^B^c To be or become

have a sour taste

died of epilepsy.
should brace up your courage,
and not yield to fear.

Ik fi&fd* To be compassionate, to show

moved with a feeling of compassion.

to be

or

confused with the mul-

8 It

Is 8. To become manifest; to be aroused

or awakened (of conscience).
fs fg To have a feeling of distention or ful-

f^H

is

titude of his affairs.

o
^2

languid or exhausted.

feel

Instre.
[red
5 When yon speak of it, his face grows
6 I am free from vicions practices.

12

It is

to

feel

a sense of

fulness.

or

feel

%fkWL To be

or

feel

stilt;

to

be

or

grow

intractable.

or

'fj:

To

fc

be

or

become or

feel

For further

of words joined with

list

see

Supplement.

dry.

Vocabulary.

Wants' ar

toWi

Illegitimate gain;
.

money

ac-

*0%

SAtng

to%5%
ttl $fiL

W&

Relatives of a different surname.

1

sktng

Oh'ouSfing

1
.

The children of one's own

sisters and wife's sisters.
To fall

in

an

epileptic ft,

attacked by convulsions.
T2; CkHe*

* Ckiao*.

Fa1

WiJT

Su1

To

chiao*.

raise, to ferment; baking

powder, bicarbonate of soda.
Bicarbonate of soda.

quired by a stroke of good

fortune.
1

fj?f

Timorous; nervous.
Yeast, leaven.

M
$$;

ta*.

8W
Hwang

T0 take an oath; a vow, an oath.

1

Hurried,

move
fft "fy

Hsiao1

fg Th Fa 1
come acute

leisurely, to do at
one's ease or convenience.

To

Note

to

To do

t'ing'.

tsod*.

nervous, frightened;
unsteadily, to wabble.

get in a passion, to storm

to inflame
20.

and

swell, to be-

188

T. * *n &
******
tf ^ ^ 23 iM H 1*.

***

%i f^#
#^ jc o **#
'

^ ^ &

^22

& 26 iS

# *

A.

si,

H +

SR

If

ffi

Some men when they

12

-t

get angry, are

like wild beasts.

13 The broad, this time, did not rise well.

14 You may add a little more soda.

yon had betrayed no weakness,

15 If

there would have been none of these

*>

4fio

m * m # ^tr.^
*

16
17

13

15
fft

things.
not believe him,

Do

When

man

[takes is false.
the oath he

sir,

old, his hands

his eyes,

and
dim.
18 When
examination
hall, do not get nervous, but write
[your essay] at your ease.
19 I am feeling gloomy these few days.
20 If you do not storm, he will not be
a

is

become stiff, and

you reach the

feet

afraid.

fU

fl

tt

19

A *

21 In the winter one's hands grow stiff,

so that writing becomes difficult.
22 In this exhausted condition, it would
be well for yon to take a little
tonic.

23 At that time
aroused, and
>i>

^ * m

*!

t%

ft

#.

ollJIllAilJ.ilo
**** in ^ * Xo m w
f*

Jttlt

^ 3^ Tung

tHen 1

fm Chiang 1
J# A'an* i*.
1
Sour,
jljg Swan
.

]*

TVs

J^ -fife

2
.

$H

halo; foggy; obscure; dizzy.

Maternal affection: kindness, tenderness; mercy.

1

Ts'fipei Compassion, forbearance, mercy.

.

if& Ch'ien* chin*.

saviour, the Saviour

Christian term).

(a

To advance; advancement,

promotion.
YaoK,yo&*,yiie*, niie*. Intermittent fever, ague.
Chi*

... Sickness, disorder, ailment.

distended

Ana.

a sour taste in your

I constantly have a

Ans.

Intermittent or remittent fever, ague.

Sweat, perspiration.

To

perspire, to sweat.

resolve or vow in anger to do

a thing, to do in spite of all
hindrances, to do with the might.
*FC

Yung

9
3

SJgici Chiu* chuK

H$

difficult.

feel

sour taste in my month.

26 Yesterday the bride had a pain in her
stomach, so that both her hands
and feet became cold.

Vr Han\
US ir Ch'u1 han*.
n& M, Tu3 *#"* To

stiffened.

Hard,

mouth?

Prostrate

acid; irritating, grieved; nnmbness or weakness of the muscles.

Tun*.

Do you have

7M$Z

H
J^

25

Winter, the winter season.

felt

sins.

24 Does your belly

14

1T

Tt feels so every night.

*r#.*%c * H
H 9

>tf

my

conscience was
the weight of

my

Tfcifi Yung yiien

Jp

Hou1

3
.

Perpetual, everlasting; final.

Endless, everlasting, eternal

To breathe hard, asthma; a special

tensive:

J$$f Hou

%Mi
)B(f

ping*.
1

S/tany

Chang*.

Les.

148.

Asthma:

35.

To take cold.

/^?

To swell

Note

in-

up, to enlarge; dropsical;

tenseness, fullness.
.
.Ajar, a crock, a mug, a cruse.
jH Kwan*. .'.
3
A small cup used for cupping,
Hwocl
kican*.
,/C jH
.

also to hold medicines.

Lesson

73.

MANDARIN LK880NS.

189

190

m m + -b
^ ^* o o M 1
9

si

T>

$8

li

i&
16

i,
ffi

i i t i
A 1@ & *
m m* m ffitr

*.&* &**.*
o Jf.

t m n

ft^^R
ft

IB

IB.

T>

ft

w.

w. o

o n

&-**>

f o J| *fi IE

PB o' jBMflj Ml
I o A ^ i I
ft &*ir m & m
m m & 9k m % w
m % a n *.
t. u m m. i
,

ffi

ffl

itf

-t

Lesson

MANDARIN LKSSON8.

74.

m m o t> ^ pt ^ h

a. ft 3R ra nt & ^ # w
- gN. &n % A # a m
21

24

31

19

27

& #

ji3o^

iu

Hi

lt

21 It

|4
& & #

f w
#
^ ^
ffi

saw of;

necessary

to obstruct, to

the four tones.

28 These few benches will not seat so

many
29 I

am

Twei*

lien*.

people.

very sleepy to-day, I cannot

keep my eyes opeu.
30 Everything that can possibly be evaded, he is sure to find a way to evade.
31 The teacher is impatient for his tea,
but, somehow, I cannot get the
water to boil.
Parallel mottoes or distiches

intercept, to

Chu*.

s^

to

saw;

written on scrolls.
3ifg

J5^

Chin* ching

To go

or staples.
Iflt Si

Wuft

tear, to rip, to rend.

To match,

P'ei* hi*.

to

psj

Shan 3

To

fc Ch'ang*.

flash; to evade, to

UL

|SJ

To begin

to speak; to open
out on, to enlarge on ; to

Thin

/g? Ling*.

i^ $&

jpjj Ch'ou*.
... ...

1
^LfJL Yuen ch'-ou*.

Wi Twan*

Shin* hsien 1

Enmity, animosity; a feud;

a deadly enemy.
Divine genii, immortals

Note

.^
I

Pan*

Cheng
Lien\

silk

damask, lining

To
.

satin.

Silk gauze.
bind,

to

wrap round;

thin fine

silk, levantine.

Satin.

f J Ching

1
,

king

1
.

bench, a stool.

the eyes; to stare.

IM^R
$&

Ching

Long white

m?

Mien*. Flour of

rice,

unglutinous

Same.
wheat or other grain; dough;

vermicelli.

Connected, associated; to combine, to

join in order.

the

rice.

sleep, to nod; sleepy.

To open

strange things,

Silk and satin, silks generally.

26.

ting*.

To

K'un*.

or

lod*

Ling*

arrange any business by exhortation or argument.

Accounts.
l!H
Chang*' mu*

dodge; to make

sights, the world.

1
tft ^ Shwod tat

New

Shi* mien*.

high level space; spacious; to

display to open.

the cap-

room for,

mate; suitable,

fit.

to or visit

ital.

To

it

this feud.

up

|g #

keep in check.
saw; to mend with clamps

not

is

27 Are you able to distinguish the four

tones ?
Ans. I can distinguish all

*fc

off, to

at

them?

ffi

To cnt

two

25 Their accounts are not clear. They

cannot agree on a settlement.
26 Even the divine genii could not break

Chie*.

ra

The wind blew it open.

24 Did you get the business arranged
which you undertook to settle for

ifcli

j|

it

to get scissors,
with your hand.
22 Whom God hath joined together,
let not man put asunder.
23 Who left that door open?
Ans.

- &
flLJR SE 1
m m ? & m & n m ft m
m % m uh. n. w m ft tt
J.
* o # K T. A W.
7. # &**m. @ o T> o
32

board and sa^

you can tear

jft

ftiL

this

insuffi-

this place.

* # T. ft
#.* n ^ o * c
h. & k: g #. mm> mm,
o m m m m i m
ur# m m ra * m m w as*
if T>^ W. A.#ig ft. T fl T. *
A W#
& n 6 ft
g *

tt

IP I fear three rooms will be

cient to accommodate us.

20 Take

23

19)

2
%$ Pai

mien*.

W beaten flour

192

16

e a

#>

m % t

3fn

* 51
a s $ m
$ * a
*& m . m m m>
* m %
it,.

3fl

^c

IR,

Hg

A.

fti

34

ffi

p 7 a

* Ji
a m
w *
& m

ft

99

*S

Ifc

H?

is it that with such a wide road

as this, you yet insist on going here ?
Give place at once.
37 When I have time, and can get

#.
U& o
34

away,

ft.

ft

am

going to make a

visit

When those who wear coarse

and dingy clothes meet one of them

flour.

*a

38

to the capital and see the sights.

38 The rich dress in silks and satins, and
feast on white rice and wh eaten

ffl

* * o R fc
A II f ^ W

Why

36

ffi.

did you pat that book on top

of the bookcase?
Ans. It will not

plainly.

&

^ If ft * ff &
I I To # !i IS

j i& o

Why

go into the bookcase.

35 If you have anything to say, why do
Better
yon keep it to yourself?
go directly to him, and tell him

fc

32 I see yon are very fond of wine. Yon

cannot do without it at all.
33 I got a man to write a pair of scrolls
for me.
Open and look at them:
what do you think of them ?

* m m i
^ # #

i*

5.

in the street, they

way to him.

naturally give

N0TK8.
8

Jfl is the real subject of the verb, yet it

comes

after

The sentence shows how completely Chinese sometime*

it.

inverts the English order.

6 j as here used, is peculiar to Pekingese.
7 [fj !?{| The first fj is the principal verb, the second,
an auxiliary, or the two may be taken as a duplicated verb :
Les. 33.
10 Most Chinese teachers will insist that to iron ought

to be f yii, and not ffi. The fact is, however, that the word
is not spoken yii but yfin, and on this aooount, no doubt,
JL has superceded |, and rightly so.
11 tas here used is highly contemptuous. Why it should
be so, is not readily explained. The translation is not a whit
more forcible, nor more wanting in dignity, than the Chinese.

TjEssoasr

26

Iff

five

classes

and

According to Taoist mythology there are

f|||

of

vis.,

ftf|,

jfc f|I|-

fill

$fe

fill.

It

111!

f|I|.

says ft for "tone," but the more general

The modesty of the speaker accounts for the

27 Nanking
term

fj.

is

use of

T5J"

iel-

23 WL 3

is

properly

pan

ting*,

but

in

Peking

is
4

and in other places pan* Wing

frequently spoken pan* t'tng*
31 tjjji often means, as here, to need, to want immediately.
Chinese
is a rhetorical reduplication.
93
36
.

HI

Ufc

38

abounds in such forms.

Ijx:2C"V*

The Auxiliary $;.

$: To live, to endow,

is

added as an anxiliary

to such words as will take the qualifying idea of

For

enduring, or sustaining continuously.

list

of

words taking this auxiliary, see Supplement

VOCABUIARY.

To seize,

$; CM*.
fl Tang*.

to hold; to

pinch and

pull.

To impede, to obstruct, to stop; to

.withstand, to screen, to ward off.
.

$$| Gh'toei*

^
*

Chiang*

Chiang' hu*

)l

]; Li* Hang*.

fjjp Gh'i-.

See chiang 1
Same.
.

To

Strength, vigor, ability.

on; to paint, to smear.

seize hold of, to grasp; to hold on,

maintain; to manage; to resist.

to

To beat, topound,to cudgel.

Starch, paste.

To rub

|$f Ch'a*.

1
~^C^f Chi

cA't

To

withstand,

to

bear

against; to direct.

np

l
II

10

-b

iff.

fit

to.

cannot hold him alone.

The rebels were stopped
I

3 The human heart is unreliable.

4 Put the mangle on it to press it down.
5 It can be supported by putting a
board underneath.
6 This little affair is not sufficient to
trouble him.
7 It will require thick paste in order
to hold it.
8 Yon are too communicative, you cannot keep anything to yourself.
9 This horse is hard in the mouth, I
cannot hold him.
10 Whose mouth can you shut up ?
11 I fear my own strength will not bear
the strain.
12 Every time the medicine is applied
the pain is intolerable.
13 A diligent man cannot endure to be

#
# A
I
m % z.
* ft je ft

HM

ft.

Li

MHfr**. -ifcWooM

* HI. c in # m # ft
ft ft & * i\ E $ T. H4
o % jt ^ ft. ,1 &$9 o IT
P HM /S
*. * ft o
* - ft *P IN* &$?. T

*. * ft ft, a *R ft
o
# o 1. i I T.
t> 1
m A )t # *. # ha o
Hf ft. fto *. A
f
9

16

ffi

28

ftp

a moment.
no match for
15 That umbrella is too small;

Ife

idle

14

My

ffl

17
18

Jtt

4ft

* m

ft

16

l8

wife i&

10

-^ 8

* *

19

*ft. *tofl. ttfcftft

tcs* *

o m. , o

*&

*f.

as

15

ft

The harvest, the

f Nierfl ching*.

T.
o

abilities are

To

cease, to desist

but, only
$fc listen*.

Wl :c
2

JI2 tj

20
21

ft

cannot keep a single thing.

1
Ch'fng* chia

season, the

To take a wife;

jfc^l Li

1
iPJ Chai , tsi.*

To guard, to defend.
into a vessel

fill

1
ffilSI Ch'iien lung*.

to hold, to

To surround,

$c

Ya2
-4* s

A tooth,

>

Talent, endowment, ability, genius.

3
2
"ft K'ou ts'ai .

The

To

#**

gift of speech, eloquence.

competency, to

Tung

i3l Flan

To

To

a tusk ; a bud ; an agent.

suffer,

stand.

ensnare.
>f* Ts'ai*.

one's fortune.

>|

IPC
to entrap, to

attain

make

up

pick, as fruit, to pull; to deprive of; to choose to select.

con-

Also shiny*.

tain.

to set

for oneself.

To

Pa* skou*

To

yie*
.

afon^erows.hazardous.
Perilous a dangerous but important juncture or position.

Hsien* gao*.

|j& Ch'fatg*.

to remain, to wait

conduct.

A precipice

To

will

it

year.

[p CA?.

his.

not shelter one.

It is uncertain whether the year
will be a plentiful one or not.
Never fear : I can remember it all.
I took a dose of pain-killer, but it
did not stop the pain.
This piece of wood is too slender it is
quite insufficient to bear the strain.
This is a dangerous and important
place; I am notable toguard it alone.
That man is too communicative, he

j|fc

19

the

by

imperial soldiers.

til.

^ # a

il

ftff-r&o

13
ft&ft *. 'J\ *.
- l, o I i o
o ^ i8 ^ a.
*j
m m*>i ft - a

Translation.

3$

tM

ft

ffl

A!fa##.

&

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 75.

steep,

to bear, to endure, to

Also ai\

9tore up, a surname.

to

submerge; capacious;

large-hearted, lenient.

f| Chiang

7u

i"

Hsiung

Brilliant, elegant, prosperous

1

shuu 3

murderer

m m

104

m
s
m m
36

-f

sft

ft^rn

*.

ft

ft.

ffy

mm

$T

w.

ft

o A>

3f

ft.

. & W
^

ft

m & m

it

33

1@

ft o

o
ft

i1

A*

2fe

ft.

ft.

#
*

ft.

ft

1?

J.

ftfilft

a & #

T>

^ A6

ft

& * o
30
it* $ &
A *

as

* m
ft

*\ ft
o
A* 7

/it

^
* w

3 #

& *
ft ^

ft

31

ft;

W
^

28

-fc

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 76.

+ -k %
o m m si sj sj
mm %**
m%
m & m w\ m x
m #. . *. * t
M o ^ o h m
o
1H. ; lt ^ #

m
* m m
7. m #>

m m

* ^. s
^ ^ m
14

tft

ft

Translation.

zk

10

190

We

rain to-day.
n

ft
SJ

Yon may
The dust

Tungchow.
and puffed
I

have only now

it.

to live.

When

Ans. I have
did you come?
but jnst arrived.
In the matter you refer to, I cannot

10
1 1

help you.
12 The robbers

did not ransack the

place where his jewels were.
13 From the time that Yiin Tao 1 began
to associate with that worthless fellow, Waag Yuen Hsing, he has insensibly fallen into vicious habits.

is

*jp

H-|

y&

which

is

a form rarely,

if

ever,

heard amongst the people. Jw, Jfc JHf. aft The composition
of this phrase shows how closely family and fertune are
united in the Chinese mind.

29 38

Murderous hand

murderer.

is

often

joined with verbs or adjectives to characterize an individual

by his conduct, or by his trade, thus PflJ -^ a musician,

generally sensible of such incongruities.

18 Jt
5R Stop pain medicine, the name given to Perry
Davis' Pain Killer, which has been extensively sold in China.

fff

^ a spearman,
U

jfE

^a

pickpocket, etc.

used for |f The

close union formed with 49, although

30

I" this phrase the two words are different

lis 5c
in meaning and both significant, hence a full translation
requires two words.
24 Or, more literally, I should think you would have no

20

is

nected with the following

is

excluded by the

-fH is logically con-

yf ^p.

32 5c ^S is in some places always said

5^ 34 fe is more widely used than gf, despite the fact
is evidently more appropriate.
that

face at all to see me..

as here used, means to preserve intact
The form in the
the inheritance received from one's fathers.
*F

for-

9 Let thetn move to some other place

Sacred Edict

does not.

27

to

rose on all sides

thought of

$ij

in their faces.

12

-y after it in gome places, and in omo it

The Southern term is *% fg|.
12 %L" is the more colloquial form, and very widely used.
14 A literal translation would require "him" at the end
instead of "his." The sentence, in order to give a logical
structure, ought to end with a (JJ- The Chinese are not

aud

auimals

8 After all this time,

ffl

takes

hire

ward the goods

flft

T*b

in

day.
5 One learns as long as he lives, ana
still leaves much unlearned.

18

till

4 I fear he cannot push through

Sj.

sft

morning

night.

* % fi H * ^ o
T * o II * ft. 5*1 W
m
mi. *n U ^
$ 7.
it * -. & ^ ^ & *
m w. @ in. w. * n ii sj.
/W-. o
SJ
# o *
* *n ^ ii * **"#* si.
o
* SI I # ft Si o jq
&3
*. ft * w si. si *
7.

from

busy

2 After the bitter naturally comes

the sweet.
3 It did not occur to ns that it might

were

\%

LESSON" LXX-VITh Auxiliaby

SJ To arrive at, is added as an auxiliary to

such words as will take the qualifying idea of
continuance, or of extension to some point of time

or place.
se e

S||.

For

list

Supplement,

of words taking this auxiliary

19C

Iff

/\

+ * H

Lesson 7&

3wi

MANDARIN LESSONS.

187

198

-t

mm

_L

L.

L-

4g

-t

Translation.

Why are yon so late as this in coming?

2 Do not get angry on account of a
8 mall matter.
3 On account of my friend's feelings,
I am ashamed not to go.
4 A matter of a few words ; it is not
worth keeping in mind.
5 What we want is to get revenge, not
to get these few taels of silver, t
6 Why is it that he cannot pay that
rent of his ?
7 My name is legion; for we are many.
8 Men die for money, and birds lose
1

& # & A

tiL

M
I t
16

*fe

f$

#.

m.

5?

3K

#j

IE

o . o

.ttf

ffl.

W I i T
a&

10

| A ^ I
8

I,

^
m,

J39

$fc

l.ll

# W f li
% & & w.

* m ^ m u m a * p *. *
a in s a ie tr *. n. o s
t a a i i o o % wm
!U % ZM A . ^ a * T# ^
*.*! fc * f
^ p t> , $. m *
t m m t$ *
m, *. .
efc w o Hi, a 15 &
a 09 f$ i w i t f ^ i.
t. a fi * R A. fl o u
15

IIS

11

fl&

4fe

i4

their lives for food.

To smash a dumpling

14

at large, but each city has its

own a

deified

man

acting as

LESSOK"
Causal
To

proceed,

to

raly

on,

for,

of
a
misunderstanding,
they fought till their heads were
cut and bleeding.
16 This child's eyes were destroyed by
exposure to the wind when he had

measles.

patron god of the city. They are supposed to be appointed

and rotated from time to time. Each city god has the same
rank in the unseen world that the chief officer of the city
over which he presides has in this world. In some cases the
courts of this temple are the constant scene of a sort of Vanity
Fair, in others, only on the occasion of the regular festivals in
honor of the god.

iiXiac-vix.
Particles.

Same
Same

because,

"^

account
(SJ
ffif

of.

^S

do, to become, for, because, since, on

or j

Same

as |2| alone.

as ^

alone.

as

$ alone,

only

used

in

Southern Mandarin.
1J iT

For, because, since, inasmuch as.

fault

15 Because

since.

To

account

took its rise in gambling.

Why are you always finding
with me f

.o

30 im vm Lit., city moat, but popularly used as

the title of the tutelar god of the eity.
Each walled city in
China has such a god and a temple in his honor. These
temples are generally the 6nest temples in the city and kept
in the best repair, and are the most resorted to by worshippers. There is no one individual god known as Ch'eng Hwang

on

of a fly.
10 The devices of the heart are hard to
know, for they are hidden within.
1 1
That he does not enter your door,
must be because you have offended
him.
12 Would the thief accuse him withIf he accuses
out any cause ?
him, there must be some occasiou.
13 The strife between the two families

ffl.

Because of what;

i.e.,

why, where-

fore.

^ vR S

For the purpose

of,

why.

MAKDAR1S LK88ONS.

fiKSSON 77.

% Z fa % >& % W*o
- m & m m m m # #

m.

*.

190

17

When

18

He

you are working for another

yon should not be ready to throw
up your place because, on a single

do not go right.
does not get rich at his business
simply because his expenses are
occasion, things

w #

3e

m #1 * #*.

^ I i

^ f ff

gi

-**ttwa

mas. s.

m * m m &,9m

at.

&

ft

7 *. o

tt

1&*3fc

jfc

ft

urn u

tfc

1-

* iff*

6 N

Mf

ifc

m m m

BR

22

not

is

help charging you again and again.

do you come to be acquainted
with Chang fir Yie ? Ana. I kept a

washing shop at Chefoo and, by wash,

ing for him, came to know lum.f
23 The younger brother should show
respect to the elder, because he is
older in years and superior in rank.
24 Because of this day's joy, I have

4i\

m *
A 7.
ao o #]
m *Ho
m.
o

Ik

*. #>

How

*. <*
26

22

ft

tf

S
# I

21

HfSfe

people.
necessary to destroy the
harmony of the two families because
the children have had a quarrel.
Because I am your uncle I cannot

fl*

[common]

ft

mm=*

m & m m

great

19 Because I did not invite him to eat,

he says J am too proud to notice

20 It

J^ffe
24

m m

?#

too

t^

forgotten all the sorrows of the

whole year.
25 Why did yon not take the money
when he offered it to yon? For
what are you striving every day ?

tfc

VoCABULAKY.
{8J

of;

$[

Yin x

To

by means

proceed, to rely on; a canse, a

reason; because of, for, on account
of, in consequence of; then, so.

To

>g* Ts'ang

die, to perish; lost.

The green of plants, azure of the sky

1
.

hoary, old.

Ut, Ying*.

The

^Ni,
4
.

fly,

the house-fly.

house-fly, flies in general.

An

foQff Hsin

JlPl

T'ou* chi1

fj|j

Chin*.

Device, design;
character.

To

Shang* min*.

disposition,

visit [socially],

to call

on.
1

P'ing* frung

To take hold

of; to manage; to play

with; to incite, to seduce, to in-

Shun* hsin 1

cA'ten*.

To gamble,
to bet.

to play for

To

one's mind,

agreeable,

acquiescent.
!ft

Tu1

pass time;
ffl Jjt

^T

^fff^y

A
to

measure; a degree, a limit, a rule;

capacity; to arrange; to spend or
ford.
Also tod.*

Yung* tu*.
Ckao 1 Am 1 ... To
.

Ching

ch'ao*.

Expenses,

living.

call, to invite, to

To quarrel,

beckon.

to wrangle, to

bicker.

for nothing.

Tu*

the

flame; to fell a seam, to overseam. Also liao*.

tp Mou*. A stratagem an artifice to deliberate,
to scheme, to
plan, to plot.
I 1 ski*.
Food and clothes, a livelihood.

fflt

Without cause or evidence,

get

Pnstules or pimples, rash; measles,

art,

$hu*.

to

scarlet fever, etc.

J|$| i\j*

a craft, a trick, a device, a

mystery.

To understand,

clue, to see the point.

Jgf Liao*.

Rent.

~fc Wang*.

Ska

ffil

Rent, rental; to rent, to lease.

Tsy}

1
."81^1 Tsu ch'ien*.

'$j

money,

Vy VfH

Ch'ao* tswei 3

To quarrel,
wrangle.

to *cold,

to

m m t

200

26

27

did yon not send it by some

Ans. Because there are important matters in the letter which
could not wait.
?

How came

he to go without asking
Ans.
Because
you were not feeling well, he
thought it would be inconvenient
of absence ?

leave

ft. t m. #
i f 9 #, # &
& ft * * ^ *.
5

i^

A,

to

ask you.

28 You

-fc

Why

one

&

-t

ought to improve the time,

because time will not wait for you.

29 The

reason balls of glutinous rice

eaten on the dragon-boat
festival, is that Oh'tt Ytlen, when
accused by
bad
men,
falsely
threw himself into the Miloa
river and was drowned
afterwards
he directed some one, in a dream,
are

1 I I,
I f JE t
p|

Tsai*

P9

ftffft

Gfcim* an1

the duties

Se ckia 1

ckia*.

fffi

f$

To ask leave of absence

Same.

meat

Tivan wt. The dragoo-boat festival on the

fifth day of the fifth month.

^Q

Ts'awf.

To

Pang*.

To

Name

Mi*

and wrapped

in

traduoe, to slander.
vilify, to

slander.

to slander, to traduce.

Also

of a river.

ku*.

To dream a dream.

^0 Meng*,
JjS^

inside,

To accuse falsely,

f#

rice.

Glutinous rice dumplings with fruit

or
leaves for cooking.

f^jjl^f*

Nod* m?.

5g| Tsung*.

fJH

Kao*

Qlutinous

f|f Nod*.

Indisposed, unwell.

Leave of absence, furlough.

fit Ckia*.

rapid river.
Glutinous rice.

fH 7JC
;

A deep

%
Chiang mi
1

/X 7|^.

pertaining to any station.

To run, to hasten, to rush.

Phi*.

the custom of eating rice

balls on the dragon-boat festival.

arose

iJL Chianf*.

P^ NingK
Hj l*r To charge, to enjoin (w.)
ft Ming*fin*. Rank, station, office

to make some rice balls and throw

them into the river. From this

* & +

#*),

Again and again, (s.)

To enjoin to bite, to sting.
To direct

as*

Pj Ting 1

5^
fc *%K

jfe

1
Feng su\

Custom, vogne, tradition.

Not 18.
4

Ib Half of a,

$fi T*J

sentence, that i,

a few words

here used in the sense of worth while.

This use is general, but somewhat anomalous. Some teachers
a ni ng,
as being more suitable to the
would write with
though not the right tone.
or sentences.

<JH

is

5 Note how
the phrase
teparately,

meaning

-jR in Les. 65. The two

each with its own meaning.

8 J here
9

diffe-ent is the

of

3pfc

from

characters here stand

used figuratively of the accusation of

a prisoner against an accomplice. Such accusations are often
are not infrequently false.
FJf
procured by torture, and
that which becavM ; i.e., somt cause or occasion.
to bite, is

Iljj

made

Lit ->

$f

lfil

ord$ failed
ttj

Head

to

transmit

broken

and

tht

blood

phrase.

10 it|5 "X s used geneiically for any rash attended by

fever, and includes scarlet fever, measles and chicken-pox.
the less used, and mote pedantic
17 He ^t
" To throw
vL
'W
up a. situation," "to give
(fit
expression,
>

-*

widely known proverb, meaning to incur serious

Pjjf

IS A' 9L $&

flowing, a ready

warning."

refers to the bait set to catch the bird.

loss for a small cause.

12

16

rationale or idea.

19

Jsl

lf:

In this connection

Wt

jji T^ is quite t'ltng hsing.

does not mean, did not allow him to
eatbe/ore him without offering a share to him

flB

f US

; but, began to
by toay of apology.

eat

When you begin to eat in another's

presence, or when any one approaches where you are eating,
politeness requires that you invite him to share with you. Thii
invitation is a mere civility, it being understood that it will b
declined.

Rfffi

is

a book phrase.

I,bsson 78

M %

202
ffli

* A t *

*&

Since he does not know when he is

well treated, I shall therefore have
nothing more to do with his affairs.
12 He eats improper food, therefore he
1 1

fc

ES

ft

ft

ft

la

o
3.*

o o
ft

f*

17

To

=_

T,

_gc ft

IS

To come

Ch'ung*.

To

Jfi Ying ch'ing

kill

To agree,

hsiang*.

Use,
-

EE|

iH
I**

T'ien2

& ...
^

Shtfch'ang

(jij

Sii

*r

pro-

hsiang*.

...

--2

M
<ffi

Yiu*.

congratulate.

of,

to reflect,

to

consider.

$J&

Resembling,

...

io

trump up

as

still,

to guess, to conjecture,

to solve.

A riddU, an

'*.

P'oa* w"

I5_r

same

To pass through, to experience;

look over, to examine.

li*.

... ... _._to

Ts'ai
To suspect

Mi2

if,

so.

even; thus,

To

Jp Hou*.
...

enigma, a puzzle.

propose a riddle, to solve

jp Tai*
2

|E C/i'wet

the sovereign ; empress or

queen, a feudal prince.

ruler

The Emperor's mother.

To hang down, to suspend to let
;

g^P

5S

fall; to
2

P'ing

j^ge

2
P'ing lun*.

...

?V

reach

Todiscuss; to

- -

jf(M

hou*.

--

-Proof, evidence

like; as

only in names.

a riddle: Note 19.

y(C

to flow, to course,

... Used

tomarily.

To think

w^ ft W" kao*. To accuse falsely,

_.. .-_ _____ charges.
1

^_J Jf Yue*

To accuse falsely, to calumniate.

IfV.

Chia 1

5Jffl

occupy, to lean on testimony, evidence; according to, from; to reject.

j_& $fc P'ing ehu*.

passed

to drip.

To

ChU*.

through this experience,

therefore I can solve this riddle."

m.

Constantly, continually, cus-

To run as water,

,;"$

function

lands

field, fields,

... _____

Tang*.

utility,

To
2

people are not inclined to help you.

" Because I have
replied,

19 Chia Yiu

need, requirement.

-H- Tao* hsP.

Jj;

ing him falsely.

18 Ordinarily you are not neighbourly,

therefore when you are in trouble,

01

mise.
4

dry thinking

eyes

Li ;
things he charges against Mr.
he is therefore undoubtedly accus-

by accident

to assent, to

my

constantly of you; on this account

both eyes have become blind.
17 There is not the least proof of the

lit

abruptly; to nod. (s)

To nod. <s).

Ch'ung* tun*.
1
j$L Wu* aha

art presenting con-

many

16 I have wept

^ ^ ,

mind

came involved, and, on this account,

the two families got into a quarrel.
5 Because Ohao Yieu T'ien has had a
son born to him at fifty, therefore
a great

of one

gratulations.

m +

A,

compelled to draw

in everything; afterwards their business failed and their accounts be-

a
fit

pressing need, and

am

money.
14 Formerly they two were

ft
ffl

little

my

fe&!5

}% _ Yung

have a

therefore

Jfcfc.

HI

11

ES

;fc

* &

ft

is ill.

13

o o

18

ft. ft

]a

Jfcb

0fi o

f__

f-i

H ^ m X *
W & A
35
A
m ffi

ft

Si
_S

*D

Jit

to; to

condescend,

criticize, to

review; to

of.

To discuss,
.to

to give

an opinion,

criticize.

Bald, bare; blunt; unscrupulous.

J\io 4 ping*. -

- -

- - -

violent disease.

MANDAKIN LKSS0N8.

Lesson 78.

ir

;fc

ic

m tm s at. ft
%. 4 %
* M
* ;& .
^ *. %
ft o &
Jl m m 1B

*.

$
*
a

*
*

*fr

*E

ft.

It

*.

B.

20 On account of his youth the Emperor cannot assume the reius of

government, hence it is that the

Empress-mother receives reports

from behind the curtaio.
21 The opinion of the ancients is" that
these Buddhist priests are very
therefore Su Tung
outrageous
P'oa says, " He who is not barepated is not venomous; he who. is
not venomous is uot bare-pated."
22 When we were just half-way, a man
overtook us with a message, saying

* tt % # ft
* x m * *

* m

&
t T. #
W> *
o
B n
ft
*
m > n '& je
# * t % m *
m * ft ac o
o

*o

*fe

his

22

Ts'u* ping*.

it

a violent
account he

Why

later in offering their condoand on this account the two

still

lences,

* J*
* w 1
(3; fftf

ft

this

named him Old Woman Liu.

24 This family gave notice of the funeral
too late, and that family were

i ^ A
ft.

taken

on

so

returned again.
is he called Old
Woman Lin
when he is a mau ? Ana. His voice
is very sharp and he is constantly
with the women talking to them,
on which account people have nick-

23

jit

A,

mother had

disease,

ffl

20a

families became gradually estranged, so that they have now ceased

to enter each other's doors.

I I A ^ i

5Hi

Pao* sang 1 To report a death and give no-

sadden and violent disease.

^ $f
H;

Chi* ping*
1

S/iing gin

h^L

Wai* hao*

$f 2^6

Ch'ao1 hao*.

Sang

1
.

Sound,

A
.

To mourn

voice,

before a funeral.
cry.

nickname.

time of mourning.

WR Su 1

Open, coarse

sundered, es-

distant,

tranyed ; careless, remiss.

nickname, fancy name.

for parents;

tice of burial
Note 24.
To present condolences at or
i

Tiao* sang 1

Same.

See sang*.

Tan*. Insipid, flat; weak, watery; distant as

an offended friend ; light as a color.

jjl<

a funeral ;

Wk /JR.

Estranged, cool, separated.

Not BS.
1 Chinbse soldiers are usually paid at considerable
and when they are paid each one wants to sell his
This
silver for copper cash, to be used in paying debts.
iudden demand for caab, especially in small places, makes
intervals,

late in the

that

B>f ~fc

morning, nut, went

to

Sleeping late in the morning

bed

is

does not mean

too late in

the

slept

too

evening.

expressed by saying

jgj Jjj

ft*
I have translated as

if

this

were the language of a

would however be equally appropriate in the mouth

jf a teacher. 7f ff means properly to examine a clan, but is
ixixo used to mean being examined or reciting.
pupil.

It

force of $ff, as here used,

See also 14.

9 In many places the

10

>ilver cheap.

4 Notice

8 The

is difficult

to bring into

an English translation.

/fjf

would be omitted.

sweet and the heart bitter;

using fair words to conceal an evil purpose, deceit, guile,
imposture.

ft

>L>

IS The mouth

i.e.,

14fliff3M$tfc~fA~lit
two were all the same as if one person ;
everything.
16 It is implied that the

19
guess

riddle.

W BE

riddle

i. e.

man had no

Lit.,

They

they agreed in

son previously.

occasionally used (as here) to mean, te

but generally it means, to propound or make a
>s

See Les. 200.

**

m t

204

m % + ^ #
a a
^^h ? - jr m m.
i I *. o ft
a.
*. & $ o * m fa
m mmm* t> t. %* t m& m>
Elf a in o m *
a m * ^ u. M m ft *s, $n
# w ir#& # a * #

Translation.
There

ffy

tti

<.

no

is

telling

how much

scold-

ing she has had to bear for eating

things on the sly.
All men wish to enjoy happiness.
Are there any who wish to suffer ?
He who strikes the first blow gets
the advantage; he who strikes
second gets the worst of it.

o%f

+ !:

When

a man receives a favor and

does not return it, he is said to be

ungrateful.

This child is peculiarly good

it is
not the least troublesome.
In
raising such a good baby as this,
how much toil it saves one t
If you stir up a difficulty, I shall not
'be able to endure it.
When one away from home gets ill.
;

- I

t ^

f P

that no

Suspend a curtain and hear governin etiquette to meet

afrairs.
her ministers face to face, but to hear their reports and give
The expression is
her orders, sitting behind a curtain.

20 Hi IR

j{

man who

Difc

The Empress is not supposed

ment

i.

the date of the funeral.

This is called ^}J J^.

In the case
of rich or official families a written or printed
paper is sent.
Upon the day of the funeral, kindred and friends present
their condolences, worship before the coffin, make a small
contribution of cash and partake of the feast provided. This

alliterative play on the words % and iff?, and

custom of Buddhist priests of shaving their
sarcasm of the saying is that no treachery or
worthy of the name as compared with that of

refers to the

heads.

The

dishonesty is
a priest, and
I

not treacherous and diahoneat will be a

24 Upon the death of any one, a messenger is aent to

inform the relatives and kindred of the fact, and to announce

decidedly Win-li in style.

celebrated statesman and literary
21 !$
i$[
This saying of his is an
genius of the Sung dynasty.

is

priest.

is

MB

^ J^-

called

Receptive Vbubs.

^ To

receive, to

bear, very widely used and

limited by no special circumstances.

ffi To bear, pain, evil or abuse,

generally

by another.

inflicted

meet

jj[ To

P^ To

eat

misfortune, pain or
with,
or trouble.

i.e.,

loss

loss

suffer,

Tg To

be injured by, disease, pain or shame.

To be afflicted with, disease.

To
^ To

receive,

4S To

receive from,

ff

receive,
or prosperity.

favor, grace or kindness.

i.e.,

enjoy,

happiness,

a benefactor

peace

or superior.

Vocabulary.
j^

Hsiang*.

To accept as the gods do

to

fjIS

enjoy;

Blessings conferred by the gods, happi-

Fu*.

ness, felicity

fH Ming
obliged
JjjjJ

sacrifices ;

Ewau

~p

1
.

gfe

Also mituf.

Evil, misfortuue, calamity, affliction;

see Sub.
to suffer, to be afflicted
j

suffering, to suffer:

hold

Yang

a5>J(l

1
.

2.

Hsia* shou*. To make a beginning

the initiative

see Sub.

To bear

Note

fjl Shou* tstoei*.

prosperity.

Dull, ignorant to cover over, to conto receive thaukfnlly, to be

ceal

to receive gratefully.

to

set

to,

to take
to

take

a second place, a sub-foreman.

Misfortune, judgment, retribution.

1
Wang* in

To forget a
grateful.

favor, to be un-

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

79.

m *

he

*WB5faM
o

pf

^f

*.

!I

t f i o H
A
m s
m * m n %.
m # x # * O ft
# * SB * A.
* w *
iiiji, , t T, ft * ? i
*> m. ^ n 4 - 3R * ^
& m ^ = 7 ^ 18 10 w#* SB
H ^ ^F^asmA, ft
i6

U)

ilia
^?35

Equity, righteousness, uprightness free,

charitable, superior, excellent; adopted.
\

^**

To abuse kindness;

**

to render evil

for good.
3}ls

Ktoai1

>\j>

contrary, bad-tempered,
snlky; crafty, tricky; odd, peculiar.

1
Sh&ng* ksin .

Trouble-saving, good, obedient

funnel.
-

|H -^ Lou*

A mistake,

ts?

}lj #|

Gh'u 1 wai*.

tlii^f[$

Li 2 ksiang 1

difficult)/,

To leave home;

to

(s.)

-^l

Sick, ill

ping*.

^D Ckou

Jg^

Yti?

jf^ Ckiuo*.

taken sick.

a surname.

at iU

gains.

the third time, money.

to wash clothes, the
person washing saves labor, and the

14

By nsiug soap

15

When

clothes receive less injury.

he was well-to-do, he took his
ease and indulged his indolence;
now that he has come to grief, who

him

will pity

16 i

am

greatly

indebted

to

yon for

To compare

Chi* chiao*.

m. T'ung*.
'

notes, to discuss,
to argue, to bargain.

boy, a lad; a

Iff^f Tung* gang

young student; a

compare; rather;

To support a betrothed

girl

before her marriage.

$C^|

Tan*

3c Hi Shou*
^ff

"(jS!

K'an*

Same:Note

gang*.
ts'ao 1

To review

jfe ~~f Ping ting

To

troops, to saperintend the drilling of sol-

a parade.

J)H Chin*.

11.

Ill-treated, abused.

ch'i*.

'.

jjjfc

Hsiao 1

Soldiers.

relieve

those

H| Yad

in

want; charity

to saunter at ease.

Distant, remote.

To saunter

^E Tsi*
in general.

To ramble,

jitJdf

... Lustrous; excellent.

..To

neeessary

who

bounty, relief.

To make a circuit; to extend everywhere plenty honest entirely

.

close, fine;

loses or

Same.

fftfOB4 ping*.
1

who

parade yesterday, and to-day the

have all gone to receive
rewards.
have
these ten
18 Within
years I
received famine relief three" times.
The first time I received cooked
rice; the second time, grain; and

diers, to witness

in a strange

Away from home,

place; a stranger.

lH $ Hai*

It is not

as others.

daughter-in-law of
the Chang family is too much abused.
She is beaten and scolded every day
and has no comfort of her life.
12 The general was pleased with the

go abroad,

to travel.
.

me

virgin; nndefiled; youthful.

Perverse,

they

That t'ung-yang

11

10

11

for

merciful;

does not stand in the same relatiou

to discuss

ffe

ft.

P.

He

to

ffj

=f|

the

are

soldiers

m^
a

is,

shall surely receive mercy.

1$

9i

"When

Ciion Yfl beats

is one
there
Kai,
Hwang
willing to
lay on and one willing to stand it."

9 Blessed

\iz

more homesick.

the

all

is

The saying

Hft

* IS
4& 4& m m>
w.m & %
o

!^ 1S 1
^
m * m m> it *r>
- & ^ * fl o * g # US
m b
i * #i>&
>l

P. o

205

tsai*.

carelessly, at one's ease.

Natural, easy; self-possessed,

composed; comfortable.

206

$t

I i o
T * W

!!

* # *

bj.

il

S8

-fc

Laving taken so much tronbleou my

Though I do not eat or

account.

*r.

15

the same as if I did.

an old saying, "When a
man is beaten he is not fined; when
Must I
fined, he is not beaten."
take a beating and be fined besidee?
18 Li Jung Ch'un is a good man, but
his virtue has not had a due reward.
From his youth he has met with a

1*.

drink,
17 There is

liltiJ

tit

20

* *

ft

it is

great many misfortunes.

19 These few thousand cash out of
which he has defrauded you, will
not make him rich, nor will your

mm a, & m *
k

paying them make you poor; it will

simply put you to some temporary

* W

A W

<

1l l9

& * *

embarrassment
20 Lawsuits are not profitable. Look at
Chin Kon
who would not say
that he had by birth a rich inherit-

ft

}=*

1&

w.

**& m m

&

at

w.

$i

ance? Presently he got involved in

a lawsuit and used np his patrimony
completely, f

To delight

jkf'\$ HacHan*.

in idleness, to in-

1
^fc jt Chia ch'an*.

dulge indolent habits.

WtH Shwa* lan

To spend

s
.

-fff

time in idleness, to

To waste,

P'oa+fei*.

to

E $fe

Chin* chue 1

spend lavishly

1
|5 Chan

Ling*

To receive a favor,

ch'ing*.

liged,

fjl Tien

To

Hpjjli^ Tien

to be ob-

under obligation

to.

npset, to overturn; to rnin.

Acuities.

2
J^^ff Mod

eke

Trial, trouble, difficulty, misNote 18.

fortune?

JJp|

T'ai1

The pregnant womb, congenital; a

re-

entirely,

lot,

divina-

Read chan* when used for f.

A divining mark or diagram, a sign.

3*|

(5

Kioa*. ...

3t

Wl Wi

To cast

lots, to divine, to foretell.

/ 'oa* ts-ai 1

PJ

K'ou s she 1

tJ*

Ping*

To lose money or property, to

meet with financial disaster.

Evil reports, scandal, detrac-

tion,

^"t

Ha8

ting

chiao*.

calumny, disputation.

Equal in rank.
To cry aloud, to shout, to
call out.

ceptacle.
1

ftfjWL%L T'ai IP hung*.

Born

in

affluence,

*$(

^C

Ohiu* hwoA*.

splendid inheritance.
jf| Ch'an*.

tion.

Calamities, misfortunes, dif-

ksien*.

Ended, used up

completely.
To divine or foretell by a

to put to expense; to thank.

fS 'ff>|

estate.

property, patrimony.

dilly-dally, to loiter.

Jf

Family inheritance,

To produce,

to bear; birth, parturition;

production*; estate; occupation.

Fire

fire

to

put out a

fire.
1
pj Shwan

The

bolt or bar across a door; to

bolt a door.

Notes.
J ffj U| ia applied to children or young daughters-inlaw who take things to eat on the sly, also to dogs or cats
which steal food.
2 |SJ is much used in the North in the sense of winning
used in the South, where jj|
or
willing, hut is not so
being

takes

its place.

Wi

's

onaecviont. generally

!V '

so uae^

tekeu

t&

t*16

after

North, but

it.

j& #p,

in

such

to receive

sin;

i.e.,

fp

is

to receive tbe consequences of sin, via.,

much used

in this sense,

vfftring.

showing how strongly the

connection between sin and suffering

human mind.

is

impressed on the

3 J3 $& T meel with retribution, that is, in this case, to

The term is somewhat belittled by its use

qet thf. worst of it.

in this commotion.

It is chosen for the

rhyme, and alio

Lesson

MANDARIN LE880NS.

80.

m m m. t w * * Jl tt o
ra $ o ^ & % ft * 7 2S
W 4 i A ft. W #. \ - 4
1 t I ^ l# o ^ is 2&
m & & m m m i! ft A#*
% p& & n n & ^.<&#
ir 7 # & ft ft *n at. ft
- *. B * 8 if ^
ft
7.
ft >
I, i i i T
Jl ft * =t a #
W ^ X 7 1@ p m %t

207

that fortnne-teller to tell my

fortune by the eight characters. He
said my fortune was not propitious,
that I would either lose my money
or suffer from evil reports.
22 There is an important difference be-

21 I got

21

23

tween receiving grace and receiving

a favor.
If you get good from a
superior, it should be spoken of as

22

receiving grace;

ttt

from an equal,

Wang Wu

23

some one outside

calling out, "fire I fire!" and was so
frightened that in his alarm he could
not even find the bolt of the door.

Ifr

who

Cheng, when in the midst

of a dream, heard

flf.

ffi

if you get good

should be spoken

of as receiving a favor.

fft

it

behindhand gets the legitimate desert

their future mother-in-law, months or even

years, before they
are to be married ; albeit such a course is considered very

A ^g u Py fl( -y
is here used for parents.
6 J\
who does not ory nor fret nor get into mischief for
which we have no special word in English, other than to say
"
that he is a "good child.

Betrothals are also sometimes made, having this

uugenteel.
arrangement definitely in view, especially in the case of the

intimate that he

of his failure to be

is

first.

is

one

,{g.

is

the more

elegant book form,

iff

the

more

colloquial.
in the time of the three kingju] JB> a noted general
doms, an adherent of the house of Wu. The story is that
order to deceive fjj -gg with whom he was at war,
Jjaj Jjffi, in
beat j|[ ff, one of his own generals unmercifully, he consent-

ing to be so beaten. 55 m. * nen went over to |j <gj|, and

pretended that he had deserted Jig firc " n account of this

shameful and unmerited beating, and wanted an opportunity

was deceived by him, and in
to get revenge.
f|

The proverb
consequence of his treachery suffered defeat.
used of those who resort to similar tricks, or[who willingly
endure pain for some coveted end.
10 The three forms have substantially the same meaning,
is

save that ^h
suggests the idea of a relative, which the
others do not necessarily do.
11 Parents who are poor, or who are tired of keeping their
betrothed daughters, sometimes send them to the home of
I

nfc

death of the
ally hard.

The lot of such girls is proverbigirl's mother.

The most general term for such a girl is,
^j|

*S W> daughter in-law supported as a child

The term used in Shantung is
j| jfe, j$, a

in-law supported beforehand.

3:

3(E

17
both

to

The term

in

or virgin.

Nanking

daughteris simply

&U> a supported daughter-in-lato.

It is not regarded as
legitimate for a Chinese
fine a man and to beat him.

18 ^5
apposition.
colloquial.

|&

aud

$ff Ijf

|5 $f

is

is

official

are in grammatical
fgj f
a book term not often heard in

colloquial,

but as used in the North

is

always reversed, viz., J)f Jjf.

21 The eight characters referred to are those which
mark the year, month, day and hour uf birth two for each,
according to the Chinese cyclical method of indicating date?.
See Les. 117, Note 81. Prognostications are made on the

basis of these characters,

I

ei"

and 7g

3/f:

^j/ is

here the classifier of JJJ ^|.

are rhetorically correlated, and mutually

limit each other.

liZESSOUST Ii2CX3C.

Thus.
nv \ Thus, then, in this case. The final
M- f $j is the ancient andoriginal form,
still mnch used in Central and Southern Mandarin.
if Ji*
"=

gjf

In Eastern Shantung it is used exclusively, the

form with jf not being heard at all. jjf is the more
modern form, used in Pekingese and the North,
and also introduced to a considerable extent in the
The same is true of #| and J following
South;

and >g

mmm mm
or

case.

Thus, then, in

that

i |fj Is not infrequently

traction for jg Jg (ft or Jt

used

as

con-

colloquial form of Jg
(ft.
This form is not often found in books, but is widely
nsed in colloquial.

1 Uf

fft

W *a W. W%, W
^ ^

ia

or

or

i IS
fore.

Jf*

'

5k

Thus, in this case.

Thus, in that case.

I" these circumstances, there-

208

9S

& + A *
US* * T 9
6 T ft 9 ft 4
- A rt tt
ft f
$?> &
*
* * ft 9
*.
o 3c ft #> M <
9 9 o T H it
1 *
%
t a # )i T. * T
tt9.*.
ifc

3fe

ifc

U % E

*97J

9 m
9 ft
it 9

8.
=3

T\

-&

* 9

ft

:,w.

&

o ftf^

#.

9 99
8

ffl

Iff

ffi

^B

a$ Hi And

so,

thereupon,

is

is

brother declines to interthat case neither will I

in

interfere.

about

it ?

6 To wrong the plaintiff would not do,

and to wrong the defendant was
equally unjust so he disguised himself in common clothes and a small
hat and went out to make inquiry.
7 I had already agreed to go with him
to the provincial examination, but today I hear he is in mourning, so that
:

now I shall have to go by myself.

8 Unless he told a lie he would offend
his friend, and if he told a lie
would violate his conscience, so

got out of the

he
he

way beforehand.

In use, #rj
and jj& ^| are much confused,
especially in dialects in which they are read alike.

the

the form

then, well

own

3 I think that to give him five hundred

cash would be a little short. Ans.
How much then should I give him ?
4 If his father had not died, lie would
certainly have had him study several
years yet; but now it is of no use
to think of it.
5 I have come to you and confessed my
fault, and yet you are dissatisfied;
what then are yon going to do

#99

jB: Thus, then, so, in that case. This

most elegant form of saying thus, and

most frequently used in books.

2 If his
fere,

ft

Jiil^
>Jt^

ft

The cat rope (paper stiffening) is aii

ased np again.
Ans. In that case,
you will have to go and buy more.

#.9##
$ fm &
ft ft m
-~9&9 Jt 9 # i o
9* .T.
* 9 *L
9
9. o % m> m
9
* * H * ft o # jb. m %
#> ft 9 IE * Jg" &
9

+ A

Translation.

91

so, so

^[B lit Thus,

equivalent to p

then.

that, in that case,

nearly

J||-.*

VOCABULABY.
jjpjl

77

-*fa s

too1 -

Old rope

for

strengthening
tar: Note

mor-

ftrw

To inquire

Si 1 fang*.

$ft K/J Chi* chin 1

ffi

HJ Ting1

mtn*.

Paper pulp used

for the

same

f*f

Jin*

ts'oa*.

Fang*.

Oh'ing

1
.

Dark clothing, the blue clothes

worn by the common people.

To

The

go to or enter a man's

~fcyk Ta* ch'ang*.

To own a

fault,

to admit, to

To search ont,

Twk
to inquire into.

As will be seen, the rarious phrases constituting this

lesson are very similar in meaning, and no doubt the learner
will be perplexed to know exactly when and how to use
eacn one. This cannot be acquired from definitions, nor by

at the
or
at the
provincial city,

examinations

capital.

eon/ess.
ffff

^C

purpose.
house, (w.)

H& JH

tecretly, to detect,

to spy.

1.

Ting yiu

1
.

To mourn
Note

for a

parent:

7.

the mere force of memory, but will come gradually by practice

and observation. The lesson will call attention to the various
phrases, and serve as a guide and prompter in their use. The
same remarks apply to a large number of other lessons.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Le6son 80.

% a * fl *j\ * % #
m m m
* * * & #j pi
3l

$&

#n

ft

12

* # fiM^
# ** WM m
^ # ^ tt ftit.JL
m in u
& jh m !&. f # a
jp * ji
3l ,> SH
u
*& ^ if i& n m m
m -A & m to m ^
T & T> a *r. #>
i i i w.
f A., M ft u # *
i T^
' n *, *
. &
1 A* ft *
ft

15

3\ ft

Tii}.

jfigl'jlf

To ascend
To govern;

Tsung

to rise

to oversee: to

tu 1

6
vfajKlft Lao

& #

3l

fr

IS

Jgjl

Kan3

m m &
a j *

family are in difficulty, he does not

I will,
so much as show his face.
cut
his
therefore,
acquaintance.
That style of friend, to have him
is five times eight, and not to have
him is four times ten.

ft"*

Fang* fan*.

To

distribute

in

office.

admonish,

food

officer

311 9s Yiu*

to distribute,
to give, to bestow.

^ Hi

Chi* nan*.

to

To bestow
To be

t*

strait,

Wi Chu 1

All, every; in Wtn-li a final particle of

.... doubt or interrogation at, in; a surname.
A ravine, a gully.
I$ Yu*.
.

5g.

To bury,

Mai*.

to

the

diffuse;

gf

Lei*.

ku*.

Mli

fflp?

or

TV*

A mine,

lei*

?Q, P'ao*

$$

hu*
2

$*,$ Chile chiao\

charity.

protect, to defend.

Chiang*.

leader, a general ; the

See chiang 1
chess.

fo" 3-5 Ch'ia* ck'iao*.

kjng in

1
tffcl% Yien mod*.

^^P

T^ng*

nod*.

Opportune, timely, in the

nick of time, lucky.

To drown

out, to wet; to overto

overwhelm.
flow,

To

Same.
to cut the

great gun, a cannon.

Virtuous, accomplished, (w.)

in doubt, to hesitate.

To have no more

a blast.

an emergency, a press-

To

See man*.

Thunder; to beat a drum.

ing difficulty.

Hi i Wei*
HJ Hf Wei*

to cover over; to conceal; to

hoard.

Jgg I*

To expand;

Shil 8h4*.

who has a

poor.

Shi1

please?

m sj
i i i

To be thankful, grateful.

in 1

By acting thus, in what

do
yon place me ?
position
14 When he was in straits, I spent time
in defending him
now, when my

high' literary degree.

silver to distribute food

^o ii #>
o w> s

governrgeneral.

or of one

[taels of]

m m
m n m

The father of an

Pat* yie*.

an expression of his gratihas set apart fifty thousand

and charity among the poor.

1
They are every one so.
1<J
Yesterday evening he was still hesitating, not knowing whether it was
better to go or not. Ans. In this case,
do you go again and ask him, so that
if he is not going, we may go at once.
3 In your intercourse with your sisters,
can you beat and revile them as you

A, ft

fication,

#.

it

by one repeti-

father, as

-^

is

ttl

tIt

iU

M A

|E Sheng

PS

18

it

and if
then repeat it twice
learn
it
cannot
by repeating
you
twice, then repeat it three times.
Is there anything yon cnnnot in this
way finally learn ?
10 His Excellency, Mr. Hwang, has been
advanced to the Governor- Generalship of the two Kwang, and his
tion,

**, )i,

##&.

yon cannot learn

9 If

iae

#>*****

209

to do with,
acguamtance of.

transfer; to arrange for,

time; to postpone.
banks or bed of a

to find
$jJi

He*

tao*.

The

river.

210

83

w * a # $
# * # > * ^o fa
Q + *fc M K o m

ft

-k

*.

#>

it

16

M %

&
te
vi

& + A $

"g

Chn Ke Liang,

15

the

in

gourds,

valley of

subterraneous

concealed

mines and fire guns intending to

blow up Si Ma I with his soldiers
and generals
but subsequently,
;

Ma

when Si

came to the place,

jrot in the nick of time it rained a
great rain and overflowed his mines

*j

and guns
upon which Ohu Ke
"
Well,
Liang said with a sigh,
;

* wa
*

if
$f

ri& to

#e

well; after

& x ^ ft. w. *n
^ Ji *> isfgjem
W
% $# 1& *. 7

is

it

all,

true that

man

proposes but Heaven disposes."

It
would be better, I think, to have
16
Pao fin go rather than T'ien Fn
because Pao fin can find the time ;
he also knows the road. Ans. Well,
just as you like do whatever seems

*fe

^ m m

ww

# m & m
. w * ** w
*. t.

t.

%.

* *

* *.

***

best.

17

the bed of the river is narrow

and the water runs very swiftly, it
will necessarily take up much mud.
Where the bed of the river is wide,

Where

the water will, of course, run slowly

and the mud will gradually fall

down, thus slowly filling up the

*j

*&
a.

channel of the river. Hence, when

a flood comes, at the places where
the bed of the river is thus filled
overflow the
up, the water will
banks.
T'ien Ts'nn has come to the

& *

18 Cheng

end of his tether. I saw him today on the street shivering with the

j^I >LV

The bottom or channel of a

He* hsin\

Hsi1

jjj-

Yang

.river.

tut Ch'ln*.

To

sink, to fall

Man*.

be

perish; heavy, weighty.

To over/low, to well up; wide spreading, diffused, vague.

jj^l
j|lj

TV 1

bank.
dyke, a bund, a levee, a
found
to
;
To create, to transform;
to essay, to follow a business.
'A

Ch'wang**.

TP

p'u

Resources

all

ty:

lk Yang 1

To tread shoes down at the

... ..'. wear them so.
To throw over the shoulders,
P'ei1

heel; to

Sa 1 '*.

to

on; disheveled.
fjgirf

The sleeve

Also pi 1

put

ointment, paste;

rich food.

%jfc

shuffle with the feet.

(as smoked).

Opium

^Cjr Ta'yien
1
Grease;
*U Kao

jjjlj,

To

18.

to crave, to entreat.

exhausted, down

Careless, slovenly.

1
ffc t*a* la

chP.

*|J

1
3
Kivang kao

La*.

to first principles.

T-u*

: Note

To beg earnestly, to entreat.

To beg hard, to importune,

to the bottom; to

lost, to

.,.

To shudder with cold

fpj

f Tsi

2
.

Note

18.

sacrifice three days after the winter

solstice; the 12th month*

To

Chi*.

Foreign opium:

plasters;

sacrifice to the

gods; an

Words, speech, phraseology;

offering.

to refuse,

to decline; to depart, to take leave of.

'b $'' Hsiao*

3
p'oa* tsi
.

secondary

or

inferior wife, a concubine.

to put into the sleeve.

'J* ffli

3
Wl Hsiao

nai* nai3

Same,

(s.)

MANDARIN LESSONS,

Lesson 80.

n.

* +

n w

to

is

0*

3L

* w* h ik. r ji +
t & ft. * w & .

211

m % mm
to ^14
m m mM
ts

to.

& m

cold, shuffling his feet along in a

pair of worn-out shoes, having on his
legs a pair of tattered pants, and on
his shoulders a shortcoat

He

sleeves.

and

gave
some

ceasing,

entreated

him

without

me without
all I

had

fifty or sixty

my pocket

iu

cash.

you have money to give,

why give it to him ? Have you forgotten when he was in business, how
he ate the best rice and finest flour
and wore silk and satin and would
If

Arts.

smoke only

Also,
of the
twelfth month, in sacrificing to the
three
kitchen
god, he bought
ducks and four chickens, and yet his

opium?

foreign

how on the twenty-third

w *
if.lll T a * ft
fl&l3*>9ft4iLIRtt4l
5i * ft to m m. % ft> ^

i'*

ie

jg

t,

concubine found fault with them

as unfit to eat? In view of all these
things, are his present sufferings

more than he deserves

Notss.
1

JJ

jft[

is

old ropes chopped Into bite, nibbed up so as

and used in mortar as we use hair. In

to disentangle the fibre,

some

places, especially iu the South, old paper

pulp and used for the same purpose.

is

soaked into

teachers would change to fljl

%%, Vpf 3E>
but teachers in Central and Southern Mandarin regard
in
the
text
as
if
form
not
the
better.
equally good,
6
P J nS B is a ready-made book phrase, often used
by educated people.
6 In difficult cases, Chinese magistrates not infrequently
disguise themselves and go out at night, or for several days
together, to see what they can find out.

4 Peking

etc.,

2e To

a parent.

sustain grief ; i.e., to mourn for the death of

Three years is the allotted time for mourning for a

parent, during which time officers are excused from duty, and
candidates do not attend the examinations.

9 The final ft^f might with perhaps equal propriety be

referred to the person, and the clause be rendered : la there
any one who cannot in this way finally learn it?

WM

Wi

'h

is,

M.

Kwantung, and

"jf

Kwangsi. In the phrase ffi ,g. /f> ag the object of the

verb is so closely united to it, that it refuses to be displaced
by the auxiliary. In . J S -f" the pfj is omitted, as
in such cases it often is.

13 The language of a man or of his mother to his wife,

remonstrating against her treatment of her sisters-in-law.
14 The last clause of this sentence is the Chinese version
of " Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other." The Northern
form goes by multiplication, the Southern by addition. Other
numbers are sometimes used in the same way.
16 i W) j3j otherwise called fL ' ne of the greatest
He was the faithful
geueraln kuowu in Chinese history.

adherent of

gl]

Liu Pei, and

fffl

possession of the throne, A.D. 220.

^3

JSt

W /v

<bL<

K'ung Ming

is

finally

secured

him

in

said of him, J\j

It is
truly a divine man J
5?l]

fff}

not certainly known what was the character of the explosives

he used, certainly not such as are used in modern warfare.
Commander of the armies of the kiugdoin of
f?J Sj f&>

Wei.
he

JJJ

The historian of the three kingdoms says

J ifl jjlp, handled an army like a god.

& * & fa %

16 3 %
common phrase
substituted for

18

J'J

for

"Do

As

of him, that

best so

is

as you think best."

be

Jj5

it.

is

^,

the sense being practically the same.

St

the end of his tether

Run
"
;

lj

through

&H

to the

B$J

end" come

come

to the

often

to

bottom

"

~f "J* isE ~P the sea/,

spread" down to the bed rock
The three phrases,
folding J alien down "played ont."
Northern, Central and Southern, mean substantially the same
Qfc confused, here a verb, to act in a senseless and
thing.
heedless manner. !f 0JJ Shoes with the heels turned down
and worn as heel-less slippers. JS
that
> Trousers
are so thin, and have so many holes in them, that the light
and air go through them as they do through a paper lantern.
tS tS ffi t Wi The word is repeated to imitate the
shuddering sound expressive of cold. The phrase is to be

spoken in two couplets. ,jjf JQ Canton paste or cake, so

called because foreign opium was first introduced at Canton,
and because it comes in the form of thick paste or cake.

Rr E t0 ta ^ e l eave f the kitchen god. This is done in every

family on the twenty-third of the twelfth month, by present?j? ($ is the form used in
ing to him offerings and prayers.
some

places.

n t

212

ft

'

pf

+ A *
u
& m I
i t 9 i 4
* & W "* ^
^ fc ti W Wo IE A *
I

14
itfc

tt. ft

W
tt

ffc.

#.

10

&.
o

A. o

^m

6J

1tt

JI

T .

3f

Pf

JA

ft

4P

*l

Translation.
1

then how will yon live ?

There are, however, not many as
good men as this in the world.
8 Judging from the expression of his
face he is very willing, but he has

tfc.

ffi

ffl

not yet plainly said so.

9 Delighting in quiet himself, he is yet
constantly (capable ot')going to other

fti

peoples' houses to raise a disturbance.

is not young, it is only that he
is small of stature.
Church member Chung loves very

jft

12

-jw

jft,

LESSOR
Thb Exceptive
or tfl To reject, properly a verb, but
to introduce an exchiefly used as a conjunction
but then,
ceptive or adversative clause ; but,

1$

however, yet, and yet.

is used in the game way and with
pj" Can,
Thus used
same meaning as
the
substantially

it

its

changes

tone to k'6*, aud appears to be simply

is

fit

There

a breeze to-day, but it is

not cool.
2 You do not know, but I know.
3 That man is severe, it is true
but
very amenable to reason.
4 The cart is his, but he is not in it.
5 They, knowing clearly that Ohia Yin
Lien is a thief, are yet unwilling
to inform the magistrate.
6 If you meet with a year of famine,

ip I o | ^
^ o f#, 1
% Q9 ^ ^. fc 4P
o
* M W * a ^ f$
Hit f&*
P jg *P 1 # #.
o *p
ig. ^
t US ^

. # & M
pf
^ o it *p m m ^MJn,
a it t ^
* ft $ *p
^ it m * si *. ft ft
MM # $ *
& o r m &
* 7 ft. T. A JK 6P W. #.
o * I o $
T> tt o
>J>i

+ A

n^

He

10
11

much

to sing, but he sings poorly.

12 1 owe you, but

cannot pay yon at

present, f
13 If he did not embezzle this money,
who do you suppose did ?

14

will

accept yonr hospitality, but do

Xi2r.2C3CIConjunction.
Southern Mandarin
Both words are ofteu
used when they amount to little more than a
mere expletive or catchword.
a colloquial substitute for
generally adheres to QJ.

gfl.

But
^ i#. The
P ^f
JjJ^

fj^or

or

there

ffi,

one thing.

is

same.

Vocabulary.

or

ChUie*, chHod*.

j$

To decline,

to reject;

Chios? jad*. To embroil, to raise a disturb... ance, to make a rumpus.

but

then, however. The

is now extensively used.
but
was
form
$),
0
original
2
: see Sub.
pf K'fi But, then, but then, however
See k'P.
surname. Also fop.
Chia*

.A

|^

ffc^ Hwang
|H

C/iiao

To

men*.
stir

np

year of famine.

to disorder

to excite.

to annoy

Age

Swei* Shu*

Chung

Tun 1

1
.

small cup

To swallow whole,

(of a person).
;

a surname.

to gulp

to seize,

to appropriate, to embezzle.

Hou*

fei*.

To be

to spend
extra expense.

bountiful,

lavishly, to

go

to

MANDARIN LKSS0N8.

Lesson 81.

m^o

-tb

not go to any extra expense

15 The hydrangea is a beautiful flower,
but not very fragrant.
16 I have a plan, but I do not know
whether it will succeed or not.

gp

*n
?T

# ti
J*
*
w
jl a w tt # #
) W A> jS#>**3K ft. #
o & ^ Mmnjm o %>
ww*** % ft m & & & s&
^ ft ti m gp wu w. t * *
- $1 m P !H A, * T *>
o g n a Hi ip #
ft. 3$
m a **!"## * o
ft

18

ltf

ffi

fiE

213

Without capacity, yon yet have a

17

18 1 hear that it also rained east of the

city, but not so much as it did here.
19 Have yon a wife?
Ans. I am engaged, but not yet married.

20 He

is
planning to hoodwink [us],
but he will not succeed.
21 His stature is not great, it is true,
but he is very stalwart.
22 It is clear that he killed him, yet
without testimony he cannot be

Jfc

W ^M^fftw *
& ^ ^%M> W ft*

* IT
S W -

22

%L

getting into difficul-

and when you have gotten

into a difficulty, you are without
any capacity to get out.
ties;

i7

Bfe.

for

capacity

ffi,

convicted.
this is strange
After a man has
decayed and returned to dust, how
can he live again ? Ans. Strange
it certainly is, but it is something

23 But

*.

t-

*p

*P

ill

a m m

* m * m
XSl

-flf

Hsiu*.

J5j<

Ch'iu?

*, a?

* 9

ft

S.

ft

tsi

5t

*, *

Same,

H { The
1

Siting

Ming

hun*.

To

Jgtfr Ming lung*.

(I|| ~y, Man* chang*.
.

to cajole, to
to

humbug
cajole,

hnmbng.

obscure.

hoodwink.

Stature, size.

Chief, highest; best

Fine-looking

f|, ijl

of

its class.

strong, powerful.

&\

Ching* chien*

=j^k

Win*

tswei*.

Robust, stalwart,

convict, to

To

shi*.

Tsung

1
.

post,

^ ShwaP. To

ijPc

disturbance,

to

a stake

a pile

Les.
;

Also shwai1

To see dimly; to give

To pay attention,

To

notice, to heed, to
i*.

TO Mao*

classi-

125.

throw, to swing about, to fling, to

!$ TYai*.

trouble, to annoy.

toss, to jerk.

To

attention.

to notice.

pay attention.

notice, to pay attention, to

regard, to heed.

Features,

hs/attg*.

(s.)

condemn,

raise a

fier of affairs.

ijff

24.

Ancestors; family; a clan; kind, class,

sort ; a matter ; to honor.

f Chwang

Kwoa

to rise

Face, feelings influence

mien*.

(s.)

physiognomy,

visage, looks.

Evidence, testimony.

To

make

ath-

^]J

TV 2

Firfru^gooduess ; energy, virtue; power,

to

regard as guilty.
Oh'ou* Ian*

Hsin 2

Tfc.E. Tsai*

peak. Extraordinary, elegant,

K'un 1 chwang*.

letic.
iffi

WtW"

ifl5

Robust, stalwart, athletic.

1
f& fOun

ChHng

hoodwink,

to

to pass.

To come to life again,

from the dead.

Note

7T

wife.

To mislead,
to

Wei*

|HJ

difficulty.

2
/fa K'wei ..

^
iff

come

that will surely

24 Since you gentlemen have come to

my house, I cannot bat accede to

figured.

a globe.

trouble, to get into

ball,

hydrangea; the geranium.

To make

shi*.

15 fjj Fu* hwoa2

(s.)

sphere, a

1
t ~f Chid h*ia\.
Dim, indistinct;
Jgl Ming*.

JUtiffib

To embroider; variegated,

I^Spi, or

^lf

*i

69.

Kwoa*fei*.

fjjffi

2l

Rottep, decayed.

quality; to flourish.

IJE'fT Ti* hsing*.

.

Virtue, morals,
worth.
.

well-doing,

r + a

214
your wishes

* $ ^

m * T & mi *
# # is. a w*h*k
# #n o ip m m m
w. a. *#& - a
*& T> IE i ^6 i.

&

m ^

to

n
o

*p

mm

f# 25

*.*- *

3R

in

make

responsible.

25 If you really want to go, I will not

hinder yon but there is one thing,
if after you get there
you are
homesick, you must notreflect on me.
26 Who was it that just now threw in
a stone ? Ana. Two boys just now
ran towards the east, but I did not
notice that they threw any stones.
Do not be deceived by the inferiority
of his looks; in sterling worth be ha?
no equal.
;

i R 1
illf.S o I 5 ^
I OL & m npm m m

^r

but one thing yon

if he comes again
trouble, I will hold you
;

must remember,

Notes.
said

3 Rj here ni^kes a concession to something previously

by smother. We might translate, Yes, he is severe, it is

true, etc.

Putting

fy

before the i|J gives

it

is

very

it

and

substitutes ffi, which, however, does not give the force of ff'

12 Notice how

JJJ -Q: precedes the conjunction, albelongs to the conjunctive clause.

17 This sentence is a play on the word ^t, and is a
smart or pithy saying.
19 A wife is known by a variety of epithets. The proper
term, which distinguishes her as wife, is gf or |!| -J*, but
extent in colloquial.
When the
it is not UBed to any

though

it

ahe is called simply JC Ais prominent

spoken of in a careless or depreciating way she is called
When classed with, or in relation to a husband,
}gS.

idea of sex

When
J
she

called

is

nent Rhc
or rS.

ife]?

or jt$

is callert

iH

% ^,

When

When

A-

or

dignified

the family idea is promi.

or j%
"T> or

by the rank

of her

&> A

U
A

or
called
The term #J
4& or
refers to motherhood, is need for wife only in the South.

which

is here used as an enclitic, but this does not at

20
interfere with its application to the person speaking.
The structure of the sentence does not make it certain
whether the reference was to the speaker or to some one else.

all

emphasis.

as here used, is very expressive, and

The Peking teacher objects to
used.

widely

is

A,

husband, she

21 vL i R here rendered, it is true. Its exact force

could only be known from the preceding sentence, or from
the idea which gave rise to it.
22 [''J IP is put for J pp the process for the
This use probably grows out of the custom of
result.
charging the crime on the supposed criminal, demanding
of him a confession, and enforcing it by torture.
23 1? /ju' f? Strange it is, or, true it's strange, a
common idiomatic form.

24
noun.

{ All you gentlemen. The classifier is put for its

j$ ]U The face of the feelings, that is, the face as the

exponent or representative of the feelings or sentiments of the

mind.
26 Mandarin has no t'ung htting word meaning to
throw.
The three terms given in the text are all more
or less local.

LESSOR LZXXII.
Forbidding.

most not, much used colloquially in Central and Northern Mandarin, and also
not infrequently in books.
It is used in some
JSKJ

Don't, yon

places in the South, but not. in others thus it is

used in Nanking, but not in Kinkiang.
In
;

Eastern Shantung

it is

^ .g.

a contraction of

read pai*.

It is in reality

$ to reject do not by any means, a book

term only used colloquially in certain phrases
and connections. In some places, however, it is
much used colloquially thus in Northern Shan;

tung

it

quite takes the place of

|% Do
that,

you should

not,

mostly

confined to

countvtions. In

gfl,

being spoken

ho.

no need
phrases and

not, there is

certain

some parts of the South, however,

as in Kinkiang, it is in constant nse and quite

takes the place of gij.
mnch nsed
Jy* Jjj Do not want, do not,
in
the
it takes
where
South,
everywhere, especially
the place of gtj in the North.

^> ffi Need not, do not. A milder form

than any of the preceding.
pf Must not, should not, onght not.
^g^p Must not, thou shalt not, gives an

authoritative prohibition.

^JiE Do
yf>f|f
'J

To

not ailow

Need

not, not

to forbid.

worth while.

overflow, do not, you need not

word meaning to say.

joined with a

always

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 82.

215

Translation.

PI

IT

il

S>

ft.

* ft
t
1 S

n .

31.

*
W

fft

(PI

o
13

^g

ii 10

jg

g*

M>

ft)

m a.jtjw
o
#
* ^

jw

ft

ft

uot keep thinking of pretty womeu.

not laugh at Christian; he is a

bookon electroplating will be copied.

meet the man of
whose reputation you have heard,
for if you meet him face to face, you

11

<&

will find

^ m,

place.
12 As I see

all to your play, and

don't stay here making a noise.
14 Yon can only consult together, you

* H $ o ^ s
g o K ^ $ $ * 5 .*
S
M 7. &
t e. t i ^ o ^d ft 44. &

cannot peremptorily appoint.

15 Carry it carefully and don't splash

14

it

fifel.

2fe

2fe

yon had better not spend

Out with yon

13

i7

16

it,

him decidedly common-

that money.

n> *&

It is better not to

^ i t

m.z-

tti

Do

good man.

&

a =

it

5
6

any
gambling.
[backs.
Do not disparage men behind their
1 beg of yon, in any case, do not let it
leak out
Be quick and eat, and don't fret.
If one has a homely wife, he should

8 Don't be so formal.
9 Not to speak of others, even I know it.
10 Do not stop, and in three days this

1 Doa't you take hold of me.

2 The headmen do not allow

A m

* o
. . * ^
o Uj 1 I |
A ft i* S I I
% m * 5c ^ 4#
@> & ft ^ jw *
. * 4*# ft, RR. ft n.
o

m n

over.

You ought

16

TT

to give it just as I exft

I cannot allow any

plained

random guess that comes uppermost.

Vocabulary.

JrlJ

Do

Pie*.

yon mast not ;

not,

see Snb.

See

Hwei*

The chairman of a committee

or society headmen, leaders.

shou*.

K'ai1

pfj Bfi'

tu*.

To gamble,

to

open a gambling

room.

H fHf

5^

^ 4 lun*.

To

^fei3

PSflc
t^; lin

discnss, to canvass; to criticize,

to disparage.

Beautiful, prWy, handsome.

Hsiao* hwa*.

To laugh

make
1
.

If

M^
life

"^

at, to ridicule, to

Tien* chW.

&TawLCAi

tu 1

t'u*.

The

name

Bunyan's

given

to

Christian.

Electricity.

To

WJ 45 Win*

gild; to electroplate.

To stop, to cease, to desist.

Chu* shou*.

To hear of by reputation.
To see/ace to face, to have

...

?ning*.

Ji, jlj Chien* mien*.

an interview with.

$E Kwang

Tang*.

..

To

oscillate, to

wabble; unsteady.

Vast; vagrant, dissipated; to sqnauder; to shake, to agitate.

fun of; iu fun.

Foundation; possessions, patrimony.

disFormal,
conventional,
tant; modest, simpering, bashful.

Tu* chin 1.

Delicious; beautiful; excellent.

^fe** mao*..

JJ Chi

3r 3ft K'i* chH*.

... pie*.

ifcWi
(jig
!$jj

To wabble;

|U Swei* k'ou*.

Tsou

to slop over,

to

To talk

splash out.
at

random

Jest, raillery; to exaggerate, to lie

218

3?

ia

SI

>P

#n

m m m

*
il

.^29

Jr.

30

2l

&JJ

ft

&.
o

Bfl

23

tt

$C

ft

o o jl
, * 7 3NE
o Jf 51 ft

28

dred, you still

#4* o

ft

Us

rftH'KJfr ^

^.

22

ft

*.

tf

*.

Hfi

ft

&

ft

W *

ft*-* "H

1$,

IK.

m n
m &
* m a.

w =
m JUL y sj *p^^ ; m & h
s* # i *f t> n. g * ib &
#.. # ?# m k =& s &fc t. &

^ # n am

&.

24

To

jj(

Shwang

barefaced

random;

to tell

To

Accurate; certain, sure;

To

get up, to

of, to

To

$$

La*.

ffc

^ La

Jd

make a

rake np.

To

raise

(l.)

forget, to leave behind, to

See lao* and lo&*.
be late.

la*.

drop; to

scatter, to spill, to draggle.

To blow or wipe the nose with the

Using*.

the floor.

28 Come on, come on, don't lay down

$q *F Tat*

Ka

reliable, trusty.
1
ffifif Ch'ao ek.

now you have caught cold.

27 If you want to blow yonr nose or to
spit, you should go out and not soil

To

chil*.

1*8 Its

5?

T'i*.

J^.$

}& fyX

The

Pi*.
.

to circumstances:

?*

P an *-

nose.

nose, snivel.

,10ar(1

.;

to

com-

fjJ#|- Tao* chin

c$i
JK

floor ' thejioor.

Tan*. .... .Phlegm, mucus from the lungs.

To

Note

P'ao3 chtn 1

^ w H&ien*

adapt
oneself

31.

To backstitch.
To run (a seam).

Vai* yie*.

His honor the magistrate

Note 32.
:

"A bare pole,"

a bachelor; a
rowdy, a rongh; a daredevil,
a sharper ;exemplar.y, unassailable ;spruce, comely.

3t^S Kwang

^
iH*

kun*.

Silly, half-witted.

Gh'iao*.
/([J,

Mao* fan*.

To

offend, to anger, to affront,

to provoke.

1
....
ffi Chien
1
^p 3fP Chien hsie*.
.

Tears; to weep; mucus from the nose.

Mucus from the

honor

Swei* chi 1 ying* piun*.

hand.

exalt, to

pliment; to treat well.

adjust; to measure; a rule,

gauge; accurate; certain, sure.

eh'ing*.

She
stantly ailing influence you.
does not [on this account] do any
the less work.
24 If you want something to eat, ask
for it outside, but don't come in.
25 The door of the yam6n faces the
south (opens like the character
eight) having right but not money,
do not enter.
26 I charged yon not to strip off your
clothes but you did not mind, and

lies.

Frost, efflorescence.

Chun*

JjJt

at

talk

i|| Chun*.

fl

might keep your money.

not forget those few glass bottles
I asked yon to get for me.
21 Let each one take his own seat; to sit
at random is not allowed.
22 When you put coal in the stove
again, do not spill it on the floor.
23 Dou't let the fact that she is con-

Do

"15
ft

Liu* tsou 1

17 Simply sweep the snow from before

your owu door; don't meddle with
the frost on your neighbor's roof.
18 Don't let that man come again.
I
think he is not to be trusted.
19 You need not mention two hundred
and eighty. If you said three hun-

20

$t

!.

- + A

is

sb

yLuzk Usiung

&*.

Crafty, traitorous, wicked.

... Malicious, wicked.

Vicious,

villainous;
sinful; wicked.

ft

Choa 2 many*.

Hastily,
.

Hurried

iu

evil,

hurry,

Lesson 82.

218

US

$!

r = + a %
to
h m
i a # m, m
o & & [eh
tf * tt ft
*
ft #. Ml
H, #, *

Translation.
1 He
pays uo attention to anything at all.
2 If yon want to go, just go.
3 Go and arrange it as yon like.
Both
plans are good.
4 I let, him talk and said nothing.
5 This statement will pass anywhere.
6 No matter how often he comes, by no

-T-

ife

10

fft

life

* m
*
* &.

ft

tt
j*

ffii

*.

ii f a
5

if

Pi

?#

*.
o

hl

# m
^ *.

f*

* s
m & m
it * a.

ti

ft

t>

a*,

hi

*.

<g

host to his guests at the beginning of a

2fJ 2j$ Jl$$ is a cordial invitation to each

one to take up his chopsticks and

begin to
is used apologetically.

29

/|

pqlj

l|

Wk

jfr

m H

the

No

turn

let

difference

several years older than yon.

matter who exhorts him, he will

not listen.
10 In everything, whether great or small,
be conciliatory and not self-opinionated.

word $(, which often means,

just the opposite of

32

5j$

~jfc

but this

s^S

gg

stiff,

Jg

|jg

obstinate.

The phrase

is

ig|.

respectful designation

of

the Hsien

Formerly magistrates were addressed as >K Sp-

magistrate.

now

title is

36 3f

it.

Follow

No

generally superseded by that of

JZ

3?

to appreciate an honor or comthe contrary, to take it as a want of courage

pliment, but, on
or spirit, and so presume upon

31

eat.

Not

jfj zp:

him come in.

what yon say, yon most
give me the money.
8 No matter how you pnt it, I am still
7

a correct translation.
Such forms are muoh more frequently
used in Chinese than in
English.
27 ^f here expresses the idea in a form which no
English translation will reproduce.

28 Said by a
The
fresh course.

means

j?j

ft

# a*, o
ft * in. m it
* & & 1$ &
m & & *.
i?

, o
7
o
8

S = +

If

of affairs and

respond to the change [by a corresponding ohange of plan] ;

that is, lo adapt oneself to circumstances, to be
equal to the
occasion.
Wi Jl. %f $S To drive a naU in a board, that
a nail driven in a board is fixed once for all, and is
unchangeable. There is perhaps also a pun or play on the
is,

--~-iv<

Has

raised

this

present-life-

Buddhism

has disseminated
everywhere in China the Brahmanical notion that butchering
cattle for beef is a great sin.
The recompense in this case

was

a half-witted son.

37

In some places j}'J fly

which was probably the orginal
form.
Nanking rejects both forms and uses a triple J}'''
which is also widely used, but not to the exclusion of the
is

2?C is

JJlJ

said as

if

the Peking form.

written

jjjlj

"rsf)

other forms.

nre>-'psa^

X/ESBOlsr

etc.,
J
Lit.,
half-witted son.

recompense

>-

LXXXI1I.

CONCESSIVKS.

ft To

allow, to permit;

^ According

any, as ft

" r ^T*

to; as [yon] like; it rests with.

W ^ The

matter; be as
addition of

no matter.

!^

laflll!*

if!

As

as

ff

to,

^ffl No
of; in

any

J|IJ Tiff

it

will;

as

Just, simply, freely, without hesitation.

No

or SKpjffl

No

matter;

irrespective

of;

difference; no matter; irrespective

case.

fflt^l Same, but local.

^, strange
[yon] please; any.
to say, makes very little difference in the meaning.

$E | Same

PpfS
whether.

ft J?B To allow; to suffer; to let;

ft Hr Same as ft Jg, bnt local.

ff-

etc.

anything, ft fH anyone,

matter; as [yon] please.

with reference to.

It matters

not; no

difference;

by no

means.
jjg.

As [you]

thus used
read ts'iti.

it is,

like, as
in Central

Wheu
[yon] please.
Mandarin, frequently

As [you] like, at [your] convenience.

used in the South.

JjflfjS

Much
tjj

To allow,

to let, to give

way

to.

MANDARIN LKSSON8.

Lesson 83.

i,

ft

to

&
ft

i8

*
m

17

t i ^

i iiii I
to S ft # ft
m & m &
K fl IE. *. ^o
^ & o o u
* 4 a f* 35
#
*!***
w *e -^ * #

a h p
fi $
t 1 I

10

* #
15

ffl

12

.tffcIJ
IS

Entreat him as yoa will, his sympathies are not even touched.
He
12 T still am going to call on him.
may see me or not as he likes.
ii

#
w

*. .

ffi

219

No

13

t. *.

to

it is,

and

it

it

only get accus-

becomes easy.

it in onr presence,
talk as he pleases.
ta In business, whether great or small,

14 Since he has not said

let

him

both in asking and in offeriug a price,

a pleasant expression of countenance
should always be preserved.

#||

Uncle Li

16

i9

matter what

tomed

is

emphatically apathetic
No matter how you
hurry him he never gets excited.
17 A.s to looka, she is not very pretty, bnt
she is well-proportioned in every
(easy-going).

&

respect.

#&
at*!* $
^ & S>
T.

IfJR.JW *.

81

J!.

Aft.

^ a

fi

$ij

#,

&MgBJi

*i

to

if,

nxum

ids

a*

^ n

ft

* hl.
m T m #>jrW
^j

ffi

18

knew beforehand that we shonldbe in

want at this time, hence I was determined, in any case, to keep a few
cash for the present emergency.
the Elder restrained his anger
19
and keptsilentand let her abuse him,
keeping in mind his brother's words.
20 I simply act according to the best of
my ability, and leave the rest to.

Wn

Heaven and

fate.

21 If yon see him reviling any one or

Vocabulary.
gjjt

Ck'ien 1

lUtHl

Respectful, unassuming,
yielding ; humble.

Ch'ieri1 jang*.

Yielding,

modest

r, ,/C

To

Skang* hwon*

complaisant,

,mj

IE Ghoux

'ic>

%&

Complete, symmetrical,
well-proportioned, shapely.

cheng*.

obliging,<:0K7*'afor?/.

^
#ft

Hsi*- 1

W^

Shu*

Fully, minutely, thoroughly.

Experienced, practiced, con-

lien*.

versant, accustomed

^^

Shu

3c fit

Yao*

Practiced,
familiar with, pat.

chia*.

}H

fff

To ask a

chia*.

W- ft
jS

Lien* si 9

offer,

Man

A large full face.

A large face.

^ Han

Sluggish, dilatory; apathetic; shameless,

brazen-faced.

jrjffjffl

Jou*

mien*.
.

7$:

5fi

Chou*.

Tun

To hold

the tongue, to
keep quiet, to be silent.
To curse, to imprecate, to swear; a

shing

charm, a

To

(in

Expression, color

5fl| Chou* ma*.

response to a price asked.)

1
J3r Ch'i .

Ml Wu
ffljg

$JS\

to exe-

to revile,
crate, to abuse.

The crow; black, dark,

Jg Tan
Fu*.

litany.

curse,

Varnish, lacquer; to varuish; black.

Hang*.

To levy a tax

Tien* ku*.

i&M,Su*ch-i*.

dull.

Courage, bravery.
to spread out
a hind

of verse; a ballad, an

Compliant,

easy-going,
submissive, passive.

to control

one's temper.

price, the price

To make an

To restrain anger,

Jkn* chH*.

to,

asked.

...

Ewav?

to.

accustomed

Iisi*.

become

get excited; to

angry.

idyl.

precedent, an

authority,

a quotation, an allusion.
Commonplace, hackn<"

h + A

m & n t

220

$&'\u

m ft
u
* m
n
a
#
n
fe w ^
*
$ it ^ m
a, a ft
to /K m
m
& ^ %

*r"S~~o~

js>

with other children, no

matter whether he is in the right or
in the wrong, first whip him.
22 This varnish is exceedingly poor ; no
matter how many coats yon put on,
it is still dull and without the least
fighting

ft.

& m m> ft it h*
m m n ^ n m
m % w *t
# te m **e^
A ^ Xmm^
m ft. ^ n.
9 ^ ^ o * fc.
#. i* # A ^ o
o A & *
*Bi
# & =& BS > ft <*
W. *
a X -6

**. . ft m
^,
a #*3f o a & si -.
ft &
#. t. m.
O
^ |# ^
Jg
#H5
A
^8^ $r ,
t # & W & Ao T''

23

.H,

luster.

23 The amount of a man's courage is the

bestowment of nature; it is not in
the least under his own control.
24 We scholars, whether writing an essay
or composing poetry, must make
quotations in order not to be com-

ffi

nil

27

25

mon-place.

25 Mother, may I buy a green print collar

for my gown ? Ans. Just as you like.
26 No matter in what line it is, an inexperienced hand will not succeed.
27 Let a man have these two faults,
pride and stinginess, and no matter

ffc

ffl

Sft

^%

ffl

rffi

|jn

<fc

ill

how many excellences he has they

Lin*.

showing any vexation.

5^ Ul

Chwei*

Q ^ Pa?

lei*.

To eucumber,

obstruct, to clog, to vitiate.

Thrown

chwei*.

useless,
*l|j;pJL Tai*

tiao*.

Tu

in,

superfluous,

for

nothing, (c.)

neutralize, to render null;

to spoil, to vitiate,

$f

hung*.

Ta* Hang*.

To

pity

ing

K'wod*.

Wi

iS K'ai

passionate, impatient.

... Broad, ample; liberal, lavish.

1

t'ung

Clear-headed, clever, judi-

f$

K'ai1

Rft

t'od

The same,

1
ffifj^K'ai k'wod*.
Wu? kwai*
ffi:

The same,

W$ j)

Chin*

...

Magnanimous, open-handed,

Hwei3
tiff

To breakdown, to destroy,

to abolish,
to ruiu; to slander, to vilify.

Hwei3

pang*. To defame, to calumniate, to

jan*.

Peacefully, tranquilly,
eauanimitv.

Hsie1

To

shou*.

fii $& Hi lu*

T^ 7?C P'ing'1 an

^$1

(s.)

wonder.
to the utmost,

stop, to desist, to quit,

River travel.
1
.

Peaceful, safe, secure.

Ckwang* pan

1
.

Official

gesard

Not/

35.

Pai3

fp^^
ffll

Pu*.
.

with

(s.)

one's best.

slander, to vilify.

An1
S..

No

With the might,

li*.

of large capacity, gifted.

{HJ

to regret; boastful, vaunt-

Liboral-minded, generous,

magnanimity,

cious.

fj\

large-hearted.
-fc

Self-control,

patience, long-suffering.

(s.)

Vast, ample, wide.

Hung*.

1
j^ jfe K'wan

Han% yang 3

ft? Ching

to embarrass, to

No mat-

people vilify him, he is able

to bear it all with equanimity, never

Stingy, sordid, parsimonious.

5^y,

all vitiated).

truly a generous

how

ter

TEP^Pp

mean, niggardly.
Chwei*. To hamper, to encumber, to throw in;
an appendage, an encumbrance.

iqF kb

is

and magnanimous man.

^22

One oatside of a profession,

... untrained, inexperienced.

Harvest; avaricious, stingy; frugal.

jfj- Si*.

5^

nothing (are

Yang K'nn Shan

28

4
8
#|*fjf Wa?' Aag-

for

go

$few

chi*.

To

operate on, to put through.,

to ply; to maltreat, to torture.

To spread out, to extend; to arrange;

... to publish.

Pai3 pu*.

To spread
.

out, to arrange
to torture.

maltreat,

to

221

MANDAUIV LB880N8.

Lesson 88.

&m

&

fli.

* . T
m M * . SI.
& * H ^ ^
^
# m
^ in m #
tu
m. . fi
HH Jt >F #
flHf^r ft
A * ^
m %t % *
m & 1* &
m m m t>

#,

fib

fft k

M.

ft

m> o

it

#i

ik

33
ift

29 Yon need not wait; we will each go

85

IB

T. S.

&

fll

at his

# A H3o
* a * f
*
It ^
a ^ m *
31

44

83

ff

88

*HR5i
flL

ft

#
B 4L
& &
m m
T

1*

tt

tt#

convenience.

sionate and sel f-pogsessed manner.

is
Without
32
question, Wang the Sixth
in speaking and actboth
judicious
No wonder his father is coning.

tfe

3P

own

30 Please bear it carefully in mind, and

do not by any means forget it.
31 When a man is thoroughly schooled
in self-control, no matter what happens, it cannot disturb his dispas-

(ft

33

^ w
;?>

i\
ft*S4

ft

^;

&

stantly boasting of him.

diiFereuce who applies to him for
assistance, if he does not promise,
that is the end of it; but if he
assents, he will do his best and will

No

he has accomplished it.

34 The captain says that just now river
travel is very unsafe; to go by the
regular stages will be the more satisJust as they like:
Arts.
factory.
not cease

till

proceed in whatever way

$(

y>

~ksT

thought

pan demanded the usual

Sun T'ung Tsii, but in spite

35 The chwang
fees of

--

is

best.

of all their maltreatment and torture, he refused to disgorge.

Tir
iti\

Notks.
1

as here used

H?

/fi

is

not intended to illustrate the

lesson ; this is done by ft

subject of the
6 This sentence might perhaps be taken as referring
This language or
to language simply, and be translated,
will pass current anywhere. In this case, however,
phraseology
should rather be jf 'pj fjf , and |ft
iM
f|3

should be simply __
12 As here used,
to

stress

ffi

ai

on the

#;

'#

or

-Jf-

To-day, put indefinitely for the present,

is not a colloquial but a book usage.
19 ^C 1$ properly, eldest son, but here used simply as
lived in the Sung Dynasty, and
This j^ jk
a name.
was noted for his imbecility and deformity of person. He
bad no given name was not considered worth one, being
He had a virago of a wife, who,
"imply called the elder Wu.
with the aid of one of her paramours, finally murdered him.
He had, however, a brother of distinguished ability called
1& $i w '' afterwards avenged his death. He is one of
the characters in the "History of Robbers," from which this
He is frequently introduced in theatrical
sentence is taken.
The person
his name is familiar to the people.
plays, hence
was his wife.
here spoken of as reviling
Yield to heaven and submit to JaUa
20
njf
took phrase which combines the ideas of providence and fate.
21 $; fifit fill At; ^f ;Hi i 3 a " abbreviation for j!ft

18

"t*

25 ffli ~%C ^Fin succession.

which, however,

Mm

^^A

fi-l

3ki

flfe

CKf

%*

ill'

no matter whether

Note tne three qualifying adjectives

27
i^ is the Nanking form. Ofr
Les. 92.
verb much used in the South

it is

his

is

an auxiliary

29 The use of ^ in the first clause, shows that the

convenience referred to was that of going or starting away,
hence. 170 is supplied in the translation.

31 jffi 3H (Kl
^C Ti me an(1 effort spent in schooling
the temper and acquiring the art of self-control. JlJ J that
/$ f*f /J* jgfe
is, to the point of a thorough acquirement.
a book phrase.
not fretful,
Not
,

passionate,

"fit

^F ii flfe ^i is not quite equivalent,

Tne order is changed in order to throw

'fife-

This is an approved maxim of Chinese

right or his wrong
parental policy.
24 Klegance of style in Chinese depends largely on the
constant use of classical figures, allusions, and quotations.

38 t $1 $L

<'es

not here

might seem to do, but to boast

of

mean
him to

to praise him, as
others.

it

35 }ji Jft a class or section of the ^j {x in a magiswith

trate's office, who are his special guard, and are entrusted
the business of arresting and confining prisoners in civil
a man is arrested, he is required by custom to
cases.

When

pay a
less,

fine to the 3jK- or class, arresting him,

to the ability of the prisoner.

according

which
If

is

more

or

he refuses to

all sorts of cruel devices

pay, or to pay as much as is required,
He is at the
are resorted to in order to extract it from him.

Will not
of these rapacious underlings.
/V ili Jffl
a significant figure taken from the extracting
give out the oil,
of oil from beanB by pressure.

mercy

222

m
$

m.

+ a %

^n m
ra

Translation.
J

flL

Let us take a

ffl

birthday.

4 Is your business all finished ?

5 Is not your son employed in

Board of Revenue ?
6 If yon sit thus, where

lift

10

me

(PI

* * a

ma o

m m
H *B ^ A H
12

11

*Jb.

;*

^ *
#.

who

illaeus

have some self-restraint.

have drunk too much. Let us
wait a little before drinking again.

12

We

13

We

two are too

separated

widely

to be frequently together.

14

LESSOR

you have

will

took charge of his family ?

8 Are we not in every respect as
good as he ?
9 Our teacher is a well-known graduate.
1
All that we saw was unexceptionable.
1 1
When others insult us, we should

M w
na # .

the

sit ?

During these years of

iPI

-tfc

rest.

2 Well, gentlemen, shall we go ?

3 To-morrow will be our elder brother's

&.
g ft
).$
$, m m ft m mo o #1 $
'ft #
ft.
I - S o % i
o
n9 * ^ g ft ft
$* #
# &
#b ^ J & m
- ff #f I. . * *. 9. ft.
i p| f I o i T, ^ o ti
ft. ft. tt. P> J ** * ^ tl

ng

a %

m +

If

Have you
custom

all

forgotten our old

home

I/XXXII-V.

Colloquial Pronouns.
In addition to the regular Mandarin pronoune,
are, especially in Central and Northern
Mandarin, a number of colloquial pronouns in
theie

common

use.

f& We, we folks, onr, us. The speaker classes

himself with those present, or with others of like
The character is
station, occupation or opinion.
not authorized by the dictionaries, but is in general
written for it
use.
|* is sometimes incorrectly
HQ Same meaning as fig:. It was probably
adopted to write the shortened form of pronouncing
f tsan, viz., tsa.
In Peking $| and p& always have the plural
In Central
termination, fljj, joined with them.
Mandarin it is generally omitted. Its use seems
to add nothing, as the words are essentially
Neither tit nor pg is used to any
plural.
extent in Southern Mandarin.

an old colloquial form nsed

fit^jt We, us,
in thv Ming Dynasty, and found in books, but
now obsolete.

$ We,

us,

used especially when the speaker

wishes to particularize himself.

It is nsed in
Central Mandarin and in certain localities both
North aud South. It is not infrequently found
in Mandarin books,
"{g frequently includes those
addressed, while fj| always excludes them.
42;

You, you folks.

In Peking this word

is

used

as a term of respect,
You, sir, or, you, madam.
It is also often read as if written
$(j, the na

being spoken very lightly. In Shantung it always includes a plural idea, and expresses no
It never takes ft? after it.
In
special respect.

some places it is read ntn*, iu others nin*, and

na8, aud in Southern Mandarin a nasal
n.
It is much more used in some places than
in others

in others.

fftlftor
This form

M$R

Yon,

sir,

you [my

exclusively Pekingese, and

ed as a contraction for fa jg
3jJis

is

senior].

explain-

fjqj is

soraetimes added to

used

fft in

the

same way.

j|l K'ei is
along the Yang-tsi as a
colloquial substitute for ${,, but it belongs to the
Southern coast dialects, not to Mandarin.

Lksson 84

224

ffi

P.

2E

SI

I*

Meis
mmi%J. IE
jw

IT

JH

ftD%5

m m

in.

it

ft

21

ft

$K

ft

28 Even

ft

ft

*I

US

ft

ft,

m
m

&

30

our family.

$f jj| Shang

To

Hang*.

consult,

to

9
in

compare

Wi^%

H TsouK

ma1-

wet nurse.

To memorialize the throne, to bring

forward to play or make music.

Yoa*

Music, musical.

See

lod*.

Musical instruments.

ch'i*

^f K'ou* t'ou* yu*.

A pet phrase,

The upper arm.

Chi*.

1
^ Woa

Hsiao*

Able, clear-headed,
cient
(w.)

ski*.

jEffSJ Cheng* chien

1
.

A^<

T"'* c

<J| j@fc

effi-

^e

the

in

K-P

Ling

The binding around the

t'iao

The armpit.

woa 1

chi*
.

collar.

or stitch together the parts of

H
a garment, to close up; to twist
thread or rope.
together the strands of a

To sew

K'&n*.

The middle room facing

the front
Note 30.
:

nl

3 UK

Used only

phrase Jjff ]}& ft.

A nest, a lair; a den; a hole, a depression, a nook ; a shrine.

Kt*.

liarity of speech.

before yesterday

|K

..."

a pecu-

Day

Baleful, malign, to the point of death,

very; to close up, to shut up; to end.

1
$fe Yod, , yue*

f$j Sha*.

notes, to deliberate.

No-?

Yang Chen

kitchen washing out the two kettles,

they put iu the wadding; and as
soon as it was turned, this one
stitched up the overlap, that one
laid the chalk lines, another closed
the seams under the arms, and
another put on the collar-binding;
one bound the cuff's and another
sewed ou the button-loops, and in
less than half a day it was finished.

ft

not in Chie

they, five sisters-in-law, .made me a

wadded gown. While I was in the

S5E.

P
T.

is

single efficient man to uphold us.

30 There is no lack of folks to sew in

m
*
* 1

is

29 There

-fHr

it

recklessly.

old father

A.

this mnsic.

a favorite expression of
will not do for you to use

Is it proper for you,

no matter whom you are addressing,
to be always styling j'ourself "your
"
?
it

51

make

if it is

yours,

fir

ft
IS

ft

26 The weather is unsettled

we are
going to have a high wind let us
go quickly before it begius to blow.
27 I presume it is that the people here
are pleased with our coming, and
therefore

B +

fife

ft

%*

JTsiu*

Ting

lapel of a garment.

1
.

The gusset under the arm.

The wristband; a cuff
h'ou*.

To sew on
patch

as a button or loop
mend shoes.

to

to

Notes.
1 Oi, Shall we

take,

rest I

AH

would depend on the

milliner of speaking.

2 This sentence might also be spoken so as to mean,

Gentlemen, let ns go.
6 Addressed by a host to his guests who had already
taken, or were about to take the lowest seats.
12 Tho Chinese seems to say that the wine is abundant
but the sei.ae is tht much wine has been drunk.

It would not be
13 The use of {& implies intimacy.
used by the speaker in the sixteenth sentence
14 '85 might also be rendered quite, or, altogether,
Have yon quite forgotten etc. Southern teachers object to If

and say /. The two words are here approximate equivalents.

is what has been practiced before and bo is not new ; ;g
Tjjjl

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

86.

225

Translation.

^ ^ n ^ #r
m $> ^ > m

$>

>m %>

10

&M&&

^.

ft

what has been practiced for a long time and so is not recent,
17
5l ft The 5ti stands for the correlative word,
shat is, Jfj. So also in the similar phrases J?p 5u fiS' father
and son, or daughter, and jfl 56 1f "mother and son, or
s ^ ne address of one of the same
daughter,
5lL
age
is

or station

ffj

'

5t

'

tne language of an elder or

a superior.

Its use probably

19 Ik is the classifier of business.
comes from the use of the j|l 3S, or abacus. Peking teachers
reject both the Central and Souther u forms.
They also

disallow the use of _ 2J5 with jgj' "fjj, whioh, however,

would be quite appropriate in most localities.
22 A Chinaman's untrustworthiness is nowhere more
conspicuous than in the liberty he takes with other people's
money entrusted to him to keep, or to carry.

ijESsoosr

^ As An
3*

is

applied
hoio

as

jectives,

interrogatively
iu English,

is

This

Even when

fchonsand

give you all these, you

yet find fault with them for being
too few ! How many do you propose
to

10

It.

He

ask
is

for ?

always getting into trouble.

m^

23
"? isaPekingexpressionandsomewhatslangy.
" Your
"
daddy would perhaps give about the flavor of it.
A large market village in Honan,
29 fH $j
mentioned in the History of Robbers, from whioh the sentence

taken.

30

6{j

Plenty

"
o/,

they

call their

lots

of,"

a very idiomatic

The daughter-in.law
and
-p
>]\ jffo -^p, and
#
elder sisters-in-law, J -y
The terms by

form of expressing this idea,

calls her husband's sisters
j$

jtjj

which each designates the other are joined together as the

common designation of all. j f$ is the middle room, which,
in the homes of the common people, lias a cooking range ou
:
either side, and is, in fact, the kitchen. f$ >$\, 2|5, etc.
The
seams are first sewed up, and the cotton wadding spread on,
and the garment is then turned right side out. jT jffi "v
is to measure and strike the chalk lines
by which the quilting
is

to be done.

lxxxv.

Interbogativb.

to many adas ^f
how
often inserted

is
great, ^f j| how long, etc.
jjgj
after the %, and joined with it

26 Vk
Properly, a little quicker, but used here
simply as an intensive implying no comparison.
* is
often so used in the South, rarely in the North.

is

18 ? ffii is properly a floating bridge of boats, but is

often applied to any temporary or moveable bridge.
Such
bridges are often made of rough planks laid endwise on
wooden benches, and are taken away during the prevalence
of high water.

to

over sixty feet deep.

old is yonr second daughter ?
high is the altar of heaven ?
far can a railway train travel
in a day ? Ans.
It can travel two

How
How
How

mmzm

have come this way !

far is it from your residence
this place ?
Ans. Thirty It.

& * *

How

4 See how obedient that child ot his is.

5 How
deep is this well ? Ans. It is

mm

to

sj

How heavy is this basket ol pomeloes ?

How much more convenient it was

- * ^ * js s
m%
h & % n -x * mm^$p$,M
m m m m $> m. o m.
o
m m %
it. *; o *** a
^\ r. ^c, o c jg # M gga
m

was

alone
probably the original form, the nse ol
being a contraction.
As in English so in Chinese, this interrogation
often passes into an exclamation. See Sup.

Vocabulary.
Lou*.

basket,

Fiu*
{[

Shun* pten*.
-

hamper, a market basket.

The pomelo or shaddock.

Convenient, direct
compliant.

smooth,

~\

Wl GkHen 1

chin 1

A thousand

taels of gold,

priceless, inestimable; a

complimentary term
2
JJj T'an

for

another man's daughter

An

altar , an arena.

S I R f

226

i ^
ft f^S W m ft
ft ft. fa t* &
m n
o ^ n
04 ft 4 m > $> m %
tt
ft 8# # T> & m
A

21

IE

i9

Hr

13
tfc.

-fit.

ft
12

He

hasn't the least common sense.

fast this horse of his can run.
12 Having come a long distance it will
not do to send him home empty-

ffi.

how

See

ii

handed.

a ^

18 If

14

How

15

How

10

i7

ft.

we had known that Lin Fang Ling

was goiug, how much it would have
saved to get him to take it !
high do you estimate this wu
t'ung tree to be ? and how many
lengths will

A^AP&
^'ft

& ft a. a* ft m a o u
# ^ & m & m --mm af w *
If it SriWi m M, M A

m % n ^ # ~ia .* i
it ft ^
it $ft o & Be
1. 1 i I t * &
ft ^ o
tt
SB 3 @> tt ft.
m fft*>^> ft HE 4- o * ft
o o 4* o i. $> m ft o
tffl>

15

%tft
jfi]

Tien1 Van*.

The altar of heaven

Peking : Note 7.

out, or in, or against

dash forward

at

To rnsh

('h'wang*.

|Hjf$

~o

to get into trouble.

Q. -^ K'ung 1

flp Ling

shou*.

Empty-handed,

Fragrant, excellent,

A person's age,

...

t|j IjJ S/ieng* ski*.

To

^
fp]

Tung

^flU
leaves
coffins

(w.)
economize labor, to save
years,

'*.

it is

dense and resonant.

to
Crooked, bent tortuous, false
wrong, to oppress. See ch'ti?.
;

lady-like his first wife was.

is vastly inferior.

This

18 Is your eyesight not good? See how

large this end is and how small that

one

is.

He

simply told me to make a bed, but

did not say how long or how wide.
20 You are just now enjoying the smiles
of fortune. How excellent are your
food and your clothing.
21 That wife of Han Ch'ing Shan's,
how she can talk Verily, she takes
the palm among women.
22 Are you not afraid you will be
drowned, goiug into the water in
this way when yon do not know how
9

A mound
A

of earth, abundant, (w.)

in southern

city

Shantnng noted as

the site of Confucius' grave.

(ft

IK

W /H

I2

ch$u

x
.

river in sonth-eastern

Shantung.

on the

pretectural city

fjf

river.

lady-lihe.

^C

Ch'wang*.

fffi

Han*

^3 A
^A

33

The national tree of China it has large

and a graceful top. The wood is valued for
because it resists decay, and for musical

j$] Ck'ii,

like

have f

it

one

(w.)

Stereulia Platanifolia.
Allied to the above.

instruments because

Jp

of a thing

ffi-Wf P'ai* ch'ang*. Neat, orderly; well-behaved.

trouble.

Wu\

How

destitute

unsupplied.

of,
1

Hfl

Fn P

what weight can

this,

17

make (saw)?
from Ch'&fu Hsien to

it

trifling little bit

Jf- Fou*

suddenly.

To bring on calamity,

Ch'wang* Awoa.*

^ Fang

far is it

Ichou

7, g.

Of. "fcfcFil ft> IE

fc.

I + A S

IS

The same

An

as

ancient state

ffc.
;

a surname.

Wife :Note

NePjtoi*

Wife, lady

Fu\jin*.

21.

: Note

21.

gf K'wei* shou*. A leader, a first-class man,

an honor man, facile princeps.

To
^ Fu^TjC
$ W> ^ Chwang
Fu* shwei*

swim.

See/oa*.

To swim.
chia* han*.

farmer,
rustic.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

85.

it

deep

is,

m ft
^ v
m &

227

**
1H

*,*b

em.

?e

*a

^ % $> mm w i. *
- * & a. ^w

3%*
^
^

* * &

gether to receive

m m

the

^ *. * tt
# in * #. T
^25^
3 *. ai a * o *,
m - ^ ^ijptfft *
9 n. w & * m
o "Fit

fft

24

Skwai*.

leader,

commander-in-chief;

the king in chess.

7t &P Yuen*

A general.

skwai*.

$6

To kneel,

Kwei*.

to

bow down

is

him, and when

given, all respond

How

imposing

is

the

25 This boil on my leg

under treatment.

is

not improving

It continues to
Tt is hard to
enlarge every day.
how
is
it
say
large
going to be. It
is

much

as

Kwei* chie1

$& $C
ijpt 5C
yfj

1
^Hf ffi Z ** shSng*. To get the victory, to conqner,
to triumph.
1
I
Al1 together: Les. 105.
***
3

command

together.
spectacle

23

Bill

fear.

he returns to his encampment after

a victory.
When he reaches the
gate, the whole army kneel to-

*.

Never

4rca.

hlow on yon, nor the rain wet yon,

How
nor the sun scorch yon.
much more comfortable yon are
than we farmers.
24 See the general in command when

'*&*&

w.

*,

is ?

know how to swim.

23 You literary men, the wind cannot

To

Wei?- wu*.

Kel

ft Ta

as I can stand.

receive on the knees.

Imposing, stately, majestic.

pimple, a boil.

sore,

boil.

raised sore or boil; a lump or swell<fa'j||

a
a knot on a string.
wheal;
ing;

I1

to.

To

cA'i*.

heal, to cure; to treat.

NOTBS.

1 JH ^J
How, how many, la used in the region of
No suoh
Hankow, and perhaps westward, for

combination is known in Central or Northern Mandarin

2 Or, How much more convenient it is to go this way.

joined to J|! as an expletive. In the North j&

The usage is similar to the
is often used in the same way.
" a distance
of thirty li."
phrase

3 ?

is

t(

is

persons referred

here used pronominally for the person or

to.

7
Jh > s a '*rge round stone altar, which stands
the grounds of the temple of heaven at Peking. It ia
directly south and in front of the round temple commonly
called the " Temple of Heaven."
It is about thirty feet high,
level and paved on the top, and has cut stone steps on each
of the four sides.
in

10^51!A3i!53ffl^'J?

Doe* not know hoiv high

nor how deep is the earth, that ia, he is utterly
lacking in judgment, has no sense of the fitness of things.
12 The interrogative is used for emphasis, and is best
rendered into English in the indicative.
13 The structure of this sentence is such as to imply
an if.
i

the heaven

14 A lif is understood to be the length for a coffin, that

being the purpoae for which logs are supposed to be primarily
intended.

16
fiF's here used as opposed to bulky or cumbersome.
It is so used in Central and Southern Mandarin but not in the
North. The sentence is the language of one who is skeptical
about the great weight of a small box or parcel.
21 .A 'Hi * s P re fi xc<l t tlI sentence for the purpose of
suggesting a contrast with the speaker's own wife or family
a shade of thought which no English translation will convey.

J\

preferred in this oonnection by Peking teachers.

it expresses nothing either of respect or of
disrespect, but its common use by the husband when speaking
of his wife, shows that it is depreciatory.
It is not used in
(*J

is

They aver that

Shantung, though
t'ung hting, but
others.
Its nae

known

as a book term.
|g is quite
freely used in some places than in
evinces want of respect, rather than

more

^A

is properly
expresses any special disrespect.
applied
only to the wife of a person of rank, but has come into use,
in some places, of any genteel woman.
It is rarely used in
Shantung.

23 In Nanking
IJU is hardly ever used,
almost always used instead.

"j^C

1^6

being

W W

228

m * + a *
j o m t
w m

+ A

1?

Translation.

ft*

have yon come to fill the whole

room with all this smoke
2 To bathe is to wash the whole body.
3 He is a tramp wandering from place
to place picking np a living.
'i

&% # & 8t tt ft .*. tt

* f?> R A & S 6 q m vH
^ I i I i ?c ^|$ l I
Hu T B
A. a
mi ft

4 Jesus is the Saviour of the whole world.

5 Seeing he has sold the trees in the
family temple, do you suppose the
clan will allow it to pass ?
6 The sky is already clouded all over,
it looks as if we were about to have
a general [heavy] rain.

5Fa

ffi

How

right on your side, yon can go

anywhere; without right, it is hard

With

to move an inch.
8 I wonder what malarial affection 1
have caught to-day; my whole body
is covered with wheals.
9 This boy is not at all prepossessing;
when he takes a fit of crying he just
lies down and rolls on the ground.
Yon have gotten your
}0 Just look!
whole face covered with dirt. You
look just like a little imp.
1 1 Only let a good parental magistrate
fall to your lot, and it is a boon to
the whole district.
12 On account of this murder case, the
whole village of Wangchia Ohwang
has been frightened into flight.

% & * ft T *r ^
t. w & m i # T,m m nm,
o
*o
f
ii #. - a ^g tf. s ft ne,^
ja p *. . *. o t & a g%
o o
ft 3Eo
A^# l* S
ttii k^^ m ^ ^ * . m
tt m> m # is # w w * -t
$

fi

3>

as*iiii

13

<-f

io

#*

**ti-*nIA.
9 * *

3-

*\

^ 1 %
.

*:

Totality
This lesson

distinguished from Les. 35, as the

distinguished from the word all.
The whole, complete, entire; when used

word whole

Vm

is

is

everywhere.

of place,

^ The

and

red,

pfi
ever,

whole, all of a

jig All, the whole.

In some connections one character

{$.

number of

persons,

The same practically as

in

The

some the

other.

is

prefer-

body or family, rarely,

used with any other words than 0j[ and

13

entire

Everywhere, universal,

) The

if

^g,

all.

whole, entire; everywhere.

Vocabulary
TCW

0.

Man*.
Hun*.

a P uz
l

^S)

Hi 2

Fall; stuffed; entire; complete;

cha : see Snb.

Man-

Turbid, polluted, dirty; the whole, the

entire mass :
see Sab. Also Aun*.

1
JUL P'iao

everywhere, universal.
A two-leaved door, a family; all, the
whole: see Sub.
all,

Family
pie:

"^

to

roam.

Note
Prey, picking:

Tie* sAl*.

1
4
fStjiii Chia miao

To bathe or wash the body.

To bathe the whole body.

or rocked by the wind; grace*

To wander,

1
Jwl rfc P'iao liu*

jjfe

$j| Tsao*.
9
#fe j$| Hat* tsoo

Swayed

ful, airy.

5-vf"

Great;

or

ancestral

Note 5.

tem-

A clan; a family; kindred; class

A step an iDch long, the
Ts'un* pu

Tsu*.

Jp>

3.

least distance,

an

tneh-

Lesson

MANDARIN

3<5.

*t

* *

the straw mat here ? I have

been hunting it everywhere.
14 A present made on the marriage of
a daughter is very different from
one made on the marriage of a son.

#, ((*!&#

229

Who hid

13

*Et
it

H &&r

Sf.

ffc

LESSONS.

ln^ M #,
5 ^ & &f m
* *. m '-*&&* a. m %
A o =
*
# o *#
- ra .
# - %,
^ ^
m m o it A. HE, IK w o

If

16

fift

18

fflf.

1*1

;u

***.*
H
tr.

Bty

-f-

$&

jit^

$J

ffi

To

Tsao* hwa*.

A.W
l

create, to

To

r%

Fou*

"^db

P<w*

When

Christian
bled all over.

% Vj

A beggar: Note

$ff Chao

2
,

cAt

t'u3

Dnst.

Read pu*

many

t*I

ffi

Esiung

JffejSk Tsu?

cAang

unlucky;
calamitous, malignant.

ytL ffsiung

P.
.

#$
i|

Lung*.

Famine, want.

hwangK

131

eldest man of a family

or clan, an elder.

The

silk

Ton?.

To shake;

to

shiver;

to

t^ Shang*
^j

V Kai*

ch'ao*.

To have an audience,

to

A
To miss

Tstng*.

go to meet the Emperor.

To

beg, to ask alms.

To ask alms; a mendicant.

A headlong

J$ ifff

^
g^

Tap

JR| P'a*.

slip,

ts'i

To

9
.

a pitch of the body.

one's footing, to stagger, to

Also

fall,

ts'eng.*

a somersault.

To

TsaV-}r

a cord, a line; wire.

floss;

heel, to follow at the heels.

tumble.
tremble; to

Heels over head.

Egypt.
arouse, to excite.

CkH*.*

$H

The

311 Ling*
ffff

fyHLnchi*

up;

To walk unsteadily.

{S Chung*.

Wtn-li third personal pronoun, but

used in the southern coast dialects.

stir

Land, area of land.

Raw

Si 1

adverse;

Unfortunate,

to

burn.

to alarm, to arouse.

places.
|^|

fire; to

To wake up,

tung*.

MfeflA Ti* mu*.

t'u* in

21.

To take

(s.)

Dust.

t'u*

saw them, he trem-

There was a beggar named Lazarus,

whose whole body was full of sores,

2\

Dust,

yon should

sent themselves.

m.

f f|lj CAing

to snap, to throw,
fillip, to thrum
to shoot; to press down. Also tan*.

$%$%. T'an* Atoei1

floor,

sprinkle some water on it, and

thus avoid filling the room with dust
16 At this time there was famine in the
whole land, and Joseph opened the
store houses and sold grain to the
people of Egypt.
17 It will not do to be misled by Li the
Eighth's guileless exterior; his heart
is brimful of duplicity.
18 Is it worth while for the whole of yon
to take offence on account of this

^f. fe

and death.

Pp T a?i*.

sweeping the

first

20 At every audience on the third, sixth

and ninth, the whole court, civil
and military, are required to pre-

make; a boon,
a blessing, lack.
human life, a case of life

J&n* ming*.

When

15

19

o
5

it

little affair ?

# Ml * S *
* ft
^ , I 1 I

yon give four hundred cash,

will be quite sufficient.

set out, to plant.

simpleton, a silly fool.

crawl, to creep, to climb, to scale;

to scrape, to scratch; an iron rake.

m m

230

is

* + A *

ff

who was

5$

&

JK.

Me

)S

*E

*.

*fe

H&

Mfe
85

g|> gj

**.

^ M x

1M

19

H$

ft

24

A,

^^Hf

ii

H
a ^

$i

*>

?I

^C

i.

# *

IS,

iSfjfeB6

ft

fBt

i.

ik,

Si

%*

15

&

it

fi

T.

^ m

4ft

?#

-ft*

^.

laid at the rich

fire,

gave him his full wages, and when

he was abont to go, I gave him a
present of two dollars. Is there anything dishonorable in that ? Ans.
That was treating him very honorably.
24 Let us consult the elders and have
the whole village contribute according to their land, a sum of twenty
thousand cash to bay a set of mu-

23

sical instruments.

25 The ground was covered with snares

so that with every step he stumbled
and fell. If he went to the left,
he fell flat ou his face; if to the right,

& ^&

*#-
-

man's gate.
before
last, burned
night
for over two hours, stirring up all
the people iu the city.t

22 That

he turned a somersault, until with

his tumbling, the simpleton's body
was numb and his feet weak, his
head dizzy and his eyes dim, insomuch that he was not able to
crawl to his feet again.

& %
Notes.

here used in the sense of hunger, which is

In the North -fT Pt Jit
the only sense it has in the South.
means "to raise the wind," iu order to meet some sudden

3 |$ 3

&

'8
usually spoken of beasts
money. -JT SF
and birds, but is here used facetiously of one who lives by
what he manages to get by hook or by crook from day to day.
Ts'i* fang* and f
6
Jlj, also called %%
Yingfang. It is common for large families to have a special
family temple in which the ancestral tablets are kept and
where the whole family or clan go to worship their ancestors.
There are no idols in auch temples.

demand

for

&

The average Chinaman

7
very common saying.
large professions of acting according to reason.

BffitiTSjSiilfy

makes

body has raised

JH 3pt, The Chinese do not understand modern
[in] wheals.
ideas of malaria, but they have a strong belief that certain
poisons are conveyed by the air.
whole-

9 { is much used, as here, to express the continuance

or incessant repetition of an action.
11 Magistrates are often called (and like to be called)
parental officers, implying that they have
towards the people the feelings of parents, and govern them
as parents do their children, which is
generally as far as
the fact.
possible trom
12 A large part of a village are often arrested on

3t tJ

gi

account of a murder, and few

without some loss

14 iB

Wfi

who

are

To make a present on W.e

marriage of a daughter.
of

16 Mandarin colloquial seems

"

is

money aooompanied by

arrested get otf

word for dust."

15 The belly, as well

to have no

really

fung

hsing

as the heart,

of as the seat of Intellectual

and moral

for craft and cunning.

way, but includes less of the idea
that of viciousness.

figuratively

21 2j
heard

for beggar,

in colloquial.

is

is

frequently spoken

qualities.

if is

used

used in the same

of cunning and more of
}fe

is

Wen-li, being rarely if ever

t'tmg hsing term is

The common and

22 ffl
#S >K That handful offire. The use of |
as a classifier, probably implies a reference to the start of
the

fire.

24 Such
compels

assessments are frequently made for the repair

etc., and public opinion

for theatrical plays,

everyone to pay.

of temples,

26 This sentence is from the j5 j$| pE- which records

the fabulous adventures of a Buddhist priest, called Hsiien
Chwang, but commonly known as Jj fff T'ang Sing, who
went to the West in the seventh century in search of sacred
The person referred to as a JJJH -y is J 7\ JjJJ
books.
OhH Pa x Chie* who was T'ang Sing's disciple or attendant.
He is here presented as in circumstances 3omewhat similar
to those of Christian when passing through the Valley of the
1

Shadow of Death.
written $$

jgf

ffi, in

SM

is

an obsolete form, which

conformity with

its

is

now

modern pronunciation.

Wt W> An

onion planted head down, that is, the heels in

In Chinese the root or bulb of an
a somersault.
onion is called its "head," and when set out it is of course
flS

the air,

occasion of the

It usually consists of money, or

some article of female adornment.

planted
is

"head" down.

equal to

Jj[)

f$

In the phrase 3fi f@

that or th*.

)K

the

f|

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 87.

231

Translation.

IB

fife

*
s. nt #
X *

w.
o

ifc

H
* i if
m
fr ^
& s # # HI #
$K n

11]

t. o

fit

can come whenever yon send for

me.
2 Kinsman, when do yon begin work
on your house ? Ans. The fifth day
of the third month has been selected.
3 You are making an entirely false

ffi

1ft

fft

demand. When did I promise you?

4 Whenever yon get an opportunity,
please exhort him.
5 Wasting time in this way, when will
you be able to finish ?
6 Liu J6n Hsin has already taken an
oath that he will never speak to me.

A. i& 4

*.

ft

1 ^ I ^ i

^i

* &

ft

j&

ffc.

flfc

>J

ra.

f,

an

*.

# $
#. ^

& a

*>

h#

ai

5B.

m n

&J

home

Separated from

when

shall

so far as this,
the family

enjoy

circle ?

= *

You

are going to the capital are yon ?

yon go, let me know that I
may give you a send-off.

When

J3&

When

^ 1

did this happen ? Ans.

I do
not remember distinctly when : I
only know it was in the sixth

10 If I ask him for it, I fear I may offend him; if I do not ask him for it,
he will never try to pay me.

ft

month.

k*

tt i

LBSSOU LXXXYII.
When.
jJfRt^F

How mnch

when, whenever.
Northern, and strongly col-

3Hjnl Same.
loquial.

^, B|J When,

time

it.,

widely used term, but not

tung hsing. It is never heard in Eastern

Shantung. Along the Yangtze it takes a^p after it.
entirely

^H "5 A Southern form of ^J Pg, which

some places quite supersedes it.
Another Southern form of
t.

in

^ f?

When, whenever.

In the North it
nearly always takes after it an enclitic j, which
in the South is
It is quite tung
replaced by ^p.
hsing, but more used in some places than in others.
f>
i.e.,

How mnch sooner

a Peking
expression.

W" *$L 7Zj

when,

^Jp- A contracted
m the South.

form of

or

later

$.

|jjj,

J,

used

%& ^- Same

as

.L

Vocabulary.
B|f

IpJ

Tsan*

IH Tung* kung

1
.

To

time, a period of time.

To begin work,

to
.

ground.

Bg ft Tu chwA

(.pick ont.

ifl

$S

Chai-, ise\

To

select,

to

choose; to

Chi hweiK Opportunity, occasion, opeoing; nick of time.

$t H*in l

Delight; merry, elated.

loiter, to waste
time, to
miss an opportunity.
To bet or promise with an
... oath, to take an oath.
.

break

Si Wi

T-ioan* yiien*.

complete
nionsly

circle

harmo-

united

the

whole family, altogether.

A present of food on parting.
fgjj Ckien*

232

M.

to

present tonr ? ^4w. It is uncertain

when at the most, in three months ;
at the least, in two months and a
:

4*

xe.

half.

>H1

7.

to.

833

MANDARIN LBS80NS.

Lisbon 87.

tti

T>

m m m
o

an

T ^v

Hff

J3

mm%t

#:BfrB

ft

%>

lB

<

18

19 Chia Hsu,
crackers

t &

^sl

The

J
f^t

Hsu 1

Chang

Literary
Note

The eleventh honr,

am

to be

when
all

will

your

be fired

fire-

You
off?
ears thsse

to sputter.

18.

An

$|

Satisfied, content.

i*

want

Pao*, p'ao*. To snap, to pop, to burst; to crackle,

of

office

Chancellor
<B> Tsu*

still

have been stunning my

few days beyond endurance.

jin.

Hsiu? ch'ai1

thought

appointed literary chancellor. In

case I should hereafter be appointed literary chancellor, I d not
know whether I should be satisfied.

t>

To attain the degree of chu-

chip.

after-

be satisfied; and now that I

elected a hanlin, I

% m^mm

it,

I should reach the degree of

chijin I should be satisfied, but
afterwards when I became a ch&
I
jtn, I then thought that when
should be elected a hanlin I should

1*

I obtained

when

* T

7. Ml

was in school

degree, I should be satisfied

ward when

Ti

Pp its Chung*

studying, I was always thinking

that when I should get my first

H>

m m

J3.

7.

it

to

18 I recollect that when

explosion of flame, a flash.

Also read p'ao4 chang 1

fire-cracker.

To shake,

to quiver, to tremble; to
shock, to stun, to star tie; to threaten.

Chin*.

7 to 9 p.m.

Notjis
^e

technical term for selecting a

"X
jfi
Such a selection is made for almost every
lucky day.
important undertaking, such as commencing work on a
new building, opening a new business, getting married,

is

The

etc.

selection

ffc ffi

Hi

is

made by a

13

professional prognostioator.

Peking teachers

Officials

out of

office,

and

literary graduates

who

are

approved as suitable for appointment, are called $ ^jjj,

vacancy waiters. They all reside in the provincial capital,
each striving by the use of money and wire-pulling to advance
his own interests.
Without the liberal use of money no
appointment can be secured. Money spent in bribing is

would write jl

however, ol purely, simply, entirely,

the idea intended, is more naturally derived from

facetiously said to be "contributed" (fl|), the theory being

that it is contributed to the necessities of the government,

the primary meaning of Jp

than from that of Jf ;
moreover, it should be noted that the word is t'ung hsing,
and the sound of fp is everywhere correct, while the

14 "fif #P vL
Lit., to offend an enemy ; i.e., to
offend auyone so as to make an enemy of him,
>JJ Cold
hearted, but means much more than to feel cool towards the
person offending. It expresses that peculiar feeling of pain or
depression experienced when a friend proves false or faithless.
15 Elder and younger here refer not to actual age, but
to the wives of older and younger sous.

Instead of

which

is

The

fff.

idea,

sound

only correct where soft sounds prevail.

Where hard sounds prevail, J( ' a0 ^ recognized as having
the meaning in question, and if so used will be misunderstood
of

jK

is

A,

would be taken to mean, You are after

all making a false demand.
6 T|f joined with any of the time particles in the lesson,
and followed by a negative, means, no matter when; i. c. never.
thus

fijt

jH

$jj

%T

ft #t Wound

&

10
Make
"J* fc
thni the goodwill or friendship, that is, to give
offence. "J*
is used as an
auxiliary ; see next lesson.
11

ftS

the peace,

serves to combine the three or five dayu into one

The two ftfj in this sentence, and the four

space or period.
iu the next, have practically the force of so
many "J".

to

16 iPJ
ft Reached his duty, that
which he was appointed.
At most
17
S]

^%

is,

tht post of duty

aco,abook
form often used colloquially. See Les. 170.
18 The sole ambition before a student in China is to
get a degree, and then get an office, and so get money
and power. Every school-boy has this tot before him as the
The proper term for literary
pinnacle of his ambition.
The term !j^ H[ refers to the offict
chancellor is sjjl q
rather than to the person.
It is the most lucrative office in

a province.

234

8*

IB

aS

$ A + A &

"&

m a + a #
. fi T. ft. c & * it & w
o # o ft ^ ft k * # a
ir$$A# # * :* * T * H

1
This charcoal is already used np.
2 I guarantee there will be no mistake.
3 You canuot get the better of me.
4 This affair cannot be settled.
5 This canuot be considered any great

l2

13

ift*A # # T. i W T 7

* & a * f: $ r,o
m> t * A o ^ o ^$
t
& n & ft. it . m s m ^^

affair.

6 I judge there will not be very

7 Eating- is an every-day necessity.

8 Whether an affair be great or small,
meet face to face and it is soon settled.
9 He cannot retract it if he would.
10 It is of no consequence even if you

>i>

cannot finish

#****#"# ^
1^7 ^

#* 7

&

^.
o

IB 'to.H7>

&.

^7

7 ft"*ft

3R

18

m W.

gg

$ Ji
ft
H * #

13

nK

to

'IH.

fc

R
&

*f#

ft

7o

fe.

ft

ft
T>

too

* ft
* *

7.

o.

#8

4 *
10

ft

ft

Your

11

it

bountiful

to-day.
kindness,

elder

beyond expression.
12 I'll never give it up until I learn it.
13 Everybody says he is wronged but
as I see it, he suffered no wrong.
brother,

o
?

m r * n
II
tt
:*

ft

^ # #
* * 7.

much

left.

jr.

Translation.

is

14 It

is sufficient if it

with

my

using

does not interfere

it.

good men should suffer abuse

unavoidable.
16 It is not that I am not an interested
hearer, but my mind is too dull, I

ft.

17

15 That
is

cannot remember so mauy thiugs.

do not need you may
bring to me.

What you

As an Auxiliary Verb.

its use as a tense ending (Les. 7), ~f

also used as a regular auxiliary verb, being
joined to such verbs as will take the qualifying
Its force
idea of completion or of possibility.

Besides

is

comes out most clearly when joined with a negaThese two uses, though different, pass into
each other, and are oftentimes not easily dis-

tive.

When

tinguished.
be read or

"J*

spoken

when

an auxiliary it cannot
it always can
(and

is

as

la

In
ending.
used as an
Some of the uses of ~f
auxiliary instead of ~f.
as a principal verb are also introduced into the
is)

generally

it

Mandarin

Southern

is

ffi

is

tense

often

lesson.

Vocabulary.

^7
^
u

w*.

f^f

-^

Ilsu

Charcoal; embers bituminous coal.

tod

1
.

Liao 3 shou3.

great many, a large number,

a great deal, very much.

To

quit, to give up, to leave

off,

-^

Tiu1 shou*

?\Vjfc Jut wei*.

to abandon.

To

Lu
# $$ Lu

Interested, attentive; enthusiastic, ardent, earnest.

$j Chie

2
.

Stnpid, dull.
3

Stnpid, dull.

pen*.

To conclude,
the end.

quit, to give up.

Interested, attentive, enlisted,

appreciative.

$!kli$L Je* p-tn*.

3
~f $; Liao

chie*.

To

to finish, to

See chie 1

settle

up,

finish, to

put an end

to settle, to close uu.

to,

MANDAUtN LRBSON8.

Lessor 88.

18 Thirty taete of silver will not bay

that piece of ground.
19 He says he is going to break off
opirim, but he cannot break it off.
20 Why call up agaiu business which is

m m a ^
*f t- m m
m$k m
mm n n*i*m m a n, i ^
WW
m X ft ** t #. w #
- *> T
i * W To 1 f**.
T T o 55#7.W * A o
T m& : ft o
m
ft W*7 ft X W
4*^*^
*.# & t* T # * A A
i^ii fF o t n m & m>
& m. m *. M ia i. ^ ^ m
m o m m m fa o #!.*. Br
a
J r.29^; 7 if br t o o
f# a * t a * * m mm
7 7r^#* M # #
o * &. * w m * f. H#7
*

m.

?. m m *
g m m a, #.

2S

20

21

jft

-f-

19

Jfi

24 It

HH
J

To advance,

ZfetenWal

Liao3

^ffr

(w.)

ijfSt

26

Irreparable, no help for

it; a bad business; an

exclamation of apprehension or sorrow, my stars

alas
what shall I dol Les. 43, Note 13.

ijfff

Hsiao 1

^^SrJC

27

day, and yet

aqua
3J

Chwang

ff

rjl

To

1
.

Han*

dress; to put into; to pack, to

load; to hold; to pretend.

An

chin*.

ornamental

chief,
K5|f

Liao*.

^ Liao

"J"

and blowing for half a day,

but were unable to reach the place.

note or sound of wailing or distress;

a responsive call.

Hang*.

a scarf

Yiie

jfj

Ai*.

fff

Lan3

An

...

exclamation of surprise or pain.

An

exclamation of surprise, or distress,

or regret

To

...

Pa

grasp, to monopolize; to secure.

To take upon oneself, to assume, to take the responsibility.

an*-

acid,
fortis.

^ Ckien

3.

To condense,

flrf

3
la Ckien

]S[

$&

chi*.

Direct, straightforward, in
short, point-blank.

haMket-

Note 26.

plain,

clear,

CW

ckiie*.

Direct,
.;.

1
|$:| T'wei

ts'i

3
-^j Liao Hang*.

^T jf
3
3yC -lo

Hsing*
-

The

call

Note

working

roll,

book:
J_ Hsia*.

29.

The same.

Ckiien*.

second-rate

Inferior
goods.
used by workmen

together

Vj At 3

or

point-blank,

just;

entirely.

oneself; to refuse,

to evade.

The same.

kwoa*.

To excuse

perspicuous.
fljij?

to abridge; brief, terse;

to treat rudely; to choose.

clear eye, far-sighted.

Intelligible,

was not very

puffing

Aol

'fjltft

my mind

28 This style of inferior goods is not

worth that much money.
29 The two men rowed their sampan

Nitric

will not hold this

clear.

Saltpetre, nitre.

Hsiao 1 chHang* swan 1

ffirSy

get away.
is a thousand pities that this man
is on the
verge of becoming a

It will not require all of this piece of

silk to make a scarf.
I heard him explaining for half a

Siam.

2
pit* tt .

the

forget

nitric acid.

22

life

beggar.

pT

I [si en 1

my

25 I fear one bottle

25

$1

things I saw in Siam.

22 It will be a sorry business if outsiders
get to hear these things.
23 I have long been wanting to come to
see you, but somehow I could not

fit

26

already settled
cannot in all

|j=L

I?

~f

Les. 147.bookAlsosection
chiim
scroll,

ot a
3
.

Summer; a surname.
Ts'ao3 ts'ao3 liao3 sh*.
-

To do
heed-

Also nai 3

lessly, careless, makeshift, slovenly

236

m ft mM
& & m

h
%:

ifc

*>

ft

#B

30

A M*
& % h

*
*n

T.

^
^

*n

T.

^ *

7.

a,S

Do

33 I don't believe his essay will get him

a degree; it was nothing more than
a makeshift, gotten up to avoid
handing in a blank.
34 I hear that Hsia W6n Te"s lawsuit
is

I
* i
41. m, m m %t
m > &
* nz m n *
ill a s *

7 7-*i7
7. SI

he sees any one in a difficulty,

he takes the responsibility of managing the business for him.

not try to evade it at all, for you

cannot evade it if yon would
32 I'll warrant that rice that was left
over is spoiled.
Ans. The weather
is not yet very warm, it can hardly
be spoiled.
31

7>*7 T

mm* J

A.

When

fltt.

^
i W & W * * IT 7*

m $ m m
5U

TO

9 A +

%%

concluded.

wonder

if it is

true?

Ans. How could it be concluded ?

Unless some one is found on whom
to fix the charge, it can never be

ffl

concluded.

35 The

my

is spoiled,
good
his worship has come home.
are in for it, sure enough.

vinegar

fellow

We

Notes.

here both principal verb and auxiliary.

saying, the meaning of which is, that for
the settlement of a difficulty there is nothing like meeting

The dictionary gives at as the correct reading of

but says that in this particular phrase it is to be read ao*.
In common use it is constantly confounded with ^K or

The
face to face.
principal verb.

more correctly written,

4
8

is

common

9 The use of

at the end

is

not an auxiliary but a

requires the first clause to be taken

If fa were changed to 350 the sentence
subjunctively.
would mean, he wants to retract but cannot.

14 {*

Isl is

<t|J

much used

in

in Peking, but less frequently,

restricted sense.

Shantung. It is also used

and in a somewhat more

21 In Southern Mandarin f$ sometimes takes the place

of

~f.

See Les 92
-

>

write 1% B|j
South.

33

theme.

It serves as a sort of superlative.

wea napkin, not however practically used

for this purpose, but carried by women purely as an ornament.
a
sash, made of silk, and often elegantly
It is long like
embroidered. It is either carried in the hand, or across
the arm.

36 rf lO

27 For ~T

-^

3?:

some would write

j$?

JffjJ

or |J{ J|.

an approximate writing of the

29 U& tffy J$t ^3"
the Chinese when rowiug or
ho
made
heigh
by
responsive
is book form for the same
$ft
IJfr
$fc
Tl
thing.
carrying.
is

the

thing,

to

the

dash

A book

24 PJ TH J 51 "5 's a common colloquial phrase, in

which the addition of J 51 Jul adds greatly to the expresyg

J$L J$L J 3* Coarsely finish

careless or indifferent manner.

to finish, as

expression in
common use. The $L Jpt is used perhaps with a reference to
or grass character. g$ [g
the hasty writing of the 3$.
To hand in a blank paper, instead of an essay.
IJJI ; -p
off in

This

lij

P, as best representing the sounds in th

30 pfr A* I Unable to do, not, unable

phrase might mean in a different connection.

22 The 2j after |j J seems like an encumbrance.

It is used to suggest the idea of the secret getting "out."

siveness of

|jp

The Nanking teacher would

j|)C-

is

sometimes done by careless and indifferent scholars,

get no clue at all to the treatment of the

when they can

omitted in the South.

is charged "with a crime and the proof
of his guilt is insufficient, he is very likely to lie in prison
until some one else is found, upon whom the crime can be
Bjt is

34 When any one

fixed.

86

S TKT

is

the

Spoiled

borrowed from the process

of

vinegar.

making vinegar,

in

phrase

whieh care

required that the process of fermentation does not go too

far,

and

so destroy the vinegar.

highly idiomatic form.

The

first

J'H&J'VfjJiaa
J

is

reduplicated in order

^,

thus
to strengthen the force of the expression
J
/f>
to
the
J /j ftf, ~f /f
expression equivalent
making

^.

attci

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 89.

* A + A
*.

*s
-&

&

1B

237

238

19

ffc

m m mwi>m
ir * #. W IP
IB 9 IS
S.
* 7. & s *l
^. & o n & m
& m. wm m m

ft

*
*&

12 If there

1%

IL

it

ft

a wedding,

is

all

SB

should
is a

If there

offer congratulations.

ffl

it

+ A

il

funeral, all should come to help.

3 Sure enough !
After all, I was

mistaken.

You have not

14

yet paid for the

two

you ate yesterday. Ans. That's

If you had not mentioned it, I
so.
should have quite forgotten it.
15 Sure enough
I quite forgot to ask.
Are your wife and children all well?
16 After all, it will be more convenient
if I go and take my niece.
Ans.
rolls

ft

!*.

j*

ft

&

& W

$c

7
M.

it

* *
ft
ft

&

;*

(& B

4lU>

It.

That's so.

It

will

be better for

you
go than for any one else.
IT During the dog-days it will be much
cooler to rest here on the hill than
in the city, but it will be very
to

% %
* W.

R o
m t
$ m #
% 1H *

% *
o *, m
^ ^ ?
T m / m

y.

wu m

m m

m *y
% %

IN,

down every day

That's a fact.
Ans.
buy supplies.
18 Why make ye this ado and weep?
The damsel is not dead, but sleepeth.
19 You having been there these two
inconvenient going

to

13

*r

years at school, your family must

have saved considerable expendi-

ture.

VOCABULAKY
Hsi1 kwoa*.
1
|^ fl& K'ai

Western nations, a general

term for foreign countries.

To

see the world, to see the

sights; to learn by experience.

yien*.

^ T$
Wkffi.

Ch? p'a*.

Mu*

be feared,
perad venture

It's to

Form,

yang*.

I suspect;
:

Les.

fashion,

Hh?

lf

|g

Ck'ing*.

j=l

M*

An

aA't*.

appearance,

v^casion of rejoicing,

joy,

Jfg

To

j^

to

f^:

offer congratulations, to felicitate.

K'e*

shi*.

Sure

enough,

really,

to

be

sure.

>p^ K t* pu*
l

pj*

K'an*

ts'oi*.

shi*.

That's

sure enough,
Les. 173.
you're right:
so,

be mistaken,
To mistake,
to be deceived.
to

To take a summer vacation.

Hsie^fu*. ...
|15

Pien* tang*

ju

jl

Mang

Convenient, opportune.

Iwan*.

Hurry, confusion,

bustle,

ado.

To

T-ung* k'u\
%
Pf| Chile*, chiao *.

to bite; to eat; to
ruminate; food; bitof a bridle.

Ckiao 2 yung*.
$j$ Lod*
|&

Hgffc

La*

I^fe Pi*.

Living; expenditure.

camel.

A camel, a dromedary.
A partition wall; a screen; a division.

t'oa*

ffcfst KG* pi*-

Next door neighbor; adjoining;

in the next

^
Jfjj

$|f Chiu

Chie

wail, to weep.

To chew,

f^ FB

pf

present.

A funeral, a burial.
Sang ski*
1
A steamed cake or roll; a baked sweet
Pod
cake
Note 14

tS| Mfr

wife,

^\%~k

bless; happy, lucky.

To congratulate with a

brother's

eldest

largely used as a term of

respect by friends and acquaintances, Mrs.
1
WaPshing nu" A niece of a different surname.

flU

to congratulate,

The

wedding.

To wish

Ta* saos

but,
131.

style, pattern.
.|jL

3^ 3c!

A wine shop, a

kwan*

1
^frJVi Esiang chi

room.

An

pimple, a

saloon,

boil.

iucense stand or table,

a long narrow tabl*

LJfBfltoN

m m *

fi

*.

T, O

to

flUSft

27

ft

II

a t * ij n ft
n> ma. s m $>
a o t * . it

* fi
,i S 41
* * ft # m %
w #,^ *, t a a

* ^5^4^ ^ m m
* m m * - i*

c
fa

MANDARIN LES80N8.

89.

itt

(ft

say

camel

to

But

conduct.

I tell yon if

you try

to find another place like this, it

will be harder than ascending to

heaven.

&
# m &

22 There is a wine-shop adjoining. Ans

That suits me exactly [do you
know].
23 Did yon not ask him to come and
I invited
take some wine? Ans.
him, but he would not come.
Ans.
24 Tell them all to come here.
But they have not yet finished

J*

g
*

eating.

f&

*&

20

. n.

#
-

*6.

unto yon, it is easier

go through the eye
of a needle than for a rich man to
enter into the kingdom of God.
21 Yon are on the point of losing your
place in the school by your misI

for a

&

to

25

I if 1 i i ^
* km & & m a
t. $ I P^ I

20 Again

21

Why do you not sit down ? Ans.

How can I when I have a boil on
my

il

thigh

26 The matches ? Ans. The matches

are on the incense stand.
27 His maternal uncle has already promised to find his clothes, his pens,
ink, paper and books, and his two

fli

younger paternal uncles have prom-

iX.

Jf

'/'a

Tsi

eldest maternal uncle.

Property, goods; necessaries,

quota; to avail of.

^^
H Kwan>
Hsue*

tsi\

Hr*

CkW

-^

g| /

The

chiu*.

Teachers'

Government

yien*.

:Note

2a

nien*

Constables,

j*.

Tsang

jlfc

K'lng

Stolen or
1

To

hat*.

revenue

police,

illicit

goods, plunder.

entrap, to ill-use,
harass, to wrong.

to

To bring to pass, to incur; a workSee tsod*, and tsu*.

man; workmanship
To
to bring on
&*.
Tsod}
oneself,
destroy
4fe 5B
Tsod 1

....

Yien* tien*.

Hsun*

officers.

ftp

Last year.

.-

^9:

|j

fees, tuition.

salt

a fee; a

death.

salt dp6t.

NOTBS.
1 The underlying query
gone over ?

2 JS

is,

why have you

not already

implies tht the party addressed

98

is

badly

mistaken.

is

query

suggested in the first clause,

In the reply

given in speaking.
places be omitted.

tion

jjfr

by the inflec-

would

in

many

4 The two jf? seem repetitions as writteu, but would be

no objection to the sentence as
spoken.
6 The question is understood to be put in a tone of

|pj

Wk'

5p

n0

it there

(;

useij

means

the

the

the

book

age.

is

the

common term

for the

an affectation

11 XT 3^

>

not

of

unfrequently used to express the

uncertain event. In case of

disastrous termination of an
sickness, as here, it

ffi

same

-Sq

JJ, as here used is

style.

iB J

jforth of persons' ages, but

same year, but not

introduced above.

sickness of pregnancy.

ft

if,

to the speaker.

H &9

doubtful anxiety.
is a contraction for
gJJ
jfr
The use of 1% at the close gives to the
reply the force of a
surprised query as to why the question should have been asked.

i 'ho title
which the lady in question
by
family, not that she bore this relationship
^f is put for -gf $%, the -/j5j having been

10 'fc 95 $)
was known in the

is

a euphemism for death.

- m & *f

put for Jg
fti which latter form

fa

is

Jg,

ft, or

that in which

it

]@

jg j
would

almost certainly be spoken, save that in some places ft

would be omitted, or replaced with ~Y)(A ^f IjJ is in
some places applied specifically to women of ill fame.

& M

210

m * w ^

IS

36

*
t h t

# #

*.

ised to board the teacher

now
just deoide to send him to school
awhile.
But how abont
Ques.
tuition? Ana. I will be responsible
:

m *.-!* i
a & %m%,#} js 1* & $ r.
ft &
* g. 41 - 9 *
H * Bi
JB 1* # .
*T.
a . w. &
*. m % n w
fc
^c A ^ ^ H H o
?c ft.
A ft A * 7 ft
ft IK. $ *- tt ft B. Ji
" &
n
& ft
1*. &
$> ft w * *
*s
* B Ift
$> s * ft
@

ffl

3fe

for that
28 Speaking of using government salt,
I want to ask yon a certain thing.
I hear that last year at your place
yon burned the salt depdt and
killed over twenty revenue officers.
Is this true ?
Ans. Of course it
is.
Just consider that for the
least thiug they would fabricate a

ftL

-ft

ffi

28

ift

-t-

false

fc

SI

B.

*&

15 Whether IH| or 1^ be used, the meaning is not

parceptibly different, and both forme are practically t'ung
hsing.
Peking teachers prefer PJ, bnt do not exclude 6
in Shantung and the South the reverse is
generally true.

making such false charges

women. They brought
about their own destruction.

the

is

very

little difference

of

meaning between

flj"

14

is

fff

meanings

always douoled in

in different localities.

nse,

and

has

different

The query suggested by 06

serves to soften the abruptness of the affirmation.

16 Properly,
practice

is

often

jff

made

jjj applies only to males, but in

to include females as well.
In other

21 Wi lR is thrown in for emphasis. In

ny is superfluous and would better be omitted.

fi

5C Bi

or fig

7^

is

added by way

of distinction.

-.

native place

/f yC

In the 1st tone it means

has two tones
in the 4th tone it means to paten.
In
addition to these senses, which we have had in
previous lessons, it has a variety of uses not
readily apprehended and classified by the learner,
lit

time

it

seems to change

its face

nearly every

turns np.

In the 1st tone

it

means, to serve

in

is

Les.

~ 55

polite
171.

i' which

form of referring to any one's

j&j 5 is a contraction for

/J<

full

form

is

also often used.

fp JE, To bring about one's own death,

conduot which can have uo other result.

Usk

ought,

it

5^

by

^&*imeB*~B^o~*~j

Various

whom

ij$ Plant salt plundur, to hide or scatter salt on the

premises of another person, and then accuse him of surrrepSalt is a government monopoly
titiously dealing in salt.
in China and the oceasiou of enormous oppression and

liEssoisr

to

often used for a short but indefinite time.

is

28 Ji US

abuse.
cases 3BT or

^C

26
JS 06 U equivalent to
jfi
$5 M. BB;
27 Teachers in country villages usually "board round.''

and

is the direct affirmative, the

Pj 7y ;j > the former
latter the interrogative affirmative.

and

smuggling,

against

There

of

tinually

7. #L

charge

harass people.
If they only made
such false charges against men, it
might be borne; but the outrageous
part of it is that they were con-

+ & 1

any

capacity (1), (5), (25), (34); in the presence of,

at (6), (7), (9), (10), (20). (27) ; at the time of,

zo.
of

or at that time (11), (13), (14), (15), (19), (23),

(28); to bear (12), (16), (17), (18), (21).
In the 4th tone it means, to pawn, (35); to
suppose or consider, (2); to regard as (3), (30),
(31), (32); the

same, native

(4), (22), (24), (26),

(29); to hinder (8), (33).

This distribution of meanings between the two

is only
approximate, as the asage differs

tones

somewhat

in different places.

Lesson 90.

MANDARIN LKSRONH.

m + a $
& 1*1 ^ m n

m.

J
ia

IS

S T

ftl

^1

98

3$

B#

ft

*
O 3c.
o
* m*& *
# A # 1 ^ W.
* * . tt o
H B# f
^ # ^ # a 8
# * d # o A

frcffo

16

ft

2 He supposed yon were not going.

3 Are yon going to treat ns as
guests ?
4 We cannot go and return the same
day.
5 The present emperor is
Kwang Hsu.
6 He sold his wife by permission of the
magistrate.

7 If

*.
c

^ Aft*

IE 13

m 3

su

sft

is

we should

Young people will have their fnn.

9 In open competition a man does not
give place even to his father. When
a man raises his hand to strike, he
discards sentiment.
10 How is it that you are
working on the

Sabbath day

m &

Even

11

12 I

tr

[illness.

at that time I

was suffering from

really am Dot worthy that yon gentlemen should have taken the trouble
to come to see me.

It
13 It

& *
* T

to say,

face to face.

it

A.

ft" ft

S.
o

we have anything
say

ic

two capaci-

in

ties.

15

'14

One p erson cannot serve

#3fc1T

Jl

Bfc.

3fe

.
9

^ " # %

Translation.

flAI

#U B

241

7.

If

"&"

ft

#g.
5

is not a
proper thing to go into any
one's house just at meal-time.
14 On that day the snow fell
continuously
until the first watch.
15 If at the time we had not been so

anxious to save labor, we should not

have had all this inconvenience.

Vocabulary.

Ch'ung

To

S P

full, to satiate: to act in the

fill

capacity of; extreme.

JZ Tang*
*

IS ^y-

Tang

? W) &ao

The same day [of which

something else is predicated].
chin'-.
The reigning [emperor]
t'ien\

|#

to trouble, to inconveuience, to disturb.

tang

...

Pu* kan3 tang 1

vk

To dare,

Hs&*.

Sk

The reigning Emperor

Kwang
1
Tang kwan

Hsu.

To ramble;
To laugh,

Hsi

ll*i l hai*.

fun,
1

ir 2

to play,

of.

to laugh.

to giggle;

to

space or point of

to

bear

On

that day, the said day or

time; once upon a time.

Tang ]?.

The same day.

Tang*ji*

Chiug

g|

Brf Tang*

watch of the night.

and king*.

ski*.
sh'i

2
.

See king 1

that time, the said time.

the time, at the

same

time,

immediately.

jS

have

At

At

to play.

an opening, a gap.

^9
M
^ Tang

face, in the presence

Tang

to assume.

Unwilling

[responsibility];

JnJ,

To put

tung*.

unworthy of [a compliment].

In the presence of the

magistrate, by official
authorization or permission.
1
Before the face, face to
S* Hf Tang mien*.
\

t Kan

>T IDC

thread, a clue, a beginning; a rule,

a guide; to succeed to.

jtw& Kwang
*p?

The same.

fcou*.

....

the present, existing.

$fi Hsu*.

Tang

Fing

1
.

Abundant; copious}

fertile;

prolific:

bountiful.

time

2
Pr^'S Tswei* ming

Reputed

guilt,

misbehavior.

misdeeds,

242

ffi

7C

m
m

WR

#1

25

SR
1

w
ffc

&

As

the head of the house yon should

be economical, but as a host you

must be

>r

17

tf.-r

is

&
5

tn n>

21

O
"19

ft

"Mfc

*fc

AT

hI

W HI
?S JfPJ

-W

fll

ft.

ft

% mm

1fo

oil

ft
Tan 1 tang 1

To

Pao* ying*
TJen* chao 1 ..
1

Tofijf

cAu

5E
'

22

ft,

On

At

Fragments

m.

?($

Ma* fan*.

tfjlj

$jj

tT

Ti1

to
-ffif

| Ck$

s/n*.

H?

trouble-

Jjl

Tung*

This year.

nien*.
ta*.

To begin

to strike or beat, to
to blows.

Tang

In the middle.

The beginning, the

^ YUen*
;a
SE

chung

first,

the start,

then, before.

First year [of a reign].

nien*

Yiu* PaiK

Judea, Jewish.

Chiang* siting

1
.

To descend and be born.

to be born into the

world from a previous state of existence.

'^

to dribble; to
prolong,
string out, after-clap.

To point out, to direct, to order

to manage, to make use of

7t
f*P

Entangled, complicated, embarrassed tronblesome.

To drop,

is that middle likeness on the

north wall ? Ans. Thatis my father's.

Tang 1

3
jfg Shi
;

of this year's debt, and not

yet having come to the last mouth, is
it worth while to come to blows f

come

drop; to drop, to dribble; to ooze.

to?.

^fi

fjjjJ^T

Til

Elder.

(s.)

barraBsing, entangling.
Numerous; troublesome.

Fan 2

Whose

some, annoying.
Jj^-f*^ So'X'swei*. In fragments; troublesome, emf^l

27

ft

bear, to endure.

petty

On account

in the first place,

minute

26

13

t&mt, annoying.
3
Jjl Sod

ft

IE

successive days,

first,

glement (after-clap.)
25 That numskull of a Wang the Less
was used as a cat's paw bv Li the

>

Recompense, retribution.
.

24 Arrange it with him distinctly at the

time and avoid subsequent entan-

ft

have to bear his own

one can take the

22 At your wedding do you propose to

have the feast on the same day or the
next day ?
23 If it had been known before that he
would steal, who would have recommended him in the first place ?

ft

ii

ill

will

No

Sf

3fn

1"

can stand.

recompense.
place of another.

M A A

VU

Every man

m ^
##

of all ?

Rfc

(.j

Hi

just all

20 Have you forgotten to-day the oath

you took yesterday in the presence

#. n. n> #.
w&

in other people's af-

18 Bear ye one another's burdens.

19 To travel so far as this in midsummer,

ft

to

meddle

to

fairs ?

lit

m a m

bountiful.

You cannot bear the burden of even

your own misdeeds: why then do you
want

+ %

... Half-witted, lackbrained,

Ska*.

flan

fllSt Sha*

^S H

anl

tan*.

tan *-

doltish.

Obtuse, dull-ioitted, soft.

A fool, an idiot, a mooncalf.
a simpleton.

A blockhead, a ninny,
numskull, a simpleton.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 90.

m m tr
& H>
* # * 1
*. *\
*& *
T> * *.
g & E
t& ^ If
ft x n
^

-fc-

81

fli.

5ft

in Jndea,
the first
year of Ytteu Shi, of Han P'ing Ti.
29 Two years ago I fell off a donkey and
sprained my arm. At the time I
did not feel much pain, but after-

wards I suffered a great deal.

30 Tf he is afraid of making enemies,
are not we also afraid of making
enemies ? He thinks we are a set of
simpletons.
31 I don't believe that

man Wang Lien

K'6 will ever reform. No matter
how you exhort him, he pays no

33

Jft.

151

attention at

32

ft,

anyone is very sick his mind is

always irritable. If, therefore, he
says anything unbecoming, you
must not get angry at him, but pass
it
by as if you had not heard.
have certainly been deceived by you

-At

*rc

fif

?l5

31

To

chie*.

*3

exhort, to caution, to

33 I

this time.

34 His two brothers-in-law both have

positions in the yatnen ; one is
watchman in the jail, the other is
second fireman in the kitchen.
35 I ought to go to the city to-morrow to
pawn a pawn, but I have no time.
Ans. Let me take it along and
pawn it for yon. Ques. How could I
trouble you?
Ans. Never mind.
I must go to the pawnshop any way
to redeem a pawn.

Tang

chfai 1

admonish.
-^F

st

Mi

Ei* p'ang"1 ftngx

Ifi^C Ching

^F lUl JH

Er* pien Jeng

Pp ||H Chung*

t'ing' .

The same.

fH

Ch'ilen*.

{H'gf

fg

Chieri

Becoming, seemly, pleasant (to hear

Weight

To consider as

Ck'iien 1 tang*.

if,

to

Elder

sister's

watchman.

A prison.

lao* yil*

a prison.

To

act as

watchman.

AJvremo,n; an uuder-cook.

p'u*.

A pawnbroker's shop.

$ff p Shu* tang*.

To redeem a pawn.

^|
I

oversee, to superintend ;
Also cAien*.

TC-^C Hwod'/u

make

husband.

in any capacity to
act under the authority

To

believe, to feign.

^fl."^ Chie*fu

To serve

k&ng^fu

(or

authority,
exigency; to balance, to weigh.
;

ifri^ Wt Chien
^T IS Ta3 ching 1

).

influence

of another; to Jill the position oj'a servitor.

Hearsay, rumor, idle

tales.

all.

When

32

WlJvL Ckiien*

28 Jesns was born

m ^ * o fltR
ft W &
$ A. T.
*> 4 i I f ^ I
B I !, R I HI #
*E W #f nr & 5* &
ft . J# #
* &
n o m *f sr w ft
^ m tfc$^ti ft
S
'g

A.
A &
W JI o
X A il m, M
T ft T r. ft T + . * fl #
ft is ^ ^ it *p
w w s m m ft
a t
#ffi o
*. * . ft
* * ft &
m * w o i f i is n
ff * 55 >P m ^ i> i o
tt ^ i &iBflp
*. M 5 # 3
S*

243

^jj$

Tang*

Not VI.
2

the more general form.

frequently aell their wives in China, though it is
Sometimes
not regarded as a proper or lawful thing to do.
when a wife has been guilty of some grave misconduct, she
tg sold to another man with the approval of the magistrate.
"jj ig

Men

In

this

sentence

be substituted for

^C

>fc'

<*

DS

Jf A, though

All-

'

|g

A-

might.

could

not

9 A proverbial laying in book style.

?ff j refers
probably to the examination hall, the meaning being that
when competing for a degree each man does his best,
regardless of who may be worsted, even a father not boing
exempt.
14 In the South
Q is used only in the sense of
once, upon a time, but in the North, it takes the additional
meaning of. that day. the said day or time.

244

Ma

m - + % %
& m w ft t ~ m iiiftt
x>
i&.

w m m % a $&
* a. * * & w
t O M # *,

ffcflf. f

f
m

fl*.

$r

* m

$*.

Ml

JJ
w

Translation.
1

#4

# g

ffl

J
:

(i

successive days.
j|I

j|JJ.

Do you
23

If

'

i|JJ

means a

two

both days be included, the translation should be,

to have a one day's/east or a two days' /east?

propose

feast for

a ' so used with the same sense as

/ft

not steady, that

Hand
$t jf
"

not trusty, or
light-fingered."

is,

ft

fl|

hand

5JJ

measures
is

in collecting a

debt until

the last month. There

practically no legal method of collecting a debt in China.

is

words as will take the qualifying idea of motion.

is added as an auxiliary to
will
take the qualifying idea of
as
such words
inversion. See List in Supplement.

^ij

To

invert,

is

able

might

down and walk

a few steps.
as this, and yet

8 Such a large mule

cannot carry two hundred catties ?
9 I will give him a back hold, and yet
he cannot throw me down.
10 Is such a little man as you able to
carry such a heavy load as this ?
11 What a dull saw! it will not even
cut a piece of board.
12 You think there are not many things,
and yet one man cannot carry them

all.

into disuse.

29 rM seems

to be the proper character for sprain,

does not give quite the proper sound in all places.
The use of
seems to give a somewhat different sense,
meaning rather to bruise than to sprain.
it

34 ^jT Hi To strike the watch, which is done by Chinese

watchmen by beating on a kind of wooden drum. $3.
indicates the second place,
Takes the second foot
JjJS "x
and |JjP is used with reference to his being required to run

to

do

this or that at the bidding of his superiors.

35

in

added as an auxiliary to such

man

who can

done by the sheer force of irrepressible dunning,

reaching in extreme cases to the use of violence.
28 ^p to w *s the emperor's title, jC }(p the name or
designation of his reign, which in former times was changed
from time to time according to the emperor's fancy, so that
one reign was by this means divided into several parts or
In modern times this custom has fortunately fallen
terms.

a a

To pawn a pawn.

The

first

gf

is

a verb,

the second a noun.

The Auxiliary Verbs

It has to be

IiZESSOIEsr

gjy To move,

overthrow it ?
That small mill one

get

though

fJ-j Wi That commodity that cannot

f /ft ||lj
count ten. The application of IfC to a person is of course
He To use
depreciatory in the highest degree
3?j J0
ingeniously, to make a cat's paw of
7^
i[ Jfe "J*
to shoot one off as a gun, to make a tool of.
The Southern
form sounds flat, though vouched for by two Nanking teachers.
26 Custom does not allow a creditor to use forcible

26

Urging does

out.

7 If you are not able to carry me, I

ifl

feast on the second day, but

am

to turn.

3fc

22 The principal wedding feast is sometimes held on the

day of the wedding, sometimes on the day following, and
sometimes the feast continues two days.
.
p means a

anxious to go

not move him.

This is a necessary truth

- a flUftLfu ^ a ^
A #1 tt R
MUM if. # *
* 1 I ^ W ^ o ^ i
^ *. g & W #
*
xa

>

waddle along.
The animal is tired

*
ff^ftfttt
t> m.

am

fast, bnt the fact

not able.
If an awl will not penetrate it, you
may use an auger and bore it.
That man is so fat that he cannot

is

m>zm
w w

m,
o

#j

-?->

m - + % n

ffi

XCI.
g,

H and

^2,

is added as an
^U, To oppose, to endure,
auxiliary to such words as will take the qualifying
The use of JE is local in
idea of endurance.

Eastern Shantung, but it gives a phase of meaning which no other word will express.

MANDARIN

Lesson 91.

LESSONS.

f f T #"*
% g m ft W AH. & * gL7.
ft * H
# ^jW. A
$
m 1) 1 Mi $
&
$: #J
tt**7. SfeAIR3F
Jf,

245
teeth are poor, I cannot masticate anything hard.

My

13

you wish to ask him to do

anything for yon, yon will never

14 If

ffi

ci

# m

O ^flr

|&

prevail.

A man who

15

* #1 o fip- .
& m % #*><* $ o
^ * g $ #.
I o | t | f
R m.mm^*>
a#
& '* w
T.
p
W ft &&
# #. s * - *

,7

21

fpi

5}$

tt

When

17

He

18

a man is yonug, even thongh

he makes a misstep, he will not

fall.

&>ffl*

ft

16

tt

f*.

am

wonder who threw a stone in the

middle of the road ? It tripped me
and threw me down.

19 Please help

16

*,

is not willing to come, and I

not able to drag him.

* & $
a ^ jr
A S& # w

mind of his
be enticed by others.

really has a

own cannot

#J

ft!

7. A.

13

ift

case.

me to move
am not able

this book-

move

to

it

myself.

20 If yon are a good child this week,

I will buy yon a doll.
21 When the rebels came, a great many
who were not able to run were
killed by them.
22 I saw you push him down. Why do
yon say that he stumbled and fell
down of himself ?

Vocabulary.

*L Cha

Topierce,to stab;to make paper images;

to paint a wall.
See cha*.

1
.

To ward

Nang*.

off,

to stab, to pierce,

to

yt

Slit

To make a

chiao*.

jt&i

To*

lu*

The middle

k'ou*.

skewer, an awl, a drill, a gimlet,

Also tswanh

j(f

Pan*.

To

1
.

Yung*'

ft til To

Liu

to

stir, to twist.

trip up, to throw down ; to stumble; to hinder: to fetter; a loop.

Read hu 1

in

squirm, to wriggle;

To
To

to

to

waddle; to evade.

linger ; to lead about ; to

leisurely; to glide, to shuffle.

walk

31

Yin*

& *&

Ying*

tomb, a cemetery.
grave, a tomb.

A
A burial

ti*

&\faFeifi ti*
1
~%\>fu Ta* k'tng

Rebels, robbers.

dispute, to controvert; to repel, to

To dig a

ground
Same.
hole in the ground,

dig a grave.
vault, a grate; a

desert,

... Blunt, dull; stupid, obtuse.

to

draw

on, to entice, to

allure; to tempt.
yiu*.

2P| K'toang*.

solitude.

To encourage;

Yiu*.

2
Jft Fin'

self-righting doll
puppet : Note 20.

to

send back; to transfer, to transship,

Tun*. ...

$5 Fan* tsei*

To hug to crowd, to throng

push or press forward-

tao*.

or

3i Ying*

1
WL'fi't^ Pan pu*

2iC

Pod*.

See tstoan*.

Chinese dictionary.
1

1'1

pierce, to drill, to bore.

To mix,

Ku*.

of tot

To

an auger.

Tawan

slip,

road.

penetrate.

Tsioan*.

misstep, to

stumble.

to

To lead on

1
pq tPt K'ai khoang*

f!Jl]

to evil, to entice, to

tempt, to allure.

JH

To grub,

P'ao*.

Lu\.

.$$& Sheng

To dig a grave.

tHtP

to dig.

pan, a vessel; a surname

Cast iroo

- + % %

n u

246

*&. #

til

*&

23 That burying ground of ours is nothing but stones. Every time a grave
is to be dug,
they take exception to
it as being impossible to dig.
28
JH.**.*. 24 Lu Er Yie has smoked opium till
there is nothing left of him but a
P
f\
The wind would almost
skeleton.
to %> SB
blow him over.
25 Articles cast of old iron are hard ,
it
they can neither be turned nor
drilled but if cast of new iron, they
are very easy to work.
26 I do not know whether three hundred
8*
cash will be sufficient to purchase

tH

% m &
B

ft

mi.

f&fifcfli
^ f i. h &

it

Taro 1H

it

a
o

&

that tea-pot or not.

27 It has ever been said that " a benevolent heart moves heaven and
earth." Seeing yon have acted with
such a benevolent purpose as this,

'24

St

ft
Jgf

C^w 4

J!- CAit

+
To

!$p

jg

m %

ife

^j 1$.

cast.

Prepared, arranged ; all ; to present

to; an implement, a utensil.

Ck'i* ckil*.

Implements,

tools,

articles,

vessels.

j^ta Liao*

To operate on; to pnt through

to manage to put in order.

chi*.

Tod*. ...

To arrange,

God

to gather np.

Also

ts'od?.

will certainly protect you.

To gather

Shi- toa*.

^ Wi &

up, to put in order,

to repair, to dress up.

To

an% tunp*.

excite,

to

move ;

to

quicken, to inspire.
Vie 9.
God: Note 27.

1
Jfc%lffi, Lao* Tien
T'ien 1 Lao3 Yie*

%^t^

To

yip Yiu*

ffiiti

Pao

Same.

aid, to help; to protect.

To

t/iu*

protect, to defend.

Notes.
1

1&

is

accordance with

Note

84.

here taken simply as an intensive in

See Les.
its use in Southern Mandarin.

26.

2 None of the terms here need for piercing with an awl

is correct in Eastern
Shantung, where the term is nan (no
settled character).
3

f*Fp

wl means

but neither

properly to wriggle, and jj,

to

Kiukiang would
1
Hankow, |e wai to sidle.

say Atoai* (no character) and

C S'J is Southern but not exclusively so. It is used in
the North when the millstones are regarded as a pair.
Jf
refers rather .to the mill as a whole.
8 Two hundred catties is considered a moderate load for
a pack mule, jjff 7f> _ is rejected in many places, yet it

The
expresses a shade of meaning not given by J8| ^* Wilatter means properly, unable to move with the burden, while
the former means unable to bear the fatigue of continuously
burden.
carrying the

9
il

lfH
$(

$1 Wc To

'"

clatp around the waist.

the most general term for to taw, but

board

jtf

is

in

never used, ji| being used instead.

supposed to be easy to saw, heuce the force of j.

Western Shantung

it is

very dull, "good and dull.''

meaning that he is not able

ifc

Good

12

<J& refers to the person,

dull

i.e.,

over

to carry so many; J refers to the things, meaning that

they are too many for one person to carry, and that some
will have to be left.

will right itself.

it

23

glide,

t'ung hsing in this connection.

is

18 Neither of the forms given is usual in Shantung

here means
where jfl Ja $1 5l would be used.
all at once, both time and manner being included.
20 'Hit ^7> j&l A d'l or puppet without feet, bnt having
a round base and loaded in suoh a way that when pushed
tft

cemetery

differ much as our graveyard ana

the place of graves, the latter is the
JJL is the more widely used term, though

%& an d :B IS
the former

burying place.

^T

is

applies to other things than digging a grave, whereas j^j

IS is specific for digging a grave.
26 Almost all castings made by the Chinese are made of
old irou, and are consequently very hard.

it

27 5C anc' Hi> arc here U8e<* m a semi-personal sense.

3 3^ ^t The oldHeavenly Grandfather or 3^ %Z 3$ the
Heaoenly old (or great) Grandfather. The former prevails in

the North, the latter in the Centre and South.

In many
sometimes omitted
and 3^ SI? used. This term in its various forms probably
the Chinese people have
expresses the nearest approximation
Whenever a man is driven by
to the idea of the true God.
stress of circumstances to call to Heaven for help he calls
cases

j becomes

jfjf

$jf.

The

is

Nevertheless it is undoubtedly true that

are sometimes called
J^ jjjr, especially
gods
particular
T, "S " 8e of "grandfather"
is this true of 3 Jl _fc .*$f'
accords with the ground idea of Chinese theogony, that all
gods were ouoe men.

upon j

3?C iff'

MANbABtN tE880N8.

fiEssoK 92.

m ^ + % n
* * i tt IB Hf. *m*&W
% t T. n n m o tml*\ *
a ^\
& *; * $? o $ ff
n
m m m
t& *. ^ * *
T.
ft *
V P W o ft
o 1 # 1. i m
# 7, 2t
ua
o % m J&f-.fc o o
# *Mf=4?#. tt s* &
m & ** *n
6A t* *
^ *
J
#1
*&
& 2* ** T # ft S ^

Translation.
1 I fear I cannot finish it to-morrow.
2 If you harry, you can finish writing

in time.
I

tfy

guests.
5 I want to give

ffi

fft

ffl

.1*
#fe

give

$&.

ft.

added as an
to extend to,
bare
or
the
denote
to
completion
possible
auxiliary
of an action, or with a negative the impossibility of
2fc

To reach,

When

used affirmatively

completion.
as a sub-auxiliary.
takes

it

generally

To alternate, to exchange, added as an

ffij
auxiliary to denote that an action was not or could
not be accomplished within the limits of the time.
It

is

most frequently used with a negative.

It i3

we

will not be able to

my

sins.

10 Before we could finish speaking, he

rushed in with a bound.
11 Having reached this pass, retreat is
out of the question.
12 Yon ought to begin early; you cannot
do it up on the spur of the moment.
13 The child not escaping in time, was

The Auxiliary Verbs

I fear

get ready the bells for his hat.

9 I pray the heavenly Father, for the
sake of the Saviour's merit3, to for-

4fc

surprise before

is

hand.

$ pg ft
*
%
# ft *7 $
n ^ % m>
2*.
igmmffi

&
i &
ji,***1& 1 O
& ft T. ^ 69 4gftfl A M
fcx&o m # ? n & m
it ai mm %> tt * *
#**: #

W. o

him a

aware of what I am doing.

6 Rub on a little soap, and it will
wash out.
7 The water having no place to escape,
broke over the banks of the river.
8 Chin Hwa's hundredth day is just at
he

flBB!^

ffl

He

did not run fast enough, and

caught him.
4 One man cannot serve so many

$fr

247

knocked down by the horse.

Any of yon who has the ability may

14

^fc,

^ and

jiL #

or
rarely used in the South, being replaced by
is frequently added to it (17).
M- la Peking

Pjl

To

fall,

added as an
lose, to fail,
words as will take the qualifying

to

auxiliary to such

idea of falling, losing, or failing.

It is much more
frequently used in the South than in the North.

Hi To excel, is used in the region of Hankow

as an auxiliary in the place of $.
It is not used
in general Mandarin. See Lists in
Supplement-

VOOABULART.

To

%ST.ii*
.

* %

Tie

JH PaP

alternate, to exchange; to get time,

to compass; instead of:

9
'

To get

tang*
3

(^^Bfi? Ling pu* fang

See Sub.

1
.

time.

Unexpected, sudden;
unawares: Les. 115.

$g

"rang

wpwS
fflL

swei*.

A
1

child's

pedlar's gong; the clang of a gong,

the tinkle of a bell.

Ling tang

She*.

The hundredth day of a

age: Note 8.

To pardon,

A small

bell.

to forgive, to reprieve.

24*

mm*
m
a.

m,

n *

ft

A a

go and manage

iW

jg

ft

ft

m^ a &
ft

*.

ft.

jbk

ft

ft

n^m^^m^. &

% m

ft

an

&. #. o o fc af
g o <a^>gw #

it

ft

^6

l&

:*

Mb

tt

21

ifc

22 These faults have been practiced until

they have become a second nature.

*tf

w @ #
# & T; g
^E

in time.

ffc

fift

tt

2fe

Jft

ft

# *

The consequence of

Nie*.

sin, retribution;

To

7.
23

BB Mfe

Shwai*.

\fo

fc

To throw away;

do

cannot venture to promise you that

f&

to fling, to throw.

Ting* *ft

To capture, to

Pu*
1

i*.

shtng

thimble.

Great

Tat*.

^% Tai*fu

IH j&Hcng

l
.

seize, to arrest.

$? 2$l Chad

doctor.

See

official title conon various ranks of

Note 20.

a physician:
1
The senior secretary of any
^|i tft Lang* ckung
one of the six Boards
a physician, Note 2<K
officers;

every

Lea.
To

chia*.

on all

direction,

way; prob-

ISO.
fence, to guard, to

ward

off.

)H P^iK

To

set

aside,

to

annul;

to

destroy;

useless, void; corrupt, degenerate.

ta*.

An honorary

within.

Dangerous, perilous.
In

shu*.

likely

ably,

20.

of,

sides, in every

most

ha-

to

habit,
Note
22.

Dangerous, hazardous, perilous.

Wei* hsien*

iw

Inside

If 7iei*.

Wei*- 1

thimble. (.)

physician, a

:Note

ferred

high

JSj

ft

constable, a policeman.

within three days, and

To acquire a

Jdsi* kwan*.

To embroider.

Pu*

JJ

state, condition;

1
Ting* chen

P^i
~fc

Land, ground

ti*.

Chi*

Tilt
^jjj

T'ien*

Sin, the evil of sin.

nie*.

them

up

much money

^f fl|

to give

all

require

bituate

place, point, pass.

TH %k
TO

Tswei*

him

at once, will be forcing him to

what he is not able to do.

misfortune.

^W-

a fling

with it.
19 Let this business lie over till I come
back; I have not time to attend to
it now.
20 Just think of it. He died after an
illness of only half an hour.
How
could we call a physician in time?
21 One should not walk on the railroad
track, for the cars come so rapidly
that one cannot get out of the way

m
a

;# i

my hand

flung

ready at once.
17 Before he could get on his clothes, he
was arrested by the constables.
18 Say nothing of him; even the genii
could not have gotten through

*-

m * A $ ft 4f T ft

T> m m, & * H
T I I i pf l lit
i * ft T # - fg
IP m-k ^ m 7,
*

ft.

that 1

have not found it.

16 The reason he could not bring the box
was because it could not be gotten

HP

tit

know

away my thimble. I have

searched the whole room for it and
I

*fe

it

cannot manage it.

15 Just now in giving

* &

& m

$ij

u - + x m

ss

Y; ft #,. O tt, **
17
*
K9 8> ft

n m m H
& m a
m m m ;*:+* #

7>xm

w.

|fl Lii*

^
^Ci

law, a statate.

A law,

$? La,* fa*.

^0

Hsien1

c/ti

JHE^fe Ch'eng*

ch'ilen*.

a statute.

prophet.

To complete, to fulfil
to consummate

LiESSON a

H + X %

250

n s + x %
wn a * & * * Ml. a*
o

T-

i9E

1*110

13
5lt

&

m> m.

cm

UIB.

Rl|

nJt

Translation.

*t

1
I have
Oh
just thought of it,
what a monstrous snake.
2 Heigh ho
3 Take off your large red coat and give
me to wear. Ans. Och I woilt.
That's all nonsense.
4 Bosh
People
of the same family name don't

rtw

^S

AS:

& Mi &
n ^ $

m.

MB.

^ in
* & a & % ^
lo

intermarry.
5

IE

flft

i a * m

WJIf.tt

jg

A,

b||
m
*
eN. *i t
o t I
T

*fe

^w*|if^
4
e f o

sn.

6 Oh,

&4

?fe

^r

a*.

*.
o f^

#
* m^m-

o ^,

1 1

^o

*l

T.

* & *T *!
*&& f

tti

jw

*i.

m>

m>

# #

ft

ft

tt

m &

It is
order to give forcible utterance to the |t.
found in Mandarin books, and is much used in
I have heard children use it
theatrical plays.
in their quarrels.

Ah expresses
1

fljSJ

hesitation, or doubt, or

word

charging anyone.

made by

point

(or grunt)

much

used in

the rest are gone.

he already gone? I wanted
to send a reply by him.
13 My oh
It's dreadful! The house is

idea, especially
It follows each clause or

the speaker, as

Do you hear ? Do yon

Alas!
Rff Ah me
!

much

understand
confound

as to say,

?
it

expresses

or wonder, or dissatisfaction.

sadness,

ifc

Ah Has
1

on

lir!

14 Oh, Mother
I have broken your
large mirror! Ans. Oh my! What a
!

Its use

varies iu different places.

5& Oh my ! Bless my heart What a pity !

expresses surprise coupled with sorrow or pity.
!

By Humph! Hem!

expresses
contempt
expresses
expresses
sure enough,
slight

9s Aye, all right, that's

approval or assent.
or P^f Tut,
pleasure or reproof.
Ijjg

when emphasiziug an

colloquial
in

Eh ?

you hear? Ans. Aye; I will.

1
Of us who were of about
the same age, only he and I are

Ah me

or discontent.

surprise.
Hj|

It's this

left; all

12

H,

my

Ah!

things?
9 What's up ? He said that at the
How
latest he would come to-day.
is it that after all he has not come ?
10 When you go home and see your
aunt, remember me to her ; do

&j#i 4

ft

flt

5Jt

mother

It will kill me.

1
way, is it? This time
I understand it.
8 Pshaw! Make-shift somehow for a
few days, and it will all be right.
Why trouble yourself about such

rtU^-

o T
*J $

# M
iiiif
m m $
* &
jf S *

II,

What right have you to

me by my little name ?

be calling
7

*&

Humph

fjfj.

tush,

full

so,

dis-

fie,

Well; well, well; really;

expresses gratification, or amusement, or ridicule.

In Wen-li it means, Ah me, alas.
|Hx

Shoo,

mostly

applied

to

driving away

fowls, but sometimes used to children, or in contempt to young people or even to adults.

Vocabulary.
pfif

1
,

i ....

(5Sf

A*, t3

Pfi

Wei*.

'..'.

An exclamation of surprise.
An exclamation of doubt.
-

Pshaw, fudge, och:

Also a 3
See

a>.

see Sub.

j||

T'ei*

|j

Pei

1 -*

PJ5 P'gt*

Bosh, plague on it:

To sputter; tush :

Same,

(s.)

see Sub.

>see Sub

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 93.

251

pity

o *.

15

w# * m m

*f

How did you come to

Humph

break

Such a blockhead

as

it?

he,

and yet thinks of getting a degree

In

$ *

HI

w -

l$.

3N u

m> o

my opinion he is indulging a
vain expectation
16 Now you call me grandpa once and
I'll buy you a piece of candy to

RiT A$

(Galls) Grandpa. Ans.

are a nice boy.

eat.

d,.a f?,%#?r

You
May I

Good

trouble yon, my aged friend?

the great road to Chon
h ? What did you
ts'un P Ans. A
say ? I am hard of hearing.
18 Pshaw! If I go again into a gam17

this

is

bling house, you

an

for

may

set

me down

ass.

When other people want to

get their lessons quickly, what
reason is there in yonr continually

19 Tush!

w tt
m m
A

*
m. ^ f& jb
o , M ^
t

>

ft

7 i& 21 ^
o A*'ffl

ft).

^
S 23

*M

JW

#. J&

& a
*# J8
ft & *

it

$i

A3 M
-

I*

Eh P :see Sub.
Ah me, alas

Rat*

Ai An
1

jg*

3fc

^^

tr

Also an 1

Heng

To groan,

see

[^ Ai2

reply

Sub.

1^
ng
K$
(*

to grnnt:

humph, hem

Sub.

that's right, so so, yes

Also ai1

Humph, bah

Tei*.

T'ai*
Z*j

Same,

expressive of surprise or admirasee Sub.

pain and sorrow
hoot at, to scold; to shoo as

tion, or of

To

...

see

(s.)

A sound

(it Ch'i*.

see Sub.

Tut, tush : see Sub.

chickens: see

Sub.

here.

conscionable slander

u?!

23 If

I can't find

I'll

demand

Humph Why

you. Ans.

Hu2

it,

wj]l

it

of

you

To make believe, to sham; to

make much ado about nothing;

nao*.

to act the fool.

exclamation of surprise and regret

22 I want to ask you something. Is it

so that Ma Ch'ing Yfln has kidnapped another man's wife P Ans.
Tut, tut! Nonsense! What an un-

16

see Sub.

way

make a disturbance

^ ^

in this

*. o

them

interrupting

20 Can you afford to spend over three

thousand cash for a broadcloth
Do you supcoat ? Ana. Humph
pose I can't afford a matter of
three thousand cash ?
21 Shoo
Begone with you, and don't

to

see Sub.
If?

a*

Exclamation of surprise or doubt. Not

practically distinguished from ft}.

pA.

Sfc

f&

a * m * m
a * m . A m $t
#.

&

^1 *
fit

BE. *M

m>

ai

3
$fe Shin

^ ^E

father's

younger brother's

wife.

Dead, deceased (used only of

Pit? tsai*.

adults).

To exceed;

l|| La*
l|g 3f|

filthy.

La* fa*. Filthy, slovenly, slatternly, dow dy

good-for-nothing, miserable.

j@

To advance,

Mai*.

to exceed; old, senile.

jUl T'ai*. Figure, configuration; air, gait; circumstances.

$H ]Hft

Inefficient, impotent, good-for-nothing, (l.)

^ Han

fHfe

pad

bloch/iead,

goose,

(a.)

ninny,

m t

252

^ m ^ -k n
w m &l
* nn M M
m s&a, *j. *. * f i.
^ i o x &a * o
^ M
* m m$m.-A m.
1 ^ i* I o II T i
I i i i; ** J5 it *

H +

tXt

xim* ^

demand

it

of

me?

Is it

iL

my

business

watch your things ?

this big mule yours? Ans. No,

to

ffi

24

Is

am

(I

sorry to say

had a big mule

rich man.

/j>

24

I was unlucky, sure

In going out to see the

25 Plague on
enough

it

5f

If 1
not).
that, I'd be a

it's

lik<

illuminations to-night some vile

rascal cut off the half of my

queue.

tt

Bf.

ft

1*

'IE

tt

Jtfc

W
*.
* O ,S
. ^Wl.

rift.

"f-

ft

26 Well, really! Just look at those

How (in the world)
two little feet
can they walk back and forth on
so!
That's
Ans.
that rope?
Yon may be sure that was not
learned in one day.
27 Under what radical should chwang

&# ^ m % imk* #*
* * * T 5c ^

% * * * *>
*B W
i> m m ^ u w> ^ % $
*
m^E^^m ** *.o #.
n *
m w. ji a, #
^ eifrtMl^f
15 f "K
is # &n> ^ is & ft ^ ^
* # # * * * *
#

i %
<

Am.
be ?
of chien chwang
should be under the radical

I thought it was
Well
under ch'iang or under fu,. No
wonder I could not find it.

28 Tush! Don't you know that his

order
coming in to beg is simply in
to spy out a way by which he can
steal from you?

1
jfr Ch'i hsin\

Infatuated, be.'de oneself,

^
4jc

)|j

$| Hwei*

Obscure; unlucky, unpropitions.

WfyjftHwei*
lr

foolish.

suicide.

you don't think of

Look at your wife and children
Are they not dependent on you for
food and clothing ? If you die, whom
will they have to depend upon?

be"- of

29 1

ffc

idiotic.
Stupid, silly; crazy,

Reply.

5fc

Ch'V-

AH

Ill-luck, misfortune.

chH*

Wanqtpa

tan*.

....
Disorderly, incoherent;
false.
foolish, absurd;

Wang*.

M Wang*

hsiaxg*.

for

reckless;

what

attainable, vain

^|&
is

un-

hopes.

Chit* win*.

Please

me, may I in-

tell

quire.

^miH Tu*

$1

^
^
-t\

ch'ien2 ch'ang*

A gambling
a

*
%T9b Ta chiao*.

To discompose,

betting

Pan*

chie*..

Strong,

Chien*.

house,
ring.

to interrupt,

Sang*

ch'i*.

Unlucky, ill-starred; depressed

in spirits.

fatigable; constant.

Robust,

strong,

able-

bodied.
Shi*.

Ch'iang

f\%

Mln*

hbl^E Hsin*

Pao3

officer.

radical.

access ;a
Opening, way of
method, a means.

lu*.

si

gentleman an
conch; the 90th

scholar, a

3
-

to bother, to pester.

HH

rascal, a reckless
villain : Note 25.

large piece, the half.

robust; persevering, inde-

....

felJtfc Ghien* chwang*.

Sugar, candy.

Tang*

-ff [UJ

To long

It
sht.

chit?.

suicide, to

make

away with oneself.

To recommend, to give

a good

To commit

report

of-

Lbsko*

MANDARIN LESSONS.

93.

ft

*a

T *.

Ml

tflfi

A
lyt

wt,

ft

Ans.
that

Hem!
now

What

do I care for

30 You heretofore recommended him ;

how does it come that he now sus-

fc

56*

253

Bfc.

$ *&

ft *
m mi
m m
m %
ft N.
m o
$ ft

^ A o
. ft * @ *
% #&
ft M fll
*
^
MM
m
M ft tiftSft m
*. # jg M
T m $ ft m. it & 1@
- *. 55. & #
* Mi
IB ^c> ^ it IE
$1 # *, m *. w
# & ft
A
# *n *& * $ * * * #
*. o

32

81

'J

flfc

^PJ

pects yon of speaking evil of

Ans.
31

Humph

him ?
knows ?
as that and yet

Who

The old man so sick

when he wants a drink, there is no
one to get it for him: when he
!

wants something to eat, there is no

one to cook it for him. When I
went to see him to-day he cried and
cried. Ans.
Ah me His is indeed a bitter lot.
I

32

Now

you go briskly, eh ? don't fight

on the street, eh ?
and when yon get to your sister's,
go straight into her room, eh ?
don't go first into her motherin-law's room, eh ? say to
youi
with anybody

30

sister that

not

mamma

homesick,

get

says she must

that after a

few days we will go for her.

315

sure and

remember and

Be

don't for-

get, eh ?

Not 89.
2 In Northern and Central Mandarin snakes are oommonly called $| JR. Jg is a book term and generally means

a venomous snake or serpent. It is need colloquially

South and also in many parts of the North.

'P "/ won't"

TJB

with children.

It

is

the

same name

to marry, although it is sometimes done.

6 The use of the "little name"

implies familiar
acquaintance, and, generally, superior age or station.
3 When a Chinaman gets into great straits he invariably
calls his mother.
The three forms of calling mother
represent in the geueral, Northern, Central, and Southern
custom, although there are many local variations.

9 Vff

here 1st tone and denotes surprise joined with a

little anxiety. The translation
given is only an approximation
to the meaning.

10

is

fy

Here Iff is merely a euphonic

below is a responsive recognition that the
is heard, after which the
reply follows.
11 JtR as here used is local in Peking and the North.
15 The three terms here used are not quite synonymous.
PnJ

The

ending.
speaker

jtf

flSJ

iH. jlfj means properly, dirty, slovenly, but is used in Pekingese

in the sense of, inferior,
good-for-nothing ; jB j is used in
Shantung, but not in the North. It is also heard in the
of
Hankow. Though local, it is a very expressive
region

term

is a Southern term and in this connection

;
$$
the strongest of the three.

18 "R
rendered

17
ttuvinjj

it

here used has vary

as

little

force.

is

have

now.

added

for emphasis,

is

man and

and

to

make more

the beast.

19
ijl is used from the standpoint of the party
addressed, and means other people, including the speaker.
tj is descriptive of "getting a lesson" in the Western
sense.
The term is not used in native schools.

22 ?S is used to convey the idea that the slander is

" made out of
wholly without foundation. It is
whole cloth."
24 No single English word will express the sigh of
regret here expressed by Rg.
25 PWi as here used, is given with a short, strong
emphasis, very different from that of (11.) 3 $ refers to
going out to see the lanterns on the eve of the 1 5th of the
first month.
The Chinese says today, but it has to be
rendered to-night.
destitute,

,g

A ^andOne who haa

forgotten, or

is

of, the eight virtues,

pals of
allusion

thus properly beyond the

used as a term of
reviling in

humanity, ^g is
to its being the
undeveloped and unrecognizable
possibility of a being. Though decidedly inelegant, this term
is refined in
comparison with the language often heard.
There are few Chinese who, in the circumstances here
referred to, would not use a
stronger term than this one,
which is in fact a mild substitute for the
stronger one used
the
writer of the sentence.
by
A gentleman should never
use even this term.
26 This sentence refers to the female acrobats sometimes
seen in China.

29 It would seem more natural to say

| $t ffy, $
PlN but the idea is much more vivid without the
frj
This
is
a
32
fair specimen of a Chinese woman
charging
a sou
4 nephew.
It is not in Mte le-vst ovunWa.

a large unwallcd town in Central

Shantung,
u exUusive trade and much wealth.
The first

tf

18 E3 t^ *B

striking the contrast between the

a very pat phrase, especially

contrary to oustom for persons of the

is

in

should be emphasized, indicating that the

speaker presumed
that the road referred to was the road to Chou Ts'un.

Vh

% *

254

+ % %
M

#J

M T
U5\ %

$i) o
11

si

A
= $ m

A,

St

& m

*&

.
o

&

*,

ffl

A > ^
x * m m w%
^ #
* # * $h
H o

si

*p

^i?i

19:

A,

*P

*P

K*

f-

jg

ft

SI"* 12 *

15

ft

<K n.
o o

J.

never-

done some silly things.

8 Although his house is contracted, yet
inside, the rooms are furnished like
those of a wealthy family.

The opium smoker must satisfy his

craving even when his father and

ffi*

is

mother are on their deathbeds.

10 Although the day is long and there
is plenty of time, yet it will be

SI

& &
<*N *
)

% m *

tu

n*

U n

is

can manage things at home.

6 Although the child has been vaccinated, yet you cannot be sure that he
will not take [the disease] again.
7 Although he is a clever man, he has

til

young, he

2 Although you speak thus, yet of

course you will not do so.
3 Although he is in the fault, I also
am somewhat to blame.
4 Although Wang the Fourth's temper
is bad, his heart is all right.
5 Although he cannot go abroad, he

si

&>

ift

is

theless a graduate.

& # n
^ If w
m m *

t>

1 i 1
A IS ^
m # &

Although he

&i

ii

Translation.

P^9

i 10

m n +

31

IS;.

better to do
It is all to

11

Third

is

it

early.

no purpose that Ting the

a rich man, he still treats

people very meanly.

12 Although the emperor of China is
a Manchu, yet not a few of the
officials are Chinese.

13.

LESSOK" XCIV.
Corresponding

does
Although. The use of
not change the meaning, being added merely for
which
euphony. 3 requires an answering clause,
is generally introduced by one of the three words

SI

*P, or

or

S| $$

4,

or jg.

$f

&

Thus

Although.

Although... yet

Although. . yet
jj|
Somtimes the answering word
.

jjg

nevertheless.

.yet,

also, yet

even.

still.
is

omitted and

Conjunctions.
the relation implied in the structure of the
In Wtn-li %& is not joined with
sentence ( 1 8).
but is used to introduce the answering clause.
JJg,

This

is

usage

Mandarin

occasionally

introduced

in

book

(25).

^t Exhausted, is sometimes used instead of

H, but with a somewhat different meaning viz.,

no purpose, in spite of, even if. In the South

$ in not thus used, but g? empty, is used in
the same way, and with the same meaning.

to

Vocabulary.
Swet\

Although,

if,

even

if,

snpposing

:-

f^^

r'ing*

ch'wang*.

'Ci* ffl

Hsin 1

t'ien*.

The heart viewed

as

the

source of the affections

and purposes, natural bent.

'^

yJ-

OAai* haiao*

deathbed

Note

9.

see Sub.

Yin
.

the craving of an appetite,

especially that for opium or drink.

rash

Kwoa* yin%
Narrow, contracted.

To pass over or

stop

the

craving by satisfying it

MANDARIN LKS80NS.

fjEKfON 94.

mn

m m

20
ifc

*. o

13 Although you are superior to others

in intelligence, yet you must have a
virtuous mind in order to command
the respect of others.
14 Although their business was a losing

% is m m & a m. & v\ m
m * m ml a,i $ mm w a.

one, it was only time tSsat was lost,

they did not lose money.
15 Although my old father writes for
me not to be anxious about him,
yet I cannot but be anxious.

^ * S #, ^ & ^
i ^ A, i ^ f i
# it. $ ft e
*

18

ffc

K,'
15

ft

*fc

ifa

*.

& *

men cannot master him.

of you know some

or forty

17 Although

all

things, yet you should still heed

your mother's instruction.
18 Although he has not imposed upon
me, yet when I see him imposing on
well-meaning people, I really can-

a. #.

Although this T'ie Chung Yu is only

one man, yet if he once sets to, thirty

16

8t^#

+ ^^TJ
illll
a
a *
m
ft

255

not restrain
1

i ^ I

t.

m ^ % m

Mt &. # n $* *

IT

w. o

ft

An

a banner, a standard.

flag,

UJIl

Same

ti*.

Ching*

fu

To

To

1 '*

as

<ft

to

respect,

f# fH

Anger
4,

J^'fifiiCh-i

resentment

to

. Note

18.

|S

jg Fan*

Hang*.

indignation.

Capacity

for

eating,

ap-

^ Lou

To embrace;

3
.

Lou3

1
$|f Piao

fKj

Also lou\

pao*.

To embrace,

To exhort

to

virtue,

to

HI $&
PJ

Kwei

kwoa*.

To

reprove, to

for

fault,

admonish
(w.)

to

off,

to.

elope

fold in the

CA't'w

To

kiss;
caress, to
loving, affectionate.

/<*.

i"0 Ch'u

hsiang

Worthy

dear,

of note or imita-

tion, remarkable, special.

1
J0S Yao

gft

Strange, ominous, monstrous; unusual;

a phantom, a ghost, a fiend.

^5 Yao1

i$= Hsiung*.

preach morality.
^g,jj2l

find fault

arms, to hug.

ch'iao*.

ku3

Fat, obesity, corpulence.

Ch'vLen* shan*.

to carry

with.

1
"F" lit Ch'ieri

petite.

dislike, to

with, to scold.

jg above.

honor,

Indignant, unable to
restrain one's an-

pu* /in*.

ger

dislike, to hate, to detest.

To

Tseng* hsien*.

esteem.
Fin*.

to be very fair.

it

'

Bannermen,composed of
Manchus, Mongols, and a few Chinese.
/\ Han*jtn % Chinese, especially as distinguished from the Tartars.

1> tj| Esin

is

21 Although the mother scolds her little

son with her mouth, yet she em-

fff Tshig

emperor.

Ch'i* j&n*.

^ t *
m ** x #.

ti*.

Ch'i*.

/v

anger.

that in spite of your

eating yon do not get fat ?
20 Although exhortation and reproof belong to the duties of friendship, yet
it is necessary to consider the character of the individual in question.

fatflia.i,

jt,

^m

Tr Hwang*

fif.JBlS

my

Your appetite seems

How

16

*r

$i

Odd,

witty, singular.

Antiquity, of old,
ancient times.

The male

from

of birds and insects

brave, martial, heroic.

1
i$= Ying ksi ung*.
.

hero, a knight
.

of noble

and courageous mind.

% M

256

m m tn
t& m m
jv m it
lit.

MX

Hi

$&

$*

if

fti

m r m
# * ft 41

:*

* * ^

^ R o
* *
* M -

Si

*ft

it

j&

ifc

ft

rife

$fc

26

Z.

fX M. Tut Hang*.
ffi

Fa8*4

22

weary inbody, bestill could notsleep

was thinking of what was to
be done on the morrow, and in spite

#>

for he

of himself his heart kept palpitating.

25 Notwithstanding what you say, my
still

The

Poa*.

ft. us. Si

ft

yV

>f

&

SI

#.

Capacity, ability ; calibre

penetration, judgment.
inferior,

-fc

much

ia

Too*

lu*.

road, a

way

and every city and

market-town also has a gnard of
soldiers to protect it; and yet, notwithstanding all this, they cannot
be restrained from robbing.
travellers,

$1

CA'ia*

fang

2
.

guard-house, a

escort, to accompany with

a guard, to give safe conduct.
A traveller^ a stranger.

<jJQp[

fffiflto

time, of old.

a method, a

$HJn
$P JIk

K'b*

lit.*.

A walled city.
A market-town.

ch'i*

Ch'&ng*
Clin* tien*

To keep

T'an s ya*.

in order, to restrain

to protect, to

gnard-honse,

customs station.

email police or

Also

watch

To

fig j|ZfV sung*.

resort.
I? CA'ta*.

remove

to

it.

station.

Also pai*.

Enduring, a long

Ckiu*.

better

guards stationed on the road at short

distances for the purpose of escorting

of respect.

is

robbers, therefore there are

many

HI.

third rank of nobility, an earl

title

it

26 That Ts'aochou-fu has long been a

rebellious place which produces

used in names as a phonetic.

10

nothing remarkable

antiquity.

* &
8P *

i&

#p

is

24 Although at this time Abel was very

/J>

son,

% &

Deformed, secondary,

ft

m m

a.

the personal appearance of that

man, Chang the Second, yet he has
a great faculty for saying witty
things, speaking of one while he
ridicules another.
23 Although she is a little girl, she has
the ability of the great heroes of
in

enmity than to incur

ft
j\

22 Although there

21

*5

him with her arms and

him with her lips.

ft

$ #
m m

ft

1m

braces
kisses

u.

B + % %

SI

ft

$%

Oh'iang*

to<P.

ch'ta*.

guard.

To

rob, to plunder
off violently.

to carry

Not 18.
6 To vaccinate

is

variously

designated.

Besides the

two terms used in the text, both f|| Ifff ^p and |jt
are used. The 4? might be omitted with
advantage

it

regards
small-pox.

the effect of vaccination as

if it

'jjf-

1)5

as ued

were a epocies

of

8 fr $fC a a special bed prepared for ono who is dying.

The Chinese have a strong prejudice against allowing any
>

one to die on a k'ang or on a bed ; they say that the soul will
have to carry the k'ang or bed on its back and cannot get out
of the house until a necromancer is employed to assist it. He
takes a cock and by means of sundry incantations conducts
the soul out of the house. Hence as soon as it appears that
anyone is about to die, they move him off the bed or k'ang
to gome temporary bed on the ground or on benches in the

middle of the room.

The most common way

is to take a door
very easily done with Chinese doors)
and lay it across a couple of oenches aud stretch the dying
ifl Jg means practically to take a smoke,
person on it.
which means the uneasy craving is relieved, and so
by
"
pastes by."
It The Manchus who conquered China were divided
into eight banners or clans, under which they me officered

off its hinges (a thing

and paid.
banners

all

18 IS

The term

who

arrived from.
receive

lttU>

J|J yV includes besides the eight

assisted in the conquest of China.

here means Juts sent a letter, or a tetter hat

In other connections it generally means fcc

MANDARIN LE880WS

Lesson 95.

i +
= # m & &
H o *F
39
at
bF 7a *F & 4t pf & m M
m <& *.
a a <a
o m
* as s
&
it A A i f o
m w r ft &
3ft

Translation.

m
m
&

was wrong, it is trne; bat yoni

reproof is too severe.
2 Clearly it was he who originated the
will not
affair, but he certainly

appear in

ft

Hi.

m i I

o
<a

ijib.

tJ

tf
7

ft

E
ft ^ & #
* * a

# o

face, nevertheless, in his

very

Bo

3*

if.

ft

* ^

X.

it

7.
16

~f*

ft

3RI

Several tens of mtn.

obsolete form of JT /ft jgg fla places along the Yang-tee.

I*

i3

* W
m m * w
^J"

3 does not mean any

well-meaning people
written ^ H^
i&
\$
be
20 w 9 i iS
ready-made book
18

j|J

"fla /ft

an

heard in some

particular individuals, but

5H>

in general.

stood as if
a contraction.
to

/jij

Sj^,

/ft tee is to

/ft

for

/ft

'

stands for

>

ll

/S' *B ^ tne Bse "'

be under-

which

it

seems

expression. fSt
a noun

8v makes j

to be too simple-minded.
very loth to lend money, yet he

am

begged me again and again

have no alternative.
7 But the article is already mined, so
that even though yon do begrudge
it, what can yon do ?
8 In ordinary circumstances, who does
not know that it is best to be pacific ?
but when you are offended by some

IB

still

ft

<s

is

until I

ft

heart he

distressed.

has

ft

ft

mach

4 Although the crops depend on seasonable rains, yet they require men
to cultivate them
5 Although we should always be sincere
in word and deed, yet it is not well

^ m

it.

elder brother has a smile on his

My

T.

2fc

/ o

257

one, you lose your self-control.

9 If you regard only that man's exterior,
he is certainly trusty ; nevertheless,
in his heart
treacherous.

10 Children should

meaning character.

he

is

exceedingly

of course obey their

A more colloquial form

SHfe;SAj$*

of

speech would be

21 jB
f$L Wi ffli does not refer to kissing in the
proper sense, of which the Chinese are generally ignorant,
but to rubbing the face with the nose and lips, which
Chinese mothers are in the habit of doing.
88 This is said of #fc j& >J> Jfl, Miss ley-heart, the
heroine of the " Fortunate Union."

26 In speaking, an PplJ should be inserted after 5Jr This

sentence is also from the " Fortunate Uniou."

LESSOU XCV.
Disjunctives.

'O

But, bnt yet,

as the rhythm

'(Bft

or

added or not

still.

The J

is

of the sentence

requires.

$ ft But, bnt
:

t
then,

iSft
flit -ft}*

Kft

bnt only.

iP'fSft
ff But then it mnst Oe remembered, but the fact is, nevertheless.
Not often used alone in ManBut, yet.

darin save as the correlative of

as noted in the

preceding lesson.

But there is one thing, but

must be borne in mind.

ffo flu But, yet, nevertheless, yet on the other

Essentially Wtn-li, but frequently nsed in
Mandarin books very rarely in colloquial-

hand.

a 5 + t

ffl>

parents, yet, on the other hand,

parents should not provoke their
children to anger.
Although a lawsuit hca been decided,
yet one who has influence may still

fft

*
* Mi A. R
*=&.#> &
% &. a* &&
^ M *E> #. $v & ft E
Wn
si W ^
Wk W & ft m
&
^ % B &
m & m #n ^ * m m.
* . SB m^mwt *. o
& * o :*#: A. o K
77, o
* $ A 15 &A & o A bJ
Si & it
Si
* J&7. Jl

ff

ft

it

(ft

get it reversed.
12 Although a man's

somewhat

When

IS

15

fft

^ ^ ^ ^
?# * # *P ft 5L m m m
- #
* & m & m
ft.
#
* =t &* *IK S.
f- n a *s 9 . #. - fc
ft A ^ &. * te is m jg
%

4ft

fll

first

makes an acquaint-

true, still your skill is

equal to his.

is

by no means

10 If yon will not give heed, I cannot

compel you, but there is one thing
[yon must bear in mind], hereafter

|&

-f-

man

may become fairly proficient.

What yon say, Brother Chang,

ift

*n

he becomes confident.

12

13

still

14 Although it is hard to learn to

write a win-chang, yet if any one
will carefully follow the pattern, he

11

ftl

will

ance, he cannot avoid having some

misgivings; but as time progresses

ffl

16

if

attain to mediocrity.

ifc

18

yet

be

may

he
study with diligence, he can

1ft

talents

inferior,

&

when you suffer the consequences,

yon must not come to me for help.
Although what you say is very true,
still good men are few and mean
men many; the intelligent are few
and the

18

What

foolish

many.

the reason I did not reprove her ? But that mouth of hers
Before I
is like a sharp sword.
could speak a single sentence, she
had already rattled off ever so

is

Vocabulary.

HO 3$ Ku* janx
3

if?

Ch-ou*

Certainly, unquestionably,
course, it is true.

k'u*.

ft^^

Hsiu1

ch'u*

To

hoe

~)] Shfr

to hoe, to cultivate.

cultivate with

s\

-To repair,

Ch't 1

It

To

jPfc

>}c

Yang

eh'iu*.

To

beg,

to hnportune,

{$

beseech.

to

To

pattern, to imitate.

imitate, to copy; a copy, a

model

resembling.
To imitate, to follow a pattern or model.
like,

Sincere, frank; honest, true,

faithful, zealous.

In the course of time, by-andby, as time progresses:

To follow a

Fang

repair, to dress, to cultivate.

(8.)

1
v!H-Wk Jin* chin

Ji* chiu*.

Children.

Mu*

to put in order, to dress.

loth

Power, influence.

It*

hoe, to

dig about.
Ch'i1

To give up, nothing

Note 7.

^C A* nUK

Distressed, troubled, sorrowfnl, miserable.

w$9 Oh'u*

K& she9

of

ffi,

Gh'u1 si 1

Cking

Superior, first-rate, above the

average, proficient.

chi*.

Experience, detective skill

a broker, a specialist

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 95.

m n # m m
2i

4\ A.

- * %
^ w a ^
a ra. Ji *
m. ^ w
# & m. m
m m o efc
* fa m n
*n # # ft
% A an &
m* n fa m
is * a
ft * # a
- i, a ^

a.

&

ift

m k #
a m
^
-

12.

-fc

&>

20

it

W A

it:

J*

&

w
M & #
$ *. #
^ a ^

E9

ft

ft

f # O ft,
i # ^ ^ i
.

m #
A*
SB

ffl

m
C/iiin 1

^j

BB

ft

ft

P. *p

# j&
S A *.
W. *

ft

Chun 1

~$f -f'

IB

SI

a sovereign
honorable,
superior, a term of respect.
prince,

The ideal or superior man

Note 17.

s
tsi .

?F#

Yien*

Yien* woo 1

jfQ Ch'H*

'jfy.

t5fc

f$ 5fP

swallow, a martin.
nest.

# %& YiP

ch't*

Bai3

wei*.

T'iao

hi*.

wing, a Jin.
Sharks' fins.

A
ate, to

to

20 Those

Those who received the imreceived for each adult

bounty,
perial
adult

six hundred cash, and for

child three hundred, hence

*.

each

some

say the foreign relief was inferior to

But it must
the imperial bounty.
be remembered that the foreign relief began before the New Year,
oue distribution in seven days, and
continued without interruption unThe
til after the wheat harvest.
third
in
the
imperial bounty began

it

a
u

after only one

that,
comparing

month and stopped

so

p.

distribution,

after all the better.

the
21
9

two,

the

foreign

To use foreigners

at

was

relief

the

ports

to

collect duties, requires higher salaries, and it seems as if it would

be better to use natives, but
the fact is that foreigners have

$
1

more

H>

it

to

fers

and are more honest,

that the Emperor pre-

ability

hence

is

higher salaries and

give

nse foreigners.

Good

1
5cflj Shou* ch'i

Wheat

New

harvest.

Duties on goods,

Feng*

Year.

To compare.
A custom house.

Shui*.

Lu*.

to eat, palatable.

Before the

tariff.

emoluments; wages.
salary, emoluments, pay prosSalary,

Official

perity.

blend; to medi-

make

specially palatable.
who received foreign relief,
received one hundred and forty cash
for each person, whether child or

a
a

$
pp

no

month.

my

fish fins, althongh

they are the rare delicacies of the
sea, yet if not mixed with chicken
broth and meat, they are not

]ffc

delicacy of the sea

To mix,

^
*

me

plausible talk, giving

chauce to open
19 Birds' nests and

yC ip>t Pi* chiao*.

'M r$l Haiz kwan\

A swallow's nest, edible bird's

much

hi

B^ T'ov? nien
^^C
Mai* ch'iu

Jfjfc

259

f|f

The emoluments of

jjtfc:

Jfe. i|j

1
Chung hsin

office,

Faithful,

salary.

devoted

honest,

reliable.

peace.

Not KB.
,2

adds

it

*P

is ' n f* '

in this

way

the translation.
the responsibility.

superfluous, yet the colloquial very often

after ^S. >i a s nevertheless is added in

PJ

lifl

To come

to the

front;

i.e., to

bear

3 The

use of

prevails in the South, that of

jH

in

the North.

4 f| 2fC means properly rain water, and is generally

so used, but in the present case it means simply rain. t% j

m m

260

is

m ^ + %
T. m.z^ m m m #* mM-kW
o o ## #$*$: A 5fct$ 4
^ ^!,^. # * #
o o # $ 9 *r #

ft M
l.l 7. * * *
^
li i H i o ^ o
IB
*, # 2* ilt&A'A. .
* ft t aasji'j #
4H , ft ft ft a A
* ft
* A A, & # 3 tt m m m.
ffi

ij

^i

part, elderly physicians

are the best.
2 Please set your heart at rest. There
will

is clear.

4 Not having come by this time,

most likely he will not come.

'lifo

fll

*tt#
mi & &

31

ft

ft

f&
=&

im

Probably if yon had not irritated him,

he would not have struck you.
8 The day book has already been
counted over twice, it is probably
7

* *
II

&
**=*. in* a *
# # a
a ^
a. # # * * # * A % ft.

correct.

9 Those

used of the uniform distributions of rain either over a

certain territory or over a certain time.
In the latter case,
as here, it means seasonable.

7 fa. at the beginning of this sentence refers back to

something preceding, sflj Jg is nearly always used with a
It is
negative, meaning, to be loth to part tcith, to grudge.
widely used, but not t'ung hsing. In some place* it is said

&*
9 The fa

in

the

and as such does not

first

an adverb meaning only,

theme of the lesson. As
usually and naturally follows

clause

is

illustrate the

used in Mandarin, iJJ

be omitted, however, as in (3.)
10 The sentiment of this sentence is Christian.
heathen would ever give expression to such a sentiment.
$*5

lJ is

it.

It

may

No

This combination or juxtaposition of

conjunctions is considered somewhat inelegant, especially by
Peking teachers. It represents, however, a collocation of
human thought common to all languages, and is very frequently heard in colloquial. It may sometimes be avoided,
without the loss of the idea, by a careful manipulation of the
clauses.
In order to avoid it here, the Peking teacher would
fll

>jp:

ifqf

"^IESS03Sr

who lend

money

generally

have some official influence.

10 His illness having reached this stage,

ifc

may be

it is

5 If everybody says that a certain man is

good, most likely he is a good man.
6 Oui family affairs are, for the most
part, controlled by my elder brother.

probably be no trouble.

3 Although there are some small defects

in the book, yet for the most part it

12

For the most

fit

il

Translation.

10

11

/\

not likely he can recover.

vices of the world are, in general,

it is
1

The

drop the

fa ;: This, of course, is allowable, but it loses

part of the idea and very much weakens the opposition of
the clauses. The yv at the
beginning of the sentence is
specific, the one at the end, general.
17 /& "? A royal man, that is a virtuous and honorable
man one who embodies the highest excellencies of human
character, which, theoretically, are supposed to inhere in a
Prince.
The term is much used in the classics and is translated by Dr. Legge as "the superior man."
13 The interrogation of the first clause is equivalent to
a strong affirmation. The Chinese does not indicate whether
a man or a woman is referred to.
Woman's reputed gifts
would indicate that it was a woman, though the phrase

^S C H 7$. 5s 1 Bounds like the language of

who has some knowledge of books.
19 -7 f^ iSj 55 I'zJ Wot to any extent bear

man

eating,

has practically the force of specially or particularly.

In many places ff" ISf would be substituted for
lj.

^>

20 The

cash here referred ta

is

Great agreement,

JR &> t Sat

is,

double

count.

XCVI

Approximation.

^^
part,

The great half,for the most

mostly, generally, most likely.
or

i&^L

AlR Great

Bnmming

up,

generally, probably.
jjQ Approximately, about.

on

the

whole,

A)|9

for the

generally, most likely.

TJ^Great
most

part,

most

approximation,
likely.

~fc ffi Great anticipation,

most

likely,

(n.)

most

about,

in all

for

part,

the

probability

Lesson 96,

262

SS

*\

ft

*.

&

an.

ft

#
i
^

in

-5\

lit.

o
ts

m & m
m m. m
B. i *

# #

si

?#

*B

SK

if

*
%

Pft

It
It

lit

JJ

^f

gg

Chung

Ming

>&

JE

T,
a

t'ien

horse-fly

Hsia 1 yien* mtng*.

f&$]

handle, a crank

shV-.

>>

HI

: Note

Hsiri1

Ch'iao*

fff T'ung**.

instructor,

a professor;
educa-

Something weighing on the

mind, trouble, embarrassment.
To raise with a lever, to pry.

^Hl Fu*

that the

t'ai

Yien1 ch'ung1

ffi

first

^%

is

past,

Kwod*

fj5

priety

caldron, a boiler, a kettle.

chimney,

flue:

Note

An

outlet for the smoke, a

Note 22.

5?

To keep a

to
feast day
exceed the bounds of pro-

chieK

an occurrence, a complication, a hitch.

To conjecture, to guess
Ts-ai 1 swan*.

f$

Man2

Shu 1 mu*.

."-

ff Ching

to

turnip.

Also wan*.

Luxuriant

Number.

a turnip.

turnip, a beet.

is.

and the second

uncertain whether this sentence was intended to

to apply to a particular individual.
enunciate a principle, or
be rendered, If everybody says
In the latter case it should
man.
So and So m n good man, he moat likely i a good

anticipate, to look for.

in

A
A

pipe, a stove pipe,

22.

: Note

22.

S^.

tube, a pipe.

No
4 Note

smoke
a flue

jj(@fif

17.

Yien 1 t'ung*.

19.
sht*.

29 Thieving

authority.

superintendent of
tion

for gathering.
is bred in that fellow's bones,
and it is not likely that he will be

ft

willing to confess without the application of the severest torture.

Authority, power, control,

prerogative.

An

aud

in.

flue

Ch'iien* ping*.

3fc$fo Lao*

him

^- Fu*.

horse-fly

tall

28 After about seven or eight days more,

this patch of turnips will be ready

a gad-fly.

not very

is

about forty years old. Ans. Oh, I

presume it is Mr. Li. You may in-

is

Summer.

He

to see you.

-k

Note
^9j Ping

*i

vite

not yet kindled.

fire is

23 Most likely some things have occurred

which we. did not anticipate.
24 This affair happened five years ago,
and although I cauuot say exactly,
yet it was about this way.
25 I have here deposited to my credit
five thousand eight hundred cash;
is that correct ? Ana.
Yes, it is
By
probably about that amount.
looking at your account I will know.
2G Every time he gets money it is put on
his pass book. If it is not on the pass
book, I presume he has not drawn it.
27 A man has arrived without who wishes

Mediocre, average.

ttiup.

BS ^{SH

parts, talents, cleverness-

Endowments,

^ Hsia*

3>j|

22 There seems to be uo smoke issuing

from the chimney. I presume the

g,
23

^ ff

* + X

ft

*. 4,

&

*ff

*.

mom

T
- &t

it
# & K
# m
-b ^

aft

ft

ft

4P

A running account written in the order

8 $ft 7K Wt
'IM
which the business is done. A cash book is a 5$

It 13

tMaJ

9 It is a sort of necessity in China that he who would

money should have some 55 J] otherwise he wouW
ft

lond

MANDABIN LKSSON3.

Lesson 97.

*7

*:

ft

ffl

10

fft

^,

Si

+ A *

&
$
*

7\

-mm
T im WW*
ft

t&
IE

mi

^*>

a 7.

IK.

ra

IE

TRANSLATION.
1

It

should

#
*.

it8 ft

1ft

a*

A, ft U\ ft

m a

wt
ft

ft

16 In some places

used for going to a place, withIn other places -Q; is used.

'3

_fc

17 So

iB

A species of horse-fly,

popularly regarded
as blind, because of the peculiar appearance of its eyes.
It is supposed to be
the
sound
of the bells in
guided by
finding the animals.

19 /&

pi|j,

also called

jgJC

theoretically an official

teacher appointed in each Haien city to teach the graduates

of his district.
The office is a sinecure so far as teaching is
concerned. He simply exercises the functions of a superintendent, and is entitled to certain fees. He has charge of
the Confucian temple and offers sacrifices at the required
seasons.

The

J|

in

city

is

*
#

in the law, yet it is still necessary

to live according to the law.

10 After all your talk, you will still

hare to do it as it ought to be done.

A1Z

out regard to up or down.

from whence you brought them.

9 Although we are not saved by trusting

M.

presently find aimself without any money to lend.

3Jy J]
here means power to coerce payment, to have such influence
with thoa
authority as will enable one to use a certain
degree of violence with impunity.

the general superin-

liiESSoisr

come, yon

if he grows to be a hundred
years old, in his relation to you he
will still be a child.
After all you will have to go, for no
one else knows the door.
The world says that when a man
dies, he becomes a demon; but the
fact is when a man dies, he is still
a man.f
6 I corrected it for him once, and still
it is not right.
A man who has received the truth,
although he may suffer grievous
trials, yet nevertheless has his joys.
8 Take these chairs back to the place

1ft

not

Even

does

still

go.
I had certainly hoped to have plenty
this year, and behold I am still
suffering from poverty.

^ & ft ^P ft
1 ^ I
% m ^ -^ W
*. ft *
A A *> # ft
i* $ $a ^ m
vi m m
& m ft> m ft 7. IS m ft *.
ft ?# ft * o
t ip ^ ft .
1 9i. I
Mi
ft,
* 3^ f o
A o

he

Although

SI

* -

ft
b

263

tendent of those in the Haien

cities.

There are also military

22 There is no t'ung haing term for "chimney," for

the reason, probably, that in a large part of China there are
no chimneys. In Eastern Shantung chimneys are general,

and the distinctive name is

3&. A jt@ ffi is a stove
pipe, though the term may perhaps in some places be applied
to a chimney.
>H Uf as used in the South, is simply a
horizontal hole in the wall for the exit of the smoke.
Stove
pipe is so called by foreigners.
26 Pass books are extensively used by Chinese shopkeepers and bankers.
,

tfa

H ^sown

Thia pitct of turnips, that

piece of land which

is

is,

this

in turnips.

SO Probably spoken by an underling, and intimating

that the party spoken of was an old thief accustomed to
being flogged and fortified against it.

xovn.

Still.

Jg As

This word belongs

in
this
but
from
lesson,
properly
necessity it has
been
so
that
it is useless
already
frequently used
before,

to illustrate

it

still,

iftft As

yet.

further.

a8

f)5

>

ever,

but

|f As
$C-fAs
Bft

still.

little

more

the

same

little

A mncb

used.

Practically
elegant.

before, as heretofore, still.

before,

as

heretofore.

bookish.
yjf As before,

still,

nevertheless.
"ift

"t^lS As of old,

as before,

all

the same,

still.

Hf

J3

ft A f'ter

all,

still.

but somewhat redundant expression.

m t

?64

it

T\ ft T

l6

fii

A i
* m m
ff

ft *
a. #1 #
ft

*.
ff

11

fell
T.

^o

12 I have known a great many gamblers

vowing, with au oath, never to

H,

He

gamble again, and yet they afterwards went back to their gambling

f4

as before.

The moment

13

tffc

#>

18

m m m a ^
17

i H

ft

ft

ft

open,
table
fast,
it

5fi#

it is

get my bleared
sweep
up wipe
I

eyes

off the

wash thekettle and get break and

to-morrow when get np,
I

will be the

14 After

this

same round over again.

settlement

with

Wang

Jwei T'ing, be sure and have him

write you a receipt in full.
If you
do not, it will afterwards turn out
that yon still have no settlement.
15

When

16

One man's judgment

you punish your own child,

although he may be estranged for
the time being, he will presently be

*5MK
>

continned to ride on the whole

night, his horse's feet not stopping

till the dawn.

11

Ji,

+ &

<t

#1* o

f
f I i
& $ 1* ft M

# ^ 1 m a
m - ^ to m ^
# 10 $.#&& i to
$
if # # fijiUffl o
ta # ^
^ ^j $ #*- &$(!* a ^
M & ft
f)

as affectionate as ever.

$ n itst ^j
^ ^ h*^* ^
W. 9J
ft
*&

is,

in

any

case,

imperfect, therefore to ask only one

teacher's criticism is, after all,

fll

unsatisfactory.

Vocabulary.

to
|

As, as before,

Jtng*.

superabundant;
overmuch.

Yti*.

j|[|$r

Plentiful,

K'wan 1

yu*-

Chan4

again.

still,

Ling*

To

correct,

to

adjust,

To sustain,

worthy

T'

Ch'P

Yuen*.

hoof,

ski*.
-

...

Ch'i\

Also

Yu*

to

to bear; able, adequate;

To
(eyes),

horse-shoe.,

to take

an oath.

a promise, a vow.
make a vow, to vow.

Sincere, faithful

puruleat

$T 3P Ck&
/^i

ifffl

A pavilion, an arbor; straight, even.

A paper given in proof, a
chu*.

signet; a keep-sake
auspicious.

certificate,
1

pod*.

out,

to

adjust, to settle.

swan*.

To average

to

sum

Hp, to

Hard-hearted, cruel; extreme, radical;

t^SS

Wa

k'u 1

Pao* piao\

To

berate, to taunt, to reprove,

to reproach, to upbraid.

To

felicitous,

receipt.

Plain, clear; intelligible; in

final.
.full, quit claim,

An opium sot

Ta* yien 1 kweP.

bitter, relentless.

{?jc$jjt

3^

Q CkHng

y&

K'u 1

bleared.

Tst*

yiin*.

eyelids,

^^

alienated

estranged,

All right, satisfactory, in order,

0. K.

(He*.

3$} Jwei*.

T'ing*

time

aggregate.

a hoofed foal ; a

Blurred

Cool,

of, fit.

To swear,

Fa1 y&en*

/pf

alter.

K'-an1

tan*.

To smooth

Yu*.
.

chlng*.

the

indifferent.

easy circumstances, plenty; generous,

in

Abundant,

Temporarily, for

being, for the present.

liberal.

$t HE Kav*

ski*.

liberal;

$L K'wang*.

convoy, to guarantee safe

delivery, to insnre.

Moreover, furthermore,
a time ; an event.

jfif

$L Ching* twang*.

jtil

s
j$ Tsu

mu*.

still

more;

Condition of things, stat6

of affairs, circumstances

Paternal grand motner.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 98.

n w
m # w. m>
& m* % &
m m in m
#i a w
& n
ma
# ^ * ^
* &> t. w
& m o m
it

m.

tfr

fti

m m a m ^ ^
n i m s w m $> %> * +
a & t>
* *d
i* ^ h #r
a w $

265

17

profitable to keep males.

I don't
sot of oars

#i

know
how often I have reproved him, or
how many times I have berated him,

That opium

18

*e.

mnle may have twenty years of

doukey has
only ten or more years, so that in
the aggregate, it is after all more
effective service, bnt a

and

does not prevent his

the same as before.
smoking
Isn't it vexations ?
it

yet

all

#t ggft

19

^ m

If
don't want anybody as escort.
I am fated to have tronble, even if
I have an escort, it canuot after all

be prevented.
20 Last year I went home

* ^ s t> m ^ m *. *
* a # aa* 4> i -w +
* hi a .
1 # $

for a visit

the condition of everything at home

was jnst the same as before, save
that

is.

my

grandmother had

died.

NOTBS.
3 The Chinese hold that parental authority and filial
obedience continue without change through life. The same
is also true of the
authority of elder brothers and uncles.

at the end of a clause nearly always takes Bl after

written, it is, at least in the North,

Though not always

it.

nearly always spoken.

men are commonly spoken of as 5&'

never speaks of the souls of his dead parents or
ancestors as y& but as ijff, they being regarded as deified.
Christianity, however, cannot afford to allow that a dead man
6 The

is

souls of dead

man

albeit a

a j&, much less that he is or may become a flf

The Southern teachers here, as often, insist on

^tf.

The meaning, however,

is

somewhat

different

5?

2fc

IJfc

the

11 ?S
f? *W Horse's feet not stopping an expression
found in novels.

18 The

fK( after

the sense, though

modified.

ff

the

'

might be omitted without changing

would be somewhat

14
in case

^^

you do

t$

ft$

Lit-.

Ifnot-so's time

i.e.,

not.

18 ^C S3

Great smoke devil;

i.e.,

besotted

opium

& is used as a term of reproach and contempt. The

underlying idea is that the man has lost the proper characteristics of manhood, and become a demon in depravity.
smoker.

There are other terms of the same class, as ^| K %,>

a miter, lg E ML a gambler,
18
W: To convoy or escort money, treasure, or
It is done either by soldiers, constables, or
other valuables.
professional fighting men.

construction

20 0C Hr

/fc

ti-

a ready-made expression, somewhat

bookish.

IiBIBSOIN-

XCVIII

Thi Auxiliary
is

'

use of the phrase jjjlj \ fj# |{ shows that the reverso

order is the common practice.

states

Wt ; here means, to talk in a roundabout

It sometimes means
purpose of making a point.
simply to keep up a conversation,
10

both forms, and says ?C Rft Brf

BE' aiding my eyes a rub,
which sounds very tame. Tidy housekeepers in China no
doubt wash the kettle after cooking a meal, but the general

for

a charge or requirement of the speaker ;f|f expresses the

requirement or necessity of the case.

way for

IS BJf Sticky, bleared, is here used of the unpleasant,

sticky sensation in the eyes often experienced when getting
up early, or before one is satisfied with sleep. It gel3
especial force from the fact that in China poor eyes are the
rule rather than the exception.
The Peking equivalent is
more expressive than elegant. The Nanking teacher rejects

added to many adjectives and participles

the purpose of turning them into abstract

nouns of quality or condition, thus j fc, the state
for

or quality of being difficult, j(f tit tue sta ';e or

This use
condition or quality of being good, etc.

jM.

somewhat similar to that of the English

termination ness in such words as goodness, nsefulness, bitterness, etc. The words with which jjg
is most commonly joined are those given in the
it may be
lesson
if, however, occasion requires,
of

tit is

joined to almost any adjective or participle.

266

%
m a
7

^
t

ft l7;

m a + % %
& & m w. k o $ $
A
&. a &
o j& *D & ft * if
A *i J! W & m 4*
A
n ft m m m *
ft

t>

o
%?

$t

^.
o

ft
jib

tt

ns ^
^ *
&

ft

it
ft. ft

<*

That

which

a place

]ujn.

That which

is

on occasion.

important;

small or unimportant
;

highness,

which

is

high

kindness

bless-

--
;

pre-eminence

inferiority

common, and when you have

17 If you get time, please

lodgings and visit us.

come

to our

Jf |gt

The place where things

are collected

J^iH A

place, a situation, (l.)

pFcilbAu occasion

of

rejoicing;

gladness,

7S let Short-coming, deficiency, fault

a &

y*
;

short-

Suffering, adversity

bitterness.

The extreme, the uttermost.

-Sofia Dwelling-place, residence, lodgings.

profitableness.

Superiority, pre-eminence

ness.

lowness.

forte.

Use, usefulness.

3^Jiii Every place, every where. A contraction

oi fit SI i. fit- aua n t quite in line with the
leaeuij.

3B

1?H.fia

/Ji Benefit, profit,

^lii
^jiH

T'ien Pao travels, he

quarrels with the inn-keepers wherever he goes.
1 1
There are more in the market than
there are in the factory.
[ly gay.
12 The fashions of the place are excessive13 What enjoyment can you find in
talking and laughing in such a silly
fashion ?
14 When anyone speaks of our shortcomings, we feel uncomfortable.
15 When yon have blessings share them

altitude.

DS Jib That which is low

When Cheug

enjoyment.

ing

f&jMi That

is

smallness, littleness, inferiority.

ftfjfiL Benefit, advantage
merit.
; virtue,

it

it.

|XJ Ja The place in which a thing is produced

and from which it proceeds origin, factory.

greatness, magnitude.
J>

do not want

a market, a rendezvous, a focus.

great or

is

adversities bear them in common.

16 Truly our hearts are utterly uncleau.

peril, risk, precarionsness.

to go to

cheap,

in

Difficulty, strait, troublesomeness.

Iwiib Danger,
2rlf A place

cellent expositions.
is of no use, so that, even if

9 It

10

|g
j&

Ift

A mt

[expenses], not the great [ones].

will not forget your kindness as
long as I live.
6 Men seek high places [as] water
seeks [the] low.
[issue with me ?
7 What profit is there in again joining
8 Mr. Sun's strong point is in his ex-

&

10

man has his own difficnlties.

He has passed through many perils.
What place do you think that is ?
He is particular about the email
Every

5 I

f|

ft

ji***w

=t

&
&
* & *

12

Hi Jib

3
4

o
6

ft

ffl

* a

it

H I
i o m m ^
m mm m tn

* ^n x
n ft a m
*Ti>. # ^n^.
^ * o *& o
* & uf i5
5.

5*c.

ft

o*^a

it.

n a m

ft

7.

fc

Translation.

14

=&#.
#
Ji

a a +

fc

fffj

Hf?

wL The same.
!<ab

That which

}jj&

That

is

which

public, in public.
is

private, in

private, in

secret; darkness.

'tSMi

Injury, harm, detriment, injunonsness.

MANDARIN LK8SONS.

Lesson 98.

m m %
m m &

$
&s
o

m U

m.

ir

a.

nt

m;^ %

t>

ji

23

19

20

# & m & m

ft.

is one thing in
public, and quite
another in private.
This is a mild medicine; taking it
will not do the least harm.
There is hardly a man having a fault
who does not try to conceal it.
When you go to the capital, be snre
and find a situation for me.
You have been here upwards of ten
years without giving occasion of

18

f* i&

JS

He

18

*f

267

21

s js
A

m
^ #

35

ji

IE

24

a o - m
+ ^1$ -

s
*.

22

offense to

1T

*. >

ft,

fc

W & J*
* it # &
*8 & - ?
*&

fcr

:*
ft

*i

ft

IE

#.

jsC

ifc

Bt

ift

&

ft

&
^ ^
W &
fl

#.

without any one to control them,

which gives rise to a great deal of
inconvenience.

24 If he

X
g
4fc
W@fti^J#^JiiS A -

piftW

XE

"til

ft

#.
o

I*

ft. ft. su

0B.
27

o
26

fli

* W 28 A>4*
29

2s Injury,

pj

ft That which

ful,

A ft ft m}
ft =& W A &
* if ft* ti if *$ 0fft.*k & 3
*s

is there remarkable in me?

There are plenty of better men than
1 am.
26 He is here to-day and there to-morrow.
He has no certain abiding-place.
a
Although that man has no great

ft

^ft
j*

it to his face.
What use
there in always grumbling behind

should say
is

his

back

fault.

craftiness;

shrewdness;

peculiarity.

Jgs

IIS

Ja

Place of abode, residence.

Bad

any great

28 If yon have anything to say, yon

3j6ft Perverseness;

remarkable or wonder-

is

strangeness.

virtues, neither has he

vices.

$ffl Mistake,

harm.

not in the yamdn, yon can go

and look for him.

What

25

sj8#*ah5R*#.
o

is

to his lodgings

20

any one.

On the occasion of fairs at the temples,

men and women are mixed together

23

habits, vices, viciousness.

ft Enjoyment,

Ingenuity, skilfulness, cleverness.

Convenience, fitness, opportuneness.

Jig*

which is hateful; detestaPJ rgft That

bleness, hatefulness. See List in Supplement

satisfaction, happiness.

Vocabulary
To
.

dispute,

To assemble,
collect, to

Ifl Fou* kwa*

HI Wt

S/** 8

shwoa x

to

converge.

Luxurious, dissolute, gay.

.

To talk

Wc.
ffj

Ck'i 1 hsiao*

Wux

Vv Wt

To
-

to giggle.

polluted, vile.

dwell, to lodge a residence; a lodgallegory.

;

ing place

)fc

^gj

CM

J<2S

Wi

Ck'u* soa9

ilift

$f

Hun*

yien*.

The same.
To laugh as a simpleton,

.Filthy, dirty; obscene, vile;todefile.

Unclean, defiled, polluted.

Yii*.

talk.

The same.

Filthy, unclean

||| llwei*..

foolishly; nonsense,

fUfft OKf $hwod\

Tsf S/ta* ksiao*.

jangle,

to gather together, to

silly

Hi

to

.wrangle, to quarrel.

tsa*.

To

hide, to conceal, to cover

up, to screen.

place, occasion, ($.)

Mixed

up, confused

268

& &

A * 35 ms A
m &. 1 *n
A i pf ^
^c a S &
tW & , 4P
ft us, H
*i
jg ^
* *5 m o
8ft

m
$

A,

3*
^
?t

To put

ft

ft

fft

ft

*u

ft

iJL

Chang Yao W6n

01

ft

A,

SB

#-.

82

0gft|i|

ffc

#1

&

|$t

1
P|p Chi '*.

To hnm

in

for real shrewdness and skill.

matter what artifice yon try, he
this is his
is not to be caught
shrewdness: but when he sets a trap

Te'

No

Hung

jgjl

pHen*.

To

Ku*

ity Pj5

CA'i*.

as an insect, to babble, to

To mumble, to stammer.
To grumble and mutter, to murmur.

51^ C
^B

*-5

Also

deceive, to cheat, to im-

devoted to, sacrea

hsie*.

intimate, devotedly attached, bosom friend*.

ch'iao*.
Shrewdness, address, cun-

Very

hi* ch'i*.

be

pose upon, to hoax, to cozen.

Hateful, detestable ; odious,
abominable.

covenant, a bond

Kwai

to

this is his skilfulnesa.

to.

mutter.
Pjlf

yon are certain

yon,

caught

pf j| K'P tau\

an undertone.

has,

about him is that he makes a point

of deceiving his especial friends.
34 Give me a man like Chang T'ieu

in order, to set right;

; to straighten up.

To grumble and mntter

well-behaved

but the report that he has great

vices I do not believe.
33 Deception is a matter of constant
occurrence, bnt the hateful thing

for

To mntter, to grumble.
To speak indistinctly.

|g| JYang*.

is

man. Minor faults, of course, he

'if.

ML
o

a matter that rests with yourWhat difficulty is there?

is

self.

to control

^5 7V.

on other

30 Although men who are given to profligacy think they have some enjoyment at the time, yet they do not
consider that the bitterness will

32

It

(ft

fits**.

Cheng* I?.

Hi

tell tales

come by and by.

t,AXf
A *o K *
&

it

31 This

a n g
* i i A,
^ it
ft* A
A ^ H & m
m mm w & &
II

T>

n
m a n
4$ * m
^ if ^

&i

*5

s
a*

would rather not

Ans. I don't want yon

people.
specially to tell tales on him; if he
has any virtues, can yon not speak
of them ?

IS

IrE

?#

29

ft

ft

A + a %

SB

'b

yfc

3fe

ning, subtlety.

KOTBS.
3

ife tft is fairly t'ung-hsing,

but

its

use

Is

much more

prevalent in some places than in others.

4 This common saying is very nearly equivalent to our
" Penny wise and pound foolish.'
7 Bunyan's original is, "You lie at the catch again;
ihis is not for edification."

jjft

i/ood at,

is

a WSn-U form, extensively used

in

colloquial.

11 The meaning is that the place to see large quantities

where
any article, and to buy it cheaply, is in the market,
it is collected for sale, not in the place from which it comes,
or the factory in which it is made.

of

for the

most part,

local in the region of

Chinanfu.

whioh

14 $4 is here used genera:

English by using the plural.

22
as
is

it

$ %.

frequently

is

is

expressed in

not added
% common
+2J5,
Southern

In the South
North. The

in the

is

to

form

S3 Chinese women
religious fairs

and at

are

much

very

theatricals,

great liberties.

29 For

secluded, save at

where custom gives them

the use of fj. see Les.

1112.

n-

MANDARIN LESSONS.

99.

% + %
m, m a c * &
J* 19 $r a *k it; *

* ft.
#>
m & t * *. * tt
# * % & & H ft
fc # *. tf * M ft
II
fU
# W. # <& * HW.<H
, o j* ^ IE o ^
I* ? 4 *&. A' ^

269

Translation.

IK

5H3

tit

fft

a.

Jt

ft

*n

ft

ft

The

n m
m * n
>K

HHft

'.:

IB

(H

"Fftfott

IV

j$.

.o

fg

St

&.

down when he walks, as if he were

considering something in his mind.
man who has fallen into the habit
down

hill

is like a man
running
he cannot stop if he

would.

-WW

ft

gets angry easily is like

whenever the fire

of doing evil,

M B m m ^

4*

ft

who

fire-cracker;

to keep the right road.

7 P*stor Cheng always keeps his head

* H lU tt
ft # 1
fc #

very uninthe talk of

touches it, it explodes.

Don't be too strong in your disbelief; what he says seems reasonable.
The climate of the United States
resembles that of China.
When a man's conscience is dead he
is like a blind man, it is very hard

ti

similar.
is

a child.

A man

/J>

&

two are

telligible, it is just like

tirffi -ft

sft

faces of the

This language of yours

You

me

find fault with

for incapaci-

but suppose this business were

ty,

TjESSOH XCIX.
Comparison.
fcfe

TT

'

suppose,

Like, as.

example, snppose,

just
iH^IP Exactly
instance, as
Good
to
compare,
$JJ>fc
for

like

like.

for

much

$R j^J

Like, similar

just

as, as

similar

to.

if,

ty\ Alike, similar.

tyX

^ To

like, to

very

much used

in

some

places,

likeness,

"He

like, similar.

Similar-like,just

ftW

Good-similar,just

for instance.
fljj

tAl*

as.

$}, fl\J
colloquial enclitic added at the end
of a clanse to fill out the force of the previous
is

HJ ty\

|$
seem

a similar way, as

if,

if,

has no equivalent in
sometimes used in

W.tyX Class-like, similar to, nearly like. It

a local term much used in
Shantung. It is
sometimes varied to $g
jg{, or jgg <JQ 3ft.

to.

iH

It

It
is

is

f|j

Like-same,

comparison.

others.

"Like"

colloquial English in
seems tired like."

like.

be

[like,

-Mj$P Compare-like,

like,

little

Sood English.

K Jj Compare-place, for example,

#R

and but

To compare,like, compared with.

for

to,

as

All-like,

Similar

like,

very

like,

like, as

very

like,

if.

as

example, for instance.

if,

like.

#P Such as, for example, (w.)

^f #P By way of illustration, similar
ijl

be compared

to,

may

to.

Vocabulary.

t Fang*
ffl)

F&
P'i*

To be
Like, similar,

like

: See

only used

Sub.

in g

5^131 MeP Kwod2

of America.

ffi.

To compare, a comparison, a parable.

America; the United States

35t Mvt.

To shepherd;

to superintend.

m m

27C

n & +

* m ~ mmw.m
bn $\ z- & w
u ^u&
m> ft. n. * n m. m m.
oiiofflo^o
ft Aw
m a WA o m m mm%m.*& * m m
20$ at, A SS. o jbtH &J in &
m & & ft ^Wfi o - ft
to * $ m ^mmm^m *
m
m m %w m m. ft
m W j. a * $
m
\ m & m. o Mm
m A
iv m Jt m &m&mm %
A ft W. fa f&tf^ffi in ^ M
* * 1^ *

& &

tf

yours,

ffi

]9

itt

13

and leaves all of

which spring from the one root.
12 A lazy man walks as if he had hobbles
on his feet.
1 3 Life is a hard road to travel (like a
road), and money is the horse.
titude of branches

14 Sending a message by telephone

that of yesterday.
16 Suppose I should not employ any
one to guide me, but you should

* m & m
m w w m

tr

Jt

fiP

15

SB

I
$&&$ Mu*

$p

ft.

go

To walk,

too*.

To

Z/sj 8 Aao*.

of, to love.
Vjfo

Rsi1

in the breath, to inspire

suck; to attract, to draw.

$&$$.'& Hsil

^
7^ fi% Tsung

*
*
t<ie ski

^ CM
3|jj|

fjt
J8}1

H3"

Yie*.

fetter,

$| Chiao* liao*.

yCt

To

influence, to

Kjfc

Lo<x

jj$f

St1.

H& Hei

an*

Darkness.

Light; bright, shining.

To manifest,
.

to

make

to set forth,

clear.

instruct, to explain, to admouish.

An

illustration, a comparison, a

&% W&-

H
Spirit.
;

The

gasteropodous mollusk.
a
whelk,
periwinkle.
A tortoise, a terrapin.

Pi 3

Aioei1

fjXR

^ Mi

black tortoise; a whore-

monger, a
tsoa*2

Yin chHen\

Jg JC Mn*

to

lungs.

Spiral univalves; spiral, screw-like.

1
^g Kwei
j^Hl Ww

.Ml tfr

inspire

lW yu*.

t'u 8
3

Lien mien*.

transform; to convert.
ffi

#6 ^"4

to face.

The Holy

X-e'n^

Kan3 kwa*.

a shackle.

Face

To

Yil*.

i^L PjfK

Fetters, shackles, gyves.

mien*.

jg j|| SAMp 4

100.
branch, a
a thin plate of metal.

(5 Twei*

loadstone.

leaf, blade;

Liao*

Hsien* ming

parable.

twig Les.

to

Ancestors, ancestry, ancestral clan

Note 11.

tsu*.

ming*.

fjjjt

To draw

BrJ

my

be enamored

delight in, to

to

which you wish to explain.

20 The leaves of trees may be compared

jtty Kwano1

to travel.

how

Christian pastor,

carefully all about

would that answer

opinion, a man who has not

received the influence of the Holy
Spirit is like a caudle which is not
It is dark itself, and canlighted.
not give light to others.
18 The heart of man is like iron, the law
is like the furnace.
19
comparison consists in the use of
a similar idea to set forth the idea
17 In

I f 1

o
A

sht\

* i& T^ow*

^
^
*^

me

tell

is

just like speaking face to face.

15 The temperature to-day is similar to

'

HP

likely that you would

in the very same way.

is

it

10 Man's uatnre delights in doiug evil,

jnst as a loadstone attracts iron.
1 1
One's ancestry may be compared to a
tree which, when grown, has a mul-

ffl

SWjTJI,

it

manage

11

satyr.

To compare

to or with.

Money, specie, wealth.

Bung,

filth.

Reputation, honor,

self-re-

spect, face, influence.

I* d****'

Uprightness, integrity, honor.

Lesfon

MANDAKIN

09.

X - W
a. m m
m.

211

O $*$#!,

?#

& &
H n %>
fc

tr

m &
4- &

IJi

im

22

m * $
* m

1m

ft

PI

ft

IK
jJS

comparing me to a camel (turtle) ?

22 Money is as dung reputation (honor)
is worth thousands of gold.
23 A dumb boy named Chang is Mr.

m m A

una* s

His miud was utterly blauk at first,

but these few days he seems to be
getting a little idea of learning.

24 I saw a polyphonist to-day who performed first-rate. When he imitated

a woman speaking, it sounded exactwhen he
ly like a woman's voice
imitated a child talking, it sounded
exactly like a child's voice.

is,

sdfe

m n

fi

$|

it

T>

* %
o }8 1
W & *
i* ^
f ft
** - m

#j j&i&

^.

ft

23

ft

ft

^ X m A
tr A. * ft
g* #
^ *r

%J Gk?

ch'u 1 .

At

Li's pupil in learning to articulate.

25

What

the meaning of [the phrase]

Ans.
the oppressed ?
For example: when Moses saw the
Egyptian task-master cruelly beat-

Iff.

IS.

ing an Israelite, his mind was affect-

ed with a sense of the injustice, and

he at once interfered and beat the
This is what is called
task-master.
the
vindicating
oppressed.

the

BE Rut Ning*
Les. beginning,
126.
To mimic sounds iH ^5 Neng wei
hsiang* shtng
and voices Not*
^ ^ Ts'ai*
mao*.
first,

in

is

vindicating

nai*.

Ability, potency, efficiency,

primarily:
1

1
fft ffi si: Shtootl

24.

1$ ft Hsiang*

Countenance, physiognomy,
face.
;

capacity.

ban*.

^StMing* hao*.

Pj

jj||

K'ai 1 Vou*.

To

^i0t^:

Lai1

induce, to encourage, (w.)

tai1 ch'ou*.

Ability, talent, capacity.

name, a

ttt

Wan*

*Ai*.

title,

an appella-

begin, to lead off, to date

Les. 126.
:

Ten thousand

generations,

{the ages, forever.

clown, a booby; a
dirty beast, a dowdy.

To

from

Lai2

Ability, capacity, force.

tion.

To arrange in order to marshal a rank,

a series regularly; severally.
......

f\\rje*.

$j

.ft$i

f!I

If

(*

ic

#
^ ^
^ *F P
#1 Z Tk
#0

both are used

26,

ft.

black turtle found

periwinkles "). Is not this

among

21

men

would not let these youngsters make

a noise here, whereupon they said,
"A camel has jumpedoutof the flock
of sheep,"

91

j*

271

to the lungs of
for breathing

Gi

=p:

M *

VX

LR8SON8.

;$

Slfrle*.

To

lose, to let slip.

N0T8.
' D 'his sentence would be left out by
speakers without at all feeling the incongruity of the

6 The second By

many

construction.

9 1$ f4> $lt Jl On your body ; i.e., concerned you.

11 Tlio initial jfl simply marks the subject of discourse.
When a Chinese teacher is asked to define jy; ]$ he always
does so by explaining the two words separately, which makes
the term as a whole not a little confusing. It means ancestors,

or ancestry, or ancestral clan, according to

It
is

a book, rather than a colloquial, term.

an expression in the studied form of books.
is

circumstances.
"T"

ifct

ft

5ft

13 "BE ibtf does not here form a phrase, as elsewhere,

but means simply, the course or way of life,. This < the
Peking form of the suying and does not illustrate the lesson
Compare, "Money makes the mare go."

272

IB

- W T B. * # H
a m & * to
ift;

&,

ft

* epgs 4*

Ao
*r*n*wi o

*#**
ip

fa

*r

s&

a&

5iJ

JF

tt

a.

f#

#
^-

ft

<&

HH

s -

ss

An has the face of a booby

does not look as if he had
least capacity, but if you get
conversation with him, yon will
that he is a man of ability

26 Liu

&
-

m m
H & *" M

i*

ft*

18 The structure of this sentence is Wen : it beoomes

Mandarin only by being quoted and used as a common saying.
fa 5 does not mean simply the law, but all the means and
methods by which officers control the people.

A Bi

The use of 5i gives a diminutive touch

to our word " youngster." Neither of the comparisons

into
find

and

27 The saying is quite true, that " all

events are controlled by the will ot
heaven ; the plans of men are entireFor example, Cb/in Shi
ly futile."
Hwang took this title with the idea
that from him, as the first, the succession would continue throughout the
ages ; but although his plans were
very far-reaching they were very soon
overturned, for in the second generation the dynasty was broken up.

*ii
tt

he
the

decision.

27

a ^ m

26 fi jfe 'ft 3? To interfere for tne righting or

the revenging of the wrongs of others.
26 fi*5 sS M: ifi a widely used phrase, but has different
|

meanings in different places.

utterly stupid or blank.

27 -3l#pfiLU., Ch'inlhe First Emperor. He destroyed

the feudatory system of ancient times and consolidated all
the petty states into one empire. He declared himself Em" First
"
Emperor as his title. He was
peror, taking the term
a man of ability, but made himself infamous by his celebrated
edict ordering all books to be burned, and the chief scholars

24 bJI
3? sT\! A small showman who stands behind
a curtain and exhibits his powers of
mimicry for the entertainment of the listeners.

of the land to be buried alive (fj fj J H).

His son was
man of inferior ability nd lost the empire bequeathed
to him.

81
similar

'J*

here used seems specially apt.

23 ~

3R

^P

&"t a

5fl

single

orifice

open,

that

is,

x-omssoisr o.
OLABBirms.

A
temples, pagodas,

}|| An
fsp.

rank,

with a sudden
J3l

affiirs

of things that
start, as wind, rain, smoke.
classifier

classifier

seat,

of

hills,

WA

come

walled towns,

etc.

as

$& An

twig, classifier of slender things, as

j$.
pens, pencils, arrows, etc.
classifier of things spread
j| To spread out,

out, as beds, matting, etc.

jHI

staff,

classifier of guns,

yards, etc.

2, A. shallow cup,
wine cupf.

classifier of

etc

leads, pearls,

ifS.

of grain,

ear

small round things,

classifier

of heads or

classifier

J(fC

^jf

grain,classifier of things

in grains, as

of

lamps and

A
A

bed,

layer,

classifier

of bedclothes.

classifier

of stories, strata,

tiers,

specifications, etc.

ffi
spears, steel-

sand, grain, etc.

lawsuits, quarrels, examinations, etc.

ears of grain.

arena, classifier of rain, wind, and of

which involve contention or emulation, as

kernel,

To hang up,classifier

of things

as watches, saddles, necklaces,

South, of bunches of grapes.

ff'@ A bunch,

as grapes, bananas,

hung

up,

etc., also, in

the

classifier of fruit in

etc.

See Lists

bunches,

m Supplement

MANDARIN LKBSONS.

Lksson 100.

f.

#
I

m *
i T
=
iff

#,
o

* w - n
n e *
I, i i ^
- ft mm> o
i i 1 pf wr
+ * jR J# ft
= - J # mm^~ m ft

Translation.

ft.

5Hi

i i i t i t #.
JlSftft
#.*#
/f
01
#. 6 o ft
o

4 A #

?e ph # # M +
a + w. ^ * *
o ^ ^ Pio
#t. $s #
a ft ^ m m. t
*BF.

ffi

ffc

13

fiH.

r>

ia

tt

*r

SB

fr.iliS *

jE

ft

jflfi

273

274

h? m ^ &&m o
a m m $ ^ # ^ m j& ji
m
* s * t* *. - &
7\ 4* w h &. n # w w
= & wt^f *.'* t> T w m

fo

s - m

ft

two beds. In the winter we sleep

on the k'angs, and in the summer,
on the beds.
[to Ch'eng Hwang.
16 Every walled city has in it a temple

t>

16

17 Yesterday evening the sound of the

successive gusts of wind and rain

was decidedly melancholy.

18 In the south garden is a marigold on
which seven flowers have opened.
It is very beautiful.
19 There were some discharged soldiers
who stole over three hundred
foreign guns.
They have just been
arrested by the officers.

ft**.**** IS W ^ *
"7 .*&* * * a. =&

20 These

five pearls were bought by my

father in Soochow for two hundred
taels each.

* * * ft W jp. T. * *
*, * A f t o o # if *
* i* + - ^ii^o w. li
* ^ o wt f-. * k g m o
*
^
~ o ^ $ %
H IB M M
^ iS H. ft %
m TMm *. > a 7 - .t.
fa Bl * **.*! = * -

21 In the city of Peking there is a tower

called the Turquoise Cloud Tower.iu
which there are, above and below,
great and small, upwards of a hundred balconies.
22 A head of millet has, on an average,
about three thousand grains a head
of sorghum has about one thousand
grains; a head of wheat has about
one hundred grains, and a head of
rice about eighty grains.
23 On the bed in the west room there is
a carpet rug, a felt rug, a fur rng,

18

23

17

*ft

22

f&
PI

W^f
Yung

Wan*

3
.

Brave, courageous, valorous

a soldier, a brave.

Kao 1 Hang1 Barbadoes

.

Tao*

Growing

|p~ Tan*.
K't* Hen*.

An
.

inn,

W&
3w

millet, a species of

rice,

paddy;

Pei* tan 1

CA'P

cA'uen*.

bed sheet.

Complete, perfect, finished;

in full, all.

rice.

rng, carpet, drugget.

Felt of all kinds.

ChanK

% j

sorghum. Sorghum vulgare.

The same. Generally doubled.

$ft Shu*

Im

fierce

Millet.

Liang*

iU Ire

The same.

shou* chtP.

two cotton mattresses, two sheets

and three quilts.

Li*

$| $
1
H^
SAang A*n\
gR E*, nge*.

house.

Dysentery.

$$M E*
M3fe

a hotel, a lodging-

Dysentery, flux.
Li* tt

Typhus or typhoid

si*.

Tao*

Kwang

fever.

Hungry, starving.
To starve to death.
The sixth Emperor of the

present dynasty,
reigned from 1821 to 1851.
1%, ffl

Tung*

*i

To

who

freeze to death.

Notes.
2 The Chinese speak

of

hills

sometimes using g*, and sometimes

as

if

they hud grown,

a result, no doubt,

of their evolution ideas.

7 A <J ft

a stei>lyard representing the standard

weight current among the business men of a given place, and
In point
professing to give full sixteen ounces to the catty.

of fact, however, the majority of such steelyards

when tested by the legal standard.

9 JE

ii

?Ji

II?

"K

Most learners

weigh

light,

will be inclined to
ay

aE? and in fact fa might be used without impropriety,

but xE i* * ne more common and truly idiomatic form.
tt for

MANDARIN

Lesson 101

**#

*
m

+
*. rt
it.
m> i t m *.
^ ^ *.
m
s: iE m m ~x & wl a
^ n S'~ M n
*. + & it H - ft.
s -k m a n, #. m %
1 T *. # SI
- T oittl 15*
T^ ^f
35
a * 3R *E #f tt

ft.

&

#
^

w.

ii

L1BSONS.

24 la

western countries the inns are

mostly four or five stories high each
gaest has a room which is furnished
with towel, wash-basin, mirror and
bedding, all complete, hence staying
in an inn is the same as if at home.
25 There is no danger of eating too
much in dysentery, nor too little

nit
as?,

jui

in

typhoid fever. The year

did not starve.

home the wrong

the pipe.
11 In some places |j[

12 sk
of

Peking.

T |l

ffl

If
ffl

used as the

classifier of grapes.

city in Chili, about seven

-f*
(i)

is

*'

it

$J

^jj

Jjjf

hundred

li

south

were transposed to

would mean, a pagoda

thirteen

stories high.

13 The " gave promise"

not formally expressed, but

is implied in the structure of the sentenoe.
17 Note here the peculiar force of Hy, marking, as it
The phrase
does, the alternate succession of wind aud rain.
is

31) (13 3? 51 may be connected, either with the clause

above or with the clause following, making a slight difference
in meaning, which is difficult to present in an English

translation.

19 w. :?! Scattered soldiers. Soldiers are often discharged far from home, and with little or no money. They
then become vagrants, ready for every species of crime.

20
common
22

Sk

The rS

wife.

is left

out for brevitya

practice in colloquial.

Is t'ung-hsing, but refers mostly to the grain

|f?l ?j
growing or on the threshing floor. After it is garnered or
ground into flour, it is, in most places, called $Jt or rather

as

This distinction, though common, is not universal,

-7 5E 6t> -^ dysentery cannot be stuffed to
death nor a typhoid /ever starved to death ; that is, dysentery
is a disease in which the patient need not fear eating too
much, and fever is one in which he need not fear eating too
The construction is peculiar and not easy for a belittle.
$f

$*

26

1BF

ginner to analyse.
28 The fact that the day was a lucky one carries with
it the necessary implication that there were many weddings
on that day, which accounts for the seeming absurdity of
saying that because it was a lucky day many who were
getting married were frozen to death. In the exoitement and
dangers incident to rescuing various parties from the snow
and resuscitating those who were half froien, some of the
brides were carried to the wrong place

Thb Auxiliary Vbbbs , j,

sister

26 In the fifteenth year of Tao Kwang, on

the twenty-sixth of the first month,
there was a great fall of snow of
over five feet deep.
Because that
day happened to b e a 1 ncky day, mauy
who were getting married were frozen to death, and soma even brought

26

10 ??< Wi Not tobacco bag or pouch, as would seem

most natural, but tobacco pipe. The $ refers to the bowl of

my

had the fever, she did not eat a grain

of rice for eight days, aud yet she

KB.

276

^ and J$.

To exhanst, added as an auxiliary to

such words as will take the qualifying idea of

7C To finish, added as an auxiliary to such

words as will take the qualifying idea of finishing

exhaustion or completion.

or completing.

*f&

To

fix,

added

as

an auxiliary

to

such

words as will take the qualifying idea of certainty

or stability.

JiJXl

To

effect,

to

complete,

added

as

an

auxiliary to such words as will take the qualifying

idea of completion or maturity.

* W ~ %

276

- W # % &

Translation.

W
l

?G

7C

# it,
U A

A^i?

A,

W
*.

afterwards to pay less.

matters of importance in this
world, one must seize the favorable
opportunity if he would succeed.
6 Wait till he has finished speaking before yon begin.
You must not

5 In

i
*

m n

31.

ffc

ft

ft

T..

*P

ft

SI

ft

II

^ -

ffi

fore

have to find some

will

you

method of liquidation.
Such a little matter as
finished in tbree days
are too provoking.

this

not

Really yon

No wonder we are growing old. Look at

'.)

ft

7 I have just come from Wang T'ien

Pao's. He absolutely refuses, there-

r.

ft

and interrupt

people in this way.

#> JI
tlfc
^0

7>

ft

talk

interpose your

bnt mast not act radically.

Having settled the price it will not do

JL 3 ft

ft

An

Some allowance must be made in

everything. One may speak radically,

>P

m m
o ^
$ # IS

ft

#, T
ft .

ffi.

T.

nations since his arrival at T'ai

*
& m &

# n

2 Has the chancellor completed the exami-

Wo
o

the settled policy of the society

is

and cannot be changed.

* a

m w

This

these young folks how, in a few years,

they have come to be full grown men.
10 If yon have no important business,
suppose you wait till he has finished

hearing his recitations and I will

then ask him to come out.
As I see it, it would be better for you
not to examine into it.
As soon as
yon make an ado about it, what

11

Vocabulary.
1
?f|^ir T'ai* an

A Fa city

situated

at the foot

|L|.

in reserve,

an

of the sacred mountain,

ft^>* YiPpu*.

Something held

1
1
pJ$S Shi ehing

Zl 3l. HJ&

The book of

fir* urn*

yien

Mean, scrubby, shabby,

allowance, a loophole.
1
J03 CA'a

;J|$

Ghao*.

Yien*

|j

^ Kwo&

mu*.

J^

Ts'ing*.

To rub past,

Positively,

ting*.
.

H
^

fj=j

beggarly.

To

insert, to thrust into ; to interfere

or meddle ; to interrupt.
Ch'a1 tswei*. ... To interrupt in speaking.
.

1
K'ai1 hsiao

unequivocally,

absolutely.

To pay

off,

ZL3L ^f

Ning*.
^fe

Hou* sklng1

Q^ft Wanf

ch'ang*.

J$r*

An

Same.

tang*

omen, a sign; a

trillion.

Fruits generally.
to miss

by a

little.

Ts'ing^

Itiing

To

kill

time, to dawdle, to

dilly-dally, to idle time.

Children; young folks.

Hitherto; usual,

wu% pu*

See tseng*.
Ef|

surname.

nary.

to settle up, to

discharge, to liquidate.

originpoetry,
ally collated by Confacius.

ordi-

~~\* IP*

Esia* chin 6

Hfc Chue^..

...

To

To hurry up;

diligent.

decide, to settle; positively.

MANDARIN LB880NS.

Lksson 101.

21

-&

-Am m

^
T. & *

7C

Witt m

a&j&fr

4*

18

*0

f$

m m &
m n k & m #n*7
a, & *> a % m 4>
# # *E W #. J*
T * ft X % $ I &

a ^ f
pr ti
lr. A
&
* H
A
*0>

ft

vi

15

iii

>

3ft

ft

ft
20

& m n u
m & -

a &
& ft x> ii $**
T> ft?E7^
*T i# 7^ ft
|. & #
fll

#fc

7
u

ft

^\

ft

o *i7\

277

lit

278

To

IE

^ -

better tender our acknowledgments

and take onr departure.
21 In order to break off opium, one must

o
m 7 n m
m - m m *, o ^
ft. *. +
ft * * +
a o>#T
& 91 ft &M
m- m R, Mi H i^
f- *
*. ft
m 3*
w M * i HI Ml ft #r
ft JS a ft I 7. W f $ #
* ft . * H IP it.
T. ff
ft % m

resolve not to touch

-ib

22 To spend

$>

ii

HI

ft

your patrimony on your

and mother's funerals is by
no means as good as to give them
something to eat and something to
wear while they are still alive, and
to follow their wishes and not
provoke them to anger.
23 The saying is, "Use only nine parts
of your shrewdness, reserve one part
for the benefit of your children." If
you use your shrewdness to the utmost, your children will be inferior.
Hence it is that from ancient times
there have been many champions
and heroes whom, if they put forth
all their
strategy, no one could

match, who yet have brought up

children most of whom did not
know that twice five make ten.
24 As 1 was going ont at the door I
stumbled and fell over the door sill,
breaking the ivory frame of my fan

#> a.

ft

ft

it off.

all

father's

ffc

ffl

he dies [for

very
confident he cannot break

-br.

it if

But Yao Chin Te is a

it].
am
I
self-indulgent man.

want of

- *

square in two, and spraining

ankle so that it is quite swollen.

my

NOTEB.
-"
1 Note the difference between fU J and
5- The
means settled, decided upon, the second Jixed, certain.
They are only distinguished by a tone, and are easily confused

16 Or,
18

first

15;

ip

To make some abatement from

rule of equity or prerogative as

of precaution

a measure of

the strict
conciliation or

7 PJ 5|H is sometimes used of satisfying an obligation

The proper translation in
or demand other than monetary.
this place depends on what it was that Wang T'ien Pao
absolutely demurred

i^

Bfl

19 fl

manifest, here

meaus to take up

it and demand investigation for

the purpose of clearing oneself.
16 In its literal construction the Chinese says that the
is
h " more dead than alive." The

meaning, however,

disease

condition on account of the disease.

Such a grammatical incongruity is not appreciated by the
is in this

average Chinese speaker or writer.

14 Zl 5. f[R is a widely used colloquial phrase, the
Some prefer to
writing and analysis of which are uncertain.
write
$& BJ. that is both eyes gone, good for nothing at
The other form may mean, Won't paum for ten [twice
all.

ivt] cash.

^
common

5 A

$&

state

it

revive*.

of uncertainty,*

book

use.

The

yellow

spring

road,

poetical

description of the grave.

20 Social enjoyment has but little to do with a Chinese
feast. It is simply a feast of eating and drinking. When this
is ovet the sooner the guests go the better.

&

21 ^t fjjf
P3 To be teTider of oneself, to
any hardship or physical pain, self indulgent, ffj
is a rhetorical transposition of the same phrase.

ome charge or slander, deny

that the person

times when

still

be afraid of

to.

To make

$k

phrase, but in

in speaking.

3 ?

flt

there are

22 5$
^jj

j)J

is

interrogative and

in the hall, that

,[

a contraction for

$J

55^!;

is, alive.

23 $} 18 here means shrewdness, especially such as

It is often
involves craft in overreaching others.
replaced
The proverb expresses a
in this connection by
$0superstition that a man of great shrewdness, who uses hit
abilities to the utmost to overreach others, and to protect
himself from suffering the least wrong, will have stupid

children.

24

tft

eonueotion.

'

8>fc

I" Peking

Wi

is

read tsai in thi

1

MANDARIN LES80N8.

Lesson 102.

m - w -
W ^ IE * i* it
R. ft
u m m %&#{m m m w
n.i
ftiitik

Translation.
1

1 I have never seen this book before.

2 If yoq happen upon persons speaking
together privately, you should keep
away from then).
3 Wang T'ieu Yun's leg was torn by a

Ji.

117

dog.
4 Being covered with a waterproof cloth,
it will not
likely be wet through.
5 When I was in Tientsin, I got a
sight
of In Chung-t'ang ashe was going to
the Taotai's office to a feast.
6 It has been very cold these few
days ;
our water jar was burst even in the

# a ^ ^ & $ n mm i #
3

IWIttfftT.

^ 7 3S^#.

&

fH

#
#

mfcty

T.

% %

*8^*
&
&
7,

o ffy #
h &> m. JL
Jfttt o

/.

ft

ffl

o|.

M 18 o

fll k

# M
jg #
& s
^

18

After having searched for him for a

long time without success, I luckily

Whocan comprehend the ways of God?

Chang Ta Wen's essay was

met him

10

ssc

11

fiffc

iff

n *

$e

$t

mm.1t. #.

The Auxilumt Vebbs

To perceive,

added

to

such words as will

to such

13

to-day.
originally

very good, but it has been ruined by

the teacher's corrections.
I smell a little bad odor in this room;
do you not smell it ?
Let the two families first fully understand each other, and there is nothing
that can not be settled.
This is not a case of assault and
battery, there will be no harm done
if you do wait a few
days.
Before I could get on my rain coat 1

was wet through

all over.

an

^,

AND

j^f,

^ To

spoil

^t

added

to

snch words as will take

the qnalifying idea of spoiling.

take the qualifying idea of perception.

To pass through, added

12

&

liEsaoisr

[ft

n.n

Jijj!,

house.

* ^
H tt^*|fcigH
1
W %
j| #, #
n# T. A
i. fl 9 &
o gc i n & m> o
n
ft n . ^ a m w
ft T. o \ n ^
ttfi

ft

27SJ

words as

will take the qualifying idea of penetrating.

J|Jt

To

split, to

detect,.added to snch words as

will take the qualifying idea of splitting, or detect-

ing.

Vocabulary.

86 2,

'Pie 1 chi*.

Partial to self; personal, private, intimate.

ty ifL Chung

tang

9
.

Note

Too*

t'ai*.

The

officer

state

5.

Ts'an

of

circuit,

and partly military.

water pot or amphora.

To examine,

to compare to mix, to
to prepare
to visit a
mingle
Also ts'Sn 1 and shen 1
to impeach.
.

]JjC

tp

Yiien

tsoa*.

The

original copy

or model,

the original.

called Taotai,

next in rank above a Chifu, and having

('unctions partly civil

Wtug

superior

intendent

commonly
ha

of

minister

^^H Hsie* wei*.

A mouldy

mepbitic smell, a

bad odor, a stench.

m m

28U

%,

17
17

see

SIi

ao*t
^ *

*.

-t

lb

jg

*fc

P
plain the books
fellow
18 I have never met such a senseless
How is it that you, a man,
as you.
with another
and

wrangle
man's wife? Have you forgotten
the saying, "A man must not fight
with a woman ?"

fight

* J J J
m # # ^ * * i z;
*
i\ <* * w a *

*u & c *. a $ m & *
*-fl|s3! *r it IB * A w
S|r0 HE # IB ****** *

The very purpose for which I engaged

him was to explain [certain] medical
books to me. If he does not know
he exall the characters, how can

17

14

ja

succeeding
the most feasible business.

-<

it

*.
o
#

JL II

19

*>

51$

19

another pair ot
you make me
them a little
stockings, I want

When

a M ^

at

K4>

An

chH*.

ft

To

16

gas.

^
ff\

To

Tou* <m\

lljgt

to

fight, to

maul

to wrangle.

brawl assault and

;

Ill

Ling

% Sha*

ling*.

P'oa* Ian*.

ridge, a

mountain range.

range of

.tains

hills or

the crest

Torn, tattered

moim-

of a

hill.

dilapidated,

in ruins.

Lang*..--

wolf

ruins:

is like

out

plainly
Speaking things
wood.
boring through the
the ways
22 When oue has seen through

dress:Note 20.
new, shining in a new
Hwan* jan* i1 hsin\ ... The same.

^^_^j

up,

#
M
^ 'E
"

Meng*

in

=
"*

&

Mou*

match, to kindle
with flint and steel.

strike a

To

hwo&*.

fire

Oblique, inclined,
nal; distorted.

Hsie*, hsia*.

chien*.

hi*.

awry

To see in a
dream of.
To take

fire,

to

Brilliant, resplendent. (w.

imbibe
142.

diago-

dream,

to

have a con-

Note
flagration :

25.

To scheme, to plan, to plot to-

Chip.

an
Contracted, confined; an affair,
a company, a club ;
enterprise
;

to

Deep; to steep,
..... exceeding: Les.

gether.

"Words unspoken remain unknown;

wood not bored is still unpenetrated.

$r

a jerboa.

iCW.
m

21

4r
>K SW1 hwo*.
-*""

cruel, fierce..

An animal similar to a wolf,

pe j\
down, used
Destroyed, broken
|g$3 Note
20.
fc& Sunn*.

time, it was repaired and glittering

in a brand new dress.

ift 'k. Tien

battery.
*j|

wider; these are too tight; they

burst before they were worn out.
20 That temple had been in ruins many
when I visited it this
years, but

smell; a poisonous

offensive

To fisticuff,

Oa1

man Wang Ohin

;

a
# K t a * a
* a * * ^. * &> * &

it.

T'ang has more

he has for
than
capacity for failing
he can make a mess of

16 That

*&*.*-*&?*
& & *
* ^ m *
$i

* B -

14 I was not on my guard when, with

one clutch, he tore ray clothes.
15 We have still seven or eight li when
we have ascended this hill we can

& ^ * 5
* * T.
*a T &tt. .
*
* *
ft 41 9 H

m*m

f&

very,

a manufactory

a depot

head-quarters.

Lksbon 102.

MANDARIN

T.FS80WS.

*1

ofthe world, he is loath

toopen his eyes.
28 While the muleteer went to
his
pipe, the

ft

m.

7. t,

^26^

fl

:&

25

24 From childhood

this boy's eyes had a

slight squint, bat by and by
they

r-28

became right. While he was

going
to school this
year, the teacher
gave

^^|ft w

4 % tf.
- ttffi E #. * ii l
*l
# ^j &m ft & & j
#. 8& ft IS. 7 ft 7 9t
m w m - ^ w ^
^ a *% m n4 ir. ^

him a box on the ear which made

them as bad as ever.
26 1 had a dream last
night in which 1
dreamed that the house
fire,

A*^.4t *
**

caught
and that I was
eating dumplings,'
which certainly means that I will

hf^
* -b

#.
ft

CM

#h

Mfr

a passion
Ana.
to-day.
ever is sol ved becomes

24

t.

"M Ts'ang

... .To
1

Ghien*

tit .

[gee ckienK
examine, to inspect to revise.
An overseer, a superintendent,
an inspector a bishop.

^i

Ait*.

perial store-house,

good fortune f

it, it

will be all
right.

spoiled

it

all.

27 The overseer of the

storehouses and
the subordinates in
charge all conspired together and stole a
large
quantity ofthe rice in the storehouse.

ik

lheir superior officer has

just

found
*Bi ch'-

it

Tung

now

out.

Attendants,
.

retainers,

subor-

dinates.

All, the

t'ung*.

whole

:same

as

The people tax-payers. Subordinate keepers qf the im-

Corrupt, vicious

Pj*>

get

"What-

26 The business we were all

planning
yesterday was in a fair way to sucwhen
an outsider
ceed,
came along and by a unexpectedly
single word

23

firried.

ft

having solved

fli

Alien, extraneous.
granary, a storehouse; hurried,

m
Hg
?E p Hwa

ji

wai*

Ag Chien*.

- 9 m
x B ii $

w,

fright,

and, overturninghis load, broke both

of my leather trunks.

(';

m m

at

light

mule going on took

if$$

Tso&pi*.

To

cheat,

deteriorated.

embezzle, to

swindle, to steal public funds.

To examine,

Gh'a*

3s

(u.)

to

to inquire into.

Hot as.
8 The Mason why j|

added to word* meaning to

meet, is that meeting bring* the object to the perception of

the senses.

Pj)C

fl_'S

to bite go as to
produce a bleeding wound.
use oiled cotton cloth to
protect them from

* TheChinese
th
ai"
j c
indefinite

limi ts the
meaning to rain, while
as to how the water
conies, whether

splashing or soaking,

JL^
The
yfL-

approximately

^'

term *p
to

ffa,

usualI y

however,

by

leaves

not used in the South.

is

is

an

by

his

proper name, 2$

official title,

minister or cabinet

officer,

corresponding
usually trans-

Grand Secretary. There are four two

principal (])
tW
icC ^'^' two bein
Cllinesc <">d t'P Manchns.
'

?J

Vfc

J?

heathen reading this sentence would doubtless take

As Chinose has no plural form, the distinction of singular and plural has to be
gathered from the
context, or from general usage.
Ambiguities of this kind
are frequent in Chinese.
16 jfc
J |fc 2 ^f f$. / capacity to accomplish he is deficient, of capacity to ruin he has an excess.

From many a day;

i.

a.,

for a long

time.

in the plural.

V^

%t

A
V
from

good thing; i. e., any business or affair, that is

embarrassing ciroumstances.
20 In Peking $f $|f is only applied to persons, but In
general Mandarin it is also applied to houses, and generally
to anything in a state of disorder or ruin.
|$S ffc '$t jj^
is somewhat bookish,
a
ffc is used
^, or empty
character, as characters used for the sake of euphony ar
free

called

lated

*Ud

it

raining,

8 A

flip

called.

m m m t

15

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 103.

M #
* ft> f tl A # A i i h
m m
ft ^ H fl *
# H|. A. P # 7\ BE
ft A 4 m m
% * O O
&
i> ft * a
*
& ft, &
is m
& m & r a & ft.
# $j ft & * fl il ^
ft ft * # si I 1 W,

% * W

12

*r

9 It

10
1 1

tft

as.

-^

it

* *

ft

ft

!.

m -? o
% 3

^ ft
&
a
# #>
ft 4P # 7"
&.

ffi

$fe

ft

*.
o

li-

fH ft

& ft
tfg

|^

T'od

2
.

...

To extend;

To drag along

lead

To evade,

ty$H$l

ii

ffiyd

to
;

ward
to

off; to

evade.

hang down

to

to postpone, to impose

upon

Manner of collecting money,

manner of dunning.

Yao* fa*.

ft Hue* fa*.

Skiil or sleight of hand.

.

fJ ill Chien* shing*.

Sorcery, magic, witchcraft.

To

Ai*

k'ou*.

$P

Ou 1
Liu*. ......

Ml ft

of living.

to be spoken.

a surname.

Style of writing, handwriting,

penmanship.
'H*

J] Ku*

li*

ft

makes a stupid
quite correct.
16 In Chinese it constantly occurs that
one character has five or six pronunciations and seven or eight meanings, so that the Chinese literary
style is very difficult to learn.
master

inferior

pupil,"

T'u*

is

ti*.

Strength, vigor, firmness.

Nien*fa*.

disciple,

Mode

mil 19? Chiang*fa*.

a pupil, an ap-

~$t

M Win*

ft Chid1 fa*.

US!

Mode of explaining,
;

The

li*

or preachmeaning, definition.

literary or

book

style.

The rules of a family, family

government.
ft KwoePfa*. The laws of a country, statutes,
government.
Min*.
The people as distinguished from

the

-^ f% Ts$

min*.

Vtt Sod*'

5$?

officials.

The people, the subjects of a

government, citizens.
Grave slow ; a surname.

X& Hsu*

Wl

of reading, pronunciation.

ing

surname.

Willow striped

Hsie*fa*.

mode

Unbecoming (language), not

fit

Hifc

save, to be economical,
to be frugal.

Style or

?M ft Kwod*fa*.
j||

jgj

to implicate; to protract.

^ft Shou*fa*.
3J5

15

prentice.

by false promises.

3cft

'

Division.

OA'u* fa*

Tang

13

14

o * &
#
* * ft
ft > *
* X 7>
If. & ft

Multiplication.

Ch'eng*fa*.

Vi

&<*

ft-iS-fil

*, *,

fc

li^fc

true that one should be economiway of living, but to be

too saving is not a proper manner
of living.
All these odds and ends of things and
no basket! How am I tocarry them P
Though the busiuess be the same, each
man has his own way of managing
it. You cannot establish one invariable rule.
How can I use such unbecoming language as this ?
Your children beat and insult others,
and yet youpay no attention to them
What reason is there in indulging
children to such an extent as this f
Although Wang, Yien, Ou and Liu's
styles of writing are not the same,
yet they are all vigorous.
As the master teaches so the pupil
learns
hence the old saying, " An
is

cal in his

,6

10

283

1
.

IJ t l

To search to demand,
sod* and sod*.
;

soa1 '

To

constrain,

"

to exact.

to

extort,

See
to

squeeze."

Hsun* ch'ang*
To sustain;
Wei*.

^jf. ffi

Z$

wrong,

Ordinary, usual.

to delegate, to depute; a
a grievance ; to reject.

n t

284

&
*

ft

BIB.

* s
* A. *
n ft u m
m $. m m
n.& m ft.
o m. * m

ft.

a m
ft ft &
m & m

ft.

ft.

m # # W & ^
18

J.

ft. ft

?#

ir
5

Wt

IB

ft

Ji,

W ^

&

x m

ft

18 Snch

than obey

Chinese

extortion as that of

Hsu An

JeVs
19 In

trying

|pf

Yuen* chHng*.

/}*

Twan*

ts'ai*.

Plausible, specious, roandabout.

Original idea, original facts

or circnmstances.
Judicial faculty, capacity
for

the

case. If, without regard to the merits

of the case, he begins to beat as soon

as the parties appear

who could
not try a case in this way ?

20 The western system of musical notation involves the use of the seven

ft.

syllables

The Chinese system involves the use

f&

do, re, mi, fa, sol, la,

t'i.

of the seven syllables, fan, kung,

ch'i, shang, i, si, he.

17

TO ft Win* fa 9
5>rc

Wan* chwan*.

certainly exceptional.
a case in court, if

would show his skill as a

judge, he must ask questions in an
indirect and specious way so as to
bring out the bottom facts of the

Mode

of asking; style qfltearing a case at law.

Yielding, obliging, winsome.

War?.

is

officer

m A

Indirect, circuitous.

ch'u?-

saying,

rules,

do otherwise
laws ?

ifc>

*fc

Wei*

ft.

ft.

its

laws"; also,
yield to the
as the grass to the wind."
Seeing
you are a Chinese subject can yon

IS

$ m * Kb m m
- ^ *
t> s
^
pg
# # T^
ft. ^ ft
H]

has

^ X
R.

" The famib

and the country its
"
Men
laws

common

It is a

RJU.

(Hi

PP.

^ w ~ m

Musical notation, system of

J2? Yiie* fa*.

music.

7C Tou

58
i|f

1
.

a ponch, a sling ; to carry in a

fold of the dress, or in an apron.

bib,

An

Sou*
1

Fieri .

judging and deciding.

old man, venerable

sir.

(w.)

To braid, to plait;
to arrange;
plait
arrange:
-compose (a book or tune).
;

to

NOTBS.
The use

as

of

Is

It gives
"

little

X
here,
peculiar.
f@,
"
an emphasis somewhat similar to the use of the word sort
in English,

as

if

we

should translate,

He

has laid out all

work for us, in what sort of a way can we get it done f It

so used several times in this lesson. When used in this

this
is

way

it is nearly
understood,

always

by fi expressed or

followed

3 5t j|jj Heavenly Dynasty. This is the high sounding

by which the Chinese delight to call their own country,
and which has given rise to the term "Celestial Empire."
title

!0f.

general,

but

here,

Strictly speaking

used

often

is

is

fjfc is

for mathematics in
restricted to arithmetic.

vaguely

as often,

to multiply

by several

digits, whilst

one digit. Also |jfc properly

signifies to multiply by
means "long division," whilst K6 signifies "short division."
to signify the
3pi and $j? are constantly used, however,
processes of multiplication and division at large.

6 Kinkiwig rejects both JB TO an d TO and says jijf $.

6 In $ ^jfe and ^j5 $fe, the $fe is emphasized, and
does not properly
the lesson.

fall

within the lesson.

Jgj illustrates

IE S2 i'S fe Regular or proper mode of living. When

economy is pushed to such an extreme as to interfere with
health and decency, it is not a JE jfE j@ fife.
The use of
a contrast with
.(Jii implies
travagance.

5E

fife'

the opposite extreme of

with the accent on 5E, means

ex-

manner of

dying, or of suffering death, but with the accent on

means, one invariable and unalterable rule.

fcfe,

it

13 ffl means properly to acquire a habit, but here, to

indulge in, or allow the acquisition of a bad habit.

14 3E sH Wt Wi are tne names of four renowned

Facsimiles of thir
penmen, living in different ages.

Lepson

MANDARIN LB8S0N8.

)4.

2M

m w - m

* #
*, S
1]

Wi

&

i*o

&##*

TBANSLATrON.

AJ

ffi

-a

*a itt

$ $

^ s m m
# M o #

3!

ftre

US

Yon must

10 You are

my

3fc

Hi

o .o

i% 6

11

talk reasonably.

my pupils, and you must

In order to
bring the affair to an end,
you will have to go and see him
yourself.

am determined to find out

originated this idea.
13 If you want to arrest him, you

exaggerated. It appl.es to Wtn-li far more than to

Mandarin.
17 tk- in this sentence, means rule or law and
scarcely

who

must
watch his movements,
[my hate.
14
Nothing but killing bim will appease
15 The best
plan needs to be executed in
earnest in order to

keep

rules.

12 I

wm

P ie8 - The Chiue >y

ea7rl?
stress on good
great
penmauship.
might stand afc the "Pening of the sentence,
i=*
t-

palm-

certainly repay this enmity

with which he has treated me.

m $ #
*

4 *s ft

"

iD h0 l8 aS

certainly excnse me in this

not fail to find that

9 I shall

ft

Yoa must

early to[matter.

Itisnecessarythatscholarsshonld constantly haveateacher to control them.

6 Yon must,
by some means, collect the
ur wives.
money.
[ y0
7 You who are husbands should
love
8 In intercourse with
friends, and in receiving guests, one must not fail to
be respectful.

Yoo must

g m i f$ # S o m &
^
*T 4 & # j| ^ T. m m &
ft % % m & m o
Sifffl f^ $
^ tt. ^o ft # #
ffl

come

leaf fan for me.

io

to be sore to

morrow,

Ask him

comes under the

lesson.

make it a success.

ffi i, the

dynamic

title of

the

exceptional.

present Tartar'dynasty.

18 ?F |fy
ready-made phrase
18

l&M

rf>

Not as usual;

i.

e.,

in the
literary style.

)M Hf Primary

reason and original mottoe.

LE8SOK- CIV.
WOBDS AND PHBASES DENOTING NECESSITY
Should, must, certainly must, be sure
and, by all means.
Often used to express a wish or a charge.

W-

In any case, no matter

how,
To denote
necessity it is

many

uses.

% and prefers %.

H?:5;

* f
or not.

2lf Ought,
requisite, must.

Rarely used alone

Mandarin, and then usually in proverbs, or in
expressions taken from books.

TO 41

in

Must, have

to,

Must, must in any case, bound to.

Must, should, by all means, whether

Mnst, certainly must.

a negative)
By no

#[(with

bookish term.

means, cot

for

anything.

(with a negative)
world, be sure not.

necessary.

Should, ought, must.

of

S-fpand ^.

Must, positively must, without fail,

necessary. Southern Mandarin avoids

*& ?H
31 M*

word

joined with

Same

Must

not,

as ]Q. but
stronger.

not for to*

^ w -

286

# & & * $.15 & oM;

^ *, & #. $ o ft gft o .
o T^ 8i
nw o
*#
$ m tk jl m
*. # m ^
fBl^oW^^
*
w f "4 . * o t $
* n a, a o ^ "& & &
H if * # M 4k* ty W.
t# - pf s> ea #> pr w. # ft
A. t I i H o pf f
o ft # ^Ct# & & ^ ^ 5B
^ 7 $, e i* * m

^ o i. ti ii i a jt I o
* # at. >n
a no # w>
_t A ^27 a. m % *> #1 o
A, ft & O & Jt g it20^
31 * ft ^ l 3 *. Pi W
a

23

16 After epidemic scarlet fever, the patient's skin is sure to peel off.
It is important to bring all law-breakers to justice.

>i>

11

25

pr

an,

21

iff

18

fft

ft(

2b

* s

* a $ s
w & -7.
& m

s*#

hl

[nation.

Every student should fix his determiI trust you will be cautions
by no
;

means allow yourself to despise your

enemy.
20 These two boxes must be securely

bound in order to satisfactory carri age.

filial piety every one should exert
himself to the utmost.
22 You must never, because you yourself
are clever, ridicule others for being

21

In

stupid.

23 Although the desire to return home u

always strong, still you must not
think of starting before you have
regained your strength.
24 You must not fail to write and tell me
whether you have received the things
or not.

25 If you would gain the esteem of men,

you must not treat them contemptuously.

26 It

is necessary to coax children a little;

you should not be always threatening them.
27 If you wish to go to that place, be sure
you go to the yarnen and procure

a passport.

-it.

VOCABUI-ABT.

^H

Hsu,1

To wait; necessary,

should
j(

t%

;ff[

iR Hsiao

ought,

Win
to

An

$ Win

chin*.

fragrant plant.
The plantain or banana.

To publish, to noise abroad.to

loi*.

epidemic, a pestilence.

Epidemic

1
55$ Chin pan*.

tell

To prosecute,

^Jfc-jlf:

Hsiung

jin*

...

j|| ^J| Hsiie* kwet

wife, a married

The

1
.

|j{S

Pang*

31 *U*

To

Chin* hsin

$?

first

woman.

school,
fees paid on

fltj

Okie 2

To appease
enmity

resentment or
to be appeased.

bring to

and punish.

polite

to bind, to

Earnest,

with

i^ /J

do one's

whole
best,

exhaust, to exert to the utmost;

used up, finished.

Chie*

7 Fu*

bandage.

the

To

To

li*.

degree.

1ft Chie* kin*.

tie,

heart, to

of a

rules

discipline

taking the

or

term of address.

affection for.

A Fu*

fever

to

Elder brother,

ckang*.

to collect (money), to

scrape together," to raise the wind." To manage, (n.)

f^ "i? T'ing* ai*. To love ardently, a warm
#ftj

scarlet

justice, to try

The banana palm.

S ^1 Chang

The same.

h6n*

measles.

fhiao 1

EL 3m

partially, somewhat.
To excms, to overlook,
make allowance for.

Yuen* Hang*.

EL Pa1.

requisite

yilen

exert the strength to the

utmost, to do one's best.

To

return

state,

to the original
to restore, to regain.

Lesson

bM

MANPAKIN LESSONS.

104.

^c

^?J

h $

fi

&
* &

it

'e!

m m

* * M &
^, II {$ i in

ji

<

28 In whatever he does, a man should

make np his own mind and not always follow the lead of others.
29 He who would rise superior to others
must endure the severest toil.
30 When you have eaten a man's mulberry leaves, you must not fail to

=s.

30

* &
W. M T
Jl W a & ^ o m a
II A JN * a , m %**> #,
M
A *K l ^ l A iJMis,
*. a? &*> &> * W A
f#
IK ^ T. r ? ^a * ^ $ %
* tt & f$ & a & , f ^
W
^ IB f 7 + t A
. *P & ^ * * f *

H ia x> w @ # m ^ n ft
m 5? Gi * W *. S 1H
# to. mi ^
*.

-ft

make a cocoon

1ST

days or a fortnight. No matter how

momentous your business yon could

Ift

33

not return.
not gamble nor drink you
must not quarrel with people you
must notbetoofond of your wife and

You must

Jjp.

ft*

HI

fft,

35

*fe

*M

Tsun 1 chung*.

To honor,

jflss^g

* m * #31
to

respect, to

te

w Wan*

To treat discourteously

tai*.

or

the neglect of your fatherand mother.

34 If yon see a small parcel on the road
resembling a packet of silver, by no
means pick it up; nor allow yourself
to covet it if you see another person
pick it up; for these are all tricks for
Be sure you bear
cheating people.
this well in mind.
1

Sang

j|9

Chien*

..

Sung
|tjt

$|

To praise,

Hung

to eulogize, to extol.

To coax,

sung*.

to divert, to con-

ciliate. (l.)
1
$fcP$- Hi* hu

To

threaten;

Note
<$t

ISjf J|-

Lit

ksis

Swei2

Ifg

J^E An*

5g

In

ti*.

fl&tpft Yierfiji*.

T'ou 2

i*.

To

to,

to

secret, clandestine.

covet, to desire, to crave, to

lust after.

The head men

in

each

pan

(Jfc)

of underlings.

pass, a passport.

To follow, to assent
chime in with, (l.)

The mulberry tree, mulberry leaves.

The cocoon of the silkworm.

Accused persons, prisoners

awaiting trial : Note 32.
To give way and fall, to fall down.

jf| T'a>

frighten:

26.

pHao*

to

y\ ^ Jen 1 fan*.

with contempt, to dishonor.

4

money for them to

children, laying by

^p

hold in esteem.

iff.

<&

him.

for

To be frugal and economical in all

things this is the secret of prosperity.
32 If the accused are not all present, you
will have to remain in waiting ten

31

(ft

411

27

4V fj Kung 1 mhi\
life

TiatP

...

A
A

public
tall

office,

a yamen.

man, a giant

NOTBS.

8 .sC
It ii? s a ready-made phrase.
made for the occasion its brevity would render it
'

If

it

were

obscure.

11 J is Dot here a past particle, but is used in its

proper sense as a principal verb.
12 The natural order is inverted in order to emphasize
the

first

member.

4g-

&,

etc.

19 VL
in

fifc

is

Otherwise

it

would have been said $1 $3

here not a private enemy, but an

enemy

war.

23 fSP is here practically equal to always. It

*n indefinite pronoun standing for JJ !fc 65 '&

is

really

26 The

vicious practice of the Chinese of

coaxing or
children by making false promises or threats, is
The term 1?J j| is local
plainly embodied in the wonl Rj.
in Shantung.
is road both he* hu l and Ima 4 hu 1
It$f Vf
;
with the former reading it means to threaten, with the latter,

quieting

to startle, to

frighten.

27 The

use of if implies thai the passport is a favor

granted in response to a polite request.
"
There is no excellence without great labor",*
29 Or,
proverbial saying constructed, as are nearly all such sayings,
on the Wen-li modol. A more colloquial form is ^1

SB

288

ft

*.

il

*>

i A I
m m. m

tt

J.

## n

a*

*.

ft

&

tt

convenience.

officer's

y\

condemned criminals, who are called

yZ^An
a
heavens,
Wl &V

311 is not applied to

A or

E| [L

affair as important as the falling

of the

high sounding hyperbole.

38 Confucian ethics considers it a great fault to neglect
in
order
to provide for wife and children.
A man
parents
must love his parents more than he does his wife and children.
The sentence is from the Sacred Edict.

yon and help yon to present your

and can find a way to influence

case,

the officer in your favor, yon are in

a fair way to be fleeced.
36 I am continually hearing of Liu Yt
T'ang's affairs; what kind of a man

'Wt One summing

ing
PJ One

np,

all,

the whole, noth-

but.

with, together with, all

'

together,
lot or
together, in one

One

piece,

time, in

One

V&

together,

% after

#J One

with,
$g

it.

not Vuruj-hsing.
sense it always takes after

the whole.

together
In speaking

together, at the same time,

a widely used colloquial term, but
Save when used in its primary

pile,
is

company.

one place.

nearly always takes

Yu

T'ang

slender

Arts.

He

is

man

Either to take a bribe, promising to

88 tZ f)
influence the officer on behalf of the party, or to act as go
between in negotiating a bribe with the magistrate or his
advisers.

total, collectively.

tall,

robbing him.

en masse,

*fl
at once.

this

84 A common trick of Chinese foot-pads is for one to go

before the unwary traveller and drop a packet, which always
contains bogus money, while the other follows after and overtakes the traveller, and makes the picking up of the packet
the occasion of getting into his confidence, or in some way

in

at one

Liu

is

with a long
mustache, and over forty years of
age. He is very plausible in all that
he says and does, giving no opportunity for any one to find any fault

is prefixed to a variety of words to

idea of aggregation, or of
the
general
express
being together.
One all, all together, in all, the sum

jlfa

matter whether it be a principal

underling or the head of the underlings, noue are trustworthy be snre
you do not trust them as confidential
friends.
If you think that because
they are in the office they can advise

AOOREOATION BT THE CBB OF

One,

No

82 This language is addressed by an underling to one

involved in a law suit, and who is compelled to wait in the
yamen the

35

a i f, as *rm $ * ft
H ^ .HfHF-.tt ft 18
m * h i i i i i a, i

^ W

SR

whole,

it

an

enclitic

every one,

all

%.
included,

~~"jS

ae connection,

together,

including

succession, continuously.

J^ One
'

in

JH One

even,

all, all

place,

together.

often used in colloquial.

together, all at once,

a body.

fjf One equality,

toto, the whole lot.

"ft One color,

in reference to colors.

book term not

altogether,

entirely, in

the whole.

Used only

all,

U One heaven,
$6 One sum,

all. entirely,

every one.(o.)

all, in toto.

It should be noted that these various phrases

the principal verb
nearly always come just before

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 105.

289

w - %

3l

Translation.

m a
s

How much

do

You must

not believe anything that

I invite

I.
o

Ai3j

ft

A.
o

?c

ft

m.

ft

m ^
7.
11

Pi

ft

to stop with us.

tf.

m #.

a population of three

time.
of the flood it rained continuously for forty days.

7 If yon

- &
* W

all

At the time

ftf

ft

in all P

hundred millions.
5 We two took our degree at the same

3fe

you

4 China has in

owe you

he said.

fft

^
*

make a simultaneous

effort,

you

can raise it

t: o
o ?

8 I have not reported any of this conversation to anyone else.

9 If we all together put our hands to
the work, it will be finished very

m m
tr
S^L*
ft.
#
B & ft w n *
* m
MftH JE

$
~
#!**#
% % m m. # H of
1 $$
^ ^ s
f I I A. 1W.
O
to % tr $$tm* - T O

10 In both superior and inferior yamflns,

the criminal lawyers are all natives

A
A
- ^ <L
U *
* f
A J*
4-

#1

. .
o #

ffi

10

A%^

W> PI

i@

iir

soon.

of Shaohsing.
at the same time,
that yon single him out P

fst

14

ffi

how

is it

12 They fired two shots in succession, one

fell in the water and one sped on
to Duckbill sandspit.
13 To-day his worship urges payment
[of taxes], and the various collectors
have all come. I saw a whole courtroom-full kneeling before him.
14 All the people in the world are the
descendants of Adam and Eve.

ifr

tti

He came

1 1

>

Vocabulary.

J%

with

yf

All, in all, altogether

Ktmg*.
;

with, altogether
to include.
.

Even, equal

Ping*.

{>% 1?! P'ing

To

ksin*.

the

to

sum up;

same

fflt^f-

Tung

j& Hung

An

^t

Note

Yung*

1
pj\ llsien

to

Pi*

he associates on terms of equality.

To urge pavment of taxes :

believe

implicitly,

vwfm

inundation, a flood

vast

JHj

rR

3
%h\

The same.

^ A P'ang*jin*.

up, to

set

up

to

to whirl.

Others, other people.

10.

listen*.

Note

Jfpl

open

legal adviser in the

lower courts, a prose-

An officer's assistants, with whom

to raise

lift,

Shi 1 yie*.

chin*.

To

hold, to bear
to begin.

cuting attorney

...

$)

Hzing* ming*.

together,
distinguished from jfc.
;

1
A deluge, the flood,
p^^fC Hung' shweP..
KtiWl ^3 chin*. To exert strength, to try hard,
to make vigorous effort

)\\

take

hand

confide in, to trust.

2

To

shoi^.

to live
Jvt

to equalize

Not

unitedly.
2

To

Shao*.

P Shao*

Van

grade

connect, to join,

(w.)

Shaohsing, a Fn city in
Chekiang.
Rapids a sandbank, the beach.

hsing

Connected with, tributary to; pertainiug to, depending on; kinship;

Jg Shu**.
sort,

13."

actual, existing.

290

W -

5N

&

#.

#.

*t

fr

% W - H

5l
lft

Iii

the honse, the whole responsibility

of attending to the guests rests

with me.
If you will simply look
after the outside matters, it will be
sufficient.

$iffEj|||i.

T.
#.

ft

A.

*e

II
1

ft

tt0rgfflilS&

ft

ft.

ft,

ft

M ^ W #
- m ^ ^

21

- *
#
h
ffc

il

all that I

#&

17

gfcWfll

My son,

thou art always with me, and

have is tliine.
19 Please lend me a hundred taels, and

18

when

W. ft.

0$20$ftOiHlO
O
23

16 For three days together he had nothing whatever to eat, so that he felt
excessively hungry.
17 You lived with him a long time, and
don't you yet know his peculiarities ?

1,16^15

mft # - a
H> & P ># .--***
*. m 3E ^ ft 10 # IE. ^ ft
ft * * $L* 7C *a H *
t T H IT
%
i * 4 if l& ^ it f
^ is if
$ i^,^ su
o

I return, I will repay yon in

both principal and interest.
20 On the day that a girl becomes a
bride, she is dressed in red from
full

head to

ifl

all

22

22

tACf

til .

Hsiang yo&

publican

Note

Police officer, justice of the

peace i* tax collector, a

23 This whole

13.

Ti*fang

^ PF
^ fv H

by

The same.

HfRCAi

Posterity,

{&

**

chw*

-*

$8 Tang*
Hsin*

zj& Hurt*.
.

lu*.

A
The

an occasion of offence or
quarrel ; a feud; an omen.
flaw

:Note

spirit,

the

24.

To

confiscate a man's property and estate.

To put a man together with

\\ Mie* mSn*.

all

M jH Fang
Ag kwari
2

family

to

death,

Property

in

houses-

his

ch'an*

To accrne

Ju*

to the government,

to revert to the state.

J^fc

highway robber.

To rob ou the highway.,

The same.

HUfilt Twan* tao*

Jit

Ch'ao 1 chia 1.

the

soul,

life

to exterminate.

Hungry.

Feng* hwan*.

Wi L u *

The

descendants.

To return with thanks, to

repay, to pay in full.
1
Hsin
tsV.
A bride, a newly
^f^H'f"'
niang*
married woman, (s.)

2F xg

1
|*Jll Ling hun*.

WsL

him half dead.

was stirred up

souls of the righteous together go to

the enjoyment of eternal happiness.

fP &$

Hsiang pacP
u * to**

require fully

24 After the resurrection the bodies and

..... The same.

will

it

difficulty
his wife.

fctil^/f

included,

two hundred strings of cash a year.

robber with one stroke of a club
knocked Wang Chi Jen down, and
carried off all his clothes and bedding, leaving

til.

2fc.

igy

foot.

21 If food and clothing, the claims of

society and incidental expenses, are

H)j

Fan*. ... To buy and

^? Twan*

tsai*.

To

sell, to

deal

ft'lj

jl

Tao

in, to traffic.

forbid the slaughter of

animals
Note 26.

Unlucky, ill-starred.

yiin\

soul, the spiritual part,

the mind, the wits.

the manes

y]< PIP

Shwei

shi

1
.

Naval, a

title

given to va-

rions officers connected with

the navy or coast defence.

MANDARIN

Lesson 105.

LBSSONS.
25

m m

^t

|?

UN.

# ft
m *

Hi

ir

&

IP

tt

&>

ft

tfir

if

fc

IB

AS

JK

ip

ti

^o

Jtf

MM
^p

^jT

Tivei* hou*.

Regular, even,
complete.

To

it
ffl

uniform;

k'ao*.

The

together.

To

Hsun*.

follow, to

'|H Hsun* eking*.

Lin*

chin*.

To draw near

(in time),

to

comply with

quick.

To comply with the wishes

of another, to be partial

curry favor,

IS iWl

Totf

to favor.

t'ie*.

To send up a card

confers the degree of chu-je'n.

|$j ji|

their feet all

port to him any who, duringthese few

days, send in their cards or solicit
an audience.

to, to

examiner who

Even

near at hand, the examiner, in order

to avoid the suspicion of favoritism,
has sent out word forbidding to re-

retire, to retreat, to fall

literary

certainly

and all go down together as though it were the sound

of but one man's foot.
28 The wheat on the threshing floor is
quite dry. You go and gather it into a pile ready to be carried home.
29 Because the time for examinations is

*
^
fig)

He was

rise together

3L

f||j

back, to withdraw.

Cku8

ward

W ii

2
CMng* ckH

hogs,

27 The appearance of the soldiers in the

marine encampment is exceedingly
uniform. Above yon see only their
grey coats, and below, only their
boots. At the order to advance they
all move forward together, and at the
order to retire, they all move back-

n *

5?y

was forbiddeu.

27

^a

in

unlucky.

# T *.
T
A # i
* ^ s A
.
o

dealt

26

'

When Chiang T'ai Knng

sheep rose in price ; when he dealt

in sheep, hogs rose in price
when
he bought both at once, butchering

t ^

II

* a it $
? & g wt m w #
m m m %. m m ^, 1t
n. & ft o m ^\ K 91
# #
n

w s f
w n
w
& tt.
m. ft *. *
o ^ & if # $
^
if!

26

J>

-ASH
* m

* ft A Jt
M *>T A o
g ft H If * #"
&

- *
#
-

fll

punishable by confiscation of bis

property and extermination of his
family, hence till his houses aud
lands reverted in toto to the state.

ffc

fc.

it

fll

Wang Ta Lao Yie was guilty of crimes

o
25

JE

ft

ft

W
* W

IT.

eg

291

or scroll,

to present compliments.

jjfi^l T'ung

poo*.

To

report,

to

announce;

general information.

approach.

Not is.
2

jft here

comes to mean "anything."

were changed to fife ffi |)fc ffi

would mean, You must not believe

"51

all

he said.

In mathematical language a

fl|

if$ is

If the order

fit

%$ fa>

'

an flg, but in

the language of common life jfj is the highest numeral used,

being duplicated one or more times to express higher denominations.
jE ?S p5 Three times ten thousand timet ten
thousand; i. e., three hundred millions.

"T

T IS

"T*

5cM

There came down a forty days' rain.

M> assistant whose business it is to examine

10 1\A ^5
criminal prosecutions and prepare the jJt or official
ia

all

drafts of
reply, also to prepare

all

dispatches and reports.

They ate employed In all Hsien and Fu yamens. In higher

It is a
yamens the office is called by a different name.
remarkable fact that the scholars of Shaohsing have a
monopoly of this office in the whole empire. The reply to the
jS "5* > or acousation, is, in civil suits, prepared by a different assistant, called $.% jfc-

?g is more frequently used

i^C vS F* ri cannon.
The Chinese speak of firing so many cannon, we of
firing so many shots.
13 ib UK To compare the term or limit. Taxes in Chins
12

alone.

are collected by constables or collectors called in different

The collection cover.
and Jffe
$) ? ffl
places

292

* W ^ ^e c # *i
m
% w
mft ft *

A.
LU &
a H
t ft i #, I * O
?5
* 41
* ^ 1 o a
a w w m 7. $ ft
^ m. - o
a
o o -& m ^ p
-

is

is

^ u

ir

ais

r>

3Rl

ufe.

ft|

Translation.

* *

^g

*.

&
^ g

18

ISfo

m o y.
A T -o
o ft
m m
3

?fo

,'>

5%

'8

mere

colloquial

and equally t'vmg

fj

and more expressive than

hsing.

21 ^K is used without either of its usual defining words

or
UIL being made sufficiently definite by the preceding
=jl;
$? A. 1jF here means the presents which Chinese etiquette
requires on occasion of weddings, births, funerals, feasts, etc.
22 There seems to be no t'ung hsing term for a highway
In Kiukiang all the terms in the text are rejected
robber.
for

21 The

use of the term

H $|

is

largely Christiau.

sheep in

must not be counted in the same way.

9 The Lord of heaven is three persons
in one Godhead.
[of bird.
10 I have never before seen this species

(ft

The
-5-

IS.

Chinese (heathen) usually

2$ ^|. especially

There
and

it.

8 Dates and walnuts

T *

39) here gives the force of at all in English.

'

4 They all belong to the same set

5 When there are many in the family,
how can they all have one mind ?
6 1 know that you have now all formed
yourselves into one clique.
This whole flock of sheep consists entirely of goats, there is not a single

'

three months in the spring and three in the fall. Payments

are usually made by the collectors every ten days, at which
time all are assembled and their accounts examined. Those
who have made prompt payment are complimented and
sometimes rewarded, while delinquents are berated and not
nnfreqiiently beaten.

16

yet much depends on the skill [of

the cook].
3 Mr. and Mrs. Ting are of the same
age.

3Ri

f&

1 I am of the same
generation with him.
2 Though the rice and flour be alike,

w a
&r m
Ik &

10

ft

is

^|

use 2$, alone, or occasionally

of the soul as disembodied.

when speaking

practically no distinction of

meaning between

fit

-y 3J% a legendary

26 fs^ 7JC $t> otherwise called g

character of the twelfth century B. C.

He is the most important personage in Chinese mythology. He was appointed

y "J& $U 5^ ^i-> '* e "N"' Ancient and Honorable One, to
He is
assign to the gods their several ranks and duties.
the gods. This
regarded- as a sort of provost-marshal over
is told of him when at home
story of his bad luck in business
is an official proclamabefore he entered official life, gj
tion forbidding all slaughter of animals for food for a certain
It is usually done in time of drought in order to
time.
propitiate the gods.
27 Wt> as here used, constitutes a very common idiom
for expressing the idea that the thing spoken of is carried
into immediate execution.

lessoit cvl

One, expressing Sameness.

joined with a variety of words for the

purpose of classification or generalization, and is
translated either one, or the same. The same forms
is
are also used specifically, and when so used,
rendered the, or a, or whole.
'

is

One
"Uj One

One

Wi One
Ipl

1$.

45I

'

$iL

generation,

the same generation.

the same, alike.

only used with
pattern,
kind,

One

current,

the same,
the same

of the same mind, har. One meaning, of the same mind,

monious,
One
the same
the same
One the same
the whole
$1 One the same custom way.
i\j*

One

heart,

"

har-

congenial.

'

!ff|!
party,
clique or cabal.

like, equal.

class or kind.

party,

flock

flock,

$j|

'fa Precisely alike, just the same.

manner,

monious; the whole heart.

flock.

rule,

Wfi

eiauce

One body,

or

the

the whole body.

same

body

or

sub-

WANDARTN M5SSONI.

TiKSSON 106.

&

m,

tn

ft

ft

i$

&

&

ft %

tt

m &
ft

o
16

ffi

^#14ft ^

i m p a. ^
a & j$ M a

a,

to flee

oft|/fcft-Aft*
^ ^ fj $. a #k m ft m
*
* n iB -_
J8C

lit

*fe

sort or variety.

'jlw

'

order,

class, first class,

One

a kind

'ffli

'

family or clan;

the

3ff

class,

or quality.

the

shaved at once.

or

the

road,

family,
family.

the

8e

the

'5|y

sui generis, he is dissatisfied

with everybody.
21 Look at your hair ; it has grown as
long as a prisoner's. Go and get it

SB

or stock or

the

seed,

you

from the wrath to come.

is

*E.

K ft %
W ft
"Si One same kind
One company, same company ^
One same kind
-^C One
same
whole
tt One
same
19

given to

most famous in Shantung.

20 Li Uh'e'ng Wfin's natural disposition

20

is

yet

19 Fei Ch'Sog produces a kind of peach

called the Fei peach, which is the

H o

fft

collection of eithv mules, horses,

getting into difficulties.

18 Ye tribe of vipers, who hath told

12

ft

der difficulties, are

15

cows or sheep is called a herd.

16 Is there no one of your relatives or
friends here?
17 There is a class of men in the world
who, though nnable to bear up nn.

^in t itti- If - I 1
* m *r m m^M g m . *.
$ift^$Kp-f!!iSB o
I A, ^. W ^ I f I H
21

A company of school

ket.

13

t&

11

boyei goes by my
door every day.
12 There is no need of selecting, these
goods are all of one qnality.
13 Who is this gentleman? Ana. This
is a distant relative of my father's,
14 A drove of some two hundred or more
mules has arrived at the horse mar-

m m mM m. - m

m - -

293

jj

'5tR

One
One
One

clan,

the

lot,

same clan or

a deal.

the same
the same company

tribe,
rise,

tribe

[dred.

ancestry,

the same
species,

kin-

or set.

class or

cate-

gory or character.

Vocabulary.
To push with the hand; a fragment,

ft Ttoan*.

Tang*.

fftj

Li*

a piece, a section.
gang, a band ; a political party, a
faction, a clique; a class, a sort.

^%t

AP

rule,

a bye-law

Shou* twan*

Jin2 k&u3

ll|

^ Skan
^

$fc

yang*.

Mien* gang*.

He*, hu*.

^g

He*

might.

The walnnt.

t'ao*

To

gfl Wei*.

denominate, to
iff IP Tan

A
A

5.

shi*.

goat.

K'ang*

$ Kt*
^f
.

sheep.

Kernel, seed; to scrutinize.

To bear

U^

bird.

responsibility, to bear
difficulties.

The same.

thVi

Oh'iu*, ...

a small

call.

up under

^ 0-

bird,

say, to speak of; to designate, to

Persons in a family, honse-

: Note

Ck'iao*, ch'ioa*

custom, usage.

Skill, ability,

hold
1

$#1

lu*.

Different

from

others,

peculiar, singular.
,

... .To imprison, to incarcerate.

294

m m *

t&

a *

* m ^ ^ ^
29

&

ft

<*

m&z%

&

^& n.

4\

j&

his [second] degree

m
/fit

Hil
jj

fi

ff

TO Feng

hsiang

To double,

fi

3* Shwang*

ft

ffE

shing

^D$

Pao*

fjir

To announce,

hsin*.

Same

Note

Bannermen.

Ck'fl hsia*

W $4

'

* 3 hsing*.

^jf

yf

K an*
m

people, the
people.

common

To behave towards,

to treat,

The

26.

clandestine, pri-

my opinion.

tai*.

to regard.
3
H9 Lang
2
j$ Ming
.

to pilfer

Clear, bright, distinct.

lang

3
.

Bright,

fW 9 B& Mi Ming*
;

lustrous;

clearly,

evidently, manifestly.

a pilferer.

thief,

to give notice,

to carry news.

Weights for weighing

of weight.

It must be that the weights (scales)

are different.

Pulse, beans, peas.

^^ Wma

class.

bellows, a blower.

to put two together;

See shwang 1

Ch'ie* tsei*

Toi/P

&#

Twins.

Shwang* poo*
To steal,

same

29 Although he belongs to a distant

branch, still you are of one family
stock and should not quarrel.
30 How is it that the same quality of
bean cake has two prices ?
Ans.

ft

a convict.

Ch'ie*.

vate;

J$

The same.

Shwang*.

>

A prisoner,

^2, Ch'iififan*
1
|S Fing hsia*

twins.

28 Although thieves and robbers are not

the same, yet they belong to the

26

ic27 flf

harmo-

precisely alike.

fl

live

27 Christiana and her company were

weary with travelingand also agitated in mind, and sought a place to rest.

81

- *
jk.

regarded

niously with him.

26 On Phoenix Street there is a pair of
twins who in size and looks are

^w
i"J

is

as equally guilty with the thief

himself.
you don't believe it, wait and see.

That woman can never

25

ffc

25

5fn

Iff.

24 One who secretes a thief

o il
T> i - o X- *?
* IK
T^- * X ft
# ft. to af W * * *
# i> ft a * i.-
- - * * M
o
ft
ft A W'Wt'iLM o I>i 0H.
& & #v - # 3P ^ o
30

s ~ n

S\

22 If yon buy a bellows,

yon can save a
deal of fuel in the course of a year.
23 That is a man who
always stands iu
the first class, can he fail to
get

& -

p.

*>

tti

ss

8
lang* yien chien*. Evidently,

palpably.

standard
1
2
X&lfc Fao hwang

To

flee

from famine.

Not El.
With the tame rice and flour, every man has his
ready-made saying often used as a comparison.
from gj (read
dictionaries carefully distinguish

2
own
The

Lit.,

skill,

chia),

but

in

common usage

the latter

is

often written for

the former.

6 There is nothing in this sentence as it stands to show

whether it is to be taken hypothctically or not. Certain
classifier*, when following the nouu qualified, form with it
a collective plural, as
jfc books,

fg{

A P

ships,

members

fi

of a family, so also

j%, stones,

^ $B

carts, etc.

7 The

translation of this sentence sounds absurd.

It

is

because sheep and goats are

regarded us essentially one species, both being called ^p.
8 Dates are usually sold by the quantity, walnuts by
the piece, thus showing tne superiority of the latter.
The
all right,

meaning

however,

in Chinese,

of the saying

is

that

men must not

all

be estimated

alike.

8 ZL fit ~* IB is the conventional form adopted in

Chinese to express the Christian idea of the Trinity.

MANDAKJN LESSONS.

LE880N 107

- & &#

.
i ^

# a * m s ^ &
#
ft. ft $
m jl ^ o in t i
a - & 4
*t.
ftfc

fir

PJS>

34

32 The whole empire is like one family,

and all the people belong to one body.

it

Whether bannermen or common

people, all are to be treated alike.
33 Day before yesterday a band of refugees came, and it is very evident that
yon belong to the same company.
Why do yon persist in saying that
yon do not ?
34 What is going on at your third uncle's
What makes you
to-day ?
Ques.
think there is anything going on ?

*
*t fi W. # *. o .
m ^ m M m mm & %^n
i t f i%#i f
W M> @ m ^BR o m
&
fli

^fe

irn

13

*~*

;f?

HV wi Wi

A.

family

uncle.

The term

means

in the English

language will exactly translate fi

a Hsien city south-west of Chinanfu. The

j!w
district produces a peach of great size and delicious flavor.

20

is

"**"

A way

of his own, that is, a way that is

different from others, and hence lingular.
21 Prisoners in China are not allowed to shave their
tr"

$v

heads.

23
primarily refers to skill of hand, but
applied to skill of any kind.

often

is

of |^ as in this sentence is anomalous.

It
This usage is t'ung
positively, certainly, in any ease.

hsing.

10 He

Aw. I saw a lot of people in full

dress going into his house.

25 The use

uncle

here used vaguely for any relative of the same generation,

and of the same family name, with^the father.
14 ijE
fiT is a market for the sale of beasts used in
farming, including horses, mules, donkeys and cattle. No
is

word

la the evening when Isaac returned

home, before he bad reached th
house, the dog ran out to meet him
as if to give the news.

31

flfc

296

26 IE fa

is

so

written,

but

is

universally

spoken

shwang pang*

(^

30 K5 Wi are used in weighing with scales

^p)i
and are here referred to as the standard used in gauging the
measures
are
and
uncertain
in
steelyards.
Weights
very
China. It might almost be sa d that every man has his own.
;

The

variations are well nigh endless.

31 fly in the last clause is euphonic and redundant

the construction is, like a news bringer, without ff(j

it is, as though bringing news, but this difference of "con" is
struction
something the average Chinese writer or speaker
does not appreciate.

with

lesson

JJy,

cvii.

Emphatic Reduplication.

Compound adjectives and

participial

nouns

are repeated for the pnrpose of strengthening the

idea, the two words being repeated separately.
This is the most common method of emphasizing.

Almost any compound adjective may be thns

The more
reduplicated.
trated in the lesson.
For additional list see

common

ones are illus-

Supplement

Vocabulary.

^^ An\

Quiet, orderly,

shing*

^P $& H<#

mu*.

Peaceable,
cultivate

Shun* tang*.

Fan 3

To

1
.

harmonious

to

facile,

To return

to

revert

to

fl^I

Lao*. ...

P2fl0.

harmony.

Easy, smooth,

talk rapidly and

incoherently, to

To clamor,
no point

uuemon

the

tpj

H&lC

Hsw*

Tt'ung* yung*.

At

ease, at leisure; in easy

circumstances.

]j5 -j

tao 1

C'h'ing*

Hsu 1

To talk without meaning,

s/it

t'ao*.

2
.

to prate.

to talk
incessantly

to

To

contrary, but.
$fc '4$

Also t'ao 1

gabble.

barrassed.
jj*

10 Too

Harmony, concord.

Ug* 3fu*.

Ilfel

(s.)

murmur

and

talk disconnectedly,
repeat again and again.
Sincere,

to

at.

honest,

to

upright,

ingenuous, straightforward.
Empty compliments, the lauguage and forms of etiquette.

ft

?&

^ W - *
* a w. w w

m
o'

m o W

^ I f * A n
1%

i ^
14

ft.

is

IE

ii

IB
6(j

*a

to

3(P

&

$J tfjk

$ $|

Quiet, at rest

tun*.

to>
ti

Pflsu*.

gfoflV*.

To draw back

fiS.

Chung

If

*jl

Kwan1

To watch

thou*.

*ft

shamej||

Mu*.

~k.~}] Ta* fang

^
grr

Ch'uiti*.

Y&*

Ft** mu*

To fear,
To

Chii* p'a*.

pompous.

Recovered from sickness, well,

Cured; to exceed the more.

to be apprehensive.

fear, to be affrighted, to

dread, to stand in awe.

Fearful, solicitous.

Chintf.

Chan* ching

Genteel, well-bred, gen-

Genteel, well-bred; liberalminded, generous.

over, to guard,

a sepnlcher.
grave, a tomb,
grave, a sepnlcher.

Ch#.

to shrink, to contract;

tlemanly
1

it perthere fur

to keep safely.

Retiring, bashful.

yang*.

is

small cup for tea or wine.

to condense.

%%fc Han* sod*

what room

Recovered, cured, healed.

2
^f tJ K'an x

]g

Common, mean, vulgar

Yie already knows

further disputing ?

>0i'ffa

rustic.
;

Wang Lao

faced, bashful.

$j

ing is most disagreeable.

and put
12 Let us be straightforward
aside empty compliments.
13 Do not disturb him, let him sleep

staid.

Low, mean

j|K p,t,.

fectly well,
6

comfortable

to-day in any case.

This repetitious way you have of talk-

quietly.

Firm, substantial; really, certainly.

in fact.
Certain, true, nnmistakeable ;
gentle,

g$^&

business goes off smoothly, I

be back within ten days.
at
10 There is no need of hurrying ; go
an easy pace ; we will get there

my

will

14

An*

is

9 If

tf&CA'iie

lose

clean.

See

a target.

minutely explained in the book,

and yet yon do not uuderstand it ?
8 Although his clothing would not be
considered good, still it is perfectly

*S

if.

tal

Real, certain

noonday that

de-

two hundred cash.

f 12 ti

TV*.

lighted.
is as clear as

7 It

tfi

i*

own room

5 Shvrei Yiiu went to her

^ *

*P * *
* n a a *
&
* *

a positive fact.

is

2 Settle down quickly to your books.

3 In accounts clearness is all important
4 When brothers are harmonious, every-

6 It

flfc

This

ii

W.

thing runs smoothly.

#
* W # * * o
f- o
w. W * 8 ^ *
$ m u n ft w si ^
to * 1* S. T ^ -t
b
tt m> )P. ^e + %
a # ^ #

9
#'

Translation

&

^W. #

I * *

ft

*96

1
.

To be alarmed,

to tremble,

to quake.

Han*.

^$8

To hold

in the

cherish
llarflhu*.

mouth

to contain

to

to restrain.

Indistinct, vague; uncertain

indefinite ; reserved.

MANDARIN

Lrsson 107.

15

* mi

#*% ft mm m m
o a, t ^ i ^
i
m
f
ssai^ff- J $ $ m &
. , i i * * @ i. *f $
W5 A o * JB * B.
SC %

297

LRSSOWS.

My father is eighty
and

w.

rights, be quiet

18

18

W t ^HSBJ# A
*. sf a nas * +
21

$^

*.

in-

and gentle.

Yon should

not be bashful or people

will think yon are ill-bred.

19 Return in peace
ready healed.

fft

may put

women] should by

17 Girls [or, yoong

15

* W &
- m.

quite robust.

is still

16 These odds and ends you

to the box.

22

26

his health

years old this year,

yonr disease

is al-

20 Let us quickly drink a few cups, the

hour is not early.
21 And those who kept the grave trembled with fear, being frightened almost to death.

22 I must pnt

my home

affairs in

good

order before I can start.

*&

w^in

&
a

& Brtfe$
w. * & . & m
# # # * tt u.

*#

w.

to

7. *

ft

are willing or not,

a.
o

vacillating in this unseemly way.

a
m
"S ^ *"
marjagig
o

24 Li Ch'ang Ling is quite gifted. It is

a pity he has not a better utterance.
He mumbles his words so that one
can not understand him.

20

25

mwwwu

m n iwaw *

am not going

to make a poor mouth

and give him a chance to
look down on me.

to him,

at*

i ^ oif

f^Jf i ^ ^

26 That child

find

w * n m %% m *m&m"

lit CA'iK

P "g|
H

K'ou*ch'i*

words; age

T'u

toothed.

jlfi

"$J

it

Chun 1

ch'ie*.

Thick, tongue-tied, lisping.

VjfcT/u*.

Nft "4

^j$g

To mutter,

to

mumble

ZV lung*.

>fc tt Ch'iu* hao*.

s%y.Ej*

Astng*.

to ravel out.

Ttjai Wan*

IE
fl

to

m% Si. SAa

shi*.
.

make
|lf

Capacity to hear, power of

fif-

Chun 1

To

Firm,

close,

compact

... forcible, pointed

decided

will

charge him

emphatically,

jjf

Complete, entire; finished;

all.

chi*.

Ching*

fj^

Wan 1
1
(ft Wan

Straitforward,

upright,

jf|2

Bent, bowed, crooked, curved.

1

Crooked, tortuous,

ch'U

Hwang

cha*.

False, deceitful, dishonest,

cheng*.

Correct, exemplary
upright; sedate, respectful.

double-tongued.
i$n .lH

Twan 1

straitly.

enjoin, to reiterate; emphatically,

earnestly.

yon

.To play (as a band)i

cA'uen 2

attention.
1

truthful.

The same.
To beg, to entreat,
a poor mouth.

necessary

to

straitly.

Indistinct, inarticulate, nasal.

very heedless

Carefully,

1
Pfc ffi Ch'wei tat

Speech, utterance.

is

very straitly.

Utterance, ennnciation.

Yien* Pan*.

tf$\

fyfc

Front teeth

whether yon
and don't keep

23 Say definitely at once

Wai 1

niu*.

Awry, askew, crooked

torted

lounging.

dis-

298

H A

*&

"rf

S8

27 Thy Kiugcotneth unto thee peacefully,

riding upon an ass with its foal
following.

Kwoa

28

Knng-tsi prepared a

full set of

very costly betrothal presents, and,

selecting a lucky day, sent them

accompanied by a band of music

to

the Shwei family.

29

have been absent twelve years, and

1 cannot be sufficiently thankful

now on my

that

return

find the family circle

still

home,

unbrokeu.

30 This Classic of the Heart everywhere

requires that the heart be upright
and not tortuous, truthful and not
deceitful, cheerful

31

When

one

upright

is

and not

sitting,

and

not

fretful.

he should

sit

in

an

lounge

undignified manner.

Notes
is understood.
10 After 3f,j|j either Jjjf or (ft or .
13 The last clause might aUo with equal propriety be
tendered Let him ;/o quietly to sleep.
17 Sj5 is added to ^f 5i to generalize it.

23 In Pekingese jg as here used denotes time. It is

Les. 127. Sub.
not so used in Central or Southern Mandarin
28 "nf H is somewhat bookish. In common con-

19 As the sentence stands in the New Testament, jjE is

mitted.
Its use adds both to the euphony and perspicuity
ot the sentence.
In Mandarin the j|[ is rarely omitted, save

the

fj$j

ft

ft

in certain fixed expressions.

It

is

when

never omitted

fol-

lowed by a double word as here.

LESSOU

versation Jtf

nearly always used.

-f 'S

For colloquial

of the previous clause should also be

30 *fr SJM is the title of a book exhorting

cultivation of propriety and virtu*.

expanded

men

to

to the

CrvxXX*

Repeated Action.

J|^'

Frequently, constantly, continually,

Often reduplicated for emphasis.
repeatedly.
{Hf

Wi

Every moment, constantly, incessantly.

fNf

&

Every

Constantly, always, habitually.

con-

iffl

tinuously, incessantly, always.

dfC#^J
time.

limiting

The same.

continuously, all the

word generally follow s &(6)(10).
interruption.

Widely used but not

again,

all

the

time,

always, time after time, (n.)

The same, (s)

^^'^

frequently,

^F -^

Over and

(o.

&

over,

again and again,

s.)

^ Time
Read

the time. (c).

<>)

without
>5^|i Continuously,

on

hsing.

$f^>$f

little

Incessantly,

frequently,

the time.

'rW'jf^ Continually, constantly, habitually.

while.
QQc Frequently, every
M or * HI Without ceasing,
7fi

-ft 'fiS

all

flj^ffl Again and

time, always, constantly.

^SJt3ft The same

W.

and again,

Again

every occasion,

Pung

Often reduplicated for emphasis.

&rf nrf

Wl-^W}

after time, time and again, all

no* pu* no* or nung*pu* nung\

all the time,

ljc ) Constantly, always,
: Les. 72. Note 1.

M ^ $J
^ ^ A number

("perpetually

of times, several times.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lbsson 108.

299

m a w - #

Translation.

Yon should

give unremitting atten[other

two are constantly meeting eacb
In order to frighten people, she frequently threatens to kill herself.

at

|i*.fl&

We

*B

12

t#

ft

g
^ o mimn & #
f" ^ M. * #. A.
uraim o & in o g

A.ftfB o

tion,

fc.

These

ffl

five

men have been working

three days, but

does not appea'

it

what they have done.

j>

It seems

a;

they were all the time smoking.

5 I am much given to sympathizing
with the ancients.
[a day.
6 They talked without ceasing for halt
7 That boil on my back is constantly
if

m m w
* # tt * A

bsimn >*wilx

^
B* W $ m #. T> T tt
7 *. it* * o Stun $ *H. T PB
. & *P 1 "* ^ o =
7 ^ * !km
HC *$ ^ ^ ft
* * ft <:
ff . o s m n
u
a. $ m m & * ^ ^ # *&
o
W 9S> p
f ^^ ^ ^
A it li, # *. * * tt
A
o
ii #,
jk ie m ft * is.
o
*
M JE * T M ift^ ft o
4 I"ft ^ ft
1@ #. m
W $ & 51 T^ o ft *fll w
# LU $ E # Q ^ A E **
ie, ft a at m m m m m
fui #. # w * in s. ft. 4
81

(ft

3fe

discharging pus.
8 Are you not afraid you will injure
yourself by working so constantly?

ffl

ffi

Ift

tfl

15

ffl

13

inf.

have told him a number of times,

but he pays no atteution.
10 Mr. Sun is at home crying out incessantly with a pain in his stomach.
II You are always bawling with your
mouth open as big as a dipper (firepau) ; sooner or later your crying
will be the death of me, and then
you'll be satisfied, will you ?
12 Although we have not seen each other
9

for

many

we have

years, yet

corres-

ponded without interruption.

13 This place adjoins the great street
and is very much crowded ; there is
always something on hand- never
a moment's quiet.
4 Wang Ch'eug Shan is a good enough
man, the trouble is that he frequently gets drunk, and then he is given
1

to abusing people.

Vocabulary.
Often, frequently; successively; constautly, repeatedly.
Liu* shin*.
To give attention, to be on the
alert, to be watchful.

fig Lit*.

filjl

^JE. T?t

1
Shing hwod

2
.

^f"

GW.

Chu*

Liang*.

^flrc-

The

To

ck'i*

LP hwei*.

To regard,

To stop speaking.
;

the ridge or

a ridge-pole
sleeper : a seam.
;

pay

attention

to,

To cry out, to yell ; to cry

or call as animals
Note 10.
:

! P'iao*.

calabash, a gourd

gourd dipper,

To cry oneself

or another to

a wooden dipper.

of a roof.

bridge

to

stop, to rest, (s.)

to notice.

ftffH^ Chiao* hwan*.

s.)

spine, the backbone

comb

&

k'ou*.

The

Ht Hsie

Work, employment, business.

(o.

Pas, purulent matter.

Nung*, ntng*

back, the spinal column.

a beam, a

^v ^B K'u x

s't

death
4$f HP An* ching*.

: Les.

183.

Quiet, calm, peaceful.

300

$a

Wk

S A ? B - I

m f$ T> ^ #& at &.g^. o *

* W * 5p ^. o a A |&
$ ^fiT> ft ^m # M
ft ^ & * ^ ^a* ag
m
i& #n* a i # pj #

How

15

26

and legs

^U^

Iff .it.*
# a. ^ o o m
$ - H. 4g"#8Bfc
o m m &.
m
nmnm.m % * o
^
*t&*r
w tu * & * in

tfy

22

ife

ffl

18

19

*.
O

$
% m m w*
a, ?e ak
* ft fc
# *. s *
Rft

III

has been taking medicine all the

autumn without any apparent effect.
Other people have certain times for
visiting, but you are continually at it.
He is afflicted with epilepsy, and frequently falls into the fire, and frequently into the water.
Ever since we parted I have been
constantly thinking of yon.
He is constantly insulting me. I
really cannot put up with it.
Have you ever been at Nanking, sir ?
Ans. I have been there several times.

17

hm tt $ #. * ?. % m. m ps
^b# ft m m m n * n n n>
n & m m 1@ o # m$.&

20
21

22 Onr oldest brother's wife is a very

industrious body, she works incessantly from morning till night.
23 Hsiang Ling-tsi has an enormous appetite, if you should let him have
his will, his month would never be
empty.
matter how bad they are, still they
are your father and mother-in-law.
You ought not to be all the time
vexing them.

No

24

#.

a*W

Ml

ft

ft

iJ

mw
^W &

$t^T * tt A.
* o ft # b# 1* It
m wvokM m w- m us zm #
n M $.
a. * o
31 ^ m
o

28

jgfi

together

f"1 -f"

To

string on a string; to go or pan

through ; to connect, to league
a string of anything: Les. 125. f

pp Ch'toan*.

To

Ch'wan* mln* t&.

call,

to

HU l*J "?*
$$ Tien1.
%%)

Epileptic

^i^'M.
i(ji

Crazed, insane

Hsien*

}i <$]

Ck'wang* min* t#P

Yang

fits

nien*.
ua Hsiang*

convulsions,

Convulsions, epileptic
convulsions.
;

chiao*

$IJ Li* pie*.

to visit,

gad about.
Same.

feng\

To

fits.

fits.

capital

Chu* tswei
1

was moved

mind, to long

to

keep in

for.

to Peking.

To stop

3
.

hung

P'od* p'od*.-

eating.

A woman's father-in-law.
A woman's mother-in-law.

To examine

officially, to inspect, to
verify ; to hold an inquest.
l
fj Jq Shi yien*. ... To try, to test, to experiment.

To think about,

natural

it

Nanking, the name was

given in the Ming dynasty

ching}.

& Kung

^^

in

frequently happens that,

instruments are broken.
You are all the time full of the idea
of fighting. One of these times you'll
get yourself into trouble, and then
it will be too late to repent.
27 It has always been said that thieves
in the household are hard to guard
against. Who can be always on his
guard against such a light-fingered
fellow as this ?

when the
Pj||

making experiments
science,

!, Yien*.

Epileptic fits.
part, to take leave.
.

2o In

Bf ^j Nan*

ft.

He

10

20

that one so young is every

while having pains in his back

is it

little

17

Ijt Jt$

Chid1

To

Sod*

$| Ch'i*.

tsei*..

...

thief in one's

feel after

To pursue

to

own

family.

to select, to take,

1
search/or. See ch'i

MANDARIN IB880NS.

Lesson 108.

$o

* * *HM$

l&

1 ^
#

#
*
m
t

ffi

ffl

#
^ ^ ^

88

**

28 The saying

ill." When anyone is long ill.

hard even for a dutiful sou always to serve him to his mind.
29 You know it is not right to break the

long

m M $ ^
& & ip tr
# # *

!&.&&*<&

*ft

" A dutiful son is never

is,
found at the bedside of one who ia

ft

4H

it is

law, yet you are continually breaking it. What is the reason of this ?

30 Helping others

s.

helping indefinitely

ffl

nif

ery, beating his wife

his children.

h**i

to entertain

33 Manifestly

feel after

hand,

^$1 Mod

Ckao*

Note

A
To

find

fault,

to

pick

IS

month
a

^ Hwa*

po

|s|El Tao* pod*.

^ 3E T

Ifjlj'

Kwa

-*.

gossip, to chat, to talk together. (s.)

Incessant talking ; loquacity, jabber.

Also kwod 1

Idle talk, chit chat.

hsia?

tsi

" Talk
box ", a facetious term for the

3
.

or the faculty of speaking.

..A

Fp Pan*.

quarrel, to make a disturbance, to raise a row; to look for employment.

To

to enjoy
If he were really a god,

Esien 2 kwa*.
ffj

dutiful son.

him and inviting him

would you, who thus worship him,

still be flooded
again and again by
the water of the Yellow River ?

27.

(s.)

it is

theatricals.

to feel with the

The same,

tsV
ski*.

to finger

ch'i*.

if^-p Hsiao*

$ Ipf-

to

h!l

To

him

merely a water snake

which you address as "The Great
King," burning incense and papei

ffi

M o& sod*.

and abusing

32 Ch'i Yttu Shfing is constantly coming

over to gossip.
Let him ouce get
started he will run on for half a day.
Who can afford the time required

>S1

\M W.

away from home he spends his time

gambling, and when he comes home
he is continually making trouble,
ever and anon smashing the crock-

ffl

ffi

is only a temporary
can afford to keep on

31 The old fellow who lives to the east

of us is certainly a hard case. Whea

tt> it

Who

thing.

n % ma. i. #
m
m
% &m o o
#,
ft, HI (a $ ^
* * ^ $ m
n m m # a m %
m * & 7>
S f$ ^ o o 1 s & m
% "& ^ m
m as . ^
w
^ *k H
m b m
m. % m i m IE mr tt .
# * s ^ a # * ft &
w

fifc

SO!

comrade, an associate

To

1-p P'ei* pan*.

entertain,

to attend.

bear one

company.
aii

Wang*.

A rebel chief, a freebooter :

Note

fifties.

to

Ching* feng*.

33.

To worship, to serve
men do the gods.

as

Notes.
1 Or You should always keep your wits about you.
3 Lit., Takes death (meaning suicide) and frightens people.
This is a common threat of Chinese women, and is really
their only resort in order to bring their husbands or mothersin-law to terms, or to get justice at their hands, and it is
not unfrequently carried into effect.
6 That is, easily moved by the sorrows and sufferings of
historical or fictitious characters.

10 W" IS

is

not properly applied to articulate

sounds,

though sometimes so uaed derisively. It is used of the call

of almost all animals, thus
covering many English words, at
bark, bellow, bawl, bray, squeal, etc.

11

13

lK
dipper.
a* a firepan.

Bu

dipper mouth;
^1$ -A fire

i.

e.

a mouth as big as

pan mouth;

i.

e.,

a mouth a*

bij>

8 S

302

AWs

*a
&

#r

-7%

o i

r4

& ft w
*.
*
T PT WLc m JB 1
s&
# IS c S 3* H #j
^* * i i I ^ &
# ft * s * m
ft
m & n>m. IS. ft

am g

1 7, T.tt, IB ft m ti m # n n
#. ft t* m 4 * #& + 1
o
#''

4ft

*ft

s*

til

14

P<l

B$ t To

drink drunk with wine.

ji gives

the idea of given

to,

$S
but

is

is

style

24 5i$ here
so translated.

is

fills

Note that

JJ)

the place of a personal pronoun and

jf[

31

is

does not here

mean

that

time,

but

whichever time, or one of these times.

27 %% Jfl
JS frSl Laying hands on whatever is within
reach, pilfering, light-fingered.
Only used in this sense when

iM

Iu the South j|
reduplicated.
the same way.

H| |

%e|

$|

is

used

in

5fi|-

to

understand it,
add an ex-

matter how yon wash

hand-

this

kerchief yon cannot make it clean.

There is not the least donbt abont it. I
remember it with perfect distinctness.
Jnst look at your writing how it is
blurred and blotted ; who will be
able to make anything out of it?
First dispose of yonr business properly, then go to the theatre.
I thought yon had arranged it with

him satisfactorily. You put me in

a very embarrassing position.
Unless I wear spectacles, 1 cannot
see this kind of print with the least

2?ot constituting a disposition;

e.
the essentials of a right disposition. There are

^f J5X fflr 3?i

wanting

7$

'

No

in

other phrases on the same model,

that of a letter.

26 fS IB Wi 2JS 'i> a y mean, to inflict a serious wound

aud so become liable to prosecution, or the payment of
damages ; or it may mean, as we say, \to hit the wxonij man."
'

yon want people

get out one sentence, and after all

did not speak it clearly.
9 Mr. Yu\ has been discoursing on this
text for ever so long, and after all
has not made it clear.

ft.

added

rejected

by the Peking teacher.

10 The

distinctness.
8 Miss Li is entirely too diffident. [She
has been trying] for half a day to

for emphasis.

"S

will be necessary to
planatory note.

If

it

X~
4

Bfc.

jl

Translation.

7
6

ft

thus

we have

unsuitable for the purpose, worthless,

/p JjJJ
jfl here means to

/J> Jfc

fjjfc

not sufficient to express respect,

set or
throw down with a bang, and hence, to smash.
33 Snakes that leave the water and come on land daring
a flood, are regarded as sacred and divine, being possessed
by the god who controls the flood. They are often fed up

and worshipped with expensive ceremonies by both officers

and people. J^ PjC is a contracted term for the flood water
from the Yellow River. ~fc 3E is a term found in novels an
It waa first conferappl iod to noted robbers and freebooters.
red as a title on supposed supernatural snakes by Kanghi, the
second Emperor of the present dynasty.

Double Auxiliaries
In addition to the several single auxiliaries
already illustrated, there are a number of double
words added to verbs to qualify their meaning.
Those most frequently used are the foUowiug
:

added to verbs to express the

Clear,
EjrJ
clearness oftheaction.oritssatisfactory completion.

JhtE

Well

added
defined,

press the perfect

the action.

added to verbs
yfc-^* Finished,
the entire completion of the action.

3tU
verb

it

Satisfactory,

follows.

^^

is

the

same

to verbs to ex- colloquial.

clearness aud distinctness of
tjjf?jr Clean,

Ibilowe.

adds

is

its
force
also used alone.

as

adds

to

J
its

^,

bnt a

express
to

little

the

more

force to the verb

it

Lesson

ft

ft

T
&

n
-

%\

ft

fl

ifc

13

^ #

e.

If

SOS

10 I do not know whether it was that I

did not say it plainly, or that lie
did not hear it correctly.

g $ #^f& &
W M IN U ^ jt$ t- a
& ^ ft &, # &% m &
fl\ A * . BNo** ft
^ -&m m ^ c mz w
# - * # &**sflT

*
7.

MANDAKIN LESSONS

109.

,l

See the air with which he stmts along.

lie imagines that he is perfectly

stunning.

Even one who

12

is

ing business
short.

constantly transactwill

sometimes

fall

How is it possible to always

give entire satisfaction ?

13 In learning either annals or history
one can remember only the general
oatliue ; as to the particulars, no one

can remember them

all.

14 Get

ft
^C

the bedding and loggage ready

beforehand, and as soon as the litter

ft

SI

0>

&

15

16

comes we

i m St n sn
u * ?# * m m
m % m M w. m
#. JB # A S &
n

j.

*.
c

My

15

ft

16 It

15-

Vivid,adds

very fortunate that at the time

had an agreemeut drawn up with
him in which everything was distinctly writtea out ; otherwise he
would have imposed on me again.
Learning is a great and shoreless sea.

17

to the verb

force

its

&

ft

it

follows,

Distinct,adds

the verb

its force to

it

^ILwL Perspicuous,
verb

it

adds

auxiliary form found in Chinese

motion and expresses an inceptive, or a progressive idea.
With this lesson we take leave of the subject
of verbal auxiliaries ; not that there are not more,
It is used with verbs of

to

the

both single and double, but because in most cases

they are each limited to one or two special apforce to the verb
each of which is best learned as an
plications,

follows.

3F^ Complete,addi
it

force

its

is

3\rK3 An

novels.

follows.

was

month.

&

Pao Hsing

with

settled in full last

m D
*4

will start.

account

its

follows.

independent phrase.

Vocabulary.

To

Ghu*.

/hit

define, to explain; a note,

explanation, an emendation.

Hsiao* chu 4

comment

Note

Hei mod* Aw* yien*.

1

1?

Hei mod* ivu 1

Ting* tang

1.

Bl otted, bluvred, defaced.

tvwei*.

The same.

1
.

I Modest,
bashful, shamefaced.
YU*. To proceed a swrname:
synonymous with jjfc.
...

Ch'i*.

Pou*
Tten

rigbt

see Snb.

Tien**

To

reflect

see Sub.

modest, ashamed.

Ashamed, bashful;

to blush.

clear, perspicuous.

To comprehend

clear,

per-

also shen1 .
Tefi 1

Having uneven

points, rugged.
ch'a 1 and ch'at 1.

Ch'in ch'iod*. Clear,

distinct, well defined,

sharp

penetrate

Wan

Inproperorder, satisfactory,
all

To

ch'4*.

spicuons ; thorough : see Sub.

1
Uneven, not uniform. See
,

Mien*.

also used as

an explanation,

note,

an

# H^5?

Ts'tn 1

ts'i

ptt*

eh'i*

See

Uneven,
irregular.

Kang1

. .

A bond of union, a principle, a rule.

B t

&04

W. 4

ft

ffi.

*i

24

# &
22

*a&
*fi$fi

&*

*.

4*

fn

si

ftttj|ft

ft

Uf

ji

a. o

If

fc

?#

#f

!,*** ft j

# tt i. T
i 5B i ^ a o I,
w w. at te s
#f
- # as. t a h #
* a - w % $L
$ Hi n s. a w # # 3 t m #
-j,
iE ^ & o a@ ^
ti

it

fft

20

ft

"B

~ E

Lesson 110.

$fc

MANDARIN LESSONS.

305

ovo

IB

ii

#.

16r

ft

2fe

-&

+ w - n
& I* * *, m &>
7. # m H Ml 3
9

11

in

M W E

o
13

t l

ft

|,|t J JB
s n
a & m

m
i
U
T^
m & ^ ^
% ? & m
T. fc * E*i
o & # =t gr. ^
t o ft^gg ^
* #
##.!* ft

3>&

17

* * # H $5
#n * |fen@ I
14

fig

TJrc

$H
"i

^CW
j!H

B?

Ch'a1

TW kan

1
.

Chang* mu*.
1

Ilsii

To

ft

Gh'ing*.

chu*.

%$

*|3:

SfJ Hsing* ming*.

jH

Pai*.

man's mother-in-law.
to

waste or

Pat* ting1

ChHng

chi 1

and

without a degree, a

Perfect felicity, entire good

fortune, (w.)

in

Shantung

pei*.

See pod*.

ffl

A*

& 7* Hsiao

7"

Ta* pai* t&.

9

husband's elder bro-

shu* ts?.

: Note

28.

A husband's younger
brother.

lod*.

To plunder, to take captive.

3
1^2 ;Bl Shi fei*

J ^1

Outlay, expenses.

The same.

Fei* yung*

!$K Gk'ou*.

common man.
Jff (3

elder brother. Also read poa?

in ihis sense,

3
y% Lu

Entirely finished, quite

used up, all gone :

A man

A father's

Life, the vital principle,

existence.

entirely, whol-

149.

Les. 149, Sub.

}

Peace and happiness, (w.)

ther

Fixtures, furniture, effects.

along very well.

Chiang Ta Hsing has taken to gambling, and has lost both his house
and his land.

5C Fu* an1

Les.

Ch'ing* ching*.

flocks, areall getting

17

fife

jftS

live in vain,

of his whole arm.

13 If you do not have a distinct understanding with him, I fear there will
afterwards be some mistake.
14 It is better not to meddle with that
which does not concern us.
15 A son should not contest a question of
right and wrong with his parents.
1G My whole family, together with my

understanding, a blunder.
No part in, no concern of.

error,

Exhausted, emptied
ly

i|

modate oneself.
Chao Nien has a boil on his
hand which has caused the swelling

12 Hsie

f I f

squander (time).
Time.

Ji* yue*.

\% j^. Chid

[the profligate.

not allow him to associate with

10 Husband and wife enjoy their blessings
and bear their sorrows in common.
11 To accommodate others is to accom-

a mistake, a mis-

tu*.
.

An

ts'oa*.

f$ ft

When

viously,

m * ft ft
$ $ flg^jft,
* * 7 o
o

Do

m &
H
ft?m u

^o

as your father.

He and I were both wounded.

You ought not to get angry when

you go again to see him, you

should take some one else with you. j
8 I was not acquainted with him pre-

w %> 3i
* ^ *

fit

same age

6 I shall certainly go over to-morrow

and consult with him.

ft*

18

of the

i.

am

was merely joking with 3 ou.

[us.
5 In criticizing him they also implicated

A. o

15

would have the face to act as

your enemy

10

*. *. a
m Q

Who

2 I

ft.

**>

- *

"ff

Translation.
1

#
ja
m* w aa # a is m.iw o a*
m a> n n # # n n ^4 M
m & n & , &. m & *
O ft # & 0B.
-f & * H O
m-# & w w*** * * o
#.

Bl

To pledge a guest;

to recompense, to

requite.

JSllHI Ying* ch'ou*.

To

reciprocate friendship
or kindness; to entertain
intercourse, reciprocity to give a fee to a superior.
:

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 110.

& . *
A. H ^ o 7
A *& fc. ^ *>
o % JE
a
. j*

23

iffi

#
p.

24

9$fc

*#,
o
-27
ft

|tc

it

^ #
*
25

ft

* &

10

R *

3f

B
.

It

ft

W. *.

307

308

0r

##H&

4*
BB

# #

IE

M ^ M

+ w ~

ir

3l

;&

28

ffl

too

#.

it

ttt

fit

*
&

SH.

o i i
m aB> WM
MM f # m m fa it
% m - m ^
^ T

my family
What with

heavy.

are c^nite
rice

aud

require over five hundred strings of

cash each year.

fll.

#r

the

reciprocities, together with assessments for prayers and theatricals, I

30 These gambling dens and brothels are

the rendezvous of robbers and thieves.

4-1-

1*

by

fuel, friendly contributions and social

-4*

to

killed

by them.
29 Tbe expenses of

Itt

ME.

was

robbers, and. his elder and youngei

brothers all carried away captives

^ m m m m
w #
^ $ * Hi & ^
^ *$ ^
O
A
i I
5fP

husband

My

T
flfe).

# ^J

The

he was about to run,

leaped suddenly out of the wood and
pounced upon him, and what with

31

lion seeing

tearing and biting, wounded him

dreadfully.
32 I want to clean up the parlor to-day;
you may carry out to the verandah

$c

tit*

the chairs, tables and sofas, also the

bookcase, together with all the

smaller articles.

33

My grandson getting his degree this year

NOTKS.
Tho double

}$ Hil if? ffi

conjunction emphasizes
the fact that both were wounded, as if one ought to have
escaped.
8 f| 'f* ffl el8 Previously not acquainted, a ready
made phrase.
11 A common saying answering to, "A kind act is never
thrown away."

lS^^M^t't^ffi
the

same as graduates,

Lit.

we say

or, as

in

graduates are not

English, "there are

graduates and graduates."

19 Jx ?C

'In.

A*

A.

vcrv expressive phrase, meaning

that the person disregards, or

those above and below him.

is

insensible to, his relation to

S4^Ct^?C#^t^:ife.

a stock
presents
sentiment of Chinese philosophy. The understanding of tho
common people takes the impersonal pantheistic terms of the
learned, in what is practically a personal sense. To the com-

mon

Chinese mind 7C r& means God.

26 Note how

[pj is

predicated of both the

woman and

the animal.

26 This is

the stereotyped polite phraseology with which

a letter opens.

27 ^B

their wives as the children's mother, etc.

man

sin

suit

i.e

H"

to transgress the law

In letters,
jf? 'fj fa
,

documents and books, *%( is used pronominally for the

nsrson speaking and sometimes, as here, for the person spoken
to or about; chia is not an enclitic but is used in its primary
legel

The combination

is

decidedly

Win.

Jg

jfc

ff(j

"the

of the house," is more frequently used in the North than

in the South.
It is a curious fact that while 10 or J0 10 or

10 5t means a father's elder brother, a paternal uncle, 10

-f" or ;/ 10 -j" means a husband's elder brother, a brotherin-law ; and that while jet or jjji Jgj or JJ^
meano a

^
t

or i)>
younger brother, a paternal uncle, 3J5|
means a husband's younger brother, a brother-in-law. jtfj
and J|, and in some localities Jpj, follow the same rule; thus

father's

Wi

or

Jtfi

Jig or

J(j5

means a

^ Si

father's sister, a paternal

aud A* Hi ~P) means a

aunt, while jfo -p (^C M( ~P

husband's sister, a sister-in-law.

hook for raising

and holding theatricals.
These subscriptions are practically assessments by the priests.

29 |M J
money to pay

30
Us To

to as to incur a prosecution.

euuo.

8 Ik -y Women address their husbands, arid also

speak of them to others, as the children's father or as so and
so's father, using the name of the eldest son, or if there be no
Other persons also often take
son, of the eldest daughter.
up and use the term used by the wife. Men also speak of

iti

subscription

for reciting prayers

$? &

ffi

Place

of appearing

and

dis-

a book expression.
hiding place,
33 )S
Shortly after the examinations are over and
the degrees awarded, the magistrate of each district issues
a notice, calling the new graduates to meet him on a certain

appearing

i.

e.,

day and be presented to the j

(af.

They go

conventional unitorm to the magistrate's

dressed, up in

office,

unere u*

ANDARIN

Lesson 111.

LESSONS.

809
cost a great deal.

m m

y **&.

34

vn

His graduation
the teacher.
together with the bine coat, boots,
hat, musicians, and the feast for
those who came to offer congratulations, etc., which were required on
the occasion of his matriculation,
involved, in all, an expense of over
three hundred thousand cash.
34 During these three years I have not
received a single cash of interest on
that thirty thousand cash that I lent
Wang Yun Shan, and now that he
has died, my money, both principal

ff

HIT Mlljjt
^ I I 1 I

IK

f
,

and

**!

+ =

^ m

interest, is all lost.

girls and serving women, are all to

be entered on the general register;

^ g #

them to wine, and then goes with them to the ; fSf,

whose official residence is either in, or attached to, the temple
of Confnciug.
They first go into the temple and worship the
Sage, and are then formally presented to the jfj pip as his
When dismissed, each one mounts his
pupils (in theory).
horse, and, accompanied by musicians and banners, goes round
the city or country to call on his friends ; after which he is
expected to entertain his friends nt a feast. These formalities

to

35 The whole family, including stewards

and servant boys, together with slave

**

treats

and present

fees

and the names of

all the soldiers in

the barracks are to be recorded on

the muster roll.

are not, however, compulsory, and those who are too poor to
bear the expense, do not go at the invitation of the magistrate,
and of course lose the gloriiication they might otherwise
have had.

86 | Tgt is probably derived from a special manner of

wearing the hair indicative of servitude. Both *jf IS an( '
The oolloqoial terms are *jf jjj|
f^| jiijf are book terms.
and it 41-

IiESSOIir CXI.
S*N of the Perfect Participut

It
the sign of the perfect participle.
rendered
the
verb
and
is
having
precedes
usually
It is
or seeing, sometimes since or inasmuch as.
is

closely allied in

meaning

to g,

{/&,

but differs in

only used in a subordinate or participial

clause, and implies a principal verb to follow.
that

it is

P/fc%* i The same meaning as

g alone, | and
$&Sk S Jk are adtl ed for the sake of

rhythm,

serving also to strengthen slightly tbe force of gg

Ift
Substantially the same as gj jfc alone,

but more colloquial, and also sometimes

St

Si

local.

contraction of j f$ (J gg

VOCAJHJLABY,
$fcCki*.

To

finish

since, seeing

see Snb.

fe^C

File*/*
3

To count omselj'out, to refuse,

to disclaim; to go for nothing.

^* Jf! Pu* swan*.

gj

Fod*, yie*,

yew

wife's parents.

traction of Mr.

con-

f^ffl Yang shang

wife's father.

To nurse a

wound

to

defray the expense oj

recovery from a wound.
Tgf

38 Kwan*

IP.

To

rule over, to govern, to

control, to manage.

810

Wil

f-

I - t
;

iM

m ~ + w -

no

Thaitslation.
1

m.

7-

^
ma
# ^H2

*>

AW
m

m, m.

w.

^ 7 ^ # a
&. # 7 *& a

ft

ffc

'*^

m w * *
7 it n * *
mmm i *
si *.
j* * a * o
%

bearing the expense of his recovery?

4 Seeing you knew it some time ago,
why did you not come sooner and

tt

&

j#

n m
& #. #
o
s
&

right

St

To

a*

14
/f&

be

9 Being a
not go

ft

10

* & *. m> m
ft *.
HI S JE
o
#. # ap 7 o
o & j> m m ^
O
1
If $ &
spf& * &
it # tr
F

To meddle, to
---... impertinent.

Toa 1

aht*.

Jg

interfere, to be

^"5^^

to

Ta*

cogitate,

care for, to plan.

chang* J'u

new son-in-law, why do yon

and pay your father-in-law a

new year's call.

As I have already made my

rnler over great things.

12 Since you know the kindness of your
father and mother, why do yon not

honor them
3
1

Sod\

g!f Chien*.

An arrow ;

spirited

mag-

yon are not willing

you might as well jnst
take a knife and cut off my head.
to forgive me,

14

is a relative, what difficulty is

there in asking him for the loan of a

As he

few hundred cash

Ust

Fu*

au archer

a bowshot

Materials ; qualities; abilities.

Ts'ai*
liao*.

Materials; ingredients; substance; capabilities.

favor, to
to coax.

To get ready ;

chi\

^[^$

2
Shwatig* shin

to provide

to

pay court

Quick, prompt, expeditious.

^Wi

ChHen*

Careless, negligent, lax.

To curry
ito,

Pan*

procure.

to, to

ron5f/ec<,toslight;carele8S;8nddenly,
unexpectedly: Les. 115.

l
$H i Su1 hu
3
^ -jf| Kan lung*.

To accommodate oneself

chiu*.

^"jj^f Ts'ai*

Wr

shuttle.

swift as an arrow.
1
j^J Flu

3 Well, brother, since

nauimous man.

decision,

none of yon need say anything more

about it.
Inasmuch as thou hast been faithful
in small things, I will make thee

curry favor with.

To think anxiously about, to

Lit*.

again.

trothal card.

1 1

u*
ffi

it

Seeing you do not intend to marry,

you should not have given me a be-

8 Seeing you cannot do it for him, yon

should goatonceand excuse yourself.

r.

tfc

me?

tell

5 As he did not mention it himself, who

would have the face to ask him ?
S
Seeing the business is damaged to this
extent, it will probably be hard to

it

ti

AA 1

ft

Since he hasgone,lethimdoashelikes.

Having committed myself, I cannot

but stand by it.
3 As you have beaten him, cau you avoid
2

H?

China*.

t'ie*.

promissory note, a bond,

an 1. 0. u.

To warn, to caution
to reform.

to

nrge one

MANDAHIK LKS80NB.

IiE6BON 111

m # IE
m n m m x & %

m im m wt * m. $>
m , % &% n o *,
#
#. 35* A
* m Mi m o m %
w i ^
*
* ^ i: &> fl #
W * * ft * ^ Wc
m m m x g m. ^
S. IK * * ;> & II
tt ft ft 4* ft 8 ,
* * . m> nt w m
>t>

i^n

**,..
*
m m x &

7.#
o
ift

18

ft
l7

At***** .

m #
# * W

&!"& ft

flf* -

$.

6 Seeing

J.

18

money.
Not having been an eye-witness, how
do yon come to know it all so

minutely ?
is a
pnre impertinence of his.
Seeing the original party is willing,
what business has he to dissent f
20 Since you have no care for the future,
trouble will be sure to overtake yon
19 This

m m m

soon.

& m

ft

ill

21 If

m m 5
$0

nr

is

ft
i*

fift

23

Is

H^

- a

To warn,

25 The saying

to

threaten
-Tf

caution

to

To

awake

jjfj

arouse, to

Days and months

fly

moment.
26 Since he is a fellow who insults the
weak and cringes to the strong, it

To awake to a sense of, to become aware

of, to become sensible of.

Wan*.

Stupid,

YH? wan

to perceive, to
understand, to reflect.

Wu*.

"
is,

time speeds by like

an arrow." Since time passes so
quickly, we should not waste a single

fa

you

like a shuttle;

to exhort.

Using*. To examine, to inquire into to watch

See sking*.
to awaken.

ffijf

likely

boast of) being a man, yoo

should not speak and act in an
effeminate way.

flf.

ckie*.

will get a favorable

response, seeing yon are applying to
hiiu when he is already worried ?
it

84 As [you

25

Ching*

he had no literary attainments,

there would be some excuse; but
seeing he has the scholarship, why
not go and compete ?

22 Don't let us go having set out the

wine can he fail to have food ready ?

mi^i
$i m m m
> m m. m w. it o * m
I ^. i o i ^ i, wm ft
ft. **!. @ & g s i
W?W

talk

I am here present, forgive him

once for my sake.
What day is there when yon have do
outlay P This being the case, yoo
cannot do even a single day without

55fc

why do yon

this

ff-

91 B

[ft

ffi

ft

5 Seeing yon stammer,

so much f

ft

ft.

1% 3B

m.

xti

2d

26

811

11
.

heedless,

immovable.

Thick-headed, obtuse, stupid

heedless

mulish.

Sotbh.
3 When one man wounds another in a fight, it is customary to require him to defray the expense of medical treatment,
and in some cases pay for loss of time also, while the wound
is

healing.

jfit, see Les. 25.

requires a son-in-law to pay his respects and
to his father-in-law at the new year for three

JlJ i used for

Custom

carry a present
successive years, after which

10 i.
and j as

,C
its

it is

optional.

here be regarded as a oompound verb

auxiliary or if taken as a noun, it is to be

may

regarded aa transposed for rhetorical effect from its usual

The common order would be ffi jl j j 5^ ~f
position.

28 The phrase JE JJ
~J\ j Jj5, for

auxiliary.

4fit

the beheading,
well also cut

17

3LJA

fljj

2JS is

probably elliptical for #1

does not ordinarily take JjS alone as nn

serves to connect the refusal to forgive and

you will not forgiw me, you might as

since

my

head

f@ here

off.

refers buck to the subject of discourse.

= + <-*

m m w %

312

A & I*'* * *w & * 1 H

i* & m m m 4 *. Wi. n &
vz #> it m m, & * m i> i
m & n n> m e, i i t f
s t if |^%
&7ttiAjffiigll&& *).
o
:* # fe
U & W A
t w. a. # a * w> a
a*, a a i
a m. * $ m. m
KlrP-n8#tfofc
*& $ & **. A ^ #" S

is

28 This uote of his after all is forged.

When he was pressing for payment,
he worried us so that neither old nor

ill

Hi

young got any

know

<fe

20 This sentiment
wisdom

culcating the

21

A full

of

:ire

>

n apposition,

from the Confucian Analects,

planning well for the future.

in-

,& J T4" f would require,

some excuse.
22 In the entertainment of guests, wine is first set
forth by itself and subsequently the food is brought on.
there

translation of

would then

24 55

still

that we

according to the facts, and

giving him a taste of punishment,
can I satisfy my resentment.
29 Wang Lan T'ang is a very foolish
suit

man. I have warned him several

times, but he cannot be aroused [to
a sense of his danger].
Seeing he
is so obtuse, he will just have to
suffer the consequences.

adjective.

be

expresses physical qualities, and

Now

y$ mental qualities. The two phrases together express very

strongly the qualities of a vigorous manliness. g| $& JjsJ
is the reduplication of a noun after the manner of the adjectives in Les. 107, making a very expressive descriptive

referring to the

is

rest.

false, shall we allow him

his ease P Only by entering

it is

to take

28

19
!fc and /& ji
lame person.

best to pay no attention to him.

Once begin to coax him, and he will

presume all the more.
27 Having the materials all ready, it can
be made very quickly.

26

t6 8?

Jfc !g\

is

(Kj

used as a compound adjective

descriptive of the "fellow" here referred to. j^ ~X

his price,
a figure taken from buying and selling.

7C >t

Raise

I/ESSOIDT OZII.
Antithetical Pabticlm.

other.
In ome places the one order
and in other places the other order.

number of different words are used to

con: loot clauses nsed in apposition or antithesis,
of which the principal are the following :

^ To

this word.

expectation ; thus in the seventh sentence its use

intimates or at least suggests, that a common-

hand,

To

Pi
pass,

place style was to have been expected.

2j To return,on the other
contrary, contrariwise, and yet.

used,

bent on, determined generally

Inclined,
fijjf
indicates a trace of perversity or contrariness. The
Euglish language affords no real equivalent for

on

the contrary, yet.

g is
often used when it cannot be translated. It serves
to intimate that the thing asserted is contrary to
invert,

more

is

it

tarn,

on

the other

hand,

it

came

to

turned out.

An

antithetical book particle, often used in

It expresses a mild opposition to
something preceding either expressed or implied.
It may sometimes be rendered,
but, yet, moreover, etc., bnt more frequently goes untranslated,
having no proper equivalent in English.

7Jr

Mandarin.

on the

or 2Jt
On the contrary, etc. Joined
the
two
words
serve to strengthen each
together,

W>

Vocabulary.

7$ NaP.

But doubtless
;

wit, theu

-f~

Chang*

tif.

moreover, in fact
see Sub.
See at*.

The eldest

i|

to

son.

ffi]

CI&

hsiany*.

Will, purpose,
tion

Ya?.

determine

inclination.

Elegant, genteel; refined, polished

313

MANDARIN LEBSONB,

Lesson 112.

- + W a i. I, t T^ a
# o
ft & *n fi To ^ *r
IE )I $ I I
I o W I
* #. ft *. w> m m
. tt
ft T ift tt R o a *. A.
S 2* * i mi ft f
A A -III3II %k u. w
^ *. T ft tt /J\ # T
^ 3 O |f
ft
^ ft, fl^ &i ft gg
#u a.
'RW ft
$ $ A. o
# it i & m m * O $2

Translation.

0R

to injure another, but

on the contrary you have injured

Yoa thought

yourself.

2fe

13

2 I obtained what I had not anticipated.

3 Clearly it was you, and yet yon put
it off on others.
4 He did not love the eldest, on the
contrary he loved the youngest.
5 Although you are small of stature,
your will is not small.
6 I am determined to come in spite of

iS5

jfi

fil

your prohibition.
7 His conversation appears to be quite
elegant, and not at all commonplace.
8 When I do not dispute with yon, you
turn about and dispute with me, eh ?
9 There is nothing special in his talents

ift

Ihl

5RI

ij

75r

ft-

m. m>

ffi.

je

a*,

* w w & o &r o m O ^ *
m m T. ^ n ^ m %
# ^J
m t a m x ft -^ * ^ ft
f o I f ^. t I. m *,
^c f^i4 ^ f^ o ^ o m r m
*. * To
ffce

ifc

To induce;

Win- It
regulate; a
order to extreme, in
to the extent of:
Les. 191.

causative
the highest degree

m^

in

Talent and learning

ing, acquirements.

Hsiie hsin\

Heart,

affection

learn-

m. W5

Chiao*.

Empty

To

feign ; to usurp
nate, deceitful.

$8l (/S Chiao* ch'iang*

Respectable, exemplary,
well-behaved, modest.

p'ai*.

^r^f Pan*

Mfc

tiao*

halfwitted fellow,
a simpleton, a

Yao*

ch'tiP.

To
.

lackwit, a numskull.

martial

ts'uri

To blackguard,

O?

An*. To press with the hand, to hold down; to

....
see an 1
repress, to grasp to examine
:

Jou*-

To bend,

to twist

to supple up, to

bring into subjection.

obsti-

iv
fjf

To knead, to twist and gouge;

to crumple in the hand.
One who serves, a courtier a dig-

Jo-ufts'o*

To make false pretences;

evade, to trump up a case;
to incriminate others.

to vilify, to

retail scandal.

Ijjfc

unreasonable.

I^^k

considerable skill in
these
making
pincers.
1 3
This is a case in which what was to
have been beneficial, has turned out
to be injurious.
14 Yon yourself are not free from reproach, yet you turn about and
accuse others of dishonor.
15 Everybody says if you have no sons,
daughters are as good; but it is not

ifcjR Chlng*

words, useless verbiage,

irrelevant talk.

Yon have shown

warm-

heartedness, sympathy.

^W hwa*.

warm-hearted-

had quite forgotten this move.

12

Sa1

his

ness is unequaled.
10 He did not say what he should have
said, but on the contrary said a great
many irrelevant things.
I
11 What yon say is so, sister-in-law.

Genteel, stylish, refined, elegant.

1
4 Ts'ai* hsue

i\j>

to

and learning, but

Hwan*.

nitary.
|f?

Kwan

hwan*.

Officials, gentry.

m m

314

m*5 ^

i # t i i j^

ip

mm

fc

*r

&

a?

$**
# 0f W.

u.

st

&

i a
K # .
ie

aaa^

23

26

ffl

*#*!&*&**

SMfc

ffl

A Hi

Ta*

Wi

g&

IN.

fc

flr.

m\ A,

ft

ft

Si

(ft

#r

ft

ft

*.

Genteel, aristocratic, (s.)

ch'i*

To weave.

ChiK

t$*73 Chiu*

chi*.

To

cki*.

T'oa k'ung*.

suit

the

emergency, to

case.

time;

to

lose a

chance or opportunity.

LfiH*

Mng

shou 1

result will be that

He

24

tsP.

simpleton, a halfwitted fellow.

bountiful harvest.

belongs to an

family, bo it
for yon to
taste
good
return the favor in money.
25 At first I took that cloth to be very

good and proposed to buy both pieces

of him but afterwards upon closer
examination, I found that it was
woven of foreign thread, hence I did
not take even one piece.
say, not only will

28 If we do as you

Hwang

^H;

To

to stop

off.

to

interfere with, to oppose

Poor, destitute.

P'in* han*

Kan 1

locnst.

to obstruct; to

hinder, to impede, to oppose.

To hinder,

!p C/it*

}j\

The

cfi'ung*.

To hinder,

Tsu 3
P-in 2

we

The locust

Hwang*

jflirlL

official

will not be in

screen

^T

we shall both sink

to the bottom."

flU Dan*.

jk

To have time or opportunity

to lose

l
^pHft"?" Pan*han

Sfl

Rfl.

meet the
1

remove embarrassment,

to tide over the difficulty.

Chiu*

I would, that I do not; what I

would not, that I do.
21 Although yon are young in years,
your conversation indicates that you
have quite a mature judgment.
22 He did not strike me, it is true but
he held me down and gave me a
good shaking.
23 Pa Cliie replied, " If I try to swim
with you on my back, master, the

9l <x&

To save from the emergency,

to

Wt >&

What

ft

Iff

* ^ AW #.
f$ ft # H

false issues.

concern him.

ffi

^jr

trumping up

17 Clearly we treated him generously,

yet he says we treated him meanly.
18 Wang Shfin Chung is an exemplary
man, and notoneof those half-witted
fellows who are given to retailing
scandal therefore when all sorts of
stories are told of him I am not
inclined to believe them.
19 Disliking to study and write essays,
he on the contrary relishes idle talk
and meddling in affairs that do not

20

17

itn

A A A $ * ! s*
a ii t> ft
^ i5 m.
I, l ^ ^ *R W &
i * ^ #. ^ m *,
w to m ft tt. $t ft 4* # *
o
| A
I f i f o
* * MT * *T W^ ft *
# &>
{ IN tt IS #i W
o 7E

is

You are plainly without a case, yet yon

persist in

3E 18

/Ef&o-ftio)iftg10
#.

What a grief of heart it

enemies.
16

&
tt. ##.
^ t i j 1 1 i i f #
1a sp * T\ m m * ** a. T
$

if

so, for 1 brought np two daughters

and they have turned out to be ray

|*;'F#ffil!!lifcoWfcl
fe

- +

nr

is

kan

1
.

che\

Tan* pod*.

Poor, destitnte.

To

substitute, to

commute, to

exchange for.
The sama,

Weak,

as

emotion.

solution or an

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 112.

w m m m m m *

m,

^m a
& mwm m

fail to

mik>

m #. & m m
m m * * k

815

27 I

month
still

fc *

#n

it

in and month out, and

to be found fault with P

am

28 That old skinflint tried a great many

tricks, yet injured himself after all.

*m

ft

i]

remove the embarrassment

but on the contrary will rather

make the matter worse.
never lost any time, bnt served him

29 From a child

I regarded that boy of

the Chang family as very bright,
but afterwards he became imbecile
from overwork at his books.

** o M 7.4 ft. % W*% To

*JNSl
f I T # *l o
W ft ft H &
. $
59

ffi

27

30 All hoped this would certainly be a

bountiful year, when, all unexpectedly, the locusts came and ate up

$fc

*.fc*. *fl*7flfc

all

31

the crops.

You do not oppose, on the contrary

you chime in with tbem what is
;

the

# %
*
-

to

.
O

nr

ft

m a
'^\ ^
4" *
a u

#.

be i

#1

i t I
n m m
mmm
n m = ^> m

- 4

BL

* +

fl
jgfi

I32flg

um^m

m
&

32

* n
* ^
$

w.

m
f

33 All the other scholars have gone to

hear the play, why do yon not go P
Ana. The teacher has appointed me
to watch the room.
I would like
to go, but have no opportunity.
34 In this last letter Mr. Wang said
that he would be here by the third
of this month. This is the fourteenth
and he has not yet come. The
probability is that something has
occurred [to prevent].
35 In ancient times friendships were

80

m m %

quite cool, in these days they are

very warm ; but in the time of need
the ancient friend was true, while
the friend of these days is false.

is

under obligations
is proposing
thanks by some preis

Chou and

better to substitute a few taels of

silver instead.

to

this P

to express his
sents; but as Chou the elder is very
poor at present, I think it would be

T.%.mi
r

the Fourth

to the elder

X o ^F |
m up **, a. g.
% ^ o o %
^ m * sg29
f i, I I 1 T

$J

Wang

meaning of

Notes.
4

'J;

'8

uot a

aw the correlate of

common

^ -y

the whole sentence would be,

*J

combination.

alone.

% In?order to

It it used here

more colloquial form

13 -^

of

fifc/F^^C^'F^^

14

fp

Read chao 1
is

W]

20

Saying

this

and

jfjfc

that about

fljl

him,

is,

a half-wit,

]. $fc 2j
telling

stories

in Peking,

but tsoS*

here used figuratively

of

in

here very forcible, but no English word will

might be rendered on the contrary, but ita
more elegantly left to be implied in the relation of

lfj

translate

conduct.

^fe

string [of cash] that

term of reproach,

about him.

bring out the proper force of the sentence,

the first jfc and the last $5 should be emphasized.
~~"
11 if|,
?g This move or trick, a figure taken from

chess playing.

S T ^ half

chiefly used as a

force

is

it.

is

fla

the clauses.

Shantung.

character or

for beating,
Ot rT
H idiom
22a common
for expressing this special form of idea.
It!)

w,

-4j(

he did not indeed beat

816

m = + w - #
o
o o ft
Ji Jl
ft. *
o

ft o
a K %0
=
* m t. n
ft
7

&

%*

%>
ft
ft

*.
o

* ^
m, &
^

n & m ^ &
& ^. w i* m
m flu** #s *
a & *.f* m.
Ji o t o
JW fk ft # # B'Sftttig
M ft
!. . % * *
*I H tofcftnSfc #
ft BR fiWftSfc rf ft Mf $
*tt
ft #*i*tM&is tt>
% m, 'W & n & # * $i
*,** a * #**
m m.
m m m
m> a
m m m.
& W f&

or not.
6 If you are not

ahead

vocabulary.

23
Note

A J$ The

servant and disciple of

fff, Les. 86,

25.

28
regard

4W A
for

has no

Does not regard persons ; that is,

friendship, age or rank, unprincipltd, recreant,

third

to

come

satisfied, just

you dare].

Why

Where have you been in

rain ? Come in quickly.

lay plans for dealing with

others, when here already there is
a rebellion iu our own house.

9 This

is

this great

nothing more than a sup-

position of his : did he actually see

it with his own eyes ?
is no other
explanation concerning this watch of mine; it was
really given to me by brother Sun
Yin Mei. Ans. But see here: if it
was given to you by Brother Sun,
then why did you say yesterday
that yon bought it in Shanghai at
auction ?

10 There

1 1

of Qj implies a previous impression that he had been

beaten.
"Shaking up" scarcely translates $ ijle, as here
used, nor does any other term in the English fighting

[if

The use

the

But what, was my objeot ?

He was not told beforehand, and I
do not know whether he is prepared

fft>

Ws

#.

and

pay your respects to your maternal

grandmother ? Ans. Yes, I went.

515

ft

did the teacher say to yon ?

southern capitals.
3 Did you not go on

$">&

"&

2 I have been at both the northern

ti

What

jfl

l0

Translation.
1

fl&

fi^

fr

heartless.

was applying

jjSJj

J% An

him

to

for

help

who

old extortioner who, not satisfied

is ready to tear off men's

with taking goods and clothes,

skins to satisfy his demands, an old skinflint.

is usually
a term of honor, but here it is an intensive of reproach.

29

&$&

fi{|

Studying he

[finally] studied himself

[into a simpleton], an idiom atio form

which English

will not

litsrally express.

LBSSOlsr C2CIII.
In addition to

Peculiar Uses of 5r.

use as
and
constant
regnlar
5tv^v5k expresses an absnrd state of things,
also frequently used at the end
an unprecedented or unexpected turn of affairs,

its

an auxiliary, Jj$ is
of a clause or sentence in the place of ~f.
In
it
is
followed
but
not
Pekingese
generally
by Jjf,
in Central or Southern Mandarin, t

5k

is

also used out of

its

ordinary sense in the

here behold, here already, well

5r$5R or 5k 5k5K. expresses a challenge,

come ahead, come on if you dare, we'll try it on.

well

yL -JS TCi is used iu Southern Mandarin in

the same way, and with substantially the same
meaning as Jjj ;f 2JS in the North.
iP-3^5K

following special phrases.

A- n

exclamation

arresting

the

speaker and preparatory to charging home on

him au inconsistency, there now, but then, well

then, but see here.

817

MANDAKIN LESSONS.

L.K880N 113.

,4*.
said he owed me anything ?
Well then, if indeed he does not owe
yon, how is it that yon say he must

7 mn

Sr^itfc*nft8S$i*

give yon thirty taels P

m i+ ^ *. w
# a i f ft o ,
m
^ m Ri. #. a &> & *p
ii

#.

What makes yon

12

here yon are already in a fright,

taking this and that precaution: is
this the mettle of a man ?

i H

wL

Hot

m
m

o o

3*

ft

15

fi

it

us. f$
15

*.

$g

Who

it

3r

$r

*e

i$

m &

*p

Of course

17

When

^^

1 S
***
-^

ft

f&

fii

19

*****&

H I
* *.

o
JW U

it

had nob

I was in the mountains in

Manchuria I saw the musk deer, the

if

Ans.

Would

it.

Li the Second is Li Wen

Shan's brother. Ana. There now !
why then did yon say the other
day that they were father and son?

16

deer,

wild deer, the

the

wolf, serpent, tiger

bi v

t*^

sifted

be as clean as this

^ ^ i i
$. *t sr tt &
m n m & n

it

him

have just

sifted it

do
less.

if

spotted

7-J liiii

him

let

about

15 Have you not sifted this rice

17

more,

he cannot, let him do

ever fonnd fault with

more

#.

do

can

he

14 If

* -7-^L ^ * tt 1* # ft
^ & a ^ *w^a ^
^i(^ ft n $ m m m
A # IS W> fa M Gi

$t

Since

offish ?

so

when have we had separate interests?

13 Nobody else is making any move, and

and leopard.

have heard it said that if one who

has scald head will rub his head
with rice gruel and have a dog lick
it, it will get well. Ans. I ouce tried
this plan of having a dog lick my
head, but it did no good.
said from the first that he did not
have that amount of perseverance,
but you would not believe it and
:

VOCABULARY.
jflo,

Lao3 Maternal grandmother. Always doubled

.

in use. (n.)
3
7&yt Lao niang*

//si 1

4
.

^
^

P'oci*,

jjj

Indeed, really,

hsi*
1

p'ai

To

To

too*.
'.

$\ M, Wai* ch'?'

Unfriendly,
.

Kan*

tsl*.

in

fact.

gp

sell

at auction.

offish,

cool, un-

Chang*

?|v)

PaoK
La*

Tu

5W TS

sarae -

(s )

to sift.

small spotted deer found

China.

in

North

the leopard.

Severe, grievous

bald.

Scald head.

li*.

The scald head.

1

T'u ch'wang\

Hfl NienK

by all means.
The musk deer.

The panther,

La*

social.

Tne

Jfg P'ad*.

sieve

Of course, to be sure, assnredly,

strike with the open hand ; to

pat, to caress ; to slap.

P'ai1 mai*.

r jit Wai*
fa

Beforehand, previously.

Belonging to; concerning; the snbstantive verb in Wen-li.

1
j p^ Shi

Skat 1

Maternal grandmother.

fjI'TG Yu* hsien

gm
4U

The

scald head, sores oo

the head.

Glutinous, viscid

rice.

818

- M

&

Pi

pj k

E + S - %

sure enoQgh, here he is already want-

4c$

M ^ # 1
# & &

ing to try something

believe

ft*

pieces and smashed the furniture,

and was about to set fire to the
house; and when all present joined
to exhort him, he went off in a fit
of passion and no one knows where

"

51

ta

ini

Do yon

20 Chang Chie Jen had a fight with

his wife; he broke the kettle to

Pi

else.

now ?

it

he has gone. Ans.

Hnmph Isn't
that a silly piece of acting ?
21 You borrowed some money of me last
year and did not pay a cash either
of principal or of interest, and this
year you still make excuses and
won't pay up. I am not going to
!

HI

tf&

4P

ifl

X i

ft

ft

s.hi*Pi

to

ft

ft

7>

*#

IS
IE

to it. Ans. Submit or not,

what are you going to do about it ?
Just come and we'll have it out
on any line you choose.

submit

21
!

ffc

06.

to
51

Wt

^A 1,

How many

are there of these brothers

are contending about the privilege of being adopted ? Ans. There
are only two of them. Ques. How
many brothers were there iu their
father's family. Ans. Three. Ques.
Had they all sons ? Ans. No, the
two elder are both without sous.
Well, well I when they two
Ques.
are heirs to the three portions what
is there left to contend about?

22

45;

ft

who

Aft

Lao

It

M
22

jj}frj

Nien 1 ckou x

ft

5N

m A
A ft

Rice gruel, millet gruel,

To

Vien*.

Hing*

chin*.

Ch'ang* chin*.

i^tfif

KaP

To change

hang*.

The same,

(s.)

trade

or

one's

lot*.

To

act the fool; to

jigf

IjQ

ado about nothing.

waiter ; good, (w.)

Before the last new year.

Kwoa*

ft Chue*

chi*.

hu*.

to

succeed; to add

to.

To adopt as heir the son of a

brother or consin. Note 22.

A man

or woman who has no

children neither hope of any.

An orphan fatherless alone, solitary.

Kv>
kwa*.
Widowed and childless. Alone,
UK !g[

|8J

make much

To connect

Ohi*

occupation.

^85r5 HtP

Nien* chHen*.

0IJ

lick, to taste.

Persistence, perseverance,
the gift of continuance.

*6i !$|

Chie*

congee.

Kit 1

solitary, childless, (s.)

Not BS.
3 Custom fixes the day on which
should make a Now Year's call on his

man and

his children

wife's parents, but the

In some plaoes it is the
day
second, iu some the third, and in some the fourth day of the
new year. The -^ before ^T might with equal propriety be
differs In different

localities.

In Nanking j|
is
use ^
placed immediately after $
both for mother-in-law and for maternal grandmother ; which
the
connection.
intended oan only be known from

here refers to a company or set engaged in a combusiness or enterprise.

7
mon

10

|[ffi>

in asseverating,

stronger than

jf

^,

and

is

chiefly

used

often used by friends in a compliaddressing or referring to each other. Th

ytt is

mentary way when

idea of selling at auction has been introdnced into Chin* bj

foreigners.

519

MANDARIN LESSONS.

WESSON 114.

m + w - n

mi

n wtmr

p]

m m #m * u

Tbanblation.

*}

The day

is

cool off a

sit down and

and then proceed.

very hot
little,

2 If yon do not believe, just try it

is a fire in the house, go in

3 There

J.

*r

8
fat

jft

aftlfe.

and make

- m m

&

*r

sm.

h,

g m
| 1 ft. 8

spirits.

10

When

on a journey one cannot have

things as they are at home. Yon
must pot np with things the best

way yon

& m m % m
* % #>
iff

JNF

4D

11

*.
JB

it

&>

"AH ^ M

should be emphasized.

12 The ideal friendship is when the parties ^> 7r

_, make no distinction of meurn and tuum; that is, each
iflt,

he has at the disposal of the other.

16 Sb %. PrJ f@ Father and son or daughter, also applied
to grandfather and grandson, or even to ancestor and descendant and includes collateral as well as direct relationship.
iolds all

is put
17 $ $|| j$ $) is a r "*y made list '" which
for serpents, and the whole phrase for wild beasts in general.

20
use of

f&l 2j$

JSJJ,

-^

foolish proceeding.

This

is

an exceptional

not provided for in the subject of the lesson.

can.

yon to go in and make

an announcement for me, saying that
my master wishes an interview T
12 The baby wants to sleep. Hold it in
your arms and pat it a little and it
will go off to sleep.

1 1

hl

go and sweep them np.

9 Better go oat for a walk than sit idly

at home giving way to your low

.
ffc

troub-

can decide.
8 The leaves on the front walk are too

tfe

m,

may I

you to recommend me.

6 Stop and think a moment : if, for
example, any one should treat yon
in this way, wonld you like it f
7 My father is still living, I must go
home and consult with him before I

unsightly,

flfc.

it

le

yourself.

not sufficient, hot try

answer.

is

5 If any one wants a hand

* 11 n tr ^ o aii^'F
* % m m. m. ik MM% m $e
lis to m o o #
&. w tfe
. *. * & M M MM o *,$E
<* * m IfttW MB #
tfc*
7

warm

qnickly and

4 The material

May

I trouble

33 The Chinese have a great horror of dying ohildlew,

who are without male children generally adopt a

hence couples

brother's son, or the son of a cousin of the same

family name,
in order to have some one to inherit their
property, care for

them when

old,

and keep up worship at their graves. fc

7lL>

etc,

MLi

7T

is

brothers and sisters.

fr

referring to order of age,

Southern equivalent

is

common way

is

equivalent to

and consequently

J#.

by the Nanking

The

is

ft ft

of dignity.

% 48

teacher, net because it

cause aa hare used it is to*
disrespectful.

of distinguishing

is

The

rejected

not used, but be-

Reduplication of Compound Vebbs.

Not only
illustrated

in

double verbs.

are single verbs reduplicated as

Les. 33, but also compound or

The

force of the reduplication is

substantially the same as in the ease of single

verbs.
An
is never inserted as in the case of

single verbs.

See List

in

Supplement.

320

*fi

n n n m i& m
?. m *t m m m %
-
to * a m. .
| # ^ o o ^ ^
J* H M 4 *'
P ft I* #
4! #
fa m> o ^ @ # &
l7

ffi.

ffc

16

15

ts

* u **.
*
*
^, f
$& ft
W

18

there will be trouble.

first of the tenth month
a few pounds of meat
get
you may
and a few pots of wine and give all
hands a feast

15 To-day

*. *

^ ^

f&

ft

W
^
mwm
ft

ft>

J'

* #

^ ** *
ft # * ft.ii*
4*. ^o *
RMffca ^-Hftil^ *

ft

ft

3&

#?

fl

<i

vS>

t)

ft

te

Jit

&

$ *

ft

is

the

16 I forgot to charge him that he must

not let the secret leak out
first time yon go, you should
as to
prolong your visit a little so
brethren.
the
with
get acquainted
and
1 8 Let her go and visit her mother
work off her low spirits, and she

17

The

19

Some

will be all right

a few
guests are coming
the
must
clean
yard,
up
days ; yon
lest they laugh at it.

ffi

HI

5ij

"5

ing up is indispensable.
14 Superiors of all grades must be feed
wherever you fail to give a fee,

nw&%
p

IS

ft

13 Affairs in the shop have all been

thrown into disorder, a straighten-

ft

* ^

t in *
* *r

18

19

s.
o

business have you come on, sir ?

Ans. I have no particular business
I merely came to call on your master
and pay my respects.
21 See that fishing-rod how it bobs np
and down, it must be that a fish
has taken the hook.
"
With a friend in the kitchen, yon
22
can get something to eat with a

20

What

*
*J.

Vocabulary.
1

JJh'M F&ng Hang*

^f Ta\ Toputorliangon;

Airy, eooling.
to build; to add; to get
to; to engage a passage.

on with; to adapt
To make a thing answer, to
%jt $
adapt to circumstances.
1
to blow ; to sack up.
To
breathe
Hsii
JlH
1
To blow; to say a good word
Pfc $& Ch-weP- hsii
for, to recommend.
Chiu* ta 1

3T

Jt

w} Bhang*

si

A superior officer.

To honor and respect (as

parents); to give a present

^f$fc Hsiao* ching*.

...

or fee to a superior officer:

Iprj
!jij

Note

14.

To reward workmen with

K'ao*

to tap, to knock.

To pat ;

P'ai1 ta*

jfa

K'ao*

lao*.

a feast.

feast given to soldiers or

workmen : Note 15.

lU ,@,
iff)

Hsin*

Yung*, ying*.

j g Yung*

To

M M. Yung*

tao*

tT-Hfif Ta*sao*.

i(S

tT Liu

to?

raised path or walk in front

of a house.

lu*.

consider, to reflect.

raised or paved
front of a house.

walk

in

The same.

To sweep, to brush up.

To walk for recreation.

J^'fll Tsou*lou*.

To leak out;

to let out

secret,

to tell, to divulge.

News, word

1
f J& Hsiao hsP

fj

jj,

Min* ch'i*.

secret.

Low spirits, dejection, dumps,

blues, melancholy.

$, Hsie*.

To

leak,

to

divulge, to

Fa 1

hsie*.

To

ooze out, to drip

tell a secret.

let tot, to

work

off.

give vent

to

to, to

Lsssoh 114.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

* & % u
K
%

gfc

i*

ft

*
*
^
%
ft
H
& %

H>

3fe k

II
to m
m>m m
m m

to

i,

J*

S21

friend at court,

yon can obtain an

Seeing His Excellency now
depends so much on you, can't yon

'ft,

office."

a A
% fi #
a*. #

give us a lift ?
son is heedless and ignorant ; if
he gets into any difficulty, I
hope

28

My

24

When the annual

t;

##

**

tf.

ft

ut

to

ft

*B

pj\

# m

* *

24

To fish,

Tun*

To obstruct

ft*

Jii

ai

t-

fi

a pole, a

rod,

to

to

staff.

W-

To shake,

ffl

Chung* yung*.

to bob

Lua

%f

Mang*. ....
ffi

TO f*
TO*

=$ft

Rock

pull ;

up and down, to dance.

to

rely

have confidence

salt, alkali;

and

sit

about ? It is
26 You have a good nose and your lower
jaws are full and your whole face
is
bright, all of which indicates that
you are to become rich. Ans. I am
certainly much obliged. If I do indeed succeed in
making a fortune, it

a
^
m

be owing to your
complimen-

will

tary words.

Tien *

^tK

Chi* tien*.

To enshrine; to
To sacrifice

#lj Ching

Thick grass; confused; keedlesi.

Rustic, rude heedless, abrupt.

to

8 "i*

To

to,

to

consume.

to worship.

offer sacrifices.

bramble

thorny, prickly.

A thorn, a bramble;

Chi*

libation.

by pouring

To burn,

troublesome.

Thorns, brambles.

I beg, J
Wang* ch'P.
hope, (w.)
Chi3 chiao*. To teach, to direct ; to advise, to
counsel.

~)j

IE Fang l chtng*.

jfcm

To&fu*.

Full, broad; upright.

I'm much obliged, you're
very
kind.

,|

Chi* tier?.
- -

offer

oat a libation.

..To sacrifice

^**

rude; insolent.

Shoo 1 hwo*

^
$ m CM*

in.

You are my
What are you talking
my treat to-day.

rest awhile.

Ans.

lots); to

To depend upon,

a tea-house just at hand, let

and drink a cup of tea and

guest.

move.

draw (as

on; to

is

us go in

5$ Jf

to grasp.

|^

25 Here

ffl

to fish for, to catch.

To shake,

t|i Ch'i*

l&)

& m

Iff

Tia *>

J9
~f~ Kan

away the brambles is all right

but as to burning incense and
paper
money as a sacrifice, that is all
useless nonsense.

* *n. ft
tt % * S

^
!& ft. M fa

jHi

clear

-ft

J*fi

# #

help him with your advice.

festivals come, why

do you not go to the graves to offer
sacrifices, and also buy afew sheets of
paper money to burn f Am. Going
to the graves to add some earth or to

St.

I yt &
& M

will

yon

To point
guide

out,

to

to advise.

direct,

to

3
$fe Chin

Embroidered

!':..'.

elegant, flowery,

com

plimentary.

3
Wfl if Chin yien*.

ft

Flowery language
mentary words.

compli

322

IB

* m, * R
$ W *:*
j& & & ft &
'If

itB

T *mffl

IE

Hi

ttSMftfe

7.

&

If9

ft

is it that
you have suddenly
changed your mind f
2 Unexpectedly he gave me a fright.
3 He suddenly changed his bent and

as*
-.
= # $ $
I fe # t
*&

How

developed a passion for gambling.

4 I had already gone two or three li
when it suddenly occurred to me
that I had forgotten my umbrella.
5 His father-in-law's name I cannot

7 *
o
:&fc1f
7*
w
*
^
^
Mi.
k^
#$
!.

recall

ifr

&
$ & S

=Q

W.

jft

+ W -

5l

IT

TRANSLATION.

fi

^i 1I
^i

&
tft.

IS

+ W - *

3l

f*

SI

on the spur of the moment.

worn on

New

Seeing him unexpectedly, I did not

clothes are only to be

special occasions.

recognize

him

at

all.

8 In exhorting any one, it is not best

to begin too abruptly.
9 Please tell me, my good brother,

ijJB.

why you suddenly want

s.

to start to-

day.

a * & ^ & &&?*

we suddenly meet with tome

10 Should

Not 88.
I Said to a passer by, by one
at the roadside.

6 8\ Qm
8 J* Jeff
spoken ying*

!$J

is

resting in the

shade

It

is

lu*,

but in actual use frequently

by some, and by

also written

others Rfc.

II "$c 'M ^ ilS The honored head of our family,

addressed by the gentleman's servant to the servaut of the
man upon whom his master has come to call.
14 All inferior officers are expected to send in a retaining
fee to their superiors at the new year, as well as on certain
other special occasions. If the fee is not sent in, the inferior
will presently find his affairs embarrassed with difficulties.

The giving

of this fee is facetiously called |J f}|. showing

respect, or jj

16 The
honor of Jgj

9H> making a return.

day of the tenth month

first

is

[?,

the god of the city moat.

a feast-day in

On

this

and

similar feast-days, custom requires that employers should give

their workmen a half-holiday and a feast. This is
technically
called 4S 3?) feinting the weary.

Remain a few days lonytr i, e.,

a little, for the purpose referred to.
18 The "belly" is commonly regarded by (be Chinese
as the seat both of the intellect and the affections.
28 The language and style of a letter.
17

T.

vistt

prolong your

dS Blow a little for me; i.e., recommend me.

properly yung*
lit*.

who

24 j $ jS

Iff

$F

requires

%f f|

complete the construction. Paper money

of the dead.
In the case of ancestors

understood to
burnt for the use
it is supposed to

is

express affectionate remembrance, as well as to conciliate

them and secure their good offices on behalf of their descendants ; in the case of other gods it is a bribe to appease
their anger and secure their protection. It consists of tinsel
paper, that is, paper, having pasted on it a very thin leaf of
tin to represent silver, or of brass to represent gold.
It is
folded and pasted in the shape of ingots of silver and gold.
The poor also use yellow paper with holes punched in it to

3&

%ft .^ f is book styls.

25 f$ IM JR / am host, it's my treat. j|| is put for
A more colloquial form, at least in the North, it
jf{-

represent copper cash.

jjt

w*

st

&

X/HISBOXT 03CV.
PBRASaB INDICATING StJDDEWN
The superabundance of words for expressing
shows that the Chinese language is in
some respects richer than the English. A number
of the following phrases are more or less local, and
sundry of them are practically synonymous, differing only in the couuexion in which they are used.
this idea

ie3$& Suddenly, unexpectedly, all at once.

This is the most common and universally used
word for expressing the idea of suddenness.

I$&or

|$$ffl|

Suddenly, unexpectedly,
The |gj is added or not as
abruptly.
the rhythm suggests.
It may also be added to
any of the following terms which eud with $.

all at

jig

once

$$

moment.

Suddenly, abuptly, on the spur of the

RJ|$$ Suddenly,

$$

abruptly, all at once.

Suddenly, unexpectedly, abruptly.

MANDARIN LBB80N8.

Lesson 115.

A * & - to fcHITTt&*&W
A M. 1. #j
a M>
^
^ o T> &, *E n 7
# IE ft.
T
it ,| fi-iT, ft *

misfortune, he will be able to help as.

ought to prepare in good season
lest he should come suddenly and we
not be able to get ready in time.
12 When a very near relative suddenly

ffl

iff

16

one cannot help constantly

thinking of him and feeling sad.
13 That waa a heavy rain yesterday ; in
a twinkling the earth was everywhere covered with water.
14 If we ask him abruptly, his suspicions
will certainly be excited and he will
dies,

W ig | S o vl f# S& ^.
asm x - *& (i * m bi ft
to # *. ^ 4 ft c &
a & to n $t #.# #
# t aw ** m
% % * ft ftfe * &u 7.
4>

til

him
17

13

18

$fc

$$$S

Suddenly, in a

flash,

with a

wHifo Instantly, instantaneously,

(o.)

start.
all

at once.

ipI ?fo Suddenly, accidentally, without notice.

frJ f@ The same as $| $$, but more bookish,

at least in most places.

K&M T 1&M T
or

Les. 161.
All at once, unexpectedly.

rfctr^f The same,

(o.)

ft'rfrlif The same.

(o. St s.)

Wto

7"

Suddenly,

TO

Bv

I"

the wink
k

J^tli IS

ling, in

unawares.

of an

Unexpectedly,
Southern term.

il

eye, )

Dg
an eye.

unawares,

sad-

In a twinkling, in a moment.

'

Southern term

no time.

fwj

In a moment, in a twink-

Les. 162.

B. Some morning; suddenly, in a moment,

A book term used by scholars.

as soon as.
*P[

sa.iie.

**
In the opening -''*'*-')[.,
In the turn
Q of an eye, >ii
ol

S^f or 3=tti*f

at once.

Suddenly, unexpectedly,
''he

It BR
^|BR
iBR

HBrffRJ The same.

A Peking term.
fill

^T-^fllt Before one is aware, unawares.

Shantung term.
T* ^F ff*l ba a moment,
t, at once, at present.

fHifffif

all

All of a sadden, without warning.

Shantung term.

-T

'&$& $>l

he saw men making money

and enjoying it, his cupidity was at

&tl

den ly.

Bv Unexpectedly, unawares.
r^tfeS The same, (s.)
B^^fi The same.
rp

fast.

When

20 Having habitually allowed the mind

to wander unrestrained, it is a very
difficult thing to bring it suddenly
nnder discipline.

fli.

Snddenly, abruptly, quickly.

in a trice, in no time,

writing

once excited.
18 The cars rnn at a tremendous speed ;
they pass byinthetwinklingofan eye.
19 I went to-day to see the reception of
His Excellency, and just in the
midst of the excitement I was
suddenly startled by the firing off
of three great guns at my side.

ifc

|J||^ Promptly,

Han is certainly skilled in

essays, he does one up in no time.

16 The horse was just about to ran, when
I snddenly seized him and held

& *r**7. ! W^ *. W *. W
tiWMO &
^ 5& o A"^.
M o
T.wrr^w*. JB & S
1 t 4 o jf 5?
I l
$ =T ^ a # ^ E an ft %
m
* j* 7**ra * #mii
9 # Ms*H>
A. %
u a & j& m
m t*8i
#. *S> A W * # tt * H
17

us nothing.

tell

15 Mr.

ffl

ift

We

1 1

ffl&

15

S23

ling.

$M

Or l^f

*J

ffi]

book term.

In a moment, in a twink-

mi & $
1 sah ra & *
T **#
m
m

. W.

1*

#
*

it

#.
26

;#..%
*T

- m

o
Ki)

>

bearing, but did not

recognize him.
22 While her husband was living, she
was strongly attached to him ; and
when he suddenly died, she felt as
if she had no dependence.
23 Just when they had accomplished half
the voyage, there suddenly arose a
violent storm which drove the ship
on the rocks, and in a moment they

SB 21

ft

IP

is

gave him one blow with my fist which

sent him sprawling on his back.

&

25 The seasons are uncertain, floods and

droughts are frequent. If when you
have abundance you live extravagantly, by and by when a year of
famine suddenly overtakes you, how
will yon all get a living ?

went down.
24

fc
23

tffc It

tt

- *

ffi.

*
S

The young man suddenly lifting his

head, saw that Mr. T'ie had an
aristocratic

ft

je

21

ift.

aft

$ * **o

St

fc

5Fd

$ft

s + s ~

324

*
*

.
o

4*

*m- m> r

5t

22

j>

big fellow was fighting with me

to-day, when, taking him nnawares,l

Vocabulary.

j
TW

Chii*.

Ou*.

Hurried, agitated; suddenly.

image, an idol a mate ; an even
number a pair; abruptly; accidentally.

An

*pj

'S>

1*3

Ku*jou*.

m<

St 1

|jj

Er9

Steep, precipitous

suddealy.

The Wen-li second personal pronouD,

JKJii Nan* kwo&*. ... In straits troubled, sad.

p Si*. To set forth reckless, dissolute; uncurb;

you; an affirmative particle.

$|5 Ts'u*
i$.

Abrupt, precipitate.
; an instant, a moment.

To wink

afc Cha*, cAow*.

$H
fcf(

Gh

to twinkle.

Quick; suddenly, with

Tsou*.
i

ed; used for

t
ing}> *.

f^ Shu*.
fT Ch'P
ijljj

An

instant,

The morning

to

start

sound

on a journey.

to measure, to

Inscrutable; unexpected; a
calamity, a misfortune.

to; that is:

|1 ^f- Chi* tsao*.

2fc

Q Chi

tsao*

Shoo* nien* jin 2

soon, forthwith; as
Les. 160 and 162.

Early, in good season, beforehand.

The same : Note

1 1.

prof-

young man. a

Hsing* tung*. To move about; bearing, behaviour; to ease one's self.

Cliod1

loo*.

Resting place,

home depend;

ence, support.

CEfflL K'wang^fing
fffe

Chiao

1
.

storm, a hurricane.

Half-tide rocks, shoal rocks.

jffc^i Chiao* shi*

Shoals, hidden rocks

The same.

1
-?1 jlw Sti? chiao

To approach; now,

ffP Chi**.

in accounts.

Unrestrained; reckless
ligate ; wanton.

si*.

daylight.

gauge, to estimate.
Ptt* ts'i*.

Fang*

youth.

Jg fg

light, clear

To

hsing*.

j? n?

a moment, just now,

Hastily, quickly, suddenly.

To fathom,

Ts'i*.

^<H5

all speed.

at once.

9. Tan*.

fflC

A shower

Ska*

kinship.

to ponder,

brood over.

to

| Tou*.

relative

To think anxiously,

&**

To

'PP Yang*

look up towards heaven; to look

up
)p$h

to, to

$P /^

respect.

To

Wo&*.

W Yang pa
3

chiao

lie
9
.

down;

to rest

Sprawling on
bach,

the back with hands and feet in the

Yang* woa*

ting*.

the

on
rn

lying

air.

The same

:Noto

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 115.

n m -wiTtf a ft a *
fS. WK.ti E tfr $ Tr ft

l*

lit

ft

m * # A

fliL

K5

26 Day before yesterday forenoon my

mother was quite well, bat in the
afternoon whenshe was goingout.she
suddenly fell to the ground speechless with a stroke of paralysis.
27 There is nothing to be gained from
While the
joining in a free fight.
each
man
relies
on his
on,
fight goes
own powers ; bnt the moment some
one is killed, all throw up their
hands in consternation.
28 At first all considered him as belonging to the official class, bat
afterwards, while he was talking,
he accidentally spoke of the number

ft

*r*M8

ffi

m m m n iE*#fl:*w

* ft ft #J. A - H
m mmm% u o w %& i
* IS * ft fe IH ^
US @ #. s $ 51 & A T.
S,o A ft - & #
w tt A s& m ^ a *r T
ft sr ^ JBWMHI& tu & is
*
^j hi**i T tr *
Iffe

28

ft*

32ft

ft,

of acres his father farmed, upon

which all the company made a
grimace. Wasn't that a come down ?

When

29

he

Flooded, injured by excessiTe rain.

x
Afternoon.
Hsia*pan* tHen
.

Pp $&, Chung* fing

yien
}^2
gfis

Cka
Sa 1

stroke of paralysis.

To

stare, to look blank, to be

at one's wits' end, dismayed.

To open ont, to spread

To open out. See sod1

out.

J^lfa To spread
out loosely

f^j"^'

out the hands and fingers in

token of being in a strait ; spread
disheveled.

Cha1

shou*.

To spread oat the hands

in

Pie 3

;|J|

for this

ft*.

like the

is

$| IS
811
IS-

it

Jang

Using*.

fp Ch'oa

To

...

1
.

lamp

flaring

up

goes oat.

The same.

Kate* ti\

1
vociferate, to shout. See^'an^ .

1
Joyful, elated, excited. See hsing

To

stab, to strike or punch with a

stick ; to taunt, to nag a stamp, a seal.
;

k|jil

Fa3 hwod 2

^C Si

T'ien 1 k'ung 1 .

3H Mi

iii

... France.
.

The-flky, the air; space.

Cfring chH*

wk

L"-iao

Hydrogen.

To

tang*.

float,

to soar

to sail

to roll (as a boat).

pf 15 K" e"

ch' iao 3

Happily, fortunately, op-

strait.

Shriveled, limp

Lou*

as

at

all

just before

*fc

$? Lao*.
P =p^C

any one

is dangerously ill, if
once feels better, final
preparation should at <nce be made,

29

portunely.
;

puckered.

To be

mortified, to betray one's

antecedents, to lose caste.

f$f)

f$

$ Lun2

To

Shi*.

ch'wan*.
shoot; to spurt out

steamship.

to issue forth

to radiate.

Notks.

^^

A distinction is made between jjj and ^.

6
is a second
The ^5 is the original and ordinary name, the
name or title, derived from the ^Q ov some classical or
fanciful association. Id common use, however, ^p ^ simply
means name, and by rights should be written J] ~T M is

<

evident from the fact that it is frequently heard ijj ?

Custom, however, has put -F for -y in this particular case.
$J differs radically from both j and ^, being the family

name

or surname.

ft
term

159

is

here equivalent to ^p jj, or to the book

9 /& J| 7U Old elder brother, a term

motely equal to

my

good brother, or

The double form IP

the use of hard and soft sounds.

my

and

of respect approxi

good

Where

*ir.

-9, results from

soft sounds prevail

IP and /5t are read precisely alike, and either is correct ;

but where hard sounds prevail only ~J% will answer, as g(J is
everywhere

soft.

This fact should determine the writing in

which is everywhere correct ; moreover the fact

that hard sounds are the older and have been supplanted by

favor of

1%.

shows that
ohrM*.

soft sounds,

of the

7%.

is

doubtless the original writing

826

# jw m
m wl m 4>
- # j$ ^
t$ m m
a T. ^
t iB se n
it ^ #S\
% ?$ m wl
to m n
* *^ p.
t.
A $

b & to m^M.
% m - & $\ O
51 Pi IR 3 ft #,30

30 They were

ft

gave one shont it was like

striking a nest of young magpies
with a stick ; instantly there was
not a sonnd to be heard.
31 Ouee in France two men ascended
in a balloon, and while sailing in the
air, were insensibly carried out to

ft.

fc

15 The peculiar

edly,

A ^
gtt**1E
*$ m & $<?^
& * i & n>
. # f. - *.
W 3B O P# ft
*5 ^ # ^ T *
& r w. - ^
& m & #$> *. ^
-tfc

>:

17 BJ 1$k j! 3$ To look with longing eyes, to wish for.

19 Strictly speaking &(j, here used, should limit the
eeing to the persons who went out to meet his excellency.
A word like yQ /js;
This, however, is not the real meaning.
after $j in order to complete 'the construcThe proper sense is given without HV
21 US
~P The hero of the Fortunate Union.
22 This sentence might also be rendered, While her
Husband tvas alive, he was strongly attached to her, etc. The
sentence was probably made by a foreigner. If a Chinese
or p P
had made it he would have said, either

must be supplied

tion.

&

A
.

instead of %i

24

fty

sprawl the

Wi To fall or
rty

forming an inverted
and says f|l

jT

To fight

?>fz

a flock; that

in

A and

free fight or general row. qj

J
[loss of] life; I.e., some one is killed
accounted for to the law.

28

'

JwC > 8 u ^ed in the

'pp

is, to engage in a
There comes out a
his life is to be

North and means to twist the

Up used in the South and means to

draw up or pucker the lips, both being expressive of oontempt.
29 The preparation to be made, is to lift the dying man
'

lips to

one

off the

k'ang and dress him in his bnrial clothes.

side,

is

The Q!

at the end drops out of the translation.

80

'S W" HMs resounding and hobgoblins howla figure to describe the uproarious hilarity of

HiS

ill

ing, used as

H| changes its usual tone, and also requires

emphasis to bring out its force.
school boys.

fife-

feet,

causedtheballoontodescend. When
they touched the surface of the
water, the two men jumped simultaneously into the sea, whereupon
the balloon suddenly darted up, like
an arrow shot skyward.

27

cannot be matched in

Fortunately they caught sight

of a steamship and, with all haste,

51

fflt

in

sea.

tfJ

force of

schoolroom just

ing and yelling like demons, when

the teacher, coming in unexpect-

m n &n

English.

in the

the full tide of their hilarity, whoop-

ffr

ij

* + w -

*&

lie

JSB

eight.

on the bach, and

Lying on

Nanking

Hjf| to

spread or

the back with the legs

rejects both phrases,

31 fx

St,

3$

rT fj Fitting
is read fa*.

the

hydrogen

entrgency.

globe,

In

that

Peking

is,

a balloon.
in

fe

.> -

ZjIESSOIT C3CVI.
Phrases indicating Certainty.

Ac Certainly, positively. Jj? forms a number

of combinations, as below, and is the most important word used for the expression of certainty.

Ac

Certainly, inevitably; determined, invariable, for certain.

/$&
Ijfc

iJ^AC

Certainly, positively, surely.

must be.
The
same.
i&$f

certain

it

Certainly,

AEip

Positively, inevitably, assuredly.

Certainly, snrely.
positively,

/|f f5 Assuredly,

unquestionably.

unquestionably,

unmis-

takeably. (a)
qtl fvC Certainly,

Necessarily, certainly.
Certainly, positively, inevitably

ql

?P

very

qll^T The same,

snrely, inevitably,

(a

&

n.)

(s.)

Afc *5p j{\ ffi Undoubtedly,

absolutely certain.

unquestionably,

MANDARIN

liKSSOH 116.

m * + w - *
4*. W * # T.

LB8SOWS.

Translation.

W,

ft

1 Will yon certainly go to-morrow, sir ?

2 In everything, that which affords
large profits necessarily involves
[the risk of) great loss, [lose money.
3 If yon nrge a sale, you will certainly
4 Whoever deceives another is certainly
not a good man.
5 If you leave him there by himself,
he will certainly not stay.
6 If I had known that it was on acconnt
of this business that he invited me,
I should assuredly not have gone.

m
# &
& m # ^
k o * w
# A. Ji IW* A a W
i@ *^ m w. g & $ * *
e & * j. o 4, I I * n.
O Jg ^ #* f$9 $ ^ g g O
t ^. a # m a rags *
f* o ^. &
:* # # *.T
#Po ft .$ # * R o #.
fl A # ^| - ft. M *, a* ^
1* #
o it to m A
. a. g o & it a. m m m
u
a

w, a to
# s
w m m m & &.>%
m
m ^ m m e . * * # a

$
% m

^J

ffa

f^o

ffc

10

He

12

fft.

12

When

I get the money, I will certainly go nd buy a watch.

/fi ffn yf*

pf

^ Fixed and

unalterable, moral-

/
'

/ <^

ly> 7$r or

'

The same,

The same.

UK The

same.

for emphasis.

undoubtedly, as-

with

Demonstrably, undoubtedly, in-

Bookish.

The same.

Colloquial, (o.)

The same.

JF& Positively, unequivocally.

#fc$$ The same.

The same.

#8 -^

assuredly,

Absolutely, utterly.

#$

suredly, absolutely.
ffc

W iM

disputably.

fg

Repeated

llJt^P' Certainly, positively,

||fi

Ap-T^^^p Indisputably,
out the least doubt.

Jr^Pj"^
(o.)

Hit Assuredly, positively.

|fj

18 This is unquestionably one of Wang

Chin Fang's tricks; no one else
could do it.
14 Judging from yonr condition, it must
be yon have caught cold.

e Kg
as-

incoatestibly,

(||/iyfjj Positively,
suredly, nnmistakeably.

H/;t?

?j$l

cannot

8 That he who does right fares well, is

an invariable law.
9 I will positively not let you off unless
yon get me a new one.
10 I am quite satisfied that he must
have stolen it.
[sort of coercion.
11 He will assuredly not submit to this

f*g

ly certaiu, invariable.

determined to go, I

is

detain him.

14

.ft

tmti

15

always

Assuredly, undoubtedly.

H P$
used

or

Utterly, absolutely, positively,

with a negative.

VOCABCLABT.

P.

To

transplant ;

migrate

JH

Tsoti*.

chisel

brand;

0$* Ski* pin*.

to

mote, to

to

shift,

to graft.

To

out, to dig
to verify; secure.
to chisel

lose on

To govern, to rule ; to regulate.

To rule over, to coerce, tc
lf^f$ Haia* chi

!g Haia*

an investment,

to

constrain, to keep under.

"^"BR. S/iou*
(o.)

yierfi.

Device,

manoeuvre,

bribe, corruption.

trick,

as

i^E W
to
* * * a *

**
& H o 1* &
m;

to

Mi

ffi

& $

16

a.

18

As

fi

*.

hi

m m it
* * * *& ^
n

to

to

ifi

**to*ofl<>B1*B.
# *

sjg-

"

IM

[have been exhausted],

f#

If

15

^ & *

age,

him

let

would gptw rioter yew by year.

there
is an undoubted faet
it.
absolutely no mistake about
some
to
have
"man
true
20 Every
OOghl
I

to

This

'.

of (diameter.

.le.-inion

iff

.*Wi#

1
had not regarded Ins
should certainly not have

off scot-free.

,7

St.

otteily

1H If Ohina were willing to build railroads, it is very certain that she

the business will unquestionably bo difficult

to settle.

Under these oiromnstanoes,

21

V'r

a *"-* i*

lie

fines tO lislim.

ri

& $ a *\
*
to Jl # Wi.
* * a * *
-

j|

asaufll**ti?
*.

the arts of persuasion

all

UthOBgh

17

^ B* *E
& -^ T

not in-

to fluency, he is certainly

ferior to others.

to*
$> T.

+ H

7\

22 Just now 1 am in a great dilemma

and cannot come to any settled con-

clusion.

23 If he had been golKv of no corruption

would
you may be sure he
Bed.
nol have seoreth
24 'Plus is the invariable rule which a
solutely cannot be changed.
26 There is positively do transmigration
at

W4l * *

ft

an

tm

T.

ft

Aft**.'. SR

# - * &
!

-*& r IW # T U
&**w m * m n. *

#
% m *r>

*w*fi|

ifi

&W TWI*.
Lea.

%>9k S*
Jfc

St 1

as.

ww
A

7,

a m

167.

owruptiom;
embcEaletneut

Bribery,

TV >,

r<w.

To transmigrate

1
.

have already made careful inquiry

(W

Ufc Ch'ing y*.

yo> eking

Quiet,

iH

(ing* win*.

j#

|ll|

PI

Tswei*

to the starting poiifc

Transmigration, the dootriae

of metempsychosis.

7t5l

ranquil,

a goblin, an

To

elf,

for.
inquire, to look

Wickedness,

still, retired.

sat a

sin, evil deeds.

unreasonable, ontragcons; contrary, sinister. SceAcM^*.

Perverse, mulish

llfno*

^?ftl dMi

spectre,

to be born

to revolve.

Lun*htoet\

hi*.

To

355 '/V ch'uifl.

i\\-^ Ts'ul

}>*>*

tears, to

disagree, to fall
u
declare war.

To rinse,

S/,*

To shed

fci*.

i^l

Clandestine communication,

jfcMk /wV
;

iuto the worhl.

To come round
.

to ran away, to

abscond.

...

secret

an indisputable fad.

is

27 Do not talk at random. That grove.

where hero are
is a quiet place
no
ghosts.
positively

irand,

Privut ely, tecritfft clandestinely,

T'oa 1 shtng

lg| UweP.

intercourse

28

fcftjj|

surreptitiously.

after death.

26 That they two have had some

secret or illicit intercourse.

tst*.

^ 7W

>

pi*-

$&

=t

x
#\jfi 5l l Vwng

railroad.

Whoever, whatever whenever

if Mt all, if in auy case, if

fg Hi Tan* Jim*.
indeed:

A
^ * *
- * "F.
*. * o
o * i
it * ft *

H.

all,

to

wash

weep.

out; *

(the month).

Huali<:, boorish; stupid.

The same.

Lie sox

MANDARIN LB8SOVS.

he is unquestionably a
good man.
29 This retribution for sin is
something
that will
inevitably come, and there
is
positively no escape.
30 I noticed that his face had a sinister
expression; he is certainly not a
good man.
31 Gods are gods and men are men. To
say that a man may become a god

i A ^3o^
l m ^ 1 f i
7 t$ m % K * -ft- If *' ft ft
- ^
i. i i ^ ^ ^ pf
*. s ? w>m a
* * f m ?e. ^ & m. m%>
^ I ti^c p, - ^ ^ ^ f
& =& * M ^ 1 ^ jg ^ 56

6d

ti

^,

m
,

is

a place, I
positively will not.
33 Judging from his
weeping and his
protestations, he is undoubtedly
wronged.
34 That these two
are now at

kingdoms
an indisputable fact, bnt how
the peace was broken I do not
know.
35 It is my father's invariable custom to
rinse his mouth and brush bis teeth

war

#t
a.
%mmm I ^ i |, o &j^ m|,
^ f e fi JS I # A. * . 7-. -
& jh - ^
5f.

ft-

flj.

37

* *
^ i i
WW

*n. S|

ya*.

M tt.

m. o

7.

X9fii

#3S

ik

W
^f

tao*.

Gentlemanly,

polished,

re-

5;*.

ya

Literary,
refined,
cultured.

IT jr**7T f? Wit*

polished,

$%

A hsien magistrate.

rS

hsien*.

ia

by nature

now

tell you
plainly, the temple I
positively will not enter, the tea I
positively will not drink, the magistrate I
positively will not see.

An
(sod*.

opponent

a mate.

surgical expert, a coroner -

^ TNw ling* kai*.

XffiS
The tlh W
Jf 2"*
~V) m Km* cko*

council chamber a Buddhist

temple
... or
monastery; a mosque

Chi1

38 I

Note39

:*:

man Yang Pen

excessively boorish ; it is vain to

expect to give him any polish.

$ *#. Hi
t ^ A

fined, (c.)
'-# /*

33

literary.

?iiS IV

face.

37 That

Cultivated, polished, refined,

is

after each meal.

36 If yon use such
language as this in
the presence of the
magistrate, you
will
certainly get a beating on the

32

Kg

assuredly contrary to reason.

he comes to want I will
give
him a meal, but recommend him for

When

32

7,flMt*&

329

I/wai*

The
'

The elbow.

The ankle bone

M Ftf

A rain

hsing*

forehead.

the e,bow -Jint.

or joint.

drop.

N0T*8.

does not here ncu certain eil or

3
loot, feat rather
"
the risk of it. Compare the common
saying,
Nothing Ten.
tared, nothing won.
7 ThU sentence might also mean, If he is determined to
go, I cannot detain him.

11 The

AM

not adequately translated

by A*. It
designates toe person referred to in a way that English will
not express.

30
fixtrt

Whoewtr

Lit.

it

A woman is

purpose

maU Ohnmmmn

her own.
,,
,22
that
i.

&a

**
.

Km*
after the

30
seiue,

&

dtficuUy on

tnadiltmma.

Lift

ought to hart s)
not supposed to nave a
mind <A

and

right both (fH>) ditkutl

in a trait <~w
ore,

eMtr hand,

JJ^TT^'

?ot to use
style of our term "<

in its

ordinary literal
grained ;" bat on tb

330

tt

- * t *
i ^ m
I ^ S, I

o
-40

/*>

% - m
u *P
& ^ ^

3\

-+

ft

IB

^.

>

fe

* * ^

;fc

0,

ft

ML

ip

ft

ft

a m &

4^

fl*.

*i.

18

contrary it changes its tone and takes

31 This is a Christian sentiment.
supposed to be deified men.

32 iH fit P An
35 $E
>|j|
phrase in common use.

"

'

36 'a

!=!

-4

is

ft

ffi

&

derived sense.
All Chinese gods are

40 The twenty-fourth of the sixth month

is the day the God of War whets
his sword
it is certain to rain at
least a little. Ans. That is not cer-

\%

Year before last during the

drought, it did not rain a single
drop during the whole sixth month.
Don't you remember ?
tain.

ft.

its

elided before

a wound made by a wooden instrument, and two wounds on the left

ankle made by a wooden instrument.
How does he know for certain that
a wound has been made by a
wooden or by an iron instrument ?

7.

III
-

jfa

1 *
*

*d

39 Tr

fixed or invariable rule,

f th* presence of the court, that

book

and act
of the

ffij

$.

when

Bn attache of the yamen, though not

His special business is to go with the

wounds.
rain star, that

from the sparkling of drops of

magistrate.

ijEJSSOisr

murder or assault,
and extent

investigating a case of

as an expert in determining the character

40 r| J| A

of the

is,

ia

ff*

counted a
magistrate

H-

+ ^

-t

39 The coroner reports that there is a

wound on the forehead made by an
iron instrument, on the right elbow

ji

ft

ue

i,

a rain drop,

no oalled

rain.

oxvu.

Specific Time.

The more common terms for the designation

of time have already been given in Lesson 16.
In this and the three following lessons, the various
terms for expressing time are more fally set forth.
The Chinese affords a large variety of such terms.

Rfc&IH
4*11 IB
#j

%Wi

arelocal.being
largely confin-

To-morrow,

ed to the city

after

wfzi&Jz

The day preceding the

oi-^tf^

The same.

"A.
day before yesterday.

i^lU
some

Used

2J

%-&.%

is

Next week.

ii^
^TH^r*
"FTli^

in

4^3

The day following the

The same,

Week

This morning; to-day.

Other

[year.

or Jt.

terms for morn-

and night, have

already occurred in previous lessons.

-^^

This year, the present year, that same

rarely, if ever, applied to

after next.

The same.

for noon, evening,

ing, as well as

(s.)

or J, though

The same.

-^jp. This morning

J^ This month, the present mouth,

^S^p
'/

or

year.

Last week.

Jt and "T* are not applied to 9

we have J: qz % and f %.
j^ Jl li^P Week before last.

day after

7&#

Next

T^^

parts of the South.

or JX, #5^
A;#0to-morrow.

Last year.

-hi^

To-day,

to-morrow, of Peking.
'fXJR Yesterday. Local in Shantung. In
some places in the South, $ 2j$ means, last night

M9

_L^

Yesterday,

tS Day

jNL

_t J? Last month.
Next month
~F

to

H#

This year.
instead of

^
it,

uot applied to ft, nor

gg fl is used.
is

MANDARIN LESSORS.

Lesson 117.

+ W
9 Ta o ^

83i

Translation.

-fc

sb

fi*-tai.iT

2
3

& w $. % % ^ h, m t>
IS i. o K g 9)^n I
* 3J ^ T ft^ftr. ft.
M
& T * j0 * 9 * B ft
#. ^ ^ # =% .*J 11 * x
o $ % ^ m mm. i ft a

4
5

12

-Mr

6
7

T 4

p. $s Wft

ff

IH

was quite well.

elder brother has gone to track
for a man who hired him, and cannot return before next week.

My

f$ia^

12

Hflio^Ao*.
^ *

Ill

Day after to-morrow I am coming to

make a birthday call, and the next
I

am coming

to the feast.

13 If you continue diligent in your work,

next year I will increase your wages.

14 There has been too much rain this

year, the crops will certainly be poor.

of*

mm

^+

have this year forgotten the greater

part of the books I studied last year.

day

* * * A

J]S

inn.

going to-morrow, and will return

lie

10

fifli^l.tl
H
*
i

am

by the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth

of next month.
9 Is he sick to-day ? Why, yesterday

nit

ft

last

after to-morrow
is
the
Do not forget.
sabbath.
Did he not come day before yesterday?
Ans. No. He cametheday before that.
flow many hands did you hire this
year ? Ans. I hired four.
Thursday of last week was the twentyeighth of last month.
Wednesday of next week, my second
brother is to be married.
When yoa went to the capital last
year, where did yoa lodge P Ans.

At an

fPl

me my

Two days

8 I

ft tt.
&.
^ to # s Ji
o
* o
1 f& # *. T
*
m tfi%-ko m.+ *p m>
X g " O 3l *g
J| #
5

Will yon please, sir, give

month's wages P

15

after to-morrow the patriarch of

the family is to be buried.
I must

Day

go and help them.

W^fc

:*

or

"^f

Year before

tjfj

^
^

Next

last.
BfJ

year.

3A
is

never applied to f\

j^= Next

year, after the

$ *f* Next

year, the

iji^^Js

^^P

Last year.

new

coming

year.

year.

Next year, the following

year.

Bff

Year

after next.

F The

year preceding year before

&#^
A^K^

The year following year

i^S^^P

The same,

The same,

last.

(s.)

after next.

(s.)

Vocabulary.

Rung

$$. Ck'ien*
1
$u.&. La

ch'ien*.

1
I%J T'ad .

Wages.

cfrien*.

tow-rope, a tracking

To track;

to lobby for; to

act the drummer.

ft

Pai* shou*.

To make a birthday
.
Note 12.
.

call

To

desire

to receive

to enjoy.

line.

See too
ty)

T'ao*jao*

0f Wing1

To enjoy an
ment

entertain.

Venerable; an old man.

332

iff

16

H & *
i # *.+
1 w. % *%.
^ o *H o
n mm T
*n#^

+
h -

^ && pb
$ * IB
o n & m *
m ^ ^ i t

m
#

24

*.
ij

23

e ^ & s. * &
x & m %..w
& m m m m. n
n n.
ft. & m, i
Sn < I 1 5U
m % wt m> , a
a tt I jt i a

o^^#^o
27

2fe

*ft,

W m

22

a.

it

fj

Year before last when we two went to

the provincial capital to the examinations, we traveled in company.
18 Last year there was an intercalary
seventh month, and three years ago,

if

an intercalary third month.

19 Is not this what you said yesterday?
Ans. It is.

20 I have no money
I

present.

f/k m

a ^ #
20

to redeem it at
redeem it in the

will

spring of next year.

21 According to my idea, let him still go
to school next year, and the
year after leave school and go intobusiness.
22
have already decided to start on
the twenty-fourth of this month.
23 He came week before last on Satur-

We

By Tuesday

day.

will be eleven

24 The

days

of this

week

it

in ail.

next month the meeting

of the company comes round again,
and I mast make another payment
of four thousand cash.
25 TGngchow depends on Kwantnng for
Since the crops in Kwangrain.

21

let us drink our

the troubles of to-morrow let

17

*.

*
m
#
i

to-morrow bear.

o
n &
m.
m m> %w
w. * a
o I I jB
$ M US *
n i -b >
^ t ij
ffc

*>

#>
w
a

si

While we have wine,

fill

+ W -

fc

fifth of

tnng are short, grain will certainly

be dear next year.
26 Last year he encroached on my land,
and again this year he encroached
on it. If he does the same thing next
year, I am determined to resist him.
27 The prefect has vacated his office, but

17

thenewincumbenthasnotvet arrived.
Lao* wing1

An old gentleman, a patriarch,

a graybeard.

^P
p

Tsang*.

p Hsia*

tsang*.

To inter, to bury.
To inter, to consign

^ 7T Ch'u^/Sn
^

1
1
Ting chou

A Fu

city in

^JJ GhHerP, chien*.

Scanty,

Note
J$

fc ^C

Tsou* shwei*.

ChHen 4 siou1

Shantung

fifty-

-|r Yien*
iffi

1
>L* Tien* hsin .

OC

If-Hsie*

deficient,
25.

scant

scarce

harvest,

91 Wen*

shu 1

short

j^f

Ping

3
.

dispatch

Cakes,

an

meat; a deed.

official

rest, repose.

and

candies

The third of the ten stems

2
f$ Yin

The

jfe

vacate an office, to relinqnish a trust.

banquet

nnts,

or

% =f ^,

bright.

To

shi*.

liang*.

delicacies, dessert

crops, scarcity.
flip

sub-prefect.

Break of day,
morning twilight.
To take fire, to have a
Note 29.
conflagration

west of Chefoo.

five miles

sjfX

Jfvf

The vernal equinox.

.

Er*/u
Wt^/st^nl Ming* ming*
.

grave.
1

iffl

to the

docu-

Xa

The second of the ten stems

I*.

....

a ch

third of the twelve branches or

*?, 3 to 5 A.M.

OU"

pedantic form

curved

of.

The second of the twelve branches,

1 tO

3 A.M.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 117.

_t

t&

Za

m m % m

333

334

tt

nr

a a + i - I

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 118.

T + IN. T&& m ft * A
& m m m m mmm #
if m $ m t m mm*, w
1 T. ^ S i * o +
# o a > i & # p
A * 3g .b*T A.
ft
o

m if on
# ^ fl tt fl^HT*. it
* w. $ c tr -t *i *
i i - s t ^^xier
-ftj + T3t3E#fc&p&

12

At

16

Have yoa been arranging

this present time he has a family

of forty.
13 By this time they are already asleep.
14 There are few men now-a-days who
are truly faithful.
15 I was planning to go, but have not

time just at present.

15

i7

385

25

,B|

order
18 I

^.
^> o

ft

I
m

I,

I t A I

mi

*.

*ft

ffi

During the previous years he was

19

unwilling to study.
mistake.

What

JH

'If.

te

>J

21

il 14

bine).

He

23

21

ffc

started

some time ago

time

he

much

as twenty

has

probably

Dy this

gone as

li.

24 If your daughter had not died, she

would now be$n her teens.
25 My home affairs at present are too
numerous I can't get a moment's
;

leisure.

26 Although there are some good doctors

at the present time, yetyou could not

20

22

Mn

ft ft M 4>
Si * # ft
o [ n o n ft & m %. A>
ws^r. 4- *7.* I. ft m m
-f4 oilfofoi.ilt
*
W
^ * & ll ft
26

are

hope of bearing children, is now

should
quite willing that Mr.
procure au inferior wife (a concu-

^iJ

sees his

strength was overtaxed, so that at

present they are not very vigorous.
22 Mrs. Mn, because she herself has no

H$c

18

He now

you just now doing at

Ans. I am at home idle
having no employment.
21 Are your parents still hale and hearIn former years their
ty ? Ans.
20

home

llfc

my

chest.

a-iriTfca&fcn. i>
n # a n t^w g> o
mi
w & * * # $
W * * ^
&

in

[dilemma.

save a feeling of oppression in

-te

I *

am jnst now in an inextricable

have no other ailment at present

17 I

13

things all

and are they not yet

this time

Hfc

Vocabulary.

To

Pao*
fig

To incubate,

Pao* wofr

Shi 2 hsing 1
Lo&*.

w\ %%

Li*

the mind.
sit.

pile up, to lay in a pile, to

in order ; a pile, a parcel.

arrange

In order, ship-shape, satisfac-

The same,

#1] 3JC ^i* ***

HaiuHg

1
.

Pie1

diaphragm

the feelings.

restrained, oppres*ed; sad,

melancholy.
ICS

1
Hi Pis

Unable

ch'i*.

w wl K'ang
J$

to breathe, oppressed,

chien*.

for

^ Sheng

to be fond of, to long

a surname.

Yil*.

||
ffi

Hearty, vigorous.

To love ardently,

Mvf.
...

(o.)

The breast, the bosom; the feelings,

the heart.

the

Irritable

smothered.

tory; finished, (n).

jj$j)

JJpS

The chest

Fashionable, in vogue.

To

lot*.

to

The diaphragm; a thin membrane;

Ki*.

The same.

| Pao* tan*

f^

iBcnbate, to brood.

yii*.

To bear; to nurture, to rear.

To bear chiidrea

33

3l

m g

H A +

"B

MANDARIN LESSONS.

IjttSFON 119.

ft

% + w - #

TBANBtATIOW.

He

* # i t a o
# A # M ^ ^ #,
* 4> # .
M *r w A #. * ^ *
o gc S I
itfl
jb
m* #. w> 7. *.
o g o o ft
It.
g .?. i <n m? o"
5

ffl

Bfe

337

10

,
o

t f-iH

never before heard this ex-

pression.

JIM

*
4

3 He was formerly a wealthy man.

4 You should have made preparations

35

&

IS.

?I5

has come several times before.

2 I have

#
I

before the emergency arose.

liked me.

He has never

6 If I had anticipated it beforehand, I

could have provided for it.
7

^ .

% o
i t ^

He has changed all his former ways.

He was taken sick some time ago,
and he has not yet recovered.
it be as it was before.

%.

9 Let
2

10 Before breakfast, every one

his hair
1

and wash

is

comb

to

his face.

We

once before fell into this kind of

a trap and endured a deal of suffering,

Notes.
It

a family

force of fjj pJJ does not appear in the translaas if we should say, At the present speaking he has
of forty.

been

is

To he faithful and earnest in

pie flt $fp
engagements or responsibilities relating to others.

14

M&

regard

& f if f ^
J&, is frequently used figuratively
one in embarrassing circumstances.
28
/$* is a folded red paper (ten folds) with blank
back, containing merely the name and style of the individual.
It is used as a card of ceremony, but is always returned to
Dtf /?
of any

to

17
Ji
?1 Xo road to ascend to
A. ft
heaven nor any door to enter the earth; i.e., no possible way
of escape, utterly helpless.
22 The occasion of a man in common life taking a
second or inferior wife, is generally the barrenness of the first
wife. In these circumstances she oftentimes not only consents
to it, but even urges it.
This inferior wife or concubine is

the bearer.

31 $&

fli yf*

will not do, given to

use of j|)
implies a knowledge
party addressed, of trials endured ia

H$i

every vice, reckless.

on the part of the

Nothing that he

&

The

previous years.
34 This is the usual form of notices put up offering a
reward for lost artioles. As usual in such cases, though pro-

is the
generally called >J> -^ in the North, though
man who takes an
proper term, and is sometimes used.
inferior wife always has to take lier from a lower rank of
society than his own, and also has to pay for her, more or less
according to circumstances. Though socially inferior to the
first wife, the inferior wife has nevertheless bettered her

P*J does not here indicate whether the person has

The phrase
left alone by mistake or by some trick.

27

12 The
tion.

fessing to be colloquial, it still contains some

and idioms. %> flj
is book style for jg

j referred to is the horn

the best stamps are made.
*%

oircnmstances both sooially and financially.

of the

Wfai-li

water buffalo,

#!

worda

The
which

of

Gbneral.

Past Time
-*?

T*

Early,

some time ago, long ago;

in season.

ti Formerly, some time ago, beforehand.

-^H? Formerly, of old,

-p Bit The same, (s.)

^-^5

old, heretofore, (o

Once, once upon a

some time ago.

^^C The same.

& N.)

Ip-

Formerly,

previously,

some time ago,

before; with a negative,

Mlt
time,

In former years, in aneien t days, long

ago.

or

never, (a & heretofore,

The same

n.)

as

g^.

Once, once upon a time, formerly, be

never.
fore, a while ago; with a negative,
same.
The
:ftS3or:5Sili
;5fc,lt!l

m t

338

m a * &
$ in ft ft $
*& 4 # T. ft fc * n^. 1$.
- ft o j| n # o o ;
Jl
o o &mmw tt
i& it
#
S18 X3
a ft *n *
<* & T.ffl * m 5&o m 4> n
g I o 1 | m. o m ft ji
^ Sg
T a.
j# * ft m

12 I once received a stroke of the ferule

from my teacher on account of this
character ya.

We

have never before experienced an

epidemic like the present one.
14 The antediluvians all lived to be eight
or nine hundred years old.
15 He has never suffered persecution.
13

19

1ft

i7

16 The books yon have already studied

yon should frequently review.
17

Where
I

is

o^I
t# #

'

&

rt

g ip

jb

ia
|E

5fe

SI

ft

Jl IB
#,

7L^p

^L

15

#,

15

In previous years, former times.

Heretofore, formerly; with a negative,

Vt 5R

$.
o

never.

^t

For a long time,

Jp-

for

some time,

for a

Once, formerly, a while ago.

yfci

Before, heretofore, already, formerly.

Jj| gj|

Jit

The

tr

lou Tea-house

22 The

men

have yon forgotten ?

of former times were all
;

Bjf Anciently, ancient times, in olden time

t5f

^r The

same.

The same, but much

St

All this time, from

|Sj

JL"ff Primitive

times, olden times.

*+*

cf Mediaeval times.

13:

In former days or times, in the past,

heretofore.

less current.

"CE^F In former years

liXjti Before, former, previous.

Same as $ JjjS, but less current
fttj 5|$

which

>fccT Primeval times.

great while.

R4

"jJt

failing of his,

style is still that of former years,

but the rate of expenditure is not
what it once was.
20 He borrowed four thousand cash from
me some time ago, and to this date
has not repaid a single cash.
21 We met each other once in the Ti-i-

w & *
o

an old

is

has now broken out anew.

19

at

m n n m

18 This

it

parlor.

ft

Ans.
the younger miss ?
little while ago in the

saw her a

20

fli

5jb

+ W -

iL

or

times, in bygone

years.

some previous time

* /& F

In old times, very ancient times,

long long ago.

to the present.

Ancient times, generally joined with other

"jfj
words save where correlated with <<&.

V& W- "T* *P

In the times of

|3j

oar

fore-

fathers, in olden times.

Vocabulary.
f^f

j!lE

Shi1 eking*.

prevailing

disease,

an

Chia 1

too*.

ffrffii

Ch'a*

kwan 3

Style of living, pecuniary circumstances, rate oj expenditure.

epidemic.
jfcf

Wi

/''oa*.

To urge,

JB. P** P'

harass, to force, to drive to

extremity.
to

To persecute,

'1

Style, air,

'''i*p*tu*.
.

-show.

tea shop, a temperance

saloon.

H 1$. Han how"

dS J? Hun2 hou*
1

to harass.

pomp, pretension,

Is Win*

Generous, liberal.

The same.

crack, a flaw.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 119.

ilk

more generous than those of the

--Q*

- m

present.

ft

m.

^ *
#
^S
k n
# ft.
tt m

(ft

o
3S

urn*
O

2i)

it

it

ftl>

f
* 3
^

JfL|)

tftffcM

*R

it

% %

ft

23 Judging from

A
- ft
# M 3S
# t&mm

*P

iH

4.
o

25

rt>

sent

^l

To pay

|^
ft

9B

28

a lawsuit for us.

^J Chie* shi*.
1
tJc J Kin <**.

or did you contract it some timeago?

29 I paid up my house rent in full some
time ago. Why are you dunning

me again P
30 These affairs were formerly all looked
after by my father, hence I am
unable to go into particulars.

^
$$1;

!$!

and

yiu

1
.

a sage.

swing

1
1
|$t f Yiu chHen
1

J (2i

swing to and fro.

whirl wheel, a swing.
to

The wick

so
of a lamp,
called beeause it is the
pith of a species of grass or reed.

'M

!uL^0

'Ting

Win 1

ts'ao*.

hi*.

Genial,

affable;

peaceable,

quiet.

iiS^C

Ch'i8 hsien 1 .

At

first,

outset

|^ Iff)

Chi1 kwan 1

originally, at the
Les. 126. Sub.

Trigger, handle :trick, artifice turning pmnt, clue.

;

iB| R^J

Ma

chiao

An underhand
"the cloven

trick or
foot

The tail; the end, the

last of the
hinder part, the stern of a ship.
The tail, the hinder part, the stern
of a ship:
Note 34.

scheme

":Note

I* pa 1

pS-^5

shi*.

stone

to record

Kung

$"
Pf

five feet.

Recent times, now. (w.)

first man : Note 38.

forth, to

open up,

order; to develop.
ffl%$ki& K'ai1 fieri1 p'i*
order

the earth,

to set in

ti\

Opening

heaven

stereotype
or
formation
the
creation
of
the world.
for
phrase
setting

1
|g ffsi

jg|

Nung*.

ijfc

Ming*

Breath, vapor

To cultivate, to
Note 38.

farm

Note

38.

agriculture

34.

of

The

To burst

in

test

Note 35.

bote; curved

Chin*ji\
P'an* ku 3

PH*.

a mark.

The same.

used as a

HjIJ^J Chi* shi*

To remember

Chi*

a wild-cat.

fox.

f&; Chi*.

and

"

The

suspicions.

a raccoon

strength

breast strap, a crupper,

trace ; a swing.

ChHen 1

A fox;

facts.

The founder of the Hia dynasty

Note 31.

FaP.

virtue,

A fox ;

$0\ Hu*. ...

3
Jg Wei

A man pre-eminent in wisdom

Shing*jin*.

Ck'iu1

ft

%M

boundary stone.

Origin, ground, occasion

particulars.

Is this disease of yours a recent thing?

Ill Li*

sphere, a condition.
J^L

inferior to ancient times;

Jg

attention, to notice.

boundary, a limit, a terminus

is

me that I have had you for my

companion all this time.
27 That boundary stone was put up long
ago by our forefathers. Your having now removed it, simply means

* A
i*

an

according to Western ideas, ancient

times were inferior to the present.
26 It has indeed been of great benefit to

AS

C/rie 1 '*.

it is

do yon come to know this man P

Ans. We once were neighbors.
25 According to Chinese ideas, the pre-

$3S M.
*. o

appearance

How

24

ffl

ft

its

old crack, but I had not previously noticed it.

ft^m ^mtr

m Mi Liu*

339

Eminent; senior:

Note 31

m g

340

I T t I 1 i W. T o A.
aoifeWA.mo. $$
^ ^i m #* $ ia *a m
^ ^ 5N , #.*? # *& H
33

35

If
**.
tommfe *
XMMM

T
ML

I I
B

ei

jHs

*e

41

a*

=&

XH.

5fd

is

ft
Sft

*&

manner; but by and by

when yon exposed

T ^
$c %

31 The noted sages of ancient times were

Yao, Shan, Yii, T'ang, Wen, Wn,
Ohon-kung, E'ung-tsY,
32 Yoar sister fell ont of the swing and
cut her head; is she well yet ? Ans.
She has been well for some time.
33 He has been calling ont to me for
some time to light the lamp. But
how can I light it when there is not
a particle of wick ?
34 I noticed that in talking with yon he
had at first a very affable and inoffensive

*E

ii

his tricks, his evil

purpose disclosed itself.

35 To handle the great sword, lift the
standard stone and draw the stiff
bow; these were the feats of bygone
years, but now I can not essay such

ja

exercises.

Not KB.
8

M^

''
slightly bookish, though often used. ^| $J|
the more common spoken form.
9 Or, it is just as it was be/ore.
10 In the South
SI is only used of women and
children, not of men, who have queues.

is

12 The pupil probably mistook j|f for fji or j?

and got a stroke of the ruler to assist his memory. Striking
on the hand with a ruler is almost the only mode of punishment used by Chinese teachers. JjjJ f^ is the more proper
and general term for the ferule, though it is sometimes called
WL J> especially in Peking. The bas%inado used by magis-

His original name was ||,

of ^.
He lived from 1231
f6- Chief of the West.
to 1135 BC, and after his death was canonized as j$C JE
He was renowned for virtue and wisdom. He revised the
Book of Changes and wrote comments on it.

3t The Duke

and

his title

jE^

The son
His

B.C. 1169.

3E> to whose dukedom he succeeded

name was f$, and he was canonized

of 3$C
real

first in excellence,^?r<-ctoss.
is here best rendered into

3i- His great achievement was the overthrow of the

whose throne
tyrant iM" *? the last of the Shaug dynasty,
he took and became founder of the (Ji!)) Chou dynasty.
of ~$t ], and brother of jgC 3EJjD S- The fourth son
He materially assisted his brother in obtaining the throne,
and throughout his reign was his most valued counsellor. He
drew up a code of laws for the empire, and is reputed as the
inventor of the mariners' compass.
?L * Confucius, the last and greatest of Chinese

English by an indirect interrogative.

31 We have here the stereotype enumeration of Chinese
sages.
They are arranged in the order of time.

He
His real name was ^PL ],, and his title fip )&
sages.
He was neither emperor nor
lived from B. C. 557 to 479.
His greatness was in his virtue, his wisdom and his
prince.

trates is called

17
21

Jtft

'

i^r

in Shanghai.

29 The

'

ifijt

-p.

$k

The.

younger of two

The name

The Jg

'

of

means

direct interrogative

sisters.

two

storied tea house

1; The first Emperor of reputed Chinese history.

the great model of wisdom and virtue in a sovereign.
reign began B.C. 2357.

He

is

His

The second Emperor of reputed history. He was

chosen by 53 and associated with him for thirty years in the
government. He mourned for his predecessor three years
and then formally assumed the government B.C 2255.
j$ also called j( j|, The Great Yii, or #$ 3j, The
Divine Yii. He is reputed to have been a descendant of Hwang

He was chosen as his successor by 5f and succeeded to

the throne B.C. 2205, and became the founder of the Hia
dynasty. The great achievement which procured for him the
throne, was the draining of the land from a great flood, at
which he labored incessantly for nine years.
Ti.

jfji
jj|

wise and virtuous prince

Chie, the last of the

of the

Shang dynasty.

who overthrew

the tyrant

Hia dynasty, and became the founder

as jf

~Y Mencius, is not ranked as a sage (|g

by the Chinese, but as a ^C ft <* 9 r^at worthy.
34 In this sentence, which is taken from the Pilgrims'
Progress, BJ| 'ri is used in sense of at first, which is not
its proper meaning, though said to be sometimes so used in

learning. jfe

Peking.

is

j[ 5fe

the better

word

for

the connection.

unawares some concealed charcater or design. The figure probably comes from the discovery
of some ambush or stratagem in war by the footprints of the
1
1
horses.
El is spoken both wet* pa and fi pa , but the
1
extend
to
the
derived
sense of J|.
reading i does not generally

tti

Bh SB

2j5

To

reveal

^fi

35
ta

^ fc J} To
??

This

flourish aloft the heavy cutlass or halberd.

is > heavy
or |f
oblong stone

I ^1

with niches cut in it for handles. The feat consists in lifting it

up by main force on the knee, and then taking it in the anna

aud standing erect with

it.

$& | 7 To draw a

stiff

bow

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 120.

* m #

w>

* # & it n m%#m
ft. w
* # * ^ * w* .
&
m # $ i* n
t i 1 i I #
* ft 31 H ft H> &
if iC
ft ft A fJL
HB # I W . !. o
W # M ft S 31 $

z m $

m,

si38

30 I uever was, and am not now, at

enmity with you.
37 There is a tradition that in Did times
if a man did not die before he was

*
n

^^

sixty

the point oj the arrow.

xercises of the Chinese.

36

He

The Chinese

firat

man.

they

buried him

a general way, as ancient times.

The Divine Hutbandman,

He was

the second

legendary emperor, and successor of { ^. He is reputed

to have
reigned from B.C. 2737 to B.C. 2697. He made ploughs,
and taught the people agriculture. He also
taught the people the use of plants for medicine, and instituted the holding
of markets. He is now
worshipped as the God of Agriculture.

a mythioal
]5f
character alleged to have been the firat development out of
chaos, and to him is attributed the setting in order of heaven
and earth. Various wonderful storieaare told concerning him.
Also called jg
{ft
J^, the first Emperor of
Chinese legendary history. The period commonly asaigned
He instructed the
to the beginning of his reign is B.C. 2852.
people in the arts of hunting, fiahing and pasturage. He
invented the eight diagrams, established the lawa of marriage,
and constructed musical instruments.

38

of, in

ffc

These are the three chief athletic

old,

38 The time when P'an Ku opened the

heavens and divided the earth was
primeval time. The times of Fu Hsi
Shin Nung and Hwang Ti were primifc
tive times; the times from Yao to
Wa Wang were mediaeval times, and
the times preceding and following
Confucius and Mencius are spoken

37

to

years

alive.

1
o

ifr

341

ia

j|

'"ft?

The Yellow Emperor.

He was

the third and last

He regulated the customs of the people

and taught them how to make utensila of wood, pottery and
metal, also how to build boats and construct wagons.
legendary emperor.

IiIESSCGSr

02C31.

General.

Future Time

Afterwards, subsequently
after.
following a noun,

^^|
%jl

)&

^|

^
^

when

directly

Hereafter, henceforth, in future, since.

Afterwards, subsequently, by and by.

Afterwards, hereafter, after, in future,

subsequently.
In the future, at a future time, by and
A book form, sometimes used
sometime.
by,
in colloquial.

Z.%. A

book form of 1

fc, but

un-

not

t'reqaently used in colloquial.

henceforth, (h.)
(fij ^ Iu futnre, hereafter,

^^

Afterwards,

and

then,

then,

sub-

sequently.

$11^

At

once,

forthwith, thereupon,

after-

wards, following.

^\^

Properly day after to-morrow, but some-$|

times used indefinitely, especially in books,in
future,

by and by, hereafter.

ft ltf" or Jg, E 1U Henceforth, from this

time forth, after this. The Chinese seem quite
at sea with reference to the use of ijjf and $|
joined with &.
^fe ~F or
time forth.

ia tt ~F

Henceforth,

fe~T:* The same. Cn.)

BjC

Some

other day, again,

from

only

last, finally,

ultimately.

Afterwards, hereafter, henceforth.

this

used at

parting where we would say good-bye.

In the future, at some other time,
by and by.

J&p

Ultimately, eventually, by and by, ever.

;j^^g At

^5K*

heard occa-fH Jig Afterwards, in

future,
sionally in this sense, but more commonly and
properly used of place than of time.

Henceforth, in future, from this time forth.

$fclttJ## The

same.

+ - s - *

m t

342

m + n w - *
A IP 4 o & ft M #W
X ^ r> IS. 4 # U^&h
7

14

A.
o

Translation.

To yield to others must not be considered foolish ; the advantage of it

**
ft # &
&vxi % & m $t*M* * m>
*. * a. - * *>
&
o
* o ,3$, ft. * &

feft ft

IX

iift^B

ft, SI

tit

ffi

ft.

..

#
** m o ^
ftf ^ I ^ A I S
PP A> IB # * # *

ft4
fft

fc

*B

^2

*E

IS

iftw.^ ft

. .

5f*

7, R|

fc

ft. ff

,.11

*.

From

[know.

will be hereafter

it

we do not yet

this time forth the days

will

gradually become longer.

Hereafter I will not trouble myself
about your affairs.
it first,

Try

and

if it will

not do,

we

then talk about it again.

6 I must be going.
We'll meet again
some other day.
It will never do to be diligent at
first and afterwards grow lazy.
Those who are now in humble circumstances should aspire to be wealthy
will

she

9 To-day

row she

is

will

our daughter, to-morbe somebody else's

daughter-in-law.
mind his getting angry at the
time; he will be all the same afterwards,
[then go at once.

10 Don't

ft

*1

ft

HI

$>

ft

*.

ffl

HI

II

11 I

b a a
# * ^ * *.w
* ft & ww w#ji* a
if # * ^.wiaflr 1 #. f. s.
* 4n o N? *. o o o
15

appear by-and-by.

How

by and by.

IT

Pf

will

tft

will first

ohange

my

and

clothes,

when you go on the

12 Hereafter

street,

want you

first to tell me.

time on the weather will
be mild; you need not make a fire
in the stove.
[trivial matters ?
14 Who can afterwards remember those
15 After dinner they talked together
again a long while.
1 6
Although I am not equal to others, 1
want my children hereafter to be

From

13

this

equal to others.

From

17

this time

forward you must be

Vocabulary.

** RE Pin*

In humble circumstances,

ckien*.

J -^C Kwod*

ski 1

To

7$L IIsU*

hH

-J$Lp$L J

fi

t'an*.

talk, to converse, to disooss.

To

talk together, to converse,

to chat.

i
SS^fJc Chien

ckie*.

fcou* hu*

To speak

shwo^.

/jU 3fc Ts 6ng*

ts'i*.

'fit

i$

random.

Hsin* k ou hu yien*.

Chiao* nao*.

Tsao1 nao4

To act

The same
Note 17.

a disorderly manner,
to raise a row, to bluster.

To

ff Is'oa*.

^|

error

an

(s.)

.A warning, an admonition.

At once, without delay, while

one's hand is in.
Order, arrangement, gradaplace, to arrange; to amploy.

Vexed

Ao*

to regret.

IH'|t$ Ao* hwe?. To repent, to regret, to reproach

oneself, to rue.

in

The same,

an

tion.

recklessly or extravagantly, to talk at

Swei 2 shou*.
l

#jfft Jin*

mistake,
offence.

poor, indigent.

USHj* THe hsin

x
.

Amiable, gracious; intimate

affectionate.

MANDARIN LB8SON8.

Lesson 120.

*
m &

^ n m *&*$
t & p^ # oft,
- ft . fi 4W

i*

w.

S.

*s
5F

*i

tt

<

T m m *

oiJ8ifif,IST.

fft

29

is

ft*

#n

ft

mm

22

Hi

343

careful not to talk so recklessly.

18 If iii fntnre he comes again to make

a row, just put him out.

you are so gluttonous and lazy as

how will yoo ever get on in the
world f
[for to-morrow.
20 The mistakes of to-day are warnings
21 When you spend money, yon should
at once make an entry of it, lest you
19 If

this,

subsequently forget.

i t I i ^
.

T>

&
27

ft

^,
is

&

i^

*.

ft

f$i

ffi

it

^f^^^o

$
ft ^

O #,
28 o
gj|

#,

22 In writing an essay.it

23

4B

#?

ft

Bf.

tt

til

fft

3fc

21

J?'J

fif.

251

Ji,

T S

i 26 ffc

Sft

10

# & m # n
I II 4 i S

lAtolA^ We

hsin 1 Pie1

t*.

&

a.

if

t-

IB

$
$

medicine to be taken before or

meals ? Ans. It may be taken

either before or after.

25 Didyouafterwards see Yang San? Ans

met him once, the year before last,

bnt since that time I ha ve not seen him.
I have heard, sir, that yon have gotten
an excellent daughter-in-law, which
is certainly a
great blessing. Ans.
At present she seems to be everything that could be desired, bnt 1
don't know how it may be by and by.
27 Grain first puts forth spronts, then it
rises into stalks, afterwards it sends
I

forth

ears,

)f{f

fft

23

tfl

Amiable and

Chie

grains.

HI

Jlfi

The end, the

TsP

Pf

Chi*.

ftS

Pa 1

final ; remnants
Les. 127.

last

powder, dust
- %aL

A grain,

It*.

To enter upon the duties

an office.

SAang*jin*.

scar, a

Hwa1 yung*.

To spend money,

~VC

mj

W Wi
iJJ Jft.

To

T'an 1 tsang 1

WW, Lien*

covet, to desire inordinately.

To covet or take bribes,

The world,

To

>*.

venal,

the age.

practice with sword

spear, to fence.

and

-JT^pJW Ta* ch'uen* chiao*. To

practice boxing,
to box: Note 32.

^C<L* SweflAtin 1 To be disheartened,

.

scar, a cicatrix.

expenditure.

Shi* chie1 .

a seed.

mark.

la 1

Wi Pa

'Pan1

of

corrupt.

Torero wd, to push; to press, to squeeze;

to milk.

ICi

JC

Stalks of corn or grain.

5J^ Mod*.

finally it yields the

everything that conld.be desired.

Miao2 The young and tender sprouts of grain;
descendants.
1

and

28 Mr. Chang has no time to-day wait

till some other time to consult him.
29 If yon do not press the pus out of this

obliging,

first

Is this

after

41 2c W.B&IB
J9 MS. P
^t &
#WW#otil
* ^ R
gftW # # #.
o
x
*n &
ft & ^
A
it . # ^ #
***. # ^

necessary

marriage engagement with her, then

do so; but be sure you do not afterwards repent of it.

24

*,*

is

to lay out the order of thought before

proceeding to elaborate the language.
If you are so anxious to form a

to

expend

JSK

I*-

to give up,
to lose hope, to lose interest.

prevalent disease, an epidemic.

Win 1

i*

An

epidemic, pestilence.

M M

344

#,

t
SR8

i t A i I ^

JE*ft*fll.

IS

& - + -

IT

"B

boil of yours, it will ultimately leave

a scar that will be very unsightly.

P SU 30
W t

30 Don't be misled by his present reckless extravagance his time of suffer;

ft

& & z m
& a m & & m #> &
n ^ i & a & %. m
m m & & *r m w
* *.
*\ # * K ft
& m n i 3W m. m *
# & t ft # & *>
- J* * m @
rt *
a * us it a $
5: k & m ^ *. m
*

rc.

ing

When

His Worship Cheng first came

seemed like an upright
officer, but from the time he was

31

tii

into office, he

presented with the complimentary

cloak and umbrella, he began to
show an inclination to take bribes.

Ma Tao Ch'ing was very

fencing and boxing, but
before long he fell in with a skilled

32 Formerly

*fr.

#.

ft.

^ & nt

#
ft.

-.

ft

ft

yet to come.

is

fond

jf

of

boxer and presently engaged with

him in a public trial of skill. They
had hardly closed before the other

man

fr

Mb

ft

sent him reeling back ever so

thus turning the laugh upon him.
From that time on he lost his interest
in boxing, aud ceased practising.
33 It has been said that " blessings do
not come in pairs, nor do misfortunes
come singly"; hence it is that after
a rebellion there is generally a
far,

# # &
# *

ft

ft

of famine,

year

and

after

famine,

pestilence.

Notes.
X

A proverbial

vk.

in the

30

Baying.

Wl n

first.

0^0

the second clause is used to match y(j Bfl

The sentence is from The Sacred Edict.
>

and (g [3 are here used indefinitely, as are

the corresponding terms in English.
The same is true of (20).
17 fg P Bj l|\ OH here means
which is a very unusual sense.

accord with, to

to

follow,

10 JK 5k

here used means something more than

it also includes the idea of maintaining

as

simply to get married;

a family, jtf P tw

liia ready

24 85 Rr XX

All will do;

i.e.,

made

expression.

either will do.

lesbok

Jft

Jfj

~p

it &5

The addition

of

$|

turns

the phrase into a participial adjective qualifying f jfl31 $5 Ji; ~H is a rich silk robe or cloak presented to a
magistrate by the people as a testimony of regard. The
names of all the contributors are put on the cloak in gilt letters.
jlS

j $

is

canopy presented for

Sometimes both are presented, sometimes

a large silk umbrella or

the same purpose.

only the latter.

32 -jT 3fs U5 In boxing, the Chinese use the feet as

well as the hands, learning to kick as well as to strike,
fig)
fl $C ffi To provoke a ridiculous or thame/ul di*coo\fiture,
to be put to sham* or coitfmion.
I

c2cxx.

Steonq Negation.
without, none. When followed
by an abstract noun it often answers to the termination less, as SE $j useless, $& fj| powerless, etc.
$tt Destitute

of,

book negative often used in

colloquial and stronger than > <*)
^g Altogether, at all, always combines with

7P No,

not,

a negative.

is

also a copulative

Les. 138.

Simply, nothing more, for no other purThis

double negative forms a strong affirmapose.
tive, which appears in. English in the form of the
$fe

any special word to represent it

Without not, that is, always, in every-

sentence, without

$^

thing.

HE^

Not, not at

all,

not in the least, by

no means.

BE -^ The
3 Dc The

but

same,

same,

$| does from /

HE $ft The

not quite

differing

same.

from

so strong.
jjfc

as

MANDARIN

lyKSSON 121.

wm *
1 f i
o &
<
R & Au
8 ft .
* * * ft
^# * ^ i
ft & m n
m

\u

ifii

fit

ffi

% a

i
m
#

ife

ft

i
a.

*w m m m
.J0 SL
$1.

m.

ft

ft

* H @
- ^ Hj
& H\

"F

M .
o

ft

* # *

o
fi

Ik

o
tas

^ i I

12

at

^i

LIBB0N8.

*45

346

m ~ + ^ 5

ffi

14

is

t>

m m>m *

mi*

uu m m

18

purpose of prohibiting the people from doing wrong

aud leading them to do right.
15 He has come this time, not to borrow
mouey of you, but to propose a

m m m *

wt

SI

u & *

hj

4\

Hi

wife (father-in-law) for your son.

16 Well, you are a bold fellow to promise
him without having consulted me.
17 That man Yiien Hsi Kung does his
very best in everything that is entrusted to him.
18 Their rejoicing does not come from
the heart it is nothing more than
a transient, external rejoicing.
19 Oh
he has been made head-man,

i*.

tf

01, ft

m s
m m & s
i>

fli

it

#>

has

9i

ft & IS #.
m ^ ^
o S 1 A ^ i*o
* a Hm#. 1 ^ ft A*i m
#* t m%.m
4i<iE m
23

Ift

own

ffi

15

into

th

JJi

Pang

4& Ting
JgfJ

.... An

1'2
.

ch'iang

Ch'ao* Ping 1

Fa*

The imperial audience-hall

tu*

1
.

forbid, to prohibit.

violate

to

To

Jjjg

Jjfc

|& Wei*

than*.

^ Hsu

|jg

lead, to guide, to
way, to induce.

Hi g

right, to act virtuously,

to be free from faults.

The

To

heel; sole of the foot.

boast, to brag to exalt
;

down.

government granary
an advanced %% ~jf.

Lin* thing1.

Note

To

Kou 1 tang*

jjf

Su*fi*.

em-

8p l$c

Man*

hung*.

To

Firm, inflexible positive,

relentless.
peremptory

^f" ffs

Kan1

tswei*.

To plead

peremptory,

ski*.

~%

24.

Business, job,

Commonly,

ordinarily
in the past.

phatic.
;

a stipend to

serve, to minister to.

Fu*

45J h|

An advanced

$15 zp-

robe a surname.

Positive,

Ying* eking*.

tswet*.

To do

ch'i*.

6jSl=j*

brothers.

chirp, to sing, to whistle.

oneself and disparage

show the

Superficial, unsubstantial
transient, fleeting.

Ying*

iSl Pjt

ShwoA1

]| Lin*.

fou*.

^itm

To

others, to run

lead, to induce.

To

Yuen*

The wives of

Chiao* kin 1 .
1

a legend, a

tradition,
fable.

li*.

the

law, to do evil.

tao*>*.

Sao*

regulations, rules.

To do wrong,

i Tao*>*

Yin*

Chou*

Emperor.

Laws,
To

Chin* ck?

^8 7r WePfei

fH

Tin; pewter to confer, to give.

I* ch'wan*.

audience-hall, a court-yard.
the

S" Bt
iM it

feet, and yet you assume to disparage others.

24 He is not a lin-shing at all, yet yon
persist in saying he is.

Hsi 1 '*.

chorus, an accompaniment; intrusive talk.

That explains why he

evidence.
21 There is nothing between yon two sisnothters-in-law but a few words
ing worth coming to blows about.
22 The peacock cannot sing his excellence is in his tail.
23 You have not swepfc clean under your

&.
o^#tfch;Ftfftifcft

24

he

speaks so positively.
20 That is nothing more than an ancient
tradition, having no trustworthy

% & m * * ^ ft w
4t W # w m i*. w & tt
* fl
bN. B.
o

The Emperor established these laws

for the express

##fl
&SSAS#A.
& T $

ff.

affair.

formerly,

deceive, to impose npon,

to hoodwink.

guilty, to

own up:

to take the consequences.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lebson 122.

m x wu
& * % m
m * nt <*
~ * m m
a, n * a

i i n ^
m & viMmm
& m. & m m
m o m #, -*
m *n in -

2Q

i,

m
m
*

25 Here yon are simply serving others,

which is not the kind of business for
a man of any spirit.
26 Since heaven has if) second sun, and
the people have no second king, do

you think that in the universe there

can be a second God ?
27

for certain that in the past

they have, in fact, loved each other

own

brothers.

28 Your unworthy servant really does not

know.

should not dare to deceive

your honor.

If you discover that I

have practiced the least deception,

ffl

cheerfully bear the penalty.

I will

ffi

*tb

know

like

27

We

these two men have not been enemies;

I i A 1 I
I I i
m % n ^ m *$
m m m
^ & & *n
f. I. 4p A,I
o ^ . ji .
P. H * SI
o
o
^ *! ft #1 a
A>

If

347

Notbs.

3%M Js

Without right
jlp
cause, or grievance.
;

without

any
ffc

*1 f

The use

and

of

toithout

Jf f

wrong

; i.

e.

singles out

^H

'a * ne standard definition of the

11 $&
"golden mean," which forms the Chinese rule of virtue.

$$

applies to /j> Tx. as well as to JEJ, as

if

written j$- ll

the party addressed as worthy of contempt, as is sometimes

"
done in English by saying thu " you with special emphasis
and intonation, and then pausing and beginning the sentence

13 Lit., what accompaniment have you come to play,

implying that what was said was an intrusion in the interest

anew.

of another.

Uncles

t&L S3:

family.

and nephews;

i.

e.

belonging to one

Southern term.

24 Sj? 9i 's the first intermediate grade above the first

It formerly entitled the possessor to an
degree of J$ ~%
allowance of grain from the public granary, but now only
gives the privilege of standing security for undergraduates,
It is of no special service
for which a small fee is received.
in securing the second degree.
.

f?j does not necessarily mean that the party

was a soldier, but that he had employment in connection with

10 $H

military affairs.

liZESSOUST

OXXIL

Special Uses of
prefixed to many adjectives and nouns
in the general sense of to manifest or show, thus
is to manifest improvement, to be better
ij!|
to manifest efficacy, to be efficacious; J^ >|j
to manifest displeasure, to take offeno8"'or be
Thus used, If, has no exact equivalent
offended.
"Seem" will not translate it, for
in English.
It is
does not.
seem implies doubt, which
approximately equivalent to the substantive verb.
It appears to be put for Jj|, as i often is in Wtn-li,
where, however, it also takes the sound of Ui.
1.

J^J,

is

^
^$

&

jf,

(in

J|,.

jE

to stand burning, that is, to

Some
etc.

fuel) of lasting,

have the quality

would write g

rather than

This use of jjl or gg prevails in

jf,.
In Peking
Shantung, but is not Vung-hsing.
and the North *| chin 1 (not chin*) is used in the
same way, and with the same meaning. The
same usage also prevails in Nanking and the
South, but there teachers incline to use

jjg.

In-

asmuch, however, as Southern Mandarin confuses

the final n and ng, it is likely that there also the

fc

This use of

fj,

is

entirely Vung-hsing.

prefixed to verbs in the sense of to bear

or to stand,
%$ to stand wearing, that is, to
last; Jf, fJJ to stand doing, that is, to be tedious;
2.

Jl

is

proper writing

is

*g.

joined with 55 in the sense of every,

jf,
day by day, every day. In Peking rt is
frequently expanded into Jf,'35 }
For list of words following jf, and jjjg see
3.

Jx*

is

Supplement.

348

^ + -W-

m $

*&,?

a*

$ W

D&

o &
-VL

m #
9

ft

& $t s #

s#{^

&
o

s?

A.

&

i|

g&

u$
Mb

# r. * % &
* ^ ^ ^ & &

ft

# ft
^ A
|^ ^
v

ft

^H

This quality of foreign print is only

not at all serviceable.
2 When a man has passed fifty, he does
not last long.

ia.

for looks, it is

#
SB* i ^
B# ft ^
i'i it
ft
n P #
7-. 7. *.
ft 3 Ml
& &

tedious job.

6 Ohang Shit Toa's son is at home in a

very critical state. I mustgo and see him.
6 I have heard that this road is not a
long hundred li how is it that it
seems so long ?
7 When one has a good living and something todo.time slips away very quickly
:

I saw his essay to-day, and certainly

he has made great improvement. He
writes very much better than formerly.
9 He has grown old very rapidly these
two years half his hair is gray and
his face is wrinkled.
10 His fever is now a little lower, but

J|

;|p

ft

^#j^j^ a

T.

1I

* % mm #. %

T M*

7.

Wk
ft

Bfe.

o
4

ft k je

his disease is worse.

is at home sick with

the small pox. This is seven days,
and the pustules have not yet filled
with lymph. Yesterday he took a
dose of medicine, and to-day he seems

Pao Hsing-tsi

11

A $ # H
A * J!
A # Hft7
ft> W *? H Jl ft * ?if
H - 7- &
$l -& m *i is % ^ j^
at w o $ 7
o ^ #
. & a ft #
Si 4P a
* ffltt #
* * if # tt.
o

it

has taken every kind of medicine

withon t producing the least improvement.

4 This piece of work seems to be quite

inconsiderable, but really it is a very

Iti

ig.

He

Si

iP4
& m

7.

o #*

ft

ffl

Translation.

ft

a r + z i -

tw

Ufc

earned by the sweat

squandered.
13 In this out of the way place of ours,
the prices of things are very uncertain.
Without notice they suddenly rise,
and then as suddenly fall.

=fir

JfiL

Vocabulary,

/
1
j Chin

To

$Ep Tot?.

pf::l Ohang* chin*.

1$

is

of the brow, it is spent sparingly. If

it comes too easily, even if a man has
it by the million, it will soon be

i2

little better.

When money

12

bear, to stand. See chin*.

kind of

bell; to incite, (w.)

To improve, to grow
knowledge or skill.

in

Wrinkled, shriveled, furrowed.

Chou*.

$[. Wen*. Figures

woven on

trace.

Wrinkles, furrows.

To ponr into and fill, tofil up; to

pour down (as medicine), to drench.

Kwan*.

cloth, a line, a

Secluded, rnstic departing from the

right, depraved; partial; cramped;
"

P'i*

Also pet1

PHen 1

m&rk,

Out of the way, secluded, bye;

depraved askew, lopsided.
Decayed, spoiled, useless. A\no ts'ao*.
.

p'i

Tsao1

Tsao 1 Ian 4

Decayed, rotten, spoiled.

Lesson 122

350

WW

,8
tfr>

$C

Translation.

m, m*

m A ^
m & a &
u

ft

fa

n. 6

fft

ft. ft.

. ft

95

The more obstreperous yon are, the

more I will whip yon.
2 The more I read of this book, the
more interesting it becomes.
3 The more children are indulged, the
1

fllf

K H + - U -

fr

m= + -w- #
*. h ft ^ ^

l2

m>

&

worse they are spoiled.

4 The poorer one is, the worse his luck.
5 The more anything fears exposure,
the faster it spreads.
[anger.
6 The deeper the enmity, the greater the
7 I have already lost over twenty thousand cash. I might as well stake a few
more tens and recover my money.
8 The snow that fell the day before yesterday the farther east you go, the

3.

^$

M A ^ *T
ft A: ^ * ff ^. W * <.
# M^ ft *. tt WM o * o
&.%*& o jR ^ Ifc '1 m
& * : J$ 1 Q 1 i ^
jH-Tjfitt * *. + m % m w
tt nil
* ft # T ft. $ *
m

*f

S.

tt

'I*

deeper

10

[the better.

gratification.

10 The stronger and braver a soldier is,

1 1 When
any one meets with some very

unexpected good fortune, his rejoicing

the greater.
[all the more.
12 Speak of his being fat, and he pants

HoJlltAi-OKi
itt

it is.

9 The more any one gives rein to his

lusts, the more he longs for their

is all

Notes.
2
heir

-T^

He

Cannot stand the ux.nr and tear that flesh

is

to.

The
12 jfil ff Bloody sweat, expressive of severe toil.
same idea is more fully expanded in the saying, jfj }
%H $} & By drP s f hl00d and
nlJul
Wl ?f
drops of sweat has this money been earned.
13 IE. JPt
5& hsJ A figure drawn from the sudden
and unexpected manner in which gods and demons arc sup-

'St
posed to appear and disappear. tJ jgj IffL Ik Ut
Kiau very common idiomatic form, somewhat analogous to
the English phrase, "no sooner said than done."

18 Zj

A^

notice the offence

H,

>J'

A is

of on* bentmth him.

The great

man

does not

A* thus

used,

H, does
i

nr

not illustrate the idiom of the lesson as does the rending

with

20

&.

S'J

JE,

3? A common form

of apology,

which seems

embarrassing to a foreigner. H, gg To manifest

laughter, that is, to laugh at. In Wenli jj^ gS means to be
laughed at, but not so in Mandarin. Jff gjf You speak too well ;
rather

that

is,

you exaggerate, your apology

is

quite unnecessary.

21 ffV in this sentence is to be regarded as possessive to

some noun understood, such as i^
or f| -y23 H, ?j? ^fe fjl To perceive the state of affairs and

adopt a [corresponding] course of action; that is, to adapt one's

actions or conduct to the varying circumstances of the case.

le8sok cxxiii.
The Progressive Degree.

serves as a sort of pro^jf To pass over,

It is generally used in pairs in
gressive copula.
correlative clauses, and gives the foree of the
the
English form, the more

yZ 3 Great
morp. (c

store or lot,

still

more,

all

the

more.

To restrain or curb the nature or into stretch a point and do what would
not otherwise be done
may generally be tran-

singly, and sometimes in pairs in

correlative clauses. j& without f| is notused singly.

by the phrase, might as well ; sometimes,

or let us just, will approximate the
ahead,
go

A book form equivalent to jjjj f| and

sometimes used in speaking, especially iu the South.

idea.

>^|^

All

the

more, yet more,

still

Sometimes used

^U

^t

j?E

clination,

slated

It

venture.

nearly always includes the idea of a

MANDARIN

Lesson 123.

mn m g m

w m

#>

I.R8HBN8.

951

13 The more yon yield to him, the more

presumptuous he becomes.
14 The more excited I grew, the worse I
did.
Dear me, but it was vexatious
15 The more others learn, the wiser they
become ; bnt the more yon learn, the

#.

more stupid you

M M

>

*a

ifc

ffl

*tt&ftlt*Eft
|

jtf

jtf

W.

98.

*i

>l>

*.
o

tT.

=S

SB

81.

ffl

itt

m
&
$
m

9)

]|

Pli

,i,

$fe

ft

#, o ^22421^

ft

i$

& - ^ a n &
23

& *

ji

t.

n m

ft

>*

[careful.

18 There was nothing special about him

when young, but afterwards the older
he grew, the more promise he gave.
19 Since he trusts us, we ought all the
more to deal sincerely with him.
20 "Either don't begin at all , or else don't

f ^f
o m^# is ds -o a .
m*M at * i * A***!*
5^ 7$ ^ $r ^ o
y # jr. f m mm
o * & * f
ft ft To o
I

are.

From

that time I was still more

1 7
The more that spectators are present,
the more strenuously he exerts himself

16

quit till you have finished."

Having
offended him, I might as well settle
once for all which is the better man.
21 It is excessively hot to-day there is
not even a breath of air and the
more cold water one drinks, the
thirstier he becomes.
22 When I saw these chop-sticks and
plates, I felt all the more hungry.
23 The more enmity is cherished, the
greater it becomes : the more friendship is cultivated, the stronger it

Ai*

jtf

becomes.
24 His cousin is a very handsome girl
the more one looks at her, the more
he wants to look.
25 From his youth Ch'i Ytln Fang was
not very bright, and during these

$. a.

m^m

Vocabulary.
7&|

To pass

over, to exceed, to transgress;

see Sub.
to pass by, to skip :

Yiie*.

Tun*.

An overplus a depot, a storehouse

Sab.
-wholesale, by the
Sub.
curb:
To bind;
;

lot:

see

see

to restrain, to

Sod*
.

See

%( 7] Fang*

Also

sod*.

tiao 1 .

To

sod*.

grow perverse or

re-

fractory or obstreperous.

Enmity, hatred revenge.

fJL'IH Ch'outhtn*.
&$$& Fin* nu*. Anger, violent auger, indignation, resentment.
.

To come out without loss, lo

back.
get one's money
and
Brave
strong,
#fth Esiung* chwang*.
ffi 2JJ

Lao1

<H

&v

I* tcai*.

Unexpected, nnthought

sur-

prising.

3H BE

To

Ch'ing* neng*.

try with all the might,

do one's level best,

to
to exert to the utmost, (s.)

/jl<*&

Ftng

si 1 .

breath of air, a very gentle

breeze.

^
JZ

Tie 2'*

A plate, a

saucer.

Yiin*

To speak,

to say. (w.)

Quick-witted, clever, smart,

f||fj?J Ling* ch'iao*.

pin*.

atardy, stalwart-

of,

sharp, gifted.
Pei* hwei*.

&

Lei*

Childish, imbecile, doting.

Lean, emaciated; feeble, infirm.

362

m t

h + r w -

tf

MANDARIN LKS80N8.

jKSSON 124.

&0 + - -ffo

863

Translation.

354

ffi

$ b + -

"B

10 It is lightening in the south-east

most likely it will rain.
11 It

# tr citft.- iftwj*.
H It & <Q ft
^ It i t a M # ^ tf
% #, ^ * PR ft: = H
%. o #f. m % G
17

w *o
ft &
^ *
*>
* *

11

c,

13

the world

is

and

I only

&st

A^

^ To
JT HI To
3T M To

Iff

To box, to
The same.

ff

^T To
3T To

P^^T* To

not

man, do

throw down

forcibly, to

dash down.

flap

back and

to fling

forth, to flutter; to

palpitate, to throb.

fisticuff.

to consider.
suppose, to estimate,

tTUti To nod; to doze,

To yawn.

strut
fs
fling the arms, to
abroad, to scatter.

hunt game.

!t3T To frown at,

\%-ff The same.

$| #" To

to be sleepy.

For

#*&"&

tTWPJ^C The

Jip
3

fence.

box, to fence, to

you

to add.

strike

To bud, to pullulate.
the hands
^T|f To make a profound bow with
to the head.
them
raise
and
subsequently
joined
1

No

know how

When

&

ffi

matter, of no consequence.
not used without the negative.

tfJS#
tT

a clean copy.
17 If you don't believe it, we will make
a bet (bet a treat).
18 Victories and defeats are the common
How can yon
experience of soldiers.

m*

in

traveling by ship, riding

on horseback and swinging.
15 What secrets have yon two that you
must speak in a whisper ?
have just now finished writing the
I
16
made
rough draft, and have not yet
;

20

^T rf& To arrange; to equip, to fit out; to provide for to smooth the way with money, to bribe.
ffl fr*

a pang-tsi,

strike

*****

fflJpf-WL To reckon on the abacus.

Some watchmen

and some, a gong.

14 There are three dangerous things

expect to be always victorious

never Buffer defeat ?
19 Can you reckon on the abacus ? Ans.

,1

makes

mathematics.
13

A *r *J I W ^^ **r*
* % m m m & b$> w tt. tt tt
tr i l w ^, I -I I i ^
tr

not food nor clothing that

poor but failure in managing

will do it (keep him poor all his life).
12 I do not dread anything else save
a

18

is

man

fling, to

to scowl at; to snub.

swing, to flourish.
of the use of

of examples

list

see

Supplement.

same. (\

VOOA.BOLA.KY.

ft Pan*
K'lt*
il

&

dress np, to rig out; to beautify.

To have a passion for, to dehac*.
sire ardently; addicted to.

Kao1

Shteai1

To

hsing*.

Elated, exulting, jubilant,

^%
A

Jjifc

wrestle; to throw down forcibly,

to dash or fling down. See shwai*.

To

cA'*.

Yang*

Pa

ch'ing*.

merry.

Hsing

ou*.

Elation, exultation

ment,yMK.

merri-

CA'm*.

Conceited, puffed up.

Eight parts in
likely: Note

ten,
10.

Timorous, fearful, shrinking.

most

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

124.

K*m

i.fllif
W #t A mtr it o 4- $
ft * >* ft & H
& .
ft

strike his face ; and when

you berate
a man, do not cast his
shnrt-comings

24

28

in his teeth.

21 Even though
yon do wait till your
tnrn comes ronnd, without
spending
a few hundred taels to
pave the way
there will be no office for
yon.
22 Our coming to-day has incommoded

28

;*:

ft

&

r>

ft

35

it

# ^
^
** * a m m

n.

A g^

a-

*|

21

Ans. That

you.
a

sit

little

S. IB

HI

BH

jft

ffe

^26 3

tt

*r

ffi

*r

#.

IS

W ^

1
'fa Fa

GkH*.

A
-

^ Ch
js

^'

jjjf/lf

JC

'

shrink from,

to

timorous, shrinking.
block on which
strike the hours.

whisper in the ear.

Straw ; a first draft, a rough
copy, a
sketch a proof.

ifiK Tsou* skou*

Beasts, quadrupeds.
To hunt wild animals, the chase.
In Lie*

PH

#Jj$i

lien 3

1
^p Jtti Er*
-H-

The first or rough draft

of a
paper; original eopy.
1
Ting* cA'ing . To make a clean copy, to

M
H WuK

ski*.

The

art of boxing or
fencing
with sword or spear.

Skii

The same

+ $M
Ku 3 tu\ A
pff
bubbling,

in g

if Tu'sang*
Fei

cAW

sound

~N

ote 23.

gurgling or mnrmnr;

to

rumble

To snub,

to throb.

to bluff off

Birds.

The cheek bones, the

to flourish.

Also lun2

To

gesture, to fence, to pantomime

fiourisA, to brandish.

nung

Shettff*
1

The same.

tsi*.

To whirl or swing around,

Wu3

gtfl
1& Ha

ktoa 1 tsi3

Er* pat

Liiri1 .

copy out.

and

in front

side face.

"

Ts'ao kao

To stand square

strike.

W Fa

lfe&

watchmen

aX

Fal

iff

ft*,

To travel by boat or ship,

to travel by water.
To whisper, to chatter. See cAa\

-Sfe

hollow wooden

Et* ch'a 1

Tsod* ch'wan*.

Jl5
Kao3
ffa

(B

frightened.

Rough

$5 PangK
=E

*r

To dread,

cA'uK

ft*;

26 Whether hunting birds or beasts, the

common name is hunting game.
27 Mamma, somebody has broken onr
water- pot
see how the water
keeps
dropping down.
28 Aiming at his face, he gave him a
blow on the cheek, and then turned
and ran.
29 I should not mind
making yon a

ft

5fe

longer.

I feel it
throbbing conpus is probably forming.
25 He is given to
sunbbing people; so
that no one likes to talk with him.

stantly

27

no matter: please

but

days,

is

23 The best way is to

study in daytime, and practice boxing at night.
24 It does not pain me much these few

j&

355

To

befool, to play tricks on

toflourish, to brandish.

Vu\

To open

the

to

saint, a Christian.

month wide,

ha3 also k'a 1 -*.

to gape.

See

a M> Ha1 Asi*.

Ha> ch<ien*
5?
#3 ill Yue 1 sAu*.

A gape,
1,fae

To

a yawn.

8am e-

(s.)

control, to restrain,
keep in order.

to

1
nj Hsi chH\ Wonderful, surprising, remark-

able, strange.

356

SA

m t

SB

5.

ZL

S ~

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 125.

m.

m A

pT

& fK
# * 3&
- i i T
5

-tt

m w
#

p&

m *.

M
*;*,* - 4
mi
T * m $ n
~ 1 to Si T
m - 4L ~
Bl m ft
4 H^6 m *
o
^ *. *.
*B
# ^i
m Jl
to z m
* *. . tt

S
%

3fc

tt

a.

w
#
IN.

-f-.

jpj.

i8

ml

l2

'fi

tit

HI A

5:

if

to

to

gongs,

The

ft,

M A

collar,

m *

flake,

classifier

To

'Wo

drums, mirrors,

classifier of cash,
string together,
etc.
strings of beads or pearls,
classifier of houses, places, etc.
place,
|ft
of circumstances.
classifier
step,
-jj/f

a remarkable
five

to-day.
large

sight

men wearing one

cangue.
The other day when I went to see
him, I noticed that he did not have
even a sheet of matting on his k'ang.
9 Whose residence is this ?
It is a

Wang Chi Tung has had a run of

exceedingly bad luck; within a half
year three children have died.
12 In these times it is only necessary to
have & little hard cash and you will
have influence.

1ft

classifier of things in
leaf or sheet,
sheets as leaves of a book, boards, panes of glass,
slir-es of bread, sheets of foil or tinsel paper.

A
A

ffi

Jpf

string of one thousand cash,

classifier

sums of cash.

f A
^H A

stake,

fan,

classifier of gates, doors,

shutters, etc.

5^ A

classifier of affairs, (l.)

classifier
of
frame,
etc.
instruments,
philosophical

of sheets or patches,

saw
saw

some carp
him a few.

11

also of short spaces of time.

Hat

classifier of sheets of matting,

to say.
,
6 Since our brother longs for
to eat, you may go and buy

&
*

$f A place,classifier of dwellings, houses, etc.

it.

very pretentious building.

10 This morning he ate a slice of bread
and drank four ounces of milk.

window shades, and upper garments.

)nr

is hard to
get even a little money
without great labor.
3 This picture is a shrub peony painted
by Chang Yo. He wants ten taels

of
of

classifier
face,
saddles, etc.

had rain

if it

it.

2 It

classifier of stories, sections of

section,

This cloud looks as

in

M
m
m

TBAN8LATION.

4 Yesterday there came a dispatch saying that the Literary Chancellor would
start from the provincial capital on the
twenty-second of the seventh month
5 Your opponent has also something

Si

a book, plots of ground, etc.

jlf

ft

*r

- t
* m
m. *

for

*r\gir o

xa.

Ift

357

~J\j
|Jj(C

A
A

pellet,
taste,

classifier of

leggings,

roll,

clocks,

medicines in

scales,

pills.

classifier of medicines.

classifier
||| The apex,
state umbrellas, etc.

$1 A

windows,

classifier of

of hats, sedan chairs,

maps, pictures,

scrolls,

etc.

H A basket, classifier of things in ^baskets

or crates; as tea, oranges, etc. See Supplement.

 + - S -

m m e

358

>

J*

*ffl

. Fl

3 &
A & a m m f

JH

j#

it

tt

*l

If

18

fit

#
i) ft 1
T , I ?
I h - +
& it *r\
nr tfl ^ -M a
Jft

ft

tt

(ft

#.

is

15

of a family of five.
When the two armies joined battle,
nothing could be seen but a cloud of

smoke.

sis

tt.AAtt a *

13

have brought for him a letter and a

bundle of silver. Ask him to come
in person and get them.
14 Not to speak of the land he has, the
rent of these three houses alone is
more than sufficient for the support

'IH.

=*

16 Although yon have a fortune of ten

thousand strings [of cash], yet when
you die you cannot take with you a
single cash.
17 When I saw this affair I felt very

it
is

How could any one wrong

another to such a degree as this ?
18 Not only must the husband be able
to earn, but the wife must know how
to save. If, while the husband earns
a board in the fields, the wife runs
through with a door at home, his
being able to earn money will be of
no avail.
19 Last night one clock and two watches
were stolen by a thief from Kwoa
indignant.

& % m
i 1 *,
W o
^^pg

20

pt

_- j^

j\fe

*r

^21^

T.

A.

*h

#s

ft"

n M
ft n

^m

$i

B3

t>

^ ^

fe

ft!

ft.

a.

# m
T * p $
A g
o n* & *

*ft

*a

* ^
H

^
%

&,

i$

0f

if

gfc.

7.

mu

1%

TsT Pin's watchmaker's shop.

20 Take these five ingredients, grind
them into a fine powder and make
them up into thirty pills, of which
take one every evening.
21 Within the next few days, when you go
on the street, you may look for and
boy a gong to be struck at meal times.

DPI

Vocabulary.

$fa

An

ChotA

axle, a pivot, axis of motion

roller:
see Sub.

JC Kwan*.

string of cash

to string

j=| Yie*.

A strip

Fu*.

Fu

An

Clhia

^ Chai
.

go

1
.

9
,

a border

cht 9

A dwelling, a

Note

residence,

house; a location,
ti9 .

To join

Chung piao

$f

Yien 9

Clocks

and watches,

a clock,

to rub fine, to powder

search into.

to

fj Too*. A tie-beam or girder between pillars ;

the triangular frame over each partition,
.

consisting of a girder, two rafters and an upright.

9

7.

a private

U^^v Kt

confront

beam, a girder ; a mast.

or beams which extend from
one rafter to the other: Note 22.

Liang
9
The poles
J9H Lin

fffi*

=fe$t r-od*pan

The wooden

mu*.

plate above a door

or window, (o. & n.)

site.

battle, to

To grind,

carp.

cangue or wooden collar

H^ j Twm*

ancient musical instrument, (w.)

The

$11 Li*

$$

to

hem

of cloth ; a
see Sub.

fH ^t

a striking clock.

roll
fi%.

see Sub.
through, to penetrate
The head ; a leaf of a book or folio ; a
see Sub.
slat, a slice, a leaf :
:

tyf$

9.

The same,

(a.)

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSOMS.

125.

i i I $#=
f I S R
m. - z> m
&

22 Even

m +
m mt&
m m, a&
8
ft.
m.
n
^ ^.
m
mu m w
m
!B
- ^
4 o ^c ^ ^c
$ T
M & % M ^
4>
0S.
m m # H $
A n *s # ^
m .
- $ $
# w. 3\ A
ss m & *
* m & 4_t ot
g A & #J

23

25

O/reng

lotri*.

many, a

great

$( ^p Fang*

niu*.

To herd

lot

of

(Pekingese.)

[cash].

cattle

to

&
~

dissipation.

Tp!

Wei

A rush, a reed

*ft

*i>

subscribed.

27 The

ancient method of catching

thieves was to build in each village a

#n

tower with a drum in it, then if any

family missed anything the drum
was beaten, and all hearing it at once
closed up all the chief ways of exit,
so that the thief had no means of

-*.

Li*.

l 5?

coarse conical rain-hat.

tlM

Coarse
booth

Toil* p'eng*.

Sod 1

;=

4?C

11!

j Uwa*

JiH^ft Feng

awning,

Kwan*.

Tea

set

conical

coarse

of scrolls; an

respect a signature, an inscripa section, an article.

; a kind
;

f&$|/t Lod* kwan*. To affix a signature, to attach

an inscription or stamp.
Ku*
lai*.
Of
old, for a long time, ancient,
"jfr 5f$
from ancieut times.

rain-hat

fa*.

Plan,

method,

t'u*-

gay, fast

stylish, refined.

To rub

3
ifc-ic Chin yao\

fine

expedient,
prescription.

s
If! Yiu

to beat, to

Importantsame

sh'i*.

To have
to

usual,

a town.

village,

as

but savors of book

painting.

Dissipated, dissolute, rakish

Ts'un l p'u*

of straw, (s.)

The same.

leaves, tea.

tablet.

tion

Lei

liu*.

To

. . .

screen;

ornamental

Jj^fa Fang}

cloak of thatched leaves or grass.

.arrangement

made

Sod 1

an

matting;
a ceiling.

P'ing*.

tall coarse grass.

rain-hat made of coarse grass or

bamboo splints; a hamper a crate.

J
2
||E 1 ing .

2Rr lit Ch'a* yie*.

B?

escape.

$^
;

few days ago a friend made me a

present of a bunch of pens, ten sticks
of ink and a basket of tea. To-day
I must provide some present for him.
26 Those four sets of scrolls to the east
look like the painting of Ching Pan
Ch'iao, though his signature is not

25

pasture

cattle.
3

Will

23 One day when it was drizzling, f saw

a cowherd wearing a straw hat on his
head and a rush coat on his back
and holding in his hand a long staff.
Looking at him from a distance, he
looked just like a well drawn picture.
24 That disposition is born in him. No
matter how you control him there is
no getting rid of that propensity to

Ifis

jjx,

and windows with

the supporting plates OTer them.

it not cost a lot of money T

26

tit

you build but three rooms,

addition, the doors

**!*.

^
m
&
7 *

if

will be necessary to buy two sets

of beams, twenty-one rafters, and in

it

359

business,

drum.

j||,

style.

engaged

meet with something un-

an accident or misfortune.

s ^ t : I -

m t

SCO

t-I-

s\

#*&

n m
ft
ft

fa

&
# & &

8.

in bringing
to provide against old age.

2 I abominated him from the

The primary idea

is

3E*

up sons

first.

3 Is this what you said at first ?

4 This affair does not
properly

I*

sft

ft

it

Tbanslation.

come

under his jurisdiction.

7

At

ft

first it

and by

til

* * ft *.
ft o
&
ft
#I 1 JS o m * i ^ i
&#A
h it $. i i ia
O # a ^ f
a m
T. ft iftSi,

ffi

3fc

IP

was rather difficult, but by

became easy.

W6n

Wang

Ch'i's wife originally

belonged to a rich family.

7 There is no help for it : whose fault is
it [but my
own] that I have amounted

XH.

it

to nothing ?

When

he

first came to ask your good

you should not have promised.
9 Originally a Chekiaug man, I have
taken up my residence here.
10 I know that when he originally bor-

offices,

Notes.
8

|3I

Si was

a noted Chinese painter,

for painting peonies.

Both 3A

cvnd

are t'ung-httng

specially

noted

class.herB

oj

used.
dispatches fif is more generally
As a classifier offish, fljjl is much more common than Jg,
which is Wen.
7
cangue is a heavy board or block of wood, about
three and a half feet square, with a hole in the centre large
enough to admit a man's neck. It is made in two halves, and
is bolted together and locked around the neck.
Culprits are
usually sentenoed to wear it a number of days, sitting at the
gate of the yamen sometimes at the gate of the person they
have sinned against. Generally each culprit has his own
cangue, but in some oases the board is made long, with two
or more holes, and those who have been guilty of a like offense
are locked in together,

8 Jffi) * 5L*t the opening of a sentence,

as the colloquial English, "At other day."

is

used

muoh

22 1
38 Wi A few string* of ecpptr emsha face
tious amplification.
13 Broken silver is usually tied op in packets of fifty
taels each, so that a
packet ordinarily means this sum.

less

amount

is

however

also called

jJ.

17 OT 'fj 8 nere very emphatic It expresses both the

The translation
surprise and the indignation of the speaker.
falls short of the Chinese.
'

22 A Chinese house has,

properly speaking, only one pair

The $H extend between these

of rafters over each partition.
rafters, the number of them usually being seven, one over the
There
top of each wall, one at the comb, and two between.
considerable confusion in the application of )$ fjg and
Arches are not built over windows and
doors, but the superincumbent wall is supported by a heavy
wooden plate, for which each locality has its own name.

is

iu different sections.

26 85

fflt fflj

was another noted painter.

X/EBSCOSr OX2CVX.
Beginning.

M
M

Originally, primarily.

5rv Originally, from the first

properly, in the nature of the case.

W 1&

Originally, primarily

ffl Tt.

At

the fact

is,

primarily,

IfS'fltflL Originally,

& n.)

Note
at

7L At

always.

j|B gf

the outset,

at

first,

first,

the

first

The same.

j^ "^0 At first,
jj$J

(16).

in

the

at the ontset

jJEflii Originally, at

primarily.

jJ 4fL Originally,

(s.)

jfG

first,

in the nature of the case

place, (o.

H^SIE The Bame

M JBc^ The same,

first, in

first, (s.)

the beginning.

jtg^jjg The

heretofore.

.,

from the

Originally, primarily,

first place, in

the beginning.

same, (n.&o.)

at

first,

in

the

MANDARIN LK8SON8.

Leskon 126.

ffc

jp.

m # n

it

o w.
* o

*n
a

n
#
u
m. mm ^. o m m %*
o * a.- o M ^ m m
it ^ o m nc * m w
*& K * m M ^itMl.
# m m .& a mm~* &
s. ,8 * # a tea ft
& -b H # iJ&&&^> jg
Si I* R &iM&#n jg*g;
W. W. If < . 4 *&
An -@ ^ *
% P Wt
o

ft

16

20

17

WIS

361

m u t

362

I o H
A> *r J a ^ m &
tt o # M + *H oM 3E
#***&* m, m. ijsw
ftSSft o o to***
it T, **#*o *#,*.
tt W o W jfe^tfl ** o
i i A it >*7jM?r* ^
it H i* &lSL H JtiSl& W
. *
^iafi^lBK A ^
mn &jti&m H %$> i *. sb.
# ^ & 5fc# $$ '> ^ o f^f
& r. im & & m k m #
* A

ff

SK

tt.

20 This piece of land belonged originally

to one Ohang, but is now mortgaged
into the hands of a man named Wang.
21 Beginning from to-morrow, school will
open in the afternoon at two o'clock.
22 I have always been tender-hearted
and nnable to resist entreaty.
23 I know he has always been bashfnl.
24 He had originally only five thoasand

22

*m

W.

a
$0

28

3fc

fif

&

taels of capital, bnt he has

about

-tfc

*
f

A
=&

Jtt

to

men

to cultivate the earth.

29 If you do not believe

23

li.

now clsared

hundred thousand.

five

26 For how much did you buy it in the

first place ? Ans.
I was rich then,
and I paid well for it.
26 My scholarship was imperfect in the
first place, and now by neglect it has
become still more indifferent.
27 These laws were made primarily for
the unfilial and nnfraternal.
28 It was Shen Nung who first taught

27

+ - S -

[just go and]
I have never had any acinquire.
count at a saloon or restaurant.

80 Do not suppose the price

ft

^ W

29

fft

ft

tr
To oppress,

Jj| K'in*.

*.

#n

T-

SB

to

*%

ft

is high, for
the goods are really first class.
31 Neither did I believe it at first, butafter-

IK

wards, upon making careful inquiry,

I found out that it was a veritable fact.
32 I originally intended to buy a pound
of oil of peppermint and half a pound
of olive oil, but subsequently, because

kK tt

#fc

to wrong, to grind

down ;

rSIb Fan*

An

kwan*.

x
1H fj| Lt

To oppress,

k'in*.

back what
JJjjjIijpC

Lien* juen*.

to sqneeie, to keep

is due.

Unable

to

resist

entreaty,

tender-hearted, lenient.

WK Hsin 1 juen*
2
110 ^t Lien* pH

The same.

'Li*

Hi

ifclii Lien*

/>'**

The

as expressive of
emotions or character.

po&.

face

Shamefaced, bashful,

$# P ang\

pH

Poo*.

$f

St*.

pHto

Jjf>

"jit

Mn*

$|5[

$JL

jlfi ffi.

nun*

Delicate

Lien* ntn*.

Hwang

su

Bashful, diffident.
1

Usiang* gang*.

'V&kvfi Pu>

weak, soft ; tender.

To

As

neglect, to disuse.

should be, passable,

very fair.
it

hsiang* yangK
ent

Inferior, indifer;

out of bounds.

ponnd,

used

res-

sound

for the

Peppermint.

See pod*.

The small-leaved water

lily.

Peppermint.

Hfctft Kan* lan\

2
$>$(& Lun

liu2

The

To

olive.

take turns; one by one in

order.

diffident.
if$r

eating-house,
taurant,

to vex, to obstruct.

7G|ty Yuen

hsiin\

distinguished
especially one

in

patriot,

who

aids

founding a kingdom or dynasty.

yX|JL| Chiang

shan 1

Land,

territory,

realm,

domain.

&$

Shhi 1

sash

those

wear sashes,

who

are privileged to

literati.

MANDARIN

Lesson 126

LESSONS.

my money was

#.08

R ^ \#

&
W #,

31
#* .
#
JH L
T ^ fe H

87
sft

#. $r
o ft

m s *
i 1T H

t.

W.*tt*&itS ^

a, 7

7C

3ft

I ^

5a
f i

III

ft

f
# #
Iff

a&

^
W * W
Uj

ir 33

fife

& # m
* i a

j*
f,

&
m.
o

ffl.

When Tseng Fu was

$
^*34#, h
m m ^

as

&*dt

Shin1

s/ii*.

-k

Gentry, literati

CM 3 pao*

Same

Chie 2 hsiao*.

head-men.

as

hood.
rffy*?}

I" at 1 fang 1

A commemorative
Note

ship or of business, if a good foundais laid at the outset, afterwards,

as a matter of course, the longer the
intercourse continues the more cordial
it will become; so that even if so^xe
tion

|tt]

little
difference should arise, it is
covered over by the former goodwill.

1
f^li* Fa

^
h.

wits.

(Jg Linij*.

35.

To feign unreal, feigned dreary.

Yangtliaiang*. To look blank, a vacant look;

$i Yang
f3p

arch

young, he

vigor of

37 Whether in the intercourse of friend-

fg.

Chaste and faithful widow-

little

Ana. From the first he was

stupid.
not bright, and he had all the time a
vacant stare as if he had lost his

a e #

tr

still

mind but
he grew, he became more and more

showed some

sft

was dropped.

project

st.

IK

recommend

mental

fH

^ m
I t Z^35^ ^ ft
n m & m m g& .
* i* m & *
m &m %* * fa m * #a. .

bought

the erection of a monuarch

commemorating her
virtue, but afterwards, hearing that
her reputation was not the best, the

to

&

o"

insufficient, I

a half pound of each kind.

33 Originally, when the family was divided, he decided to live with the
youngest son, but now he lives by
turns with the three.
34 Yao Ch'i immortalized himself in the
founding of the Eastern Han dynasty.
It was he who, in the first place,
subjugated the land.
36 In the first place the literati intended

36

it

363

To

stare, to look intently, to gaze

vacant look, a stare.

To

leng*.

stare, to look daft

vacant,

dazed, stupified.

K'ai1 shou 9

To begin

at

first,

at the

outset.

Skang* shou\

Bt^HSt ^*** gien*.

The same.
To cover up,

to dream, to muse, (l.)

hide from

to conceal, to
view.

Notis.
1 This sentence no doubt expresses the chief idea in the
desire of the Chinese for sons, though the wish to have some
ene to offer sacrifices to them after death is also very potent.

means simply to reside or locate, while y\,

There seems to be
to be registered as a citizen.
established rule in regard to this registry.

HT

ff

means

no

a3 bere used, is not to be understood as referring to the state of things in ancient or former times, but
rather as giving emphasis to a fact both past and present.
These ;iro by far the most common family names in China.

12 W> 2R'

16 }tf 33: Oood to rear ; that is, possible

predestined to live and grow up to adult years.

to

rear,

18 W.

is

U3e<J to

"dd assurance

to the fact stated,

somewhat as we use the phrase, in point of fact, ffi JlJ

means that the labor has been performed and the money *s due.
19 ^5 3| The starAltairin Cygnus. The mythological

is the seventh
is that Vj
daughter of 3E ie Jt
and the wife of
J$ (Denab), and is wonderfully skilful in needlework and all feminine accomplishments.
r* fv borrowed money from
3 fi _fc *r{? for- the

story

^,

$^

expenses of his wedding.

to punish him, took ~Fj

He

repay it, and 3E 3L

and ever since allows

failed to

huine,

m m n t

34

+ ^i;

jr-fc
ft

%
*.
o

.
>

mnmn
m mm%%
m

** 18 *

ft

o
ii 6

*
*
a
*

& & o a ir sj 10 T
ft & ttu o &. |g
n a *p i o * 3\ o
& A H %? J*
& jh ^ # m
T
id. & f Ml *? !.
SI HI
o 1\
JS it . A #
W W it ft if . A
J! if w ft e # O ;d
io

si

igfe

fft

ft

a.

-t

+ r

Translation.

=&
BR

* m
ft m m

Si

<8t

fft

flL.

if

- %

MANDARIN LESSONS.

f;ESSON 127.

m m $ * m ^mmt* m
#
# i*
#H#A 1*.
m tt a. . . & 7. *
tt fa O
OfiJjjj^^R A #*
*fc

ft

* *

fi .,

7. W.
o o

& W W

tt

flg

^M-

**.

#flBi

*;

16 Ever so many have tried to conciliate

him but in vain after all, honored
sir, yonr influence with him was the
;

greatest

-ft

do not quite understand

explain it once more.
17 This boy is too ungovernable he will
never make a man.

18 After

E.

1%

ft

18 They are constantly carping at each

other ; ultimately they are sure to get
up a big quarrel.

Id 1

15

jj||

& # * * # A
i6

at

Tn

the end, finally, ultimately, after

The same, (s.)

J|
{H jH The same, (s.)
HI IK 5i In the end,
ffift

upshot of

f#
Wr;A

the

all,

The same,

them

for her.

Jlp V\ First or last, in any case, in the end,

sooner or later.

5fc |

the last, after

At

3^^
;%

end, at last, finally.

to

is

last,

the end. (w.)

all, in

in

finally,

the last place, in

conclusion.

(s.)

In the end,

depend

is

to finish

dtw At

it.

$v The
after

finally, after

all.

to

called a Christian, but after all

not sincere.
21 Although the matter does not entirely
rest with you, yet after all you have a
share in it.
22 She worked two days at putting the
soles on this one pair of shoes, and
then did not get done. Finally I had

he

a a

you continue

if

much upon him, complications

will follow.

20 He

fti

fear,

so

17

i9

sir,

'

ffc

all

please,

", W - 3t m
&
m m% & # * *. m a. *
#
w * & . $
m ftHi?B ^ ^ M
.
*
& . s^i a. #i &$. nr o
& * *p % u m a.
SI

way

II

4
fH

A.

hav exerted him-

13 Although this road is a little longer,

yet in the end it is more convenient.
14 Buying for ready money, certainly is
a little cheaper in the end.

14

friend woald

self in this

ffl

#**fte,
H".'.it 'I * at
i*t

what

.
o

ffi

3fi

the end, gooner or later,

The same.

After

all, at

all,

Doubled for emphasis.

with a negative, never, (n.)

!$? After all, at all, in

any

case.

3JCJ^ At the tail end, at the bottom, lastly.

all.

TOOABITLAST.
Finished, ended

Ip- Pi*.

Ching*.

To

finish

the

last, final.

the end, the utmost

at

last, finally, after all.

[}&

j] Yien*

Power

li*.

of vision

discernment,

10, P-i*

Wan*

-Pt 1

of,

to

Lassitude ;remis, careless, callous.

2
jo'/

The same,

wan*

A scab

7W**.

% 5fc$

Ch'toei 1
.

intercede, to conciliate.

SlliJjt?

jPfc

?k

shrewdness, judgment
Chiang* ch'ing*. To speak on behalf

iH 'ffl

JSUK

mao*

Mischievous,
ungovernable,
perverse ; obstinate.

ch'iu* ts

i*.

To magnify

trifling faults,

to carp, to cavit

/' sa\
1

tftPpP'i pHng*.

Isaac.

To
.

(s.)

a foiling, an imperfection.

1
JH& Shi . ...

criticise;

overhaul.
corpse.

to

berate,

tc

366

A m &

m % & & #

si

ft

IS

ib

77

m
#.

#>

#f

g|

* ^
* *

obtained an

26 At

first

He

will finally be

official all his life.

I said nothing, but finally 1

gave him a good overhauling.

27 The middleman vaunted about how
wealthy our relative was, and here it
turns out that he has nothing at all.
28 You follow your way and I'll follow
my way, and I fancy that in the end

26

Bi:

we shall all come out right.

29 Liu San was not originally a dissolute
fellow, but being constantly led astray
by a set of renegades, he at last became a regular desperado.
30 This ancestry is like a stream of water

Jt

# - m % m& u & s
*
w &
& $ a #
ffi,

w -

office.

an expectant

-t

at peace with him, yet after all he

was not able to do so.
,
25 Up to this time Li T6 Lung has not

^ ^ S i f A t ^
f - # W * &

[|

ttt

*a*1&.

si

23 Her mother never returned home, and

no one knows where she went.
24 Although Isaac tried his best to keep

- *

# -k^mm
m""rmi m

1 +

its

4*.

3*

ir

flowing forth, divides into

several branches or several tens of
branches, nevertheless they all come
from one source.
31
man's getting a degree is in truth a
mere accident of fortune. Look at Lin

which,

*
flft

$b ft

ft |%

*. > "t

W** hi* t&.

vagabond, a tramp a
knave, a dissolute fellow.

^a

fo

Hu*

*'*

ski

Dissolute, profligate,

1
.

vagabond,

?K P3 Chf yin1

bnt since, but

$& yfa

Wu*

tr* kwei*.

&J

Kou

Les. 181.

Kuni

astray, to entice, to
decoy, to inveigle to draw on.
ta

chin 1 .

a desperado, a wretch.
1
ift 7) &j Km* too jou*.

# f
Wi
f^

reckless and
obstinate villain,

The same .-Note

29.

F'n

To

tsoa*.

Chiao*

Using*. ...

To

divide, to separate ; to
parcel out.
do, to act fortunate, lucky.
;

Unusually fortunate, very lucky.

luck, a happy chance.

kS f^ Goodfortuna,

The

literary

examinations

Sa 3

To

scatter, to sow, to

to leak
Wlffiik

See sa

put forth,

a strenuous
ffliffljl

j|ff

Fanf P'o*1-

$$}

|t

Kao 1

Tsan 3

effort,

to

make

a spurt.

The same

( L -)

To urge forward, to hasten.

To do with one's might, to
make a strenuous effort, (l.)

Tsan*

to spill.

Sa* p'oa 1. To do with one's might,

rascal, a knave, a

Wt7)ffli

fcao*.

held in each prefecture

Note 31.
by the f g^, or Literary Chancellor
To
dwell
a
surname.
y^ Sung*

To lead

yin*.

Yuen*

as,

sharper, a renegade.
1

Hsien exami; at the Fu and

nations he stood at the tail end, yet
at the recent collegiate examination he

^ -%
fix

(s.)

Only because, inasmuch

Yu N6ng

-.

(c.)

tramp; a

dissolute fellow,

*%

chin*.

raised sweet cake, either baked or

steamed.

HI M HI CW

JU 5fP

Chao* te\

3f

Tan*hwang*

iSl

pf '/|f

3H
%%

Tan* chHng 1
Tan* poa*.

K'ao*.

A sponge cake.

tani kao 1.

To

To mix, to stir.
The yolk of an egg.
The white of an egg.
The white of an egg.

toast, to bake

to dry at the fire.

 * ft
- ft
& ^ H $ 7.
ft *a ft 1 ^ M :> X
o o
#
ft tt
%, ^
* ** m ^
* * ** * 7 a
m 1 7. -ftfll
ft H
*o n t. & m o W 7. ft. ft
m m n m m
ft flL
%> m x m>
Sit, ft PB. $
b# tr #j fi ^ m m *
ft & m m #
fl ft.

happened onthe right theme, and

Pi

ffl

thing is for ns to go back.

33 I have rubbed this garment with hot
water and soap, and have taken it to

Jfc

32

33

Hfe

the river and rinsed

is still not clean.

is

2.

and

after all

it

mm

three

35

making a strenuous

he after all carried

effort,

li

it

from the

bridge.

Fu

T'ien, the dessert is all used up

you may make a sponge cake to-day.
If you do not know how, I will teach
How do yon make it ?
Ques.
yon.
Ans. Take of eggs nine ounces, white
sugar nine ounces, and flour five
;

ounces
first,
thoroughly mix the
yolks of the eggs and the sugar, then
add the flour and stir till quite smooth
lastly, beat the whites of the eggs
into a froth, and mix all together,
:

m a #

&

firewood, but by

6 777$.

m &

*, ft

it,

34 Everybody said that Snug Ch'eng J6n

could not carry two hundred catties of

5fo

ffl

after

gradnated in the fifth place of honor.

32 I exhorted him with the best intention*,
but he quite refuses to hear. The best
all

iff.

to

M7

MAHDARIN LBSSOMS.

Lesson 127.

*f

ft

<&

7"

*n

stirring lightly,

and bake at once.

Notxs.
I The works of Menelns are for oenvenienee divided
into two parts, called _fc and ~|*\ which are usually bound

volumes.

in separate

0lj

is

here

used in

its

primary

sense, and, properly speaking, does not illustrate the subject

of the lesson.

This

is

and Taoist writers, and

is very ancient.
JlJ ifff qualifies
have
|, meaning that when good and evil conduct
reached the limit set to them by fate, or by the gods, there
will then be a recompense.
ip$ is the usual writing, though
wonld
seem more forcible. If it
and
is
sometimes
found,
$
be used the sense is certainly, rather than finally:
9 A more literal rendering would be, after all when one
does good, the one who gels the good is himself, and when one

does

evil, the

to call each other $S, Jfi.

It is not an uncommon trick for
the go-between to deceive one party (or both) in regard to

the circumstances of the other.

a very useful and important laying. It is not

drawn from classical sources, but is found used by Buddhist

/tj IRJ a humoroaa appellation which defies literal translation into English.
27 As soon as a betrothal is ooncluded the families begin

one who suffers the evil

II The use

is

himself.

implies that the person referred to

had been the recipient of favor. The translation gives the

^3

of

without any special word.

that the other party
constrained to give to the party interceding, henoe

approximate force

IB !& US

is

of

jg

the

"face"

felt
it

practically equivalent to influence,

22 To
86 ^lf wk

a shoe,

To

get

to sew the sole

a vacancy ; that

is

fast to the upper.

Is,

y%

'

Jjjl

is

applied contemptuously.

31 The candidates for literary degrees in each district

are first examined by the district magistrate (jjpft ^)i and
the beet noted and reported.
All the candidates in each
prefecture are then assembled and examined by the prefect
the best noted.
All this is preparatory to the
(fl-f 3%), and
examination by the
DE' who makes the circuit of his

province twioe in three years, and holds examinations in each

Fu city, and confers the degrees. JSjfj 33 J63 To hit the
It is a common thing for candidates to write out, in
miniature hand, copies of superior essays on standard themes
and conceal them on their persons, or to commit a number of
such essays to memory, in hope that the theme given may

theme.

prove to be one of these.

to get a position

which has been made vaoant by death or otherwise.

0l $J Turn knife-tendon or muscle, that is,

29 fe'j Ti
a piece of tendon or muscle so hard and tough that the knife
glances off it, (some say so soft and flabby that it rolls under
the knife), a fellow so depraved that no appeal to virtue or
reason, or even to force, makes any impression on him.

?jjl

When by

such means a oandidate

essay, on the

himself in possession of a first class

required theme he is said to $6 its-

finds

lift

668

m a + n w *
o o 4* # ft {9
f| $ o
#
# 8 H. ^ T. m,
m J&. * ff & o Af. o

As soon as he saw the IetteT from

home, he wag wild with joy.
2 These two texts are diametrically
1

fli

opposite.

7
ft

*n

#,

s&#

to

m m k

B & &

jE

ji

*i

is

*M i
je
& m m
MS
ft
^ IR

if
[

ft

- *

mi.

A ^
12

to

to.

ft

ib

of three lessons,

*f

w.

T>

ft

>

+ m $
m M %
in

has already served as the basis

it

'3E One

the wrong, the other the

reverse of each other, opposite

right side, the

Bides; negative and positive.

5R ft Coming and
%} and
3p A
and

forth, intercourse.

going,

baek and

'

The same
and of

distinctions of rank,

9
10

**.

character.

alter-

the

also applied to other

siase.

more orderly

11 It will be

for yon to go

in pairs.

*I 2

12

When men
row

begin to grow old, the marbones gradually dries up.

in their

jf jK A man and a woman male

Advancing and receding by
and
Flourishing and
ebbing
by
progressing and
changing.
Red and white by
^Rising and
by turns;
'

and female.

*=&

'rSi

turns

flowing

'${

fluctuating.

'Jst

turns,

declining

receding,

turns, alter-

-IrJ

-j^t

nations of color.
JtE

falling

bobbing up and down; heaving. These are but

specimens of many others like them.

is repeated with the same word, it

When
denotes order of arrangement or succession : as,

Row by row
f^ '18 One grasp
by One
by
Ip 'fp One
\*$

wife
a concubine,
iJ
one a wife and the other a concubine.
-JX.

to

'

>

Cold
hot by turns,
J^"
nations of temperature, changeable.

'h

soon as the teacher comes, the

scholars are qniet.

CoMPosmoH.

is
When
repeated with words of opposite
meaning, it denotes alternation, transition, or
enumeration: as,

}%.

When you plant them in rows this

way, do they not look much better ?
Without realizing it we have had
intercourse for upwards often years.
My memory is poor : in a twinkling I
have forgotten.
The weather has been changeable
recently, hence there is much sickness.
One of the two women he has with him
is his wife, and the other a concubiue.
If pus were not forming, would it be
a throbbing pain P
1 knew at a glance that she was a bad

*.

requires still another.

is joined with a verb it marks the
When
exact point of time of the action, and may be
It is usually
rendered, just as, the moment, etc.
followed by a flft in the next clause, and the two
are together equal to, as soon as, whenever, etc.

ft3

ft

Although

As

3fc

o *.. T.

11

to7>ftl:fc-#$#
*. *
A. ftfftt.

- n

"S

Tbawslatioj*.

10

m a + -

'ill
another,

in rows, in ranks.

or compression after

throbs, pulsating.

dig or thrust after another,

ott
"Kb
">
throbs, lancinating, (c.)
pull after auother,

by throbs; twitching, palpitating,

(s.)

by

jerks,

MANDARIN LB880NS.

Lksson 128.

m % m m - a - #
m m m & %> m * - m
- *. - i
ft 51 * 4$ ft
16

369

13 Raining this way in showers need not

prevent our going. What I fear is
that

14

tfl

#.

ft

H -

H E>
^. - m

IM^ft

ft

St

T.

^
#

*
a
*
?EttSHifta--**f
mm W Eft I

S #
W

* *
ft

*.

re

will rain hard.

at first created

created one

man and one woman.

man, he

15 The progress of events in the world is

a series of advances and retrogressions,
like the rising and falling of the tides.
16 Laying by year by year, affluence will
1

naturally ensue.
He will not allow me to speak. Whenever I speak, he finds fault with what

%1H T.ffi* ffi

o R* 7 ^!n
T.

it

When God

I say.

have been very unlucky to-day.

Just as I was going out, I struck my
head on the door frame and raised a

18

*.

great lump.

ft*.
o
Ji,

fc

^F

;f

20

m a h. ti
i t ^ i
. * %
- . W 1
fr .* *
- ttft&ft
22

^ ^ One
One
-^ ^ One

pair

^ 14 To

ft

ft

W o
js
ft % *
i W
i
i. i
o 1$$ J
T
f I, o & A, A
M ft ^ * 7>
M & # w. as it
A 4

18

1B

5(5

17

pair after another, pair

by

in pairs.

|$fL

|SJL

Somehow my eyes cannot endure the

wind.
As soon as the wind strikes

19

them, the tears flow.

20 The body is dependent on the soul for
life, hence the moment the soul leaves
the body, death ensues.
21 There must be some obstruction in his
bowels, for whenever the pain cornea
on, one can feel lumps.
22 In working, a large amount is not so
mneh to be feared as is hurry, for
whenever one is hurried, the mind
becomes confused.
23 I saw the color come and go in his

96 V&

Piece

in

by piece,

pieces,

in

bits, in

spell after another,

spells;

[year, yearly.

intermitting.

US

by

year after another, by

the

Unit by unit, in detached pieces

1t
one by one, seriatim.

'^
lumps.

'/ft
Story by story, step by step,
consecutively in layers.
Phrases of this class are very numerous. All
classifiers may be so used, also many words denoting time, quantity, or action.
;

Vocabulary.
Wod, 4

To grasp, to clench,

wu^.
press

Swei*

11

fr^

KiP swei*.

scoop; to

in a bone.

the course

of events.

the times.
8

#f '$J flat
'M hang*.
<

The

ck'no*

To

rise

dilate

%% Fu*

^ftJP Ch&

expand, to
;

An outer frame,

chii*.

An

Chi* k'wai*

tL

Cha 1

Ch'i 1 shtng 1.

sht*.

to advance.

affluent.

a border.

obstruction or compaction

an embolus.

The same.

fft^

Strong, firm, secure ; forcible,

conclusive.

To

insult

or impose upon

strangers.

tides.

to

(as water)
to rise in price
;

Wealthy,

hou*.

in the bowels;

The marrow.
The marrow
The world,

Ski* tao*.

com-

f[ K'toang*.

to
dig, to excavate,
throb, to Uncinate.

To

ChiieK

to

a handful.

Ef"

K'ou* yin*.

enunciation
Pronunciation
dialect, brogue.
;

n *

370

**
o
Wt
*. * tt.
$ ft *
#> - &
$T ** & ff it *
* H #
u m &
U 91 to $ w
f & ic i
ft ft
A BE. o ft
ft
^ if ft o 3p8#r
* *g
m n &l
^ m A t t I*

tt

ft

W>

fL

fl

ft

ft

face showing that he fait very much

annoyed.
24 Listen to his arguments as he advances
step by step; certainly they are quite

conclusive-

* A o *
* A JBft.
W. * o
o to
#
- ^ A
# #.
- * IS A .
- to. a
o i i i
* ft ^ Bl ft W,
- *e
m s s p ft
m *. ^ B. ft I i t ^
m> * w
I * $ ^ &&
* H .
tt ft* ' * ..
-

$>J.

26

fift

25 The people of this place are much

given to imposingon strangers. Whenever they notice that a man's dialect is
strange, they at once ask a high price.
26 This must be a Will o' the wisp it
cannot be a lantern, for no one carrying a lantern wonld move it np and
;

down

when young

27

Itfc

ii'j

Mi

A KweP

A M

hwofi?

Yiien 1

Mb

ff

Ignis-fatous.

The drake of the mandarin duck.

The hen of the mandarin duck.

^ Yang
m W The mandarin
1

duck,

noted

Cfcai san*.

To

great door, I lose

it singular ?

3p Ta

t&

Lop-ears
Ta? la1

9
$|t Chiie

separate,

to

sunder, to

^jM^T

Ma

"F*

Kan 1
tl TsP

jfiE

chia 1
eking*.

'.

wife's

bearings.

Isn't

dragging, drooping.

To
T'i1 ehue*

kick, a kick.

t*i>.

To

scatter, to forsake.

$|sc

my

To droop, to drag, to hang down

to move in a slouching way.

for conjugal

fidelity.
1

begins to kick.
30 As long as I am outside, I am all
right [in regard to the points of the
compass] bat as soon as I enter this

ft

lip

ladies get married, their

mother's family always present them

with a pair of mandarin-duck pillows.
28 If there is no lawsuit, that is the end
of it
but if a lawsuit results, I will
of course require your testimony.
29 Don't suppose from his drooping ears
that he is entirely gentle, for he will
not suffer a woman to ride him.
Whenever a woman mounts him, he

2d

#>

in this fashion.

27 Mandarin ducks always go in pairs

and never forsake each other hence

ffl

jfc

A + ~ W

Si

kick,

Also chue 2
to

kick up

the heels.

mother's family.

Testimony, witness.
the end of it, so be it :

That is
Note 28.

tTPrf
jf|| |S}

Ta*

t'i*

Chwan*

The same,

ts*

To

ksiang*.

lose

one's bearings.

to become confused.

Notks.
8 3? and 3 are the proper words for wife and concubine,
but they are not generally used in conversation, jaj and ij
being used instead, either alone as here, or joined with jfj |g
or

~"
O"* rt ^- o** *<; that is, red and
S3 """"" $L
white or flushed and pale by turns.
26 This sentence was written in Nanking, (as might be
inferred from the use of jffc W,t) but the fault of which it
speaks is just as true of the Chinese elsewhere.

An orthodox thing,only used with a

10 IE Sc 3lC
negative, ami to express contempt.

is a book term used colloquially in the South

28 H'l
but not in the North, save occasionally by educated men. Its

here used means to endure or withstand, which

one of its regular mandarin meanings, and is the
meaning which founs the basis of the second usage illustrated

colloquial equivalent

10

jl, as

in fact is

in Lee. 122.

or fjlj iff.
indicate direction and position
by the points of the compass, and generally keep thee* point*
in their minds with remarkable accuracy.
is tfft

fg

80 The Chinese always

MANDARIN LK880N8.

Lesson 129.

371

A+

&

x m

Translation.

m
a.

*
m % *

^i

J
tr

$
&

^ ^
a
Ji

yx

te

king.

2 If he is seeking neither reputation

nor money, what then do you suppose
he is seeking ?
3 A man's purpose should not be subject
to great and sudden changes, but
what it is at first, it should continue
to be, and remain the same to the end.
4 If you buy only one catty it costs
in whole packages the
forty cash
price is only thirty-six cash; in the
end it is better to buy at wholesale
than at retail.
5 The lines running north and south on

M-

^
o

iij

Mb

lis

. T
5

Bo

ill

5 k

o
M

w
Hf
it

is
fe,

*
$
#,

<

^
Jfc.

If

year, extends

^ ^ ^
w ^ i:

to

|J

jH

l&

IS

jg %

r75

iJ

*&

fa

At

the globe are called meridians.

They
extend from the south pole to the
north pole.
6 Those who are so free with their money
were also loath to part with it at first,
but afterwards the more they spent
the more lavish they became, until at

^
W ^
m a It
4

m n

ft}*

It

mom

ahead of

last they found their desires

their means.

0&.

The new telegraph line put np last

from Shanghai to Pe-

t>

ft

sft

^ m m
M M %J

Seeing you cannot get an education,

and are not willing to learn a trade,
what do you propose to do for a living?

lessou cxxix.
Correlative Particles.

&

Ability to nse a language effectively, and

especially ability to use it for the expression of
complicated thought, depends largely on the ready
and effective use of correlative particles. They are
the framework upon which the clauses expressing

connected thought are hung. Such particles have of

course been introduced to some extent in previous
lessons, but for the purpose of aiding the learner
in finding and acquiring their ready and accurate
nse, I have arranged a number of lessons on this
The
basis, of which this is the first and simplest.
others, twelve in all, will follow at intervals
:

&]

$HBl

After all

better than.

iSJ/03

fflr$\ After all

better than.

or,

.to.

SJ J3

JUt

ffiZ.

From

Jfc,

really

nor yet

and not

seeing not

1&W
wards

V\&
.

%\ti&

or, since not-

at last

after all

then.

3 T At

or, at first

not... nor
.

first

then

after.

finally.
Thesetranslationsareonly approximate; they will
;

vary somewhat with the subject and the connexion.

Vocabulary.

JjJC^ Ch'eng* pad*

By

the bundle or package,

Sheng*

si*.

... wholesale.
JS 'j@t

1
Ch'eng tun*.

}&$&. Ch'tmf

tsun(f

By

the lot, by the quantity,

wholesale, (c. & 9.)

The same.

%f J< Ling 2 mat 1

Superior to, better than, more

advantageous.
To buy at retail, or in small
quantities.

Mi!$ T? chHu*

The earth

a globe.

372

Hi

^ O 9
fi - ik. ^ ^ # m
* *. m o 35 T m. Jg
tt m a, ^ ^ sa m m
ft ss. m n
a jg
ft 4> It!: 1S J # & m
- w
p, i f ^
f
$*
m W
jg a = & m m m
%/ ^ + ^ a s ~f a
^ ft
^ o

&

<j

12

13

fc

gg

m
m
m*
n m
%

% m % & ^ n wo
Wm - % & it. # #
i*m

ff

tiM

- $ + m? & *

*f? 1 W

^ wn m

j
*^

B
/frf

Meridian

To

Tu*ji*

Kwan^fu*.
li*. To

g! Oil Ski*

with small profits.

He thought I was a saphead (green),
and came on purpose to victimize me.
At first he spoke plausibly and wanted
to borrow a thousand cash of me, but
I refused to lend it to him.
Afterwards he only wanted five hundred.

14

live

to

An

make a

living.

officer, officers.

set up, to establish, to institute;

Wod
...

lines.

harfl

1
.

...

Ague.

name
.

soiled

for
;

Japan

lH Nang*

HF15

$j |j$C

shed; a depdt, a storehouse; a

manufactory.
Ckou1 ch'ang*. A soup kitchen where gruel

Gh'ang*.

is

$%$&

H -^

Ch'i* cki

Chtu*

0^^"?*

ts'i*

J ui
...

X
V a *&'

A
-^

nang^fei*.

dumpling.

mince

T'<$*

ftjjl^

Ts'oti*

yung*.

a saphead, a mooncalf.

silly goose,

To coax and drag away,

hustle

^ ^J Chin

crumpled

wei*. Specially, on purpose, expressly.

... See Les. 159.

^F^ij

shi?
1

'HI Chiao ck'ing*.

to

off.

True, real, genuine.

The mutual

wife's brother.

steamed

Dirty, slovenly, squalid; weak, soft,

1
H? HI )H Woo

$C

zinc

Slow, dull, irresolute.

dispensed to the poor.

Steam, vapor.
A steam engine.

Ch'i*.

weak.

to open; to provide.

lU

month

X m * # ^ ff * ft w ^
a? ft ^ *j
what
W M. pi?

Cking* ksienK

of the second

m *

"jf?

first

attack] every day, lasting from midnight until daylight.

13
certain seller of meat dumplings
sold one platter in three days, on
which he cleared one hundred cash
another cleared only thirty cash on
each platter, but in one day he could
sell ten platters ; from which it appears
that after all it is best to be satisfied

-;.

$S$^

31

runs lengthwise
;
meridians. See eking 1

The warp

$ Ching*.

9 Although steam power costs more at

first, yet if yon take into account the
work it does, it is better in the end
to use steam than to nse hand labor.
10 A monitor is appointed each week,
beginning with Monday of this week
and ending with Monday of next week.
1 1 When the lady heard that her husband
had met with robbers she was so frightened that her face at first became red,
and then turned livid, and finally pale.
12 Li Ytl Ch'un's brother-in-law is at
home suffering from ague. [He has an

~m

at

I?

tinues to the
of next year.

g- &

&

"E

8 The soup kitchen provided by the

officials, opens on the first of the
eleventh month of this year, and con-

m m
m m
& &
%> 4
#

ft

SB

it.

# #

&

ffr

affection

of

friends,jfmfc^/p.
Shine/*.

Abundant, exuberant; prosperous;

flourishing

excellent. See ck'eng*.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

129.

m
&
& ^
^.
13 &
^ *
^ @

x T. M
% o *
#
* * T
^ ss w
M A J
w
^ M ^
*> A

S #
1 #
T

At last he grew
and
declared
that I owed
outrageous
him a hundred thousand cash, upon
which I gave him a sound drubbing,
but I

to
16

A n ft ft ft

m m *
*. W T.

&
^

A. ft

i?

Jg
*b

fig

IE

it

i&

III

ifr

r$fc>

I ^>

a *

merely

"i-

*.

o
tt

15

16 After all the rain

it is

*
^

^ ^y
$il

Same

hu\

Tsai*

P'ao*

Mr W& Fie*

chid? ch'wan*.

ship,

$K

Chen*.

To shake

restore

# :Note

as

An
An

chit*.

it

slight, still

should not have

all.

not in the establishing of arsenals,

nor yet in the purchasing of many
It is
ironclads, in what then is it ?
in the advancement of education for if
is

St

advanced, of course men

of ability willabound, which will necessarily make the nation prosperous

education

is

iJRW; Chen* hsing1

To cause

16.

arsenal.
iron

an

armored
ironclad.

to stir np, to excite ; to

to alarm.

$2 Hsiao*
"P /$ Hsile 2

to

flourish,

to

advance, to promote.
school house. Also chiao*.

vigorous, puissant.

|E^

was but

better than that

17 Since thesonrce of anation's prosperity

#.

tr

Flourishing, prosperous

sheng*.

words without any reality

in

in the heart.

*n

Chiang*

ft

tt
T>

i f

Mb

off as best

than those of the present

had
they
something genuine in them,
whereas now-a-days friendship is

# a #
a =& ^ 91 3l
to m *e al w.
^ * - a

#3

him

better

rained at

refused.

The friendships of former times were

16

fig

still

the bystanders hustling

they could.

31

*>

5J sst

873

hsiao*.

A
A school,

a seminary

educa-

tion, learning, science, (w.)

/V ~/f

Jin*

A man

ts'afl

man

^ ^>

tod1 .

Chung*

of

ability,

a gifted

talent, (w.)

Very

numerous,
abundant.

many,
.

NOTKS.
to the translation, $} here stems to mean
It really means /or the sake of, and a verb must be
supplied to complete the sense.

2 According

to seek.

&BW HAB

iff

tt

The AS has here

See Lea. 138.

and )&
approximately tlie force of IffL
are used figuratively to express strong contrariety.
6 The south pole takes the precedence in China.
8 In scarce years, and in many places every year, the
officers open kitchens in the winter, where rice or millet gruel
is given out daily to the poor.
:

11 'E Sp ' a rendered husband, because the connection

shows that the person spoken of was the woman's husband.
3 a t'ung-hsing torm for
12 (p?
ague, but in Central

'

Mandarin Sg ~y

is

more frequently used, and

in

the

South

mm13 The
sailed

Different forms have probably given rise to different names.

It is primarily a slotted bamboo frame
fitting closely in the
kettle and resting on its sides ; bread and cakes are
spread on
it to be cooked or warmed by the steam from the water or

food which

is boiling beneath.
This is a J "? A hoop is
sometimes added whiehgives the article the form of a sieve,
and it is then called a Jj-. This hoop is sometimes attached
to a matting top (or bottom if you please), instead of to the
slotted Jg -t, for which it serves as a cover, and the whole

is

called a

li 3
far short of

article referred to as a Jjg; or

and

in

J- is in Peking
Chinanfu and elsewhere a JJ -$"

ff

The ^*
meaning

is

M
the

he> re

As many cakes

/g-.

cooking

means

is

called

or dumplings as
'
. or

^.

green, pliant, spiritless, but falls

force of the expression with

which it is mated.
book form, frequently used in colloquial.
a mere euphonic particle, having no effect on tb*

18 {

t||i,

or

this platter will hold for

of

374

+ H

"B

Translation.

T - o H il ft # ft. W. A
$ # n s m m m tfc* o 3 $
Hi It T> N. * IB p. & R^ #
* m. & o 7. ^ o m m J.
W 31 3* i'oo 7. ii &i 3W ft
1 W
# # ft * 4 ^ J*
it ft ^r ^ *p ^ * a &
^ #. f
ft X * e & II

I can generally form a fair estimate of

a man's character.
2 It may be that he used the expression
without thinking.

11

salt pickle.

ifi

A little ago he was in the ware-room,

and probably he is still there.
6 This handkerchief was most likely
5

rfi.

W^B

T> If

w & & m * o
^ HN= A m * * ft ft
i^o i * . si
m
Mi. f& rt.H* #. o
at

ib

jj

ia

ffi

m ^raMft^w
m a w^* it - &

u
$t m>
j*

dropped by that man

ft^rtl6ffl

-7

&

mm
A-

m
n
#
w

|S2

is %

t?

&

No

& iw
4

mwwm

# a m m m
i2

#$.

one else would knock so furiously.

12 It mrist be he has forgotten again

this, the second, time that we have
depended upon him.
13 Can yon two set up this ladder?
Ans. We'll try. Most probably we
can.
14 When I have had a few more years
I
of experience,
may perhaps be

$>>#-*!# *n7-#,

ttfcHfl

in front.

Possibly my memory is at fault, but

I hardly think it can be.
8 By using one ferry-boat we may
perhaps get them taken ovef.
9 Ying'tsi did not come to school to-day.
I presume his sick mother is worse.
10 Is there any white sugar in the house ?
Ana. There may still be a little, but
there cannot be much.
1 1 It must be that Mr. Yin has come.
7

*.

m.

of that man you most

probably know him.
4 This continual coughing is probably
because the child has eaten too much
3 Speaking

&
ftait?f&g*ft
it

considered a

man

of good judgment.

lebboit cxxx.
Probability.
g^F Probably, perhaps, possibly, likely, may
be. ffc is the most generally useful and exteusively
used word for expressing probability.

Tfufr Perhaps,

it

possibly,

^F Probably*

quite

may

likely,

be. (c.)

moat

likely,

in all probability.

& !$ Probably, most

pf fj^ The same,
jf^f

W> Wt

rji

The same,

or

jfjjl

may

be; (it)

(s.)

likely,

& % ft & # %
I

it

it

may

be. (n.)

most probably.
The same, (t.)

dare say, I presume,

(s.)

likely,

in

all

probability,

(s.)

likely, probably, I

presnme.

$&, I dare say, perchance, possibly, probably,

I venture.

j^ff?
@ ^f"

(s.)

presume, probably,

ft Most

5? ft Most

5
likely, (c.)

fi| Perhaps, possibly,

ffi%

jfK^Most
See Les. 96.

May
It

possibly, perchance, peradventnre.

seems as

Possibly,

it

if:

Les. 99.

may

be

: Les.

56.

31 ~J{* ft It must De tna*3! ^ ft The same.

fH

Probably, most likely,

I venture.

a book term
perhaps, perchance,
but
educated
meu,
sounding a little
often used by
|fcF

^H May

pedantic.

MANDARIN LK8S0NS.

jESSON 130.

&m *

it

it-

# ^ ^
^

SR

fft

* &

* a
m
H. m

i,

&

t, 19

IB*

3fc

mi.

tt

& &

15

it

##
II

41

i m n n
& ^ 1
W
m, & % & m
Dt. ft
m m ^ m w *>

I
t>

ft*f*A

^ w w w #n* tt
g m w m % w. s *

IMIT

f fe M ^
* 7. ##*s*
*

m.m

ew.

9!

"fr.

#J.

15

m
ffl

yeast is spoiled.
16 Li Jun T'ien has erroneously taken
offence at me.
If I get some one to
to
him,
explain
perhaps he will not
be angry.
17 It is now past midnight and he has
not come.
It mast be that he has
met with some mishap on the road.
18 How is it that the Li Feng firm have
closed their doors? Am.
It is most
likely they have failed.
19 He only spoke of buying native goods,
not mentioning foreign goods at all ?
Ans. He may possibly have mentioned them, but I do not remember it.
If Heaven adds a few more years to

fSL

m,

my life, so that I may complete the

study of the Book of Changes, I may,
perhaps, be free from any serious
faults.

21

22

Who would eare to eat that bit of

cold bread ?
May it not be that the
rats carried it off ?
You are unhappy in mind my brother.
Something has been said by the family
which has wounded your feelings, has
there not ?

ft

to

have not made a loaf of good bread

It must be that the

for several days.

375

VoCABOLART.

Shu*.

may

it

A PHn*.
.

To
.

all

multitude,
be,

Hsien

the mass

probably

See

ts'ai*.

pHn

Chan*

lEsi

Pai

Tsai*.

Sl2

Pou* shwoa 1

A store-house, a ware^room,
A ferry-boat; to ferry

^p vt

Vf

to lade a ship or cart ; to

9
convey; to record ; a cargo. Also tsai

!/fc

yie*

P us hwoa*.

l|f-

.To govern
The

Shi* shi*.

a/fairs of life.

, Ching

li*.

To pass through,

DC Mie^fei9

meet with,

to

to experience, to

fg Kan x

midnight.
goods.

:Note

&

Wffflft

Bread or cakes.

Hang*.

Shu*.

rat, rodents.

A rat or

Lao* shu 9
Shang

ch'u*.

To

offend,

to

mouse.

irritate,

to

chafe.

/fij^E Ch'u* fan''. To offend, to affront, to wound

the feelings ; to sin against.

-^'yt

Kan 9

undergo.

Yeast, (n.)

Foreign goods.

of the world, the

to sound.

The Book of Changes

an overseer a surname.

affairs

,,...,... Native

jff Vang hwoa*

Yin 9.. ..

...

chingK

To explain or intercede ou

Half the night

JfT

dry yeast:

20.

iH

To contain

Pan*

S $ P

over.

tu*.

iJfc

Ferment, barm
Note 15.

tsl?.

behalf of

a godown, a depository.
To cross a stream or sea, to ferry.

Yin 9

Vegetables pickled in salt,

Note 4.
seasoning
storehouse; an enclosed pen.

^/ Chan* fang*.

51 J

7V.

;
nearly,
see Sub.

classify, to distinguish, to discern,

to recognize.

k'wai*.

Prompt,

quick,

ready,

peremptory.

\%

Ts'wei*.

Brittle, short, crisp (as pastry).

n w t

376

ft

H *# IN. A
StffrWr o #

Hi

%#&
N

81

lit

m %

ffy

ffy

a.

t,

it

I.

18

F1

tt.

A.

* *P #
m -*$> m
m m **# *
^ ^ f ^

+ H
How many

23

possibly only one.

24 I thought that to give him three
hundred cash for these two gold fish
would not be too much. He replied
very promptly however.
Possibly I
was mistaken and offered him too
high a price.

A woman just now passed by wearing

embroidered trousers and having a
Judging from
very unsteady gait.
her style of walking, I suspect she
was wearing false feet. Ans. That
is not at all unlikely.

25

26 The people in this neighborhood are

Although you and
very perfidious.
I are very intimate friends, yet it is

fit

not impossible that we may fall into

some of their traps for estranging us.
Therefore if you hear that I have
treated you improperly in any way,
come at once in person and ask me
and if I hear that yon have treated

fln k

fi

fit

day after to-mor-

row to the feast? Ana. I cannot tell

at present.
Probably two will go, or

a o
* ^ t w *
* f* * ^ Si Kr m
m
* # ft si
ft*

of your family are going

to the east village

=SEL

~S

&
A^***^ *
M # #

Ifc

HWwei*

frl

k'wai*.

Hsiang*

1J* Ting

11

1T*&*l*fMl*

3fe

WTO

tt

fit

H
*
- m

crisp; prompt,
quick, ready.
Prompt, decided, (s.)

Brittle;

ts'wei*.

Ling*

shi*

ling*

unsteady; gingerly, carefully,

^ao*

#1 $] l$R R&

hsien*.

ting

a& W^ Tsou*
.

Ch'iao*.

Tottering,
staggering,

(s.)

hsiang*.

reeling,

Mode

of motiou, gait, style

of walking.

To tread on, to stamp, to trample.

To elevate the feet on tiptoe a
;

cki*.

Stratagem,

T-ou* ch'i*

ffe ffsia*

yjj^

C/i'ie* hsia*.

To blend,

Pr*^fe Pao* ch'Hen*.

artifice

imbue

to

transgression, a fault, a

To preserve,

to render safe,

to protect.

^
$f ^ Hi* pao
j|
$& ^

To

Mai* lung*.

betray, to circumvent, to

practice upon.

*@,

P'ao*

t'afl.

Hsie*

ch'i*.

pnrse,

a pouch.

A fort.
To be

trick,

tVt IK, Ftt* chH*.

To

satisfied, to be appeased,
to put away one's anger.

j| Hsilen*.
$fe

T'iao 1 hsfien*.

jj|j

^-

Ts'od* thou*.

intimate.

Intimate, cordial, ardent.

be satisfied, to be appeased.
ch'i*.) Note 28.

(accent on

Friendly, intimate.
to

by which

deception.

$t %%;

1
3^^fGi Kwoa* fan

Kwei?

A device

gf Fan* chien* chi*.

alienate friends.

ji

Unsteady;

high-heeled shoe, a false wooden

Note 25.
the foot:
for
support
f$j jf

/j fI

sin.

staggering.

jjj;

improperly, I will go in person

In this way perhaps
we may protect our friendship from
the deceitful tricks of others.

and ask you.

Alone, unsupported.

^ifn ft

fpf TtfaP.

me

To select,
To

to elect, to vote.

select, to choose out, to

pick out.

To be

available, to be practihand.
; ready, at

cable

i ESS0N

MANDARIN LESSONS.

131.

87?

27 After

m> #.

mi

# w

in

*&

ft

ib

m m

m>

all, I

considering,

21

Ans.
it

m n ^ * * & ^ *. \ *b
hi m # w a n m a *
* w *. a* o g n an ^r
T. * # ft ^P ^ IK
S
4- ^ * H* # *. #
w i 1M0 f f& t$ m

28

tobacco

think

Possibly yon did.

I will look

up for you when I go home

cannot be satisfied unless we

hundred

five

Yon may

tried

soldiers

coming on them suddenly

take them by surprise. If

fl.

capture our fort

28

my

at

home, and, upon

it must be that
yesterday when I was drinking wine
with you, I left it on your book table.
pouch anywhere

7.

& m m & m

conld not find

re-

select

and,

to-night,

my

lucky

star should be in the ascendant, per-

ffi

chance we may recapture

it.

Notes.
1

is

here used to express that peculiar shade of

19 fif ffik ia stronger than "Pj ~f, and would require

os to translate, It seems as if he had, but I do not remember.

as-

sumed humility which suggests a touch of self-conceit. The

idea of probability is implied. The distinction in the tone of
pp is not made in Peking, where all meanings arep'tn*.

4 K$

20

Turnips or other vegetables pickled in brine

little bits.
The Chinese put no salt in their
It is
rice or millet, but eat this hsien ts'ai with it instead.
popularly supposed that eating too much of it will cause
coughs and asthma.
?P

to {Jt

and cut up into

10 Different teachers
whether J jr)" or jrT* jj

we can say, There

Unit perhaps.'
16 There

is

little,

or There

is still

close

book

of

26 Chinese women, whose feet are larger than is esteemed

make a false foot of wood which they wear
underneath the heel of their own foot, the toes and front
part of which are bent nearly straight down as if standing

pretty, often

much

variety in the use of words for yeast.

&

on tiptoe.

26

Peking and perhaps elsewhere, 5l * means the yeast

proper, either wet or dry, and 02? the sponge.
18 The front of most Chinese shops consists of upright
boards sliding in grooves. They are taken down in the
"
morning and put up at night. Hence Ijp] ifex is to shut up

To

essentially a

is

JJH alone ia also used.

colloquial form.

and |Pj B$, and

|Pj,
31 ?, and B$ ^, and 5|
and fl^ JJC are all used in various places. HJ expresses the idea
of fermentation, and 5l that of propagation. InShantungand

tltop."

It

The sentence is a Baying of Coufucius.

22 \% Wi is somewhat bookish $5 <Sli is the more

divination.

will give different opinions as to

the better. So also in English
still

&

wards expanded by Confucius.

is

perhaps

$c The oldest and most obscure of the Chinese

The diagrams on which it is founded are attributed
but the text was written by $C ;, and after-

%?)

classics.

up

for the night ia

_L WL m

"iHa

WT

Abound

ttHi

in

deceitful

stratagems, a

book phrase.

28

fiif

8 To

come suddenly upon the encampment of

it by
surprise. $C 3St is to be distin-

an enemy and capture

guished from jjR Wk- "!

Official- star. Each officer, in
theory at least, regards himself as under the guiding influence
I

of

some particular

star.

*
XiEseoisr cxxxi.
t

APPREHENSIVENESa

rSJ T fear, lent.

Th

I ^ear, I

am

afraid, I

presume.

snspect

rt&TB I f^r, I am afraid, lest, peradventnre,

apprehend probably.
Though properly expressing apprehension of something undesirable,
I

fear,

it

is

to

be

feared

but, peradventnre.

5% ?&

It is to be feared, the

WC TR

danger

is.

often used, especially in the South, for

simple probability.
Jgs

\fa I only

'ftj

am

afraid, the fear

is,

lest

is

'Jgiit The same as

colloquial.

Jgjj

t6,

but a

little

more

JfyErS The same.

TO?

?S

I fear, it is to

peradventure.

be feared, lest perchance,

m m

378

t*

~ + H S ~ M

WH

Translation.

$ #>
H a #
3P it fluffs & &
u ft w # to *
* *-. - A.
it # # o * ^
pj n m w & je
w. m Jb m &
o m> m m. m
B^M ,w&<&
7.*
# tl
s
a o tt^ i *
m&i a m m i.
IH

$.
o

ffi

ffi

tfi

tu

ft

m
*

*.
o

ft

a.

n>

^
IK

ft.

to

to.

31*

saving lest our

10

&& % #

early, lest thieves get in.

When

+6

=f

^ M

to

to

% m

is

little

praiseworthy

so afraid people will not

it.

12 I fear you underrate the difficulty of

this affair.

he does any

thing, he

to

ft.

insufficient.

At night you should shut the door

know

money be

9 In such a gay place as this, I fear yon

will find it hard to lead a virtuous life.

as.

a.

have time to

3 I presume yon, sir, have not before

eaten of onr dishes.
4 1 suspect we shall not be able to get
back by sunset.
5 I do not fear anything else ; I only
fear he will not allow me to speak.
6 She says she will remain a widow, but
I apprehend she will not be able.
7 If we continue to indulge him, I fear
we shall spoil him all the more.
8 Henceforth we must be a little more

ft

My

will not

ready at the last moment.

aunt will not, I fear, recover from

her disease.

* &
ft

.get

we

I fear that

o si&to

]0

^
to

ftK

13 1 fear I caunot finish even by hurrying; how then should I venture to

idle away time.
14 You should keep aloof from dissipated

o
Vocabulary.

r&

Apprehensive, alarmed suspicious

see Sub.
supposing, perhaps

K'ung*.

}f

precisely
just
Les.
only that

To consider
... only and so,
;

Lin*

m IP Fan

On

shi*.

the

so,

eve

hwa

at

of,

moment; when the

2

the

Vacant, waste

58 K'wang* hung 1

festive

TJHtti

spacious

li*.

TV, ku\

Projecting, convex, bulged.

away

Bulged, warped, uneven,

tilted, (s.)

To

leak out, to

come

to light,

to let out a secret.

or duty,
{Hx 5a*

to avoid,

To give an animal drink. See yin*.

To take different roads; to
work at cross purposes.
Aaa 4
To substitute, to exchange,
to take turns.

Also

time.

To keep alooffrom,

tilted,

read kung* in Nanking.

tHjI^I Ch'iao* kung*.

uneven,

Inclined,

ling*.

JSJ <| Hsie* lou*.

Teoifi ck'a*.

tilted.

W) Is| Chat 1
|5l

to give a wide berth.

gfc Yin.

Lateral, inclining, awry, uneven,

to relax,

To neglect work
to idle

xSLSlt Yuen*

chai

last

to neglect.
l?!Sq

7Y4\

edgewise.

test comes.

Gay, fashionable,

but,
150.

dissipation.
fp| K'wang*.

$>]

We?.

[?S [Hf

lest,

Sh&

|=i

8a* mu*-

To look about, to glance at.

To look about, to glance around,
to take a look, (o.)

8/C Hsiie*
jJ;?J |=|

Hsiie* mu*.

To look sharply, to look about.

To look askance, to look
about, to take a look (n.)

$jf P'ie

1
.

To glance

at, to

look askauce

at.

MAKDARIN

Lksson 181.

7.bbh ^
O

*fc

S8JSlTKlr.
2

+6

>giao >l>.
l23
o
o
u
m 3 R 22

e m ^

its

&

# ^
a

,n

7,

ft

& #

'&>

& m
M W M A
f H f I
t> t, - m
i& tr 1@ *
n * a ii,
& m t& x
m. 7% tt
^ * ft S?
o 7
HI
* ^ # ^
ft J8*& B.
$&

>

'If

ft!i

15

ft

(f2

"F

^. *,
?&

tfi

s^ 15

m
m

379

men lest they drag you down with them.

What I fear is, that if he gets the

16

money, he will not afterwards do his

work properly.
16 The donkey is not eating his food. I
fear he is thirsty ; bring some water
and give him a drink.
17 If I should send any one to meet him,
the danger is they might take different
roads.

18 There should be two to work by tnrns.

I am afraid one man conld not stand it.

tfl

9 If yon set

pI

?#

*r .
# T. *.
* * ft #
H
f I I
* M VX Wi 7, #. 10 i^& IE
01 $1 * 2S -#1%i ^ * $1
tt t6 ft $ t&Mft~i^
* H ##*** IB H x ft
*.
o I* * 35 &1K1 7.
A o^
19

IW lo^l

over and strike the children.

may
20 The only doubt is as to whether he did
it.
If he did it, there is no doubt but
that it will leak out sooner or later.
21 If I am late returning, I fear the old
folks will be uneasy.
22 I only fear your ladyship will not care

come if you would like to come,

shall all be perfectly delighted.

to

23

fe

flr

flR

*fe

To look about,

ch'iao*.

p'e'e

to

presume he has already hidden it.

to his house and take a

You might go
sly look.

24 This

is a very spirited horse.

If he is
not led, I fear he may get frisky and

tun away.
25 This method having been practiced

ft '|4 Lung

[(

hsing*

Spirited, mettlesome

x
1
fUHiC Sa hwan

To

to

frisk,

Z 3 chiu*.

good

while,

a long

equal to EL IE
^fc

J&

Wei* mien

prance,

to

to curvet.

gambol,

tL ^\

f horses>

(s.)

White ant

Jp;

Tang

Piad1

eccert-

=f^

^ 7"

Pan* piao

tsi*.

...
$|j

Ma*

i$

MiM

A
An
An

ant.

leech

Ying\

W$j

Ling

an ass, a madcap, a crack-brain.

an

fool

The

cricket.

2
.

The

ling'-.

thick-billed

lark

thrush.

w Twei*

ts't

To bear witness

to respond
a charge, to answer.
An opponent, an antagonist,
a match ; the adverse party.

2
s
Igfc^" Ti shou

M3

~r

:Xii

trie, silly.

a good-for-nothing
a deadhead, (s.)

The falcon, eagle, hawk, etc.

The lark, the wagtail.

species of crab-apple.

Streaks, veins; ornate; foolish,

Ts'u* chV-

IH

jg"

{E$i|

time;

Not to be avoided, unavoidable necessarily.

it will

loafer, a drone,

If $| Pa?

T-

for

necessarily, I fear, be a
formality.

so long,

take a look, to

glance around,

we

mere
1
ftflfiifl P'ie

that uneven place, I fear

it in

fall

it

20

21

fK

ii

LESSONS.

Ckie*

$| Hung 2

ts'i*

ChHen*

chii*.

swan

The

to

vast,

promissory note.
The Bame. (a.)

immeasurable

ant.

profound.

ft $fr Mai* fa*.

Also ma*.

To

sell the law, to

pervert jus-

ticefor a bribe.

ant.

^f
*

Tien 2 ming 2

To

state explicitly, to agree,

to arrange definitely.

380

- + H n - *

if

a.

*
n a n m fe & =& *
i i m iii** A & ft
- a ^.fe*

#\ #> W> o W* *S. ^c m, m m

w * h jrttii*> ^ m m &
ft fr # a 7 nr>
^
* si w # ft m w ^
iSC

tfy

Hfe

26 Yang T'ai Yie

=ff

27

is certainly a good
magistrate. No matter what the case
may be, he is exceedingly careful, lest
perchance he should do some injustice.

w $ *
a ** # &$ #, m * #
7 S i?
$t

ik

fifc

*
-& IK
ft
i I I I

. W.

it

e*W

fi^iy!

tt

ji

* $
O & # >h
mm^ jt ^ S k
# W**fti # *
= n
si. $^w
Itfc

St,

fi

30

fellow.

li

27

appear

* *
fl

ff

IS

4PI

& X

if

*S

1@

in court as

respondent.
Yang the Third.

He

is

Do not find fanlt with the officials

because they all take bribes. If our
hearts were not controlled by the truth
it is to be feared that you and I, if we
were officers, would also do the same.

30 The drawer of this note, Wang Hsfle

I, has this day received of Li Hnng
Fa the sum of one hundred and twenty
thousand cash, which is to bear interest
at one per cent, per month, and it is
agreed that principal and interest
shall be paid in full within fonr years.
Lest hereafter proof should be wanting,

$
b

Nan T'aug is a crack-brained

From his youth he has done

no match for

tt

to

nothing but fight qnails and fly falcons

(fight crickets and play with thrashes),
hence I fear it will not do to have him

29

f*

A +

28 Chiang

#.
o

officer,

to be feared that

paying court
him would be beyond your reach.

it is

ft

**&

flfc

neither a civil officer nor a

he wereindeed a civil or military

fir

is

28

He

military captain
why should I conrt
his favor ?
Ans. Yon conrt his favor
because he is a wealthy aristocrat.
If

this uote is given in evidence.

*ffl>

Notes.
4 (Ji
Itself

not here a contraction for

properly, to disappear.

jx it

>

^ut means of

to

be a sort

South 5

of unconscious transposition of the first.

omitted and

is

follow a mere routine.

to speak for himself, or to offer evidence.

11 The conditional character of the first clause

paying court

in the structure of the sentence.

is implied
In some localities 5ut A * 5

JBJ $
regularly used for
18 As here used JC pi means work, that
This nse is not unfrequent.
occupies time.
is

is,

that which

different roads.

It is
20 This is a somewhat perplexing sentence.
translated as referring to the past, and to an absent party.
It is equally applicable to the present as a direct address.
The only uncertainty is about your doing it; once done it is
sure to teak out sooner or later.

21 ^a 51 #F or
51 is much used in the North
for parents when speaking to others. It is somewhat inelegant,
hut not in the least disrespectful. The second form seems

JM WC

TO
to,

fulfil the old thing,

A book phrase.

here used in

its

R $& II

To

that

is,

more unusual sense

or /awning upon. JR,

as here in correlation with j5t

28

To go by a branch road, and so fail to

17 7^ O*
meet one who goes by the other road, to miss by taking

^W

27

JM.

In the

fly used.

* Vainly

6 Chinese officials, when they think they already understand a case, or when they arc bribed or influenced in other
ways to take a given view of it, are in the habit of refusing
peremptorily to allow the party assumed to be in the wrong

25

jg

3r

is

to

of

rarely used, save

%. fig to let loose

fight quails,
the great falcon. Fighting quails, and catching rabbits and
small birds with falcons, are favorite amusements with

Chinese sportsmen, especially in the North.

BH 5j| A
white ant, that is, om that has always enjoyed itself eating
and resting within doors, and has never been bronzed by
toil and exposure, hence a house-plant, a loafer.

Covet bribes and sell the law, a book

colloquial use.
30 This is the usual form of a promissory note. One
per cent, per month is considered very low interest for small
amounts. Two per cent, is very common, and is what all the
pawn shops exact. Three and even five percent, a mouth
are often asked, and not unfrequently paid.

20

SH$

expression in

common

MANDARIN LFSS0IH.

Lesson 132.

381

Tbanblatioh
is*

Mr

s*

#>

IS:

ft

hSc

A.

ft

1 If

?#

t
$ A
ft. *

flu

ft

'

45

do, do you suppose I would decline ?

7 If some one should sneer at your
father and mother, yon would assuredly not be pleased.
8 Be sure and buy good ones ; in case
the money is not sufficient, please
advance it for me.
If at any time the case is transferred
[to a higher court], your humble servant will find it hard to make answer.
10 If he accepts the offer, so much the
better ; if not, then you may add

5fe.

o
111

IS

lit

ft. im
XEi

ft

KB

ft

Mf .

ft.

$&

j!

#B

ft,

hundred cash.
If this business concerned you,

five

fr

11

would

o
ft

is

$L

10

7-

it

#.

ft

5Fa

willing

case any one insults you, do not

contend with him.
If it were something I was able to

is

is

6 In

ft

ft

not

to come, then
bring him by force.
% If anything be well learned in yonth,
it becomes like a second nature.
5 If yon do not believe it, yon may
ask his brother-in-law.
4 If there were no bad men in the
world, how would good men be
recognized as such ?

m # 3
m
i
U

he

H
ft

A #
it
ft
ft

t t

m
^ ^
^.

you
by any means, speak so

not,

lightly of

it.

ft

12 If you reprove him, he

T\

13 You

is

ashamed

and hates you.

should

be guided

stances, otherwise
serious loss.

Wt

in

14 He

yon

by circum-

may

suffer

a hopelessly bad man

if we
with him, our reputation
will certainly be ruined.

m
i

is

associate

15 The

were

crops

good,

and

if

this

lessor oxxirx
Conditional Particles.
The common and most frequently used
ditional particle is

pj
;gor

fjSt

snpposing that, generally joined With

If,

;a

fjnj

If,

^,

snpposing, premising.
etc. ;
not sensibly different
but a little more bookish.

If;

#WSj
from jm

WE at If, supposing
should happen.
ffS'IPt

If.

#0

con-

Jg, given in Les. 14

j.

fin)

Iff}

^ or ^

generally joined with

If,
If,

JS-

in case.
in

case,

not

from fo
from

>Jf or ^J.

sensibly

different

If,

provided,

tbat,

not

sensibly

^.

l#HIf,sameasg*^.
i$ US If, suppose. A book
Ir
1S

-%i
iffi

Hi i$*

suppose,

If,

in ease, suppose.

Same
Same

as

fg

%.

as

ffi.

term.

if

it

different

s i ^ t

3S2

ift.

4E

&

URo
23
ffl

R
&
#

r.

pT

*E

RfttR

RRf;
R

r -

4ft

^ ^
+
^
it #
^ R ^
$t.
X

jg

m.

f&

A # m * ^

5fco

21

# H

*T

17
tfft

16

ffc

ffi

'it

eft

it

'zk

sfi

51

to

^ $
& ^
- E .

#1

m. 7>

ft
3c

R>

#I

ft

17

8*

fft

You

think these children are a bur-

den

to you,

do you

them should
would be
18 In

die,

But

I'll

one of

if

guarantee you

dissatisfied.

your wife dies, yon can

bat if a brother
marry another
dies, where can yon get another ?
19 First souud him; if you see that he
is unwilling, yon would
better not
case

say anything further.

I exhort you, my good brother, not
if it
to be too confident of this plan
should not turn ont as you expect,
what then ?
if
21 It is fortunate yon came early

20

R # UJ
a. w * m t>
^ & r m t. T. it ^
p. m n l ^ 8R o * #,
n * # * R *
$

|J

"ff

hailstorm had not come, there would

have been a bountiful harvest.
16 If you do not see him, no matter
but if you do, tell him he must be
sure to come here.

tt.

0M

22
fffi

tt
it*

?$

& sl
T. R
o R 1

ji

* * ^ & m -

P. o
fft

ft

19

SB

you had come a little later, you

would have missed [the opportunity],
22 If a man's conduct is brutish, he is
called a beast in clothes.

R.
#n
sic

il

23 You say that repeating the name of

Buddha will take away sin. Suppose
when you do wrong and commit a
crime, you should go to the yamn
and call out, "Your Honor," in a loud
voice several thousand times would
the magistrate therefore forgive you ?
;

ft

VOCABULABT.
Knj T'ang*.

If,

E ha Shing

ch'ing*.

supposing

By

see Snb.

birth, natural, original,

$k Mod*
H& AE Jen*

To
ting*.

3acl3s! Oh'ing

$|

(UJ

Brothers-in-law ; Le., men

whose wives are sisters.

man*.

TV win*.

treat with disrespect,

to disparage, to sneer at.
to a higher court

IfiJ

05 Hwei

hwa*.

SPrrm C/ring

to

shing*. Light, uubardened

light,
unencumbered light, flippant.

Ts'an*

4D

Ping poo*

con-

Kwan*.

feed;

..animals.

Also

cattle,

domestic

hsu*-.

lei*

Brutes, cattle.

To cap

to excel

to declare of

Also kwan 1

age

Nien* fod2

To chant

the

name

dim: Note

of Bud-

23.

Ashamed, abashed

Wflxl Ashamed,
Pao 2
i/Jt

gf ?p| Ch'u*

1
$| If Hsiao

Ashamed, mortified.

K'wei*.

to be

re-

1W
1%

a reply, a response.

lost.

The same.
to

rear,

to be married.

To make answer,
spond

To

Ch'u*.

7Gfc

for trial.
3

dead,

ch'iri1

Jin*

To

To transfer

fident, certain.

congenital.
2
1
iaLfsjl Lien chin .

die

To be sanguine,

mortified

remorseful.

conscience stricken.

Hail.

to

^EP

To take away
wash away

Fan* tswe i*- To commit

sin or guilt,

sin, to absolve.

sin, to transgress,

to violate law.

$
Hail, hailstones.

tstoei*.

Tien 2

To extend,

to protract
to
; to invite.

slow, dilatory

involve

MANDARIN

tiKfSON 133.

fi^

jg

^ f

3*

31

T>

W *.

383

I.ES80NS.

1 I I

ft #.

24

If, by delaying, it came to pass that

you were not ultimately compelled
to pay, it might do; but in the end
yonr legal taxes yon cannot escape

U %

*. SS m.

u m
S
*,

Ji
t 1 I
si

4ft

1 ^

i,

& *

la:****, ji

ft

)i

ft

Kfla

f ttilt

&

SI
To

&>

t>

* $

ft

Ji

Ch'ien*

i>|$i

^ ft
fg

off,

to postpone, to delay.

To defer payment,

T'od ch'ien*.

down

fall

p^

Lu* pi*
1
$&VM. Yier? mat

To hide

given as

As spoken, however, f
or

J|lf

should

be

Hsie* kao*.

in the

It

omitted,

or,

advantage

Also chia1

of.

To accuse

at law, to bring

Work,

works

public

fa*.

To prosper,

to get rich

degree, to succeed in

ground, to

to get a

life.

^jg Chie*** To gaiu a victory, to succeed ; prompt,

quick ; alert, clever nvmbU.
;

not smooth.

better

rumor, a report.

to extort, to squeeze,

handiwork; performance.

f HI Fa 1

OTES.

stands in the Sacred Edict.

>}? fl$ is

lonesome, solitary.

ch'ing

The same.

N
is

sheng

To presume upon,

Hi >|s Kung 1

bury.

2 This sentence

Sp Feng

$&$

of

talking

suit against in order to injure.

fall and die; one found

dead on the street or at the
roadside, the dead body of an outcast.
The same.
{$$] Lu* tao*
.

if

first";

Silent, quiet
1

dead, to die.

To

ico&*.

Chi*

up

gets

to evade

paying a debt.

To
Too*

foot

degrees to those who have long been

hoping for a degree, you should say,
"Great utensils are long in reaching
completion."

to take

Pi*.

you should be talking about

degrees to one who got his degree
" The nimble
young, you should say,

f/J Hsie*.

Taxes.

Hang*

sights.t

27 If

%
WL

payment ?
I wonder who brought a dead outcast and laid him on my land.
The head of the clan says it would
be better to bury
him quietly

without reporting to the magistrate,

but I do not think so. If [1 do so,
and] a report of it gets out, and I
am accused by some one, it will be a
serious affair for me.
26 I hear that in the foreign country,
the houses you live in, the roads yon
travel on, the utensils you use and
the work you carry on, all seem aa if
it were a different world.
If it were
I would
a
few
thousand
li,
only
visit
certainly
you and 866 the

ftiL

lean upon to put of, to procrastito suffer.

; to bear,

To put

fU

SJ5

nate
$11.

**w. *
#**in W

IK
.

i,

# m & m m # n $

. **

Be Yai1

*i>

.-*

if,

25

^&i&*d -
*i&t&& *

ffi

tf

gg

*n

are you so anxious to defer

why then

still,

Either sjf
expand the

expression into p y? fly J|$ y&.

9 This is the language of a jailor or an underling in a
of some conseque nee
yanien to whose safe keeping a prisoner

has been oommitted.

term instead of

JJJj.

)\\

J\

The use

is

here used as a demeaning

of 2j intimates the

coming

of

a messenger or deputy with orders for the transfer of the

casa.

|I

Make,

answer

whereabouts of the prisoner.

concerning

the

condition

or

m t

384

Wv-

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 133.

m x n a * 7. mmmwt m
m '>\ r a # o * 7. n l
A ftftftft H ft o jS
ii *
H ^
i^ f t i.
4$
m ^
ft '# F> & ft.
o
g ##
*. IS W a
ft
* * $&.!* ^ua m ft#i
ft ra & o $ #
<* a ii=
#"
HHA ft # ft

cash

i9

home,
to

13

m h
ft #
*.

2?

7.
i8

* ^ .$%

# a

*?.

inn

ffc

fli.

not

is

you could master

him, I question very much whether

he will help you.
16 In case your worship should yourself appoint him head clerk, of course
no one could hinder it.
17 If he is willing to lodge us, so much
the better
if he
is
unwilling to
lodge ns, we shall have to go to an

ft

<&

ss

his strength, it

him.
14 They are either scolding or fighting
I am tired of hearing it.
every day.
15 You think he is your friend, do you?
But if you do not curry favor with

# & ft $ & m> m

# a # ft!*** a *

ft

^ m
* a

if

^.

ft

all

at all certain that

ffl

$fr.

on at

live

he would go

not likely

is

Kwautung.

summon

1&

it

of

13 Don't you [attempt to] impose upou

him because he is weak if he shonld

ffl

E^ffc.ft

the prices

trial.

14

ffl

capital,

12 If the warrant is already issued, of

course yon will have to go and stand

fft

5Fp

the

in

goods will natnrally fall.

11 If he had sufficient to

15

Ife

385

that's all.

He

has stirred up a deal of trouble,

and unless you mediate for him, we

18

shall have to witness his disgrace.

19 That man is all covered with grease
if not a painter, he must be a cook.

H
just

^
^

have

fjflj

H #?
-

3c ijfr

*#

Wt^
Wt

& %m
or

oi

the only

to,

way

If

Pf If

it

is

best,

not certain, not likely.

is.

not likely.

If--

4$ If

io

cue

Wt

Wt 1$

Dj^ft

of
ISpS

course, naturally.

%i

fflt

certainly.

ft

then

If not.,

In this combination

either ... or.

stood before

If

or,

^jg.

H f^

under-

is

If

it

will

be necessary.

Vocabulary.

^jH

T'ien 1 too4

truth

jftffi Tsod

4,

pact.

doctrine,

Heavenly

To go

divine

jgj"

To confront in

;gr Twei* shhi*.

the weather.

security,

to

become

It j|$ Fa

p'od

To put

J^j

flj:

^ Kai

mu9

pien*.

To change,

to

modify,

"Jf

vou*.

Mi&Ching

under

ch'tng*.

To investigate; to discriminate,
examine and judge.

fil

1
fg Liu

hsiu 3

'"-'

to

the might,

(s.)

with, to put
obligation ; to bribe.

The

head

clerk

of an

office.

Goods, merchandise, commodities.

Shen*

to

all

To curry favor

Jpl^MaP fing*.

Wife's mother.
alter.

4^1 Hwoa*

forth all the strength,

with

surety for.

Tod}

court, to stand

trial.

|jt

Liu1 hsie1

To

invite to stay over night.

to keep over night.

The same,

(u.)

m m m t

886

if

m. &>

&

#,

* a #.
I i i -***. o
M ft g $1 #
#, #, T>
&. $t ^ * ft & *E * *
&
& tt t ^ * *
& # * a R i. i t
& * w a fc
3tH o m ^ ai * # # ^
m &. m ft. i f t i f ^
* *.
7 o ^
A. * *. ft #*fc
,ft 3 o ^ $ it if f\
4* &
s^tt j& # fe in
@ # & A 'ft
^ *
K T m a T n\ = ja
gfc

ffi

til.

ffl

ffi

Hfc

tS

Jifi

-fefc

Tou 2 tien*

^ TJE

To go

an

to or stop at

To

T'ou* hsia* ch'u*.

7.

21

place, to secure lodgings.

!J$|

Kin

On

t'ouK

one's

head,

somer-

it is not
he would appear more than

likely

a
&
^

ordinary.

22 Fortunately

3&

M SI ^ai

ten

certainly become misarrauged.

24 If he can simply learn enough to
scratch off door inscriptions and
write people's names, it will save the
necessity of being under obligation
to some one every time any writing

T>
gi

to be done.

is

ft.

?#

25 If we treat him well, he will natuif we do not treat

rally treat us well
him well, how can he [be expected

26 Although your father did not leave

to] treat us

T'a 1

To take a rubbing of an

stone

To

inscription on
an impression, a facsimile,

scrawl, to scribble,

m "X

fall

make an

to

Pp ^P Hun* shin 1
Yu* chiang*
VW
1p[ fT Hing* hsing*.
.

over

heels

head

a fool of oneself

to

make

Twei*

Pot?

all over.

painter.

To act unreasonably

Mien 9

To

^C Pien* chia1
ffi

close the eyes, to sleep, (w.)

A wealthy family

; the rich,
the well-to do, gentle folks.

Tan3 ch'i*.

m fH Shwai*

out-

Extensive learning, profound

scholarship learned.

hsiie*.

(s.)

A pair of correlated scrolls or

tal*.

ntter failure.

The whole body,

rageous conduct, perversity.

JH *=:

well?

inscriptions.

To

ou*.

ling

Courage, bravery.
a general, a
commander-in-chief.
leader,

Ya 1

f\"

Ying

1
.

p'ien*
Opium.
...
small jar with ears ; a vase, (w.)

Rice in the

Su*.

1
n=i t|l Ming* chia

One distinguished in his pro~

fession, a noted artist.

'f^ h? K'toai* tang*.

T'ou*

hsii*.

Quick, prompt,
... tious.

expedi-

Jpl

Hwa*

la

The poppy

jjp;

Hjl -? Ying
Shi*

HP

Ch'iu 1

beginning, a cine, order,

method an ally, a champion.

hum1

su*

The poppy.
;

female

a surname.

The autumnal
Note 30.

ski7i*.

assizes

To retract testimony pre-

vionsly given, to recant

To

scratch off; to scribble, to

scrawl.

paddy.

Family, clan

1
1
yt Pan kung

hull,

plant.

he

if

home, it is
been settled so quickly.
23 This book is in a great many volumes
if we do not number them, they will

sault.
1

brother was
had been at
not likely it would have
third

his

home

not at

of distinguished scholarship,

inn.

find a stopping

"S"

20 If you can carry the suit

against
him and prevent his constantly acting so outrageously, I can assure
you everybody will be pleased.t
21 It was simply that there was no first
class man present with whom to
compare. If he were to meet men

ffl

28

*g.

m *

nn

I T ^
M if #
^ *, $ ft

f,

ffi

E + =

5*

1
fig Chien pi*.

To

die iu prison

Note

30.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lksson 134.

m m - & m m

*
je p ^. n ie st o ji ^
m #. o lr I I. * Bi m
ft I *@ Jr fc & ft
k * n w. *a & at 7.

you anything, you should not lose

heart, for if yon rise early and retire
late and economize in
everything,
your efforts will certainly meet with

m.

28

30

*r

hi

T &fc $

is

*i

m
ft *$ j ^ ?
^ - X H ft.

ti

no

29

a, o

jt

=&
IK

poor,

jg

*
&

27 If those who are now wealthy were

ft

j&

#.&(.

success.

&
* &
^

tt

H &

ME

&

it

is

not

certain

that

they

would not defraud and cheat others.

I question whether they would be
as good as we who, though poor,
still have some purpose to do right.

28 The old saying is, "A man of little

courage will never be a general." If
courage is wanting, how can one be-

come a great leader P

29 The poverty of China is simply due
to opium.
If we could get rid of

who

all

plant the poppy and all

who

eat opium, we should naturally grow

richer year by year.
of the Lin family has
30 Mrs.
been twice to the autnmual assizes,

1127

Wang

and has twice retracted her testimony;

m
K

387

if

she retracts this time, the only

will be to procure her death in

way

A.

prison.

Notes.
2

6 In
instead of

7 7m
pened.

8b

is

an abbreviation for

many

places

(If

or JOk or

$Jj fjj.

would be

<fj".

is

here used in a sense fairly equivalent to hap-

When so used it is in many places read tsoa (not choa).

used after 7^, or other equivalent word.

10 Since the time of Hsien Feng a species of large cash
have been used in Pekiug. Tliey were intended to pass for
It is only so

ten ordinary cash, and accordingly have

~f" stamped on
them. They are not, however, equal in weight to ten
ordinary
and
as
soon
as
official
was
cash,
relaxed, they ceased
pressure
to pass at their nominal value, and were estimated at their
real value.
It is not the real, but the nominal price, that
would change with the abolition of these large cash.

21 HL takes the sense of to meet, to come into the

f& $f f, to avoid being ordinary, {fj
presence of.
f$,
to escape being
ordinary.

Tin;

26 flS
Sawed

is

commonly accounted Mandarin, but it is a rare thing to find

it a full sentence without some smack of WSn-li.
80 3l lj JSj The common way of designating a
woman when there is occasion to write her name, is to add
in

used

a book word, not ordinarily used in Mandarin.

Kdict from which this sentence is taken, is

LESSOR

to her husband's family

the character

JJj.

On

name that

cards, or

of her

where

own, followed by

it is

desired to

show

In all important
respect, a "^ is added, as j P J |(l) I.
criminal convictions, especially in those involving a death
penalty, it is required that the prisoner, together with a copy
of the testimony, be sent up to the Provincial Judge

(?

examination and confirmation of the sentence. If

the prisoner retracts his testimony and confession, the case is
remanded for a new trial. The Provincial Judge holds his

rJ)

for

court annually in the autumn, hence the term ^t

^f. In
embarrassing cases, or where corrupting influences are at
work against a prisoner, it is not an uncommon thing for an
accused person to be "done" to death in prison, by torture,

This is spoken of as
starvation, cold, etc.
fjfS.
report
is first sent
up that the prisoner is ill, and afterwards another
report stating that he has died of disease, and thus the case
drops.

C2CDC2CIV.

Optative Forms.
$$.

To wish,

may, would that, I hope.

'fB |P May, would that, oh that, I trust.

The Chinese language has no means of expressing a strong desire so admirably as the

"

Oh that." {& fjf approximates

English
nearly than any other term.
*

would

A*

ffj

that.

To

wish,

to

long,

it

anxious

more
that,

388

Jw

%m^ &

'^ B
*E.

r?5

&**#.

1ft

T>

*P

*#B
- *

t *&go r
* #, ft fc a p m
w ^e l m m ra # ^
9

A#a#ffc*7f*

>i>#T\*p S
. o
.

13
flfc

AU B

4>

#.
o

fl
'^

$
I

fl

ii

fl

Bg

*B

o
f I
$1 T- #, ip #. IE A m
* n wt m $> m & &
# * nB# ffcasaft

ffi,

tti

W A & uHE 9*Jg % * $t

# * *n W. t* H IB )I
i
i, ^ 4 o - It

nils

|if

<jtumt.

m m

Hf

+ H

"S

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 134.

389

awi&fifffis

0^^^.o $A

2fe

1ft

* at
$ & a
?.
fl

tt;

*r

jg

&

I 1

9i.

^^^
^

<n

# * #
t! m u.

lit

18

ffi

IS

SI

A.

n.

tst

plan for him.

of charity

IB

5fe

ii]

16

A ft T. # B #
io ^ ^ o E ^ ,
!G o ^ # H & @E
$ i # * PS ft ^
# ft gt * ft m. m n
ft n ^> & ^ & n #,
a
^ # & . I
f*

ft

I #
i f
* #

23

ifc

fl

fft

m
m

us.

#5"

2$

>JcHX

When

yon go in, I hope you will

a
speak good word for me.f
21 I should like very much to go in
company with you, but the fact is
my business is very pressing these
few days, so that I cannot spare the

20

time.

22

hope the old gentleman will live a

good number of years to advise us
I

Pfi

ffl

ft*

bI

it

may have some

23

Chi3 ku*
Chia

To wink. (*.)
To wink.

ku*.

^P| Ch'in*.

Suitable, to suit; corresponding, be-

1
coming. See ch'&ng* and ch'eng
Full and warm, fed and
Poo* nwan9

The will or purpose of one

.authority ; an edict

Ci Hu* ck&.

Partial to oneself

The sound of

Ch'i 1

Ch'i 1 ch'a 1

clothed.

J}^

Tsai1

To be gracious or merciful, to
showfavor; to grant a prayer.

calamity sent from heaven, divine

judgments, a scourge, a misfortune.

IP

iffiS

indistinct talking.

Chattering, garrulous

to prattle, to jabber.
\

Ifj

To

Kwo<&*.

stun, to

yp 3 Okan*

k'ou*.

make the
kwaXA

See

clamor.

ears ring

A stopping place, a

lodging

place, a station.

x
ff^'FF Ta pan*.

To become companions, to go
in company with.
%
To descend from heaven, to
Chiang* lin
come from above.

to look out

for number one; ungenerous.

The bat.

j&g Pitn\fu*.
(

in

1
1
H^ A1 /Pa* in

folks

To seek an escape; to pray

Ch'iu* ckiu*.

CM 3

we young

one to depend upon.t

My son, T'nng Hsi, I would that yon

were now at home that I might

for salvation.

fo^

that

in our plans,

o
$

With

of insects; then we should have plenty

to eat and wear and live in peace.

ft
<*.

reference to their quarrel, I

very much wish I could bring about
a settlement before I go.
19 Would that this year the Heavenly
Sire would show favor, give wind and
rain in season and not send a scourge

18

ft

#.

only wish I could speak well of

them, bnt I cannot do so truthfully.
17 1 was only afraid you were not willing to learn ; seeing, however, that
you desire to learn, I shall be but
too glad to give von the opportunity
to make a man of yourself.

16

# * a

21

0B.

there in merely say-

is

point

"I wish you were fnll and

warm," making this empty pretence
ing,

o
^ ^
o q & & a" ma. $
is up** ^ i o f
i m ?# b jb. *. < ^ t^
A,

What

15

m
I

||
tiJ

save himself, he is more than

willing for some one else to find a

to

jjl ^2i

Kwoa*

tr*.

Eggs,

a Pekingese

often

addition of

viz..

%.

used

terra, not

without

the

a s + h e

W t

390

% m

pj

is

si

e$

#,

pi

ft

n m

r>

w. #. T

i
# IB

Wk
=

w.

^f

5 &:
J 3e ft ^ A
A T W &
It

Hi*,

tt

T>

_h

1$

24

m
* m &

P.

H $

25

a. a.

w .#*

ift

with you and commit yonr

mother to your care.
24 Onr Father which art in heaven
Hallowed be thy name. Tky kingdom come. Thy will be done on

speak

sfcg

earth as

z a $ ft
w #
m %>. m
m * ft A
% 7 #
% *

If*

. i>

ft

$5

*n

% z m
t$ #> s
m m n m s
x & m
a %
m> m %. m &> .
o
IB. ^

it is

25 Most people

in heaven.
in

the world look out

When anything
praiseworthy occurs, they take the
credit of it; when anything blameworthy happens, they are anxious to

for

number

disclaim

it

one.

entirely.

26 They two are like bats, lively after

dark.
They generally keep chatterwatch
ing until the third or fourth
of the night, disturbing other people
so that they cannot sleep ; for this
reason 1 wish they would soon move

ft

out.

27 I have been traveling until I am

and
exceedingly hungry and thirsty,
1 am unable to reach a stopping
Will you kindly accommoplace.

2s

date me, sir, by baking a couple

of cakes and poaching a few eggs for

ffi

me, and

ft

will

pay you your price.

Ans. All right. It is always worth

while to make a frieud.

ft

NOTBS.
8 The

use

of

both

~fj

ami

siS

i8

somewhat

redundant.

12

HJL

7 5E ^P

Or, somehow

I cannot

for escape,
Hi A jl(
14a book
ing,
expression in common use.
F^J

To

seek

die.

but find

no open-

a sham favor,
16 3? Bit
'iff Empty-headed sympathy,
empty talk instead of substantial aid.
16 Note how U| is substituted for fjfc, because immediately followed by another Jj.
18 $i is here used, as it frequently
sense of, as to, with reference to.

18 W,

H M MS Winds

gentle

clothing

warm,

lE

"fife

and

^A

IS5 are in apposition.

disturbance, and

action of those

who make
who

Jf the effect on the ears of those

seasonable,

J? Food

plenty,

UESSonsr

the
are

disturbed.

27

M X. H M X 81

Repetition

with

is

an

intensive form of the book language, sometimes introduced in

here means, in
speaking, especially by educated men. Hf fg
the exigency, for the time being, which is a departure from its

vF> MX is a
primary aud ordinary meaning $& ifr f
of handing the string of cash to
on
the
custom
based
phrase
:

and rains

fa K
another book phrase.

a book phrase often quoted.

in the general

is,

22

26 t^ expresses the

the person to take off as many as he chooses,

is a shorter phrase with the same meaning.

fff jfo

W. f

cxxxv.

Exceptive Phkask&
jf- Unless, save, without.

^$5$: Unless, without, no way but

$f- Unless, except, aside from.

Except, unless, exclusive

of,

none

but.

Without, aside from, except, save.

Aside from, except, without, but for.

Lebson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

136.

3*1

Translation.

^ o n
m m. m i n
% M * o HI i i t I
& m & m # a^-K # ra >f ^
w # o &> * 7 R * *. *r
& F # I 1 IJ o I
mi > * ?# ^^ fi n ik $ m
a* & m, n, *\ m wm m m
& * m & m *. g % m *
o
5d m- to
# to *#
#. *. ^ * $ fj # m.m m
i2

ffi.

ft-

11

snch cleverness as this.

Unless he is mulcted to the amount
of forty thousand cash, I can by

10

f'ISE

no means consent.
[Yon cannot disobey my orders]
unless you leave my family.
While
yon are in my family, yon must obey.

ii-t-

6 I would not have yielded the point to

any other than to yon, my adopted father, no matter

Who

a/,

*f

m#m$ &
m.

# * am o a

m m m m m

&.

i3

itii

a.

ft

ft

jtb

A. f R S.
o &> > o

ft

<8i

%
ft #7

*>

jk.

f&

ft

it*

Lin, would

once I get my eyes on him, he will

not get away.
9 If you want to open a lock, yon
must find the right key. As I see

m m

at

who might have come.

save you, Brother

lave such discernment ?

He cannot escape] unless he always
lides and never lets me see him.
If

t&#w a *e #
ffi*7ittK#mm *

9$

When yon are constantly traveling,

yon cannot get on without a wallet.
The whole day long he is never at
home except at meal times.
No one except Chou Chin Shan has

this business, nnlesa

yoa go, it cannot be accomplished.

10 Although there are many prescriptions
for compounding itch medicine, yet
without sulphur none is effective.
11 This is a good book, only it is too
Without a teacher to
profound.

explain it, it is unintelligible.

12 Aside from Jesus the Saviour, no
one has the merit necessary to atone
for the sins of men.

^
a

Vocabulary.

$? Ta 1

A pouch,

a waist-bag.
A wallet, a pouch, a purse drilling.

$j Lien*
7$} f||

S^lfti

7"

Ch'ien* ta 1

ts'P.

purse, a wallet

Note
ftt

Chf

13l

^ Wi

ski 9

To

Chi* p'ai*.

1
1 Kan

tie

1
.

To hide

To order,

to direct

An

adopted father

to pre-

Les.

keep out

discernment .-Note

7.

mysterious,

Shin 1

ao*.

Difficult,

profound.

To rnle by force, to encroach

To take by force, to usurp
fjjf Vi Pa* chan*.
Pa*.

ou.
;

to

infringe, to trench upon.

To take by force,

to usurp,
to seize illegally.

(/SI!! Ck'iang* pa*.

j^o

.of sight, a colloquial local character.

1
Kao
chien*.
Good judgment, penetration,
pj ^j
.

CTC ip|

72.

3.

oneself, to lie low, to

Brimstone, sulphur.
corner

obscure, deep.

pf

order, to direct, to instruct

to point out.

Note
1
3r P'*

1.

scribe.
%ti

Liu* hvoang 1.
The southwest
1J| Ao*.

bag, a wallet.

3l

HI
f$L

Chie 1 kwod*.

Wus fuJ%

To bear

Sung*

to yield ; to
to, to kill.

put an end

The

grades of mourning
Note 15.
ancestry

five

dress

&

fruit,

finish, to

Litigation

a prosecution.

392

SI

"S

US'

m m m m . w
* 19 o ic
o ^ 1 * ^ * it ft>
^ # #. tr. 10
A # # o ^ #
W
if
% m
*e
- ft
tu sft m $ & $
&ftt. *. ^ w gc cassis

13 If he expects to take
by force, [he cannot do

^.

tn&

-f-

* & m t,
# ^ & ^ si te
% m # & m h,
* w a
it
m
& & $ & m. 3k
si v* m m. x fe m
*n o ?E ^ p
fra

*i>

(ft,

IK

'tig

jfp

!E

ft

ft

If

1;

PUB

}g

05

Hi

VkSJ^KW

To

t'ou*.

incite to litigation.

Anger, wrath, passion.

To knock the head on the

ground as an act of worship

or of ceremony, to kotow.

m Mi Hsiao

To abate one's anger,

ck'i*.

I^J^ScT"

to

J* chia*

tsi*.

butcher's stand, a

opinion his

18 Since last year, all the meat dealers

of this place have combiued to adopt

a uniform price. No matter to which

one you go, there is no buying for
less than two hundred cash per catty.
19 Neither common glue nor fish glue
will hold it nothing but screws will
serve the purpose.
;

% 7* Jou*

an*

The same.

tsfi.

Fish glue, gelatine.

giU Piao*.
si1

^$&&vlT Loa*

ting

wood screw;

machine screw.

^
ff

The silkworm.

Ts'an*.

^ Hu*

J^HI

To protect, to defend.
The winter solstice.

wei*.
1

ch'i*.

The summer

ffsia* chi*
1

^C ^C^Si Tien wen*

meat shop.

eat.

will not be

my
anger
appeased unless yon go and do him
reverence and apologize. f

$ 3| Tung

become reconciled.

|^

abated and he refuses to

In

ill

ch'i*.

pleases

that obnoxious man is driven ont.-fYou offended your grandfather yesterday, so that his anger has not
yet

Nut

17

ffy t

1
V^ikWt Sod aw/g*.

<t& JlK

tit

m m m m -m m
in 7 m
mi to
^ * ft to 7^#
i m'm

&

whoever

There is no way,
stirring them up.
at present, to settle the matter unless

TW

it.

In the day time,

take up the child; but as soon

as night comes, no one will do save
his mother.
15 She has no near relative of her
husband's family. Of those for whom
she would wear mourning, there is
only Liu Fang Lin, and without his
name the business cannot be settled.
16 The lawsuit between the two would
not be difficult to compromise but
that there is an evil-minded man

fl

daughter
except by

may

i5

fB

making an end Of me. While

have breath in my body, he need

not think of
14

Bfc

tft

my
it]

**

first

14

+ H ^

5.

chia

1
.

solstice.

Astronomers.

Notes.
A

' 8a closed
1
is. Hj
bag with a slit in the middle
of the side, and serves as purse and handbag combined.
It is

usually carried over the shoulder, or

if

riding, across the

saddle.

6 The

structure of this sentence is highly idipinatic.

The clause in brackets has to be supplied in order to exhibit
free translation would be, While
the full idea in English.
yov arf. in my family, you, must obny my orders. See also 8th
and 13th sentences.

is

^
T^

and Tj) are in apposition, the latter being added

6 WL
emphasis as well as to express endearment and respect.
Cannot make use of this face, that
(i
<%
to say, in the matter in hand I would not have yielded to

for

^i

The face referred to is that

the intercession of any other.
of the adopted father, and implies that the concession was
mude in order to avoid putting him to the blush for having
failed in his suit.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

136.

ft

- %

tt,

6 m %
#

m.

ft

m*

^a

fit

& %

ft

1$

Ml

-*

is

M
*. K. S
I i. I

Jtfc

ft-

20 Aside from taxes

in grain and money

paid by the farmers, what is there
to supply yonr wages ?
Aside from
those who raise silk worms and weave
cloth, who is there to furnish you the
clothes you wear ?
When you think
of this, should you not strive to

ia

& 7

& m

protect them f
21 Ordinary people simply know that
when the sun has moved southward

m
^ ft *

P,

ft

ft

iSI

U^

8*3

until

that

it
is

has reached

lowest point,

its

the winter solstice; and

when

has moved northward to its highest

point, that is the summer solstice
but as for computing when it is at
the highest and when at the lowest
point, none but astronomers are able

it

& H $
t g in ai

lflfff^#J>

^ i I
The

7 ra JL

ii5

is P u * fr
1L 1^- and HU ta decompliment to the person aildressed.
8 ! 'p J fill Note the transposition by which the
proper subject of the verb is made to come after it, which is
a colloquial rather than a book form.

JE>

scriptive, including also a

10 In Wtn-li $jt is generally used for sulphur, though $jf

occasionally used. In Mandarin the two words are always
joined.

Fi

*E

and 3R do not here combine into a phrase as

they generally do. j|( >s accented and
may be regarded

as a classifier.

16

war

$Sl

E*

Oibh funue and near branch; that

The expression

niacin.

is

tukeu from books.

is,

jEL )1K

do

this.

are five kinds of

mourning apparel,

worn for different lengths

by persons of different degrees of consanguinity.
Persons whose ancestors of the fifth generation unite in one
of time

belong to the
of

jl

/JJJ,

for

mourning

and are supposed to wear a certain kind

time.
Beyond this degree of

a certain

consanguinity, the relationship

19 TO

is

13

to

is

is ignored.
properly conjunctive, but here, being followed

by |J) with a negative, it becomes disjunctive.

20 In most parts of the country |JtS would be replaced

by

or {f$.

81 5C 3t

M The family

(i.e.

Tab

a study or profession.

Mandarin

class)

who make astronomy

use of jf(

both Wtn-li and

LESSOIir OaCXXVI.
Phbases of Assurancs.

HI

Really, in very deed,

not often used alone.

^jkffc Really, in fact, actually, indeed; sure

7&iH
!l|

enough.

l&^$t

The same.

The

insertion of this

negative forms a curious solecism, as it practimakes no difference in the meaning. It

be explained by considering the
may

cally

perhaps
phrase as an interrogative affirmative.

Really, in reality, sure enough, abso-

lutely, actually.

?H The same,but

^ (

The same as

corruption of

5*

it.

widely nsed

less

&$

and probablv

(n.)

in

Really,

very

deed, in

fact,

for

fact, in earnest.

5H HI

If indeed, if in troth, in case.

Vocabulary.
IIW Cha*.

To pray

prayiug
JTe* nan*
.

^iff

Chin* ya*.

for

blessings,

to

bless (by

# ^ %k Pan*
lis

hsin* pan* i

for); to invoke.

The province

To intimidate,
frighten.

Uncertain, doubt-

Jul;
of Honan.

to overawe, to

hesitating,

halting between two Opinions.

tr^B

Ta*

*i.

To

kill

by

Les. 183.

blows,

to

kill

894

+ H W - M

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 136.

si

ifc

BIB.

10

fc

* W Ht, H |
T A* j& W * ft
- . h #&
a f
1 ft ) ft n M

& - W

IS.

7. *

$ p ft
PI ft 4> X WzJ>
m & m m>M *
P Jr2Mm

ft
ft

o
ii

12

ij.

has actually fallen, he haggles with

me, saying he only bargained for two
hundred. I replied, " Why then did

o m % m # ^
M
= s
tf ft. ^

as
us

11 It is in every way appropriate for

these two to marry.
If you have
really broken up the match, you have
grievously violated the will of heaven.
12 If yon yourself are really pacific in
your treatment of others, those who
are not peaceably inclined will learn
from you to be peaceable. If you
yourself are really just in your dealthose who are nnjust will
ings,
learn from yon to be just
1 3
Just when the price of beancake was
on the point of falling, I Shun
decided to buy of me two hundred
cakes, but afterwards added the words,
"
" or three hundred if
yon like ; upon
which 1 put him down for three
hundred cakes. Now that the price

'

s.

ft

1.

a S

A, tt

ie

gfe

flf

39o

7.ir*ffl

*>

T & 7- ft #, m i% m
& m Ji
w Nf *
W # ft
#, j*/-*
=
$ ^ & ^
ft,
r4 E ft. w ^i wt ii ft.
^KP
fc

M,

ft

ft

IS
#,

A,

" It's
When I
excitedly,
really so."
went out, I saw at once that it really
was so that a foreigner had come
exhorting men to be good and to

5fn

Arsenic

Jpf II sin*
P'*1 '

An

fiifc

reverence

fttH! P'P *h%pang\

Note

ore of arsenic

ft

15.

7.
.

and

Truly he was a

^ Fu*

Note 15,

Crude soda pickle, brine:

. .

tu

To take

To disrobe

fjg T-un*

arsenic, arsenious
acid.

and Earth

laughable object.

Lua

?j|j
ijjl

arsenic.

White
.

Heaven

father and mother.

Laughable, ridiculous

hsiao*

pf

'

'

?
you say three hundred if yon like
Can yon go back on your word ? "
14 Yesterday one of the children came
" A
running home saying,
[foreign]
"
devil has come."
I replied,
Stop
your foolish talk," but he answered

To catch

tS HI Qha&fkngK
t|J Gh'ie

poison.

to prune, to trim.

the wind.

Leaning, toppling over.

Notkb.
8 W.

is

much used

in Mandarin books at the beginning

meaning he said, or so and so said.
Not to accord with previous words, to

of a clause or sentence,

/?>

ff

BU itf

break one's word.

7 WL ft ^*

Not

resenting what is already past, not

cherishing enmity for past offences.

$[>

X. W*

A Wi

become a sage. One of the highest qualities

of the so-called sage is that firm and self-contained equipoise
of mind that is not disturbed by the wrongs endured from

That would

others.

be to

that

is,

similar.
of right.

To become kindred ; that

is, to make a marriage

J' ST @ale suitable and door agreeing;
the wealth and social standing of the families are

11 iSC
alliance,

=CT

r^

ffl

5t SI expresses the highest idea the Chinese have,

\$j 5t | is to violate the highest law, and ex-

presses the idea of

wrong doing more

forcibly than

any other

iu the language, jg, f@ limits 5^ 91 *a tn i s particular

case to the principle that marriage between suitable persona
is an ordinance of heaven, to defeat which is a great wrong.

term

12 ]&

To transact

affairs, to act,

a Wen-li expression

m m m

SP

fB

xa.

$ a # a

A s w -

ii

ft

^ *

ft

*.

Hr

bnt

4s

When

16

i
o

7.

* a * \
m * #
m HI 3L # n*
#

A *
H ft *
JE

ft

fails.

ft

J!

one has a good dream, nothing

it, but a bad dream never
Last year in the fifth month I

had a dream

I dreamed that a drove

came wildly kicking and
me, insomuch that I woke

ft

#.

IS

ft*

JE

T Ai#, .

$1

^\

SI

IS

SB

Si

W>

T.

A *

mind and was

A
# W

15

%,

A.

:*

Q
*

19
j$) Cf Two tongues in one mouth ; that is, one
mouth speaking two things, going back on one's word
14 %. ~T or, as often, j^ j^, ~f, is not only called
out at foreigners for the purpose of dishonoring and stigmatizing them, but is the term by which the people in common
conversation universally designate foreigners.
Its use is
comparatively recent, and probably sprang originally from
tho idee of grotesqueness suggested to the Chinese mind by
tbo bir, Txaid, and drtos of ioroyroeis.

afraid

all, the advice of old people

should be heeded. My grandfather
has been telling me for ever so long to
trim that tree behind the house and
prevent its catching the wind, but I
paid no attention to the matter, when,
sure enough, this high wind blew the
tree over on the house and damaged it.

17 After

my

something would
happen. Afterwards, sure enough,
those soldiers gave me such a beating
as came very near finishing me.

- f i

biting at
I turned the matter over in
up.

?A

T #>

m m m

$1

was

of animals

ISI.

ft.

$t

T.

she

comes of

supposed

merely
Who wonld
frighten us.
2 trying
have thought that she wonld really
take poison and kill herself.

#.

t&

all

to

IK:

Pg

"5

15 She was
constantly threatening that
she wonld eat arsenic or drink brine,

A ft tt
& %
5
*
fflt

+ H

-t

SB

16 Wi ifl To submit to [the taking of] poison. ,t'||

used for P, because the taking of the poison requires a
constraint of the natural taste and feelings. v\a is a term used
is

The Chinese write fg alone. The

recently adopted in chemistry and mediciue
for arsenic is ^JX- j|g 7K ' s *,ne P'ckle used in making beancurd.
It is made of crude salt and contains more or less
caustic soda, and is very poisonous.
in foreign

medical books.

name more

lessoit
General Intensives.
The more common words
given in Lessou 15.

of this class were

Very, extremely, exceedingly, to the last

@3L' Extremely, exceedingly, entirely, etc
it. is added for euphony.

T&

:BJ

Hi lH To

the last degree, to the utmost,

in the extreme.

[dally.
Very, to a high degree, exceedingly, spe-

^$ The

^^

/f=T

Hf

liable,

extreme, very exactly, perfectly.

Continuously, indefinitely, so long.

Decidedly,

matter of fact

r 7T Entirely, perfectly, in the highest degree.

rdeoree.

truly,

emphatically

re-

'$ Deeply, thoroughly, fully.

w Very

fff 7fl)
'Xt
ate

<&

^ The
^UW
,

severe,

Va ^ antl y-

extremely,

immoder-

[corruption of

&.

same,
fi{j
being evidently a
The
the
worst, etc.
^X^tf
best,
the reason
con5'J #f J# $& (To
why),
summate, with a vengeance, to the uttermost.
ivl

l]#f

J#$lt The same.

3^'JISt

To

the

stopping

degree, to the uttermost.

place,

to

the

last

MANDARIN

Lesson 137.

S97

LKS30NS.

Translation.

m #. m u & o n m #. * A &
* m *. m s +
# m #
=
A m a. &
a#
p[ I
# a. tr # t-.
X o * $ tf * o ^ 3
as #
fi n fi m w * 7, fi.
o
i>t o
i k. * m m *. ^
H 1 ft. o |
o g ^
,* 3B ft m $
m M e. $ ft Mb sai it ft ^
o 31 A : i$. ii tit f#
H# It
* Ui M 4* ft * 1 IB ^
T> ft # #. A * *. ft
^ I ^ i o ^, ff o *u a,
w o
& fc. S ft. F* ft.
^ c s o
7. o A S
ft m s & & m x
m m m & & ft * * # #
i # W S JR S Pi H # 31
H IE o a 7. tt. H ^ 1

is not very sick.

3 His taking the land by force in this
way, is detestable to the last degree.

4 In ray opinion his mind

10

i3

i8

15

fer

11,3

3ffi

i7

is

extremely

biased.

[bad.

5 This kind of a disposition is decidedly

6 If you have anything to say, say it
quickly, and don't waste time in-

flf .

We are very conveniently situated there

2 Li Ch'ang Sung

definitely.

On

extremely beautiful.
He said a great many unreasonable
(offensive) things, very unpleasant to

the banks of the river were all

kinds of fresh flowers which were

hear.

The extreme joy

of father and son

produced such emotion that they were
unable to speak.
10 The customs of the place were indeed
licentious in the extreme.
11 Of his three daughters, the physique
of that youngest one is the best.
12 Where does Liu JweiT'ing live? Ana.
He lives on the front street at the extreme eastern end.
[satisfactory.
13 I consider this plan of action entirely
14 Those two men are exceedingly obstinate and contrary.
15 On the mountain was an exceedingly
large and deuse forest which was
9

very luxuriant.

Yon

soldiers and people shonld all

be very cautious and circumspect.
In the Hsien examination he was the
very last [on the list]; in the Fu ex.

16
1

Vocabulary.

Very : see Sub.

Shhi*.

^Vi

(k'iang* than*.

See shin*.
Iaf!

force; to usurp.

CB m.

T-ien* ch'an*

V^ ft
/V

4^J

.".

Unreasonable, preposterous

To soak

Yin* Iwan*.

J&n % wu*.

licentious,

lewd ; excessive.

Licentiousness, debauchery,
adultery.

Personal

appearance,

'^ Chi

ni*.

Exuberant, flourishing

Mao*

Luxuriant,

siting*.

Ill

W;

IE

Obtuse, pigheaded,
... ... ... bigoted.

Chin 9

elegant.

flourishing,

shin*.

Careful, cautious, discreet,

circumspect.

Chtny* ta*
1
^jfZt. Sfitn twan*

Important, weighty.

W!aj

Hsiang* Hang*.

Ijl ff Hwa*
obstinate,

Stature, size; body.

Resonant, clear, ringing,

sonorous.

form,

physique, presence.
^nj

Mao*.

Jp2 %st

irrelevant, misleading.
.

the crowd, to fall in

with, to conquer, to acquiesce.

prosperous.

Jrjc

Lands, possessions.

3ljfn Wax hwa*.

Yin*.

%P Swei* hwo&*. To follow

To take possession by

fjjfiH

Pe *

li*.

t'an*.

Elegant, stylish,
Sad,
grieved,
mournful.

fine.

distressed,

398

m a m m #

*b

w m

aminatiou was he the last again ?

18 It does not hurt very much at present, but when the medicine was first

s z m m a ^ ^ * #
23

sr

V 18 & l. ft
o *. ft a & m
IB tt o
w.
m ft tiP^o fo it ft.
m m m. m *m i o ^ o
*. * .& m m % & ft
. ^ * # # $ n & m i #

t + h w - m

% %

fi. ti.

ftfc

rubbed on, it pained me very severely.

19 Although the sayings of Confucius
are very plain, yet they are exceedingly weighty.
20 You think he is a man of no capacity,
do you ? The fact is, he is the best

man

82

19

&3S!#^

$?>

SH

s*

*2a

Hi

+ &

30

f ?&.

22

23

ft
24

^ m gl # ft. ^ o
! a I * f o "^ faap
a *i r. i5 ^ a # #.
x.
4P
a ^
<R
* # ft
A*
*r m
fl ie
#
ip & ft s m ft
liiS i t 15 f t
25

ills

25

fi?

m>

:;*'*

jt

o *.

*te

Mai*

".*
To

tat 1

fool

flr.

f5t20

ft

A ,4 w

*r

away time,

j?f

To enjoin upon,

to order

to

years.

is

am

The neck

3M" ffe Ftng

title

$C CfcacPxhu

or patent of

K'wa

Kwan1

hat, a crown,
See ktoan*.

cap,

of

rtSE

1
Ftng* ktoan

all

j$j>

j^ fQ Mang

p'ao*.
, .

python with yellow scales.

A ceremonial robe em.

broidered with dragons.

throat.

officials.

Scattered, sparse, (l.)

to kill; to injure; to spoil;

broken,.fragmentary; ravening, cruel;

2
j^3 Ts'an

ffl

Mang*. ...

the navel.

worn
long string of beads

K'wa* la 1
Tsfan*. To destroy,

hat or coronet

ranks.

a crest.

with
and
pendants
having a
phoenix embroidered or gilded on it. It is worn
by ladies of rank, and in some places by brides

H,

it.

Tc-straddle, to bestride ; to pass over ;

a stride wide apart.

.nobility, to decorate.

jc

these few

beyond meas-

The neck, the

by

To confer a

kao*.

me

28 Have you not yet gone to school ?

Why do you loiter around here so long?
29 That is a lady who has received a title
of nobility.
See, she wears on her
head a phoenix hat, on her shoulders an embroidered gown, and on her
neck there hangs a string of beads.
Her dress is elegant in the extreme.
bO Although the town has a large popu-

a patent.
x

against

distressed

ure whenever I think of

Keng*

grant

then fight your best

if

very choice.

is

Poa\

to dawdle,

to loiter, to dilly-dally.

Kao*.

fight,

and

27 Everything

a*.

ffi

he has a ringing voice,

26 As to this house, though not specially stylish, yet the position it occupies

ft

rffi

me

you hurt somebody,

I'll pay the
damages, f
Must I go just now ? Ans. It is not
specially important, by and by will do.
This old servant woman I have hired
is first rate.
She can do both fine
and coarse work.
That men will rise again after death,
is something I fully believe.
That man is not large in body, but
for

tt

in his village.

21 If you can

Hu2

jin

cfcin

2
.

Cruel, unmerciful,
hearted.

Chinese

violin,

stringed fiddle
A

hard-

a three-

Note 32.

Voice, tune.
gjrp! Sheng' 'tiao
%
a
of
The
...
Hsien
lute, violin, etc
string
jj$;
i

LESSENS

MA.NBAJUN

Lesson 137.

A 7 B O m
m m *,^
it & *,# a
a fc *
ft & W
Uto
4 & ,
A f& II
36

ffi

ffi

-fc

it,

$ w #&*
n is mm?

35

liH

ng

JS,

ffli

*,

m B ^ m
t=i

fife

-f-

it.ii
ftl

# i
*

*n

o
TanA

^r|

^ P!ftA& O
m ft pi
ft tf, m & p $&
ss * ^r a
2U &
n
So
IS &
o & m
M
j in ft m. n m, &*
& n. & it
tfMf US * o m **
% m ji
^j i,i &
&
it e- j ^
tt
^ % 3

Yux<ihhm*

HwaK

Iff*

the

Silly, stupid, obtuse.

last

many and

few times

it sold

degree

his

devices are

No

his toils far-reaching.

matter what the business

is,

he

first

approaches you plausibly and pumps

you, and then stands off and watches,
As soon as he catches yon off your
guard, he takes advantage of you.
36 He is anxious to pub his luggage in
order so as to start early in the morn-

you insist on remaining and

keeping up your uproar until you are
driven out.
You seem to be utterly
wanting in a sense of propriety.

ing, yet

pj

two thousand five hundred, which

was the very cheapest.
35 Although in appearance he seems
stupid, yet at heart he is crafty to
for

tHr

measure of ten =] a picul, one

hundred catties
Note 34.

and

such as are inland-

'It.

liere

perfect harmony with the instrument.

It is a treat to hear him.t
33 In every emporium of trade, morals
are bad, and this is specially true of

tHf

g?

the houses stand

there very much scattered.

31 To say that a man's disposition is like
that of a tiger or wolf, is equivalent to
saying that it is outrageously cruel.
32 There is a minstrel at the gate playing a violin, and his voice is in

cash per picul.

fit

tig

latioH, yet

34 For these several years the price of

rice has not ranged lower than two
thousand and six or seven hundred

fr

jSiHi

?,9f>

1
*t3|1 Chien hwa*. Treacherous; crafty, knavish;

subtle.
1
$grii Lou* Ichmg .

To expose a weak

place, to

be off one's guard.

Guuuiagrtreacherous /-clever.

Notes.

is 8metimrwritten cE H*
6 B3i
Being nothing
>a the better
more than a eupbonio ending,
writing; moreis everywhere correct, while
over the sound of

places incorrect.
2; ft? is a book phrase meaning that extreme
joy gioea rise to sadness, that is, manifests itself in emotions
thai seem akin to sadness. Ihe samo phrase is also used to
mean, excessive joy ia the precursor of sorrow.
i-i

in

many
8 i}l

12
front

to may mean the front atreeb

it may mean, the south street

llif

or

gJ'Or, street to the north.

bo used.

The

city of P.

kin-

Htt

as we understand
ns opposed to the

and Jg are frequently

principal gate on the South s.de of the Tartar

ia

called "|J P\.

Les. 88,

Note

15.

?4 /f* Hit H> SI To refuse to follow ethers or at&mii to

the r,i"jority, contrary, intractable.

To strike out m calamity ; that

21 ty ffi ffft
tcstrike or fight so as to produce serious cousequendes.

21 P& \%
doubt,

#1
a book phrase.
'T*

is,

Profoundly believing and free from

25 13 expresses the unexpected contrast between the size

man and the strength of his voice.

of the

27

[Ij

tfj

hill, the hill falls

up j a bold

figure for

32 SC II "3

When I trust in tht

|| ?& ?&
and when J trust in the aea, the eta drie*
expressing unprecedentedly bad luck.

over ;

-^

street

minstrel, one

who

sings

for a

JSj ilp
Mongolian lute,
living.
played with a bow
like a violin, though tho original Chinese Ifi U a lute, which
is
played by striking with the fingers.

which

is

400

si

a + h * -

MANDARIN LHBBOSB

Lesson 138.

& % A
m k &
m

m m

-k

^ ^

n
m m
to

to

m>

fit

fft

ir-

M ii i
m it
M f A
$j

17

A
W H
A 6 *

\n

*s.

-;?,

**

m $

it
fct

*n

15

me

ask you, did you

would be better to entrust this

Lai Shun, because he has the
time to spare, aud he also has the
affair to

ability to put

10

it

through.

Doing what ought not to be done,

and not doing what ought to be doue,

are both contrary to the principles of

right reason.
17 You ought to commit this form o{
prayer carefully to memory, and constantly to pray after this manner.

18

Do you go

out a

we have

while and wait

little

which
inform yon.
19 A man's mental
endowments are
derived, not alone from his father, but
still more from his mother ; therefore
till

we

consulted, after

will

seeing the education of the father

adds to the capacity of the children,
still more will the education of the

mo

*n

Bo

ft

$13

ft

ffl

ft

ft.

)i

R&

% n &

ft

show yon respect [you

15 It

fli

fft

show him respect

B5

18

yet a cripple
He did not

say]; just let

flff

yjr

jjl

us

PI

W>

ife

14

ffi

&
to
m

to,

X Ji
*. a *

s.

12 His being so thin is because he has

been ill for five or six months, moreover his food also has not been the best
13 Why are you begging, seeing you are
neither an old man nor a child nor

# & .R
A : ^
&
fw
fc
O g $"*& #
1T * & ^
z
M & &. to m.m m
o m M
llii o
#. ii is 18
A *>
m m m o ft t ff
m m w

m m %
to

$fr

>m

wt

m> w.

fp

m>

to

* *
^ # %

li

401

mother add

to their capacity.

20 The great advantage of learning consists iu its developing the faculties of

the mind, so that the more they are
exercised the more efficient they become ; moreover by this means a man

Vocabulary.

#L$
|g

Lalp'i

Dilatory, behindhand
careless, heedless.

T'oa P'i*.

ZV.

1
H Ad
1
$$ Oh'un

negligent,

The same,

t'a 1

The russet pear to stop,

shut off; a surname.
;

to

^x =^t

(s.)

impede to
;

*]%.

Chin*

Lang*.

Improvement, progress.
wave, a billow; profligate; wastefnl
unrestrained, lawless.
;

'iH.

ft Lang*

P'od* chia

$1 ^ Fan*

fei*.

To

'JE Chia

-I'A

Shou*

Note

10.

bankrupt

Food, victuals.

Beautiful, good, superior, excellent.

1
jfc'tt

Poor, lean, Unfavored,

ema-

ciated.
%
^t$E Ts'an

la

$& Tang

To spend extravagantly, to
squander, to waste.

lose property, to

shi*.

... simple, guileless, sincere.

5H!

lessen blessings, to cut off

one's estate.

huge sea fish.

entirely, wholly ;
Pure, unmixed

To

OhPfuK

(n.)

t/t fll

enjoyments

The same,

1
Jft JE La

^fc

jJH Tao*.

chi*.

jan*.

Deficient in limb or organ*

crippled, maimed.

That which ought to

Note 16.
right:

To pray

to the gods, to

bt,

supplicate

402

LrssoN

MANDARIN LESSONS.

139.

A+H

p&

403

n t

404

m **

m. &.

a t t i - i

MANDARIN LKSSONS.

Lksson 139.

&

if

% ^

ft

js

ft

& *
ffr

ffi.

&

m.
o

Bpq ft

9 #

at

ft

T.

3E

ff

I,

it

?#

it

ta

#.

13

St

ft

3 H.
s

T. ii II

W>

3f

n - 4

15

ft

his birth
had the
virtues of a sage, so that the nation
could not fail to give him its al-

and when,

legiance,

if

3*

IS

^>
!

A mosquito,

Win9
wl K'u*
.

nao*.

ttj

ft

daughters-in-law are all very harmonious, there is never the least sign of
If all followquarreling or fighting.
ed this example, would any fail to
preserve their patrimony ?
14 In the case of a good horse, his legs
are sound and will stand fatigue he
;

quick when
he flies like a

Wretched, miserable; forlorn,

cast

ptj

Cfcu 1 chH*.

Ckou*..

JC Chung 1

To

liang*.

to avenge, to vindicate.

yfcjfik

yo<l*.

Pao*

niie*.

Note

12.

treat cruelly, to maltreat,

to abuse.

Faithful

and

[officers],

fi Nue*,

virtuous

5>F

^ Lao*

"Hi fj|

r*

f^J^

Li 2 min*.

~*t"5fk Shou* yie*.

TGi'i'
tT ltf

harsh.

Quick, active, nimble, agile,

pa

Ta 3 chHen*

The jaw bone, the

lower jaw.
To stumble.

hu*.

shi 1

Taz

ch'ien* pan*.

The same.

Ta9

flP

The same.

pan*
Perverse
2
.

mean, contemptible.

Mean, contemptible, shabby,

acrubby; stupid.

SiW

13.

The lower jaw.

Ts'an* t'&u

To preserve an inheritance;

Note

of

Labor, toil,/a%;<e.

Ts'an*.

to tyrannize over,

frugal

k'lf

Hsia*

*JT itu flr

Black; many, nnmerous.

The black haired people, the
Chinese people, (w.)
:

weak and he has a habit

S Hsia* pa 1

to ill-use.

Zpl Li*

old and

Ling* pien*.

(w.)

Cruel, tyrannical

To oppress,

is

his

prompt.

to vent one's

trace, a breech-strap

^jg^ly lYan* hat*.

/{&

yoursof

He

chagrined.

To aspirate
anger

jjjjj

down

of

legs are

gnat

movements
yon mount him, away
hawk. But this horse
what account is he P
his jaw droops, also his

well shaped and

is

ft
a

Chon

13 Everybody says that preserving an

inheritance is difficnlt.
Look at Li
Yttn Oh'ing's family ; they have been
rich for five or six consecutive generations, and now his three sons are
all thrifty, not one is spending money
foolishly, and moreover his three

lit

in addition,

Wang maltreated his faithful officers

and oppressed the common people, the
hearts of the people all the more
turned to W6n Wang.

# m A i

t#

Wen Wang

From

12

IB

offend yoa, yon should have told me,

and allowed me to give yon satisfaction yon ought not yourself to have
beaten him in this way.
;

IB

405

yfc

I*

In the

iff ||[ CKi*

Hwei8

first

place

Note

15.

Directly, entirely, absolutely.

mie*.

To destroy

utterly, to annihilate, to abolish.

40fl

II

fe

INF

er

A*#*
A .
n # = ^ ^ *
& a. ft * it
# & & m
*I

15

ft/

U4

^
&
#

if

i.

s,

i t
f m m m &
& A
it ft>
* ft ~ H> *
$ i
* ^ fi 1* * 13 Ji
fl-

tip

=S

hk

IP

i J* 3 ft
i i it n m m
n m m
# A 8H
^ # is ^
: # ft T
&
M, ft
* Wl w )& ^

T. *E

A E

91

lis

ft

ing

^C -f"

Confucianism.

Fii

ts'i*.

stye ; a rabbi

an honored

for

fr Wu3
^g A

/*.

P' u* sal -

An

inferior

a god
1
ifl&TFr Tsu* tsunq .

Buddha

an

idol,

a dear, a darling.

Ancestors, progenitors.

spend

Disobedient, intractable, frowafd,

Rebellious ; contrary ; to oppose, to
resist

teacher.

a fH

they

money and take all this pains

nothing ? By no raeanSit
It is

simply an ingeuions plan for stealing the hearts of the people, and so
preparing the way for gobbling up
our imperial master's broad domain.

>.

&htncp chiao*.

Would

hospitals.

all this

fft

tgfX

say that foreigners corning to

to propagate their religion is

a blessing to us Chinese.
I don't
believe a bit of it.
In the first place,
their
entrance
into
China was
originally by force, but who in the
world
undertakes
to
force good
In the second
things on people?
place, the preaching of Christianity
aims directly at the destruction of
Confucianism. Ought the doctrines
of the sages to be destroyed ?
Is
there any greater sage than Confucius?
In the third place, they
teach men not to worship the Poosas
that is, to have no fear of the gods
before their eyes, and they teach
men not to worship their ancestors
that is, to be undutiful to parents.
Do you consider that a gctod doctrine which leads men not to worship
the gods nor to honor their parents ?
Moreover they are everywhere establishing charity schools and open-

m
fl

You

China

jffl

+ h w - %

stumbling who would waste provendkeeping such a screw as this ?

#.

ft

11

to anticipate.

Undutiful; refractory, incorrigible.

fr-Stt

a^ ,&^

W W6

11 y uen*

hstte*

charity school.

^ hospital; a dispensary.

NoT8.

S9$1?^

Aa<* Pe*"> or nicer, in the

bottom dfthe ear, to suffer from earache.

6 j$ "?
expression

North.

is

It is

This redundant
1fc Oh'in-Ul, Me father.
a common colloquial idiom, especially in the
a general practice to designate parents by the

names of their children.

8 By using 1% at the end, the question is made to turn
sn the ^J *}} above, rather than on the last clause.
10 In former times manacles were made of wood, and the
jharacter $j was used, now they are generally made of iron,
tnU Vt has oome into use.

12 IS fa} ?%e virtue* of a tage, the highest type of

mental and moral qualities. Iff 3*, otherwise called iff ^,
the most infamous tyrant known in Chinese history. He
imprisoned jit 3> but subsequently released him. He was
defeated and dethroned by jR, 3* and with him ended the
,

H % & K || lg ^

Shang dynasty.
of words in the book

Jj;

is

a set form

style.

13 *F ISt To preserve and build up by prudence, diligence

and economy the inheritance transmitted from parents, a
virtue, whioh owing to the tendency of affluence to produea

MANDARIN LESSONS.

JilESSON 140.

h-*

ra

tbasnlation.

si
is

o IS"

fi

w *

England.

2 There are three troupes of actors in

the city at present ; which company
do you wish to hear ?

have four wells in our village,

has good water.
only one of which
4 As breath is to men, so is incense
to the gods.
5 To lecture to these five classes in one
forenoon is quite as much as you can

o" i'

* -

a.

MUl^

*>

W *

14

(3

is

the Hall

#>

is not the least shelter outside

the north door ; it would be better to
build a wall to keep off the north wind.
8 Business is easy to do, [faithful] partners are hard to find. When the three
strands of the rope tighten together,
who could uot make money ?
9 I send by the bearer one sack of

is

3te

to,

of that temple

given

to,

or has

15 -JL ^C j Master Kung, gives

Western uauie, Goufuoius. For the use

_ $5,
7*

it is

ft jE

a book phrase
J$ m
impiety.

Incorrigibly disobedient and unduU/tU,

habit of.

$5,

in the second place. See Lea. 170 Sub.

place,

to the great sage his

of

There

& ^ &. # * & o pufc^

here equal

name

Ten Thousand Buddhas, because

there are in it ten thousand Buddhas.

indolence and dissipation, is held to be as difficult as

admirable.
>a

sir.

stand,

6 The
of

4 iif
nt ?M
A 9

We

ft

This large cannon was purchased in

A
m
m^ a m *
m tt # ft HffiSt^ if
- o ^ ^ ~ ;&
il n
ffl

407

expressing the highest degree of filial

is the dynastic title of the reigning Tartar dynasty.

in thefirst
I

"

liE8S03ST

CZXi.

Classified.
JjL Honorable,
Buddhas, cannon,

eminent,

classifier

iy A class, a set,classifier of
yamens, troupes of actors, etc.
BR.

which
%B.

An

eye,

qf idols,

etc.

a hole,classifier of wells

p is also used.
A furnace, classifier

^f A
*B To
Jjjq

close
slice,

up, classifier
a

iu

wrap

company,

bundle,

classifier

pen,

classifier of accounts.

of sticks of incense.

of millstones,

classifier

encampment,

classifier

of
etc.

of

pieces

divisions

Iff

To whistle, to patrol, classifier of com-

panies or squads of soldiers.

$ The whole, classifiei

stones, etc

podj

tablets,

tomb-

ftff

To

roll up,

jit

To

pair,

classifier of thins in pairs.

etc.

of

paper,

etc.

classifier

^ An

of reams of

classifier

of an army.

of walls.

bundles or packages.

sfl

men,

classifier of strands in

n thread or rope, shares in a

^ To

for

knife,

bean curd,

of business, etc.

classifier of ranks
set,
a school, beds in a garden,

share,

plate,

row,

jg A wick,

A
$&
7}

slices of

of incense urns.

^#
company, classifier of parties of
classes in school, guitars, flutes, etc.
soldiers, classes iu

iu

offices

classifier of snbjects in a
vff The beginning,
discourse, pieces of silk, etc.

To combine,

hinges, etc.

classifier of doors,

classifier of

maps and

windows,
pictures.

408

ft

SI

+ m

"&

and
& m = n m mmj*
Shanghai
bags
on
* tf* a
$
memorandum.
Why
yon
Tsang-chia
o
*l & .
#>
*
have an account
- ft * o m & ChwaugwhichAna.am going
- ft
m ~ m n w Ill wonder who a yard hung
of
four
potatoes
Please take delivery
rice.
of this
10
are
inquiring for
.

ft

fit

receipt

there

to collect.

in his

is getting
I see
red cloth
married.
around the door, and the character
"
"
pasted outside.
rejoice
12 That was a three thonsand cash note.

a*

#
pg

^
^ tt 3P
ft . 3i
3 - ft
3t IF
.

*ft

- 16 ft

I$\

0r

M
A

s n ^ i ^
m^T ^. a hb. *
o

3IB

* a.
W m
tt &
$t ^ o
#
m m n^m t
m m m
^ m m m 2fc.

>fc

7;

*n

ffi

I bought two reams of maopien paper

which took one thousand eight hundred cash, and there is left just one
thousand two hundred.
13 In their neighborhood the Goldenpill sect and the One-stick-of incense
sect flourish, on which account the
people generally have an antecedent

& an ^
m m m n ^
m. 5 ^ =& s
* ^. %. - #.
- o t i o
%

ia

A.

ft

idea of seeking immortality.

14 This row of beds is all planted in
celery.

15 The south room is five chien and a

half.
In it there is a flour mill, a hullmill
and also several grain bins.
ing
16 One regiment is divided into five

tr

Vocabulary.

1
"T* -Paw ts?

tronpe of actors.
A wick, a stick of incense.
jE Chu*
To sing (as a bird), to whistle to
Pf=i Shao*.
call (as a guard); to patrol; a company of a hundred men.
JjfeE

To ward

jj&jff Chi tang*.

off,

to

to

defend,

shelter, to hinder.

H? Lei3

To

up one on the

pile

a heap

%$
U4 $J
\l

Shan 1 yao*.
Shan1 yao*

&

other, to build;

Medicinal herbs; another

form of H|.

jgg rod*, yue*, yao*.

tou*.

The Chinese yam.

The potato (yam
beans), (n.)

The potato (earth eggs). (0.)

j TP tan*.
1
1
*$ \U
Yang shan yii*. The potato (foreign

:Nil

wild taro).

^|>C Ch'a* shou

jt& Tsang

fU Hat 1

..

1
.

Tr^k
$|

Yung* sktng

(s.)

To examine and receive,

used on letters and parcels.

Generous, virtuous; a surname, (w.)

A bed in a garden.

in% ts'ai*

Nien*.

Note

Tun

^[|J

$$

K'fi1.

Jjj

for

Celery.
rice or millet.

bin for holding grain.

stone tablet, a grave-etone.

To

See

engrave, to carve.

k'e*.

To plunder, to rob on the highway; a

Hindoo kalpa, a cycle, an aeon.

An

pile

A. Ming* jin*.

indenture,
bond.

a deed, a

noted man, a celebrated

character.

1
$$-$5 Met* hied .

jUj

immor-

15.

3cJpj Win*

life,

An osier

Chie*.

mill

hulling

jji}

Everlasting

tality; ever living.

1
$f! Pei .

a rampart.

Tfc Si:

^ Lan*
Ang*.

]fti fl?

hied1

prune blossom; thejlotoering almond.

An

orchidaceous plant with

a fragrant flower.^,
[priced.
To elevate stately, grand high

Ping* yung*.

To

use together,
at once.

to

use

MANDARIH tBBSONS.

Lesson 140.

40f

companies ; the front, rear, left, right

and middle and each company is
;

m m. m m. m m m n m
m -? - * m ^ m
* *.
m n m m> #. * t & ft ft T~
ii It + IE # ?
2o

divided into ten platoons.

17 There is a monument jnst in front
is

on

m m #. m
& ^'"jt'i, ft %
ft * - #.

*?

T>2ift

aj

#
+

ft

if

the

year in

company of

twolfth

moon a
Man-

from

travellers

churia was robbed just in this place,

and one young man of seventeen

was

^.
o

it.

18 Last

'J

and see what inscription

please go

ra.

killed.

No

matter whether yon are mortgaging or buying a house, the

number of doors and windows and
k'angs and kettle- ranges which are
included should all be distinctly
otherwise,
specified in the deed
when the time for the delivery of
the house comes, there is danger of
a misunderstanding.
20 By what noted artists were the
Ans.
paintings on this roll made F
The horse is by Chao Tsi Ang, the
19

*"
* #. 45 *. il A. T
i i A W li^o
f,
it * ^ s n m^m o ^
-ft ft. * ~ * # w * ^ *t * #. - jp& * m # mm

flowering almond is by Wang Toa,

the peony by Chang Yii and the
orchid by Ch6ng Pan Ch'iao.
21 Not only are a male and a female of

18

^Pf :p|

Hwang* piao

special kind of yellow

paper used to burn in

Holes are punched in it,
sacrificing to the gods.
and it is then supposed to represent copper cash.

^5 Ql

^'s chiang*.

stone-cutter.

ty

X Pao
X kung
-p X Mac? Ui
1

Work done

Ji*

J)P

Work done by

ktrng

the job.

by the day.

The same

kung 1

Notes.
added to $E when it means a company of actors,
it means a class of constables in a yamdn.
3 Sf TlJC is sweet water as distinguished from J ?K'
bitter water, that is water containing alkaline salts.

8 "P

is

but not when

As men

require breath, so the gods require incense.

The meaning of this proverbial saying probably is, that as a
man's life depends on the breath he breathes, so a god's life
(Or,)

and prosperity depend on

the

incense

he

receives,

jffl

frequently substituted for jptp.

8 The strands of a rope are put figuratively for the
persons associated in business.
9 Potatoes being of foreign introduction, and having
received no settled name, the people of each port have given
There are others besides those
them a name of their own
is

el in Shantung, and Jff ,g^ at Kiukiang.

the occasion of a wedding, a long red scarf is
frame of the street door, and the
above
the
festooned
character -J written on red paper is pasted in all prominent
places in view of the bride's chair as it approaches the house
of the bridegroom. This latter is for good luck, while the red
The sentence implies that
scarf is simply a sign of festivity.
in the text, as ^g,

On

several families lived in the game courtyard.

13 There arc a great many small religious sects in China.
They are not really distinct from the great religious systems

of the land,

but rather included

in

In

them, thongh

most

cases involving more or less of a protest against their errors

and corruptions. The government is disposed to regard all

such sects as seditious. The

i3" Jfe is a sect springing
from Taoism, and gives prominence to the supposed "pill
of immortality."
This pill is called golden, partly to
express its preciousness, and partly because transmuted gold

~"
supposed to be an important constituent of it. The
!tfc
fcf 's a sect which lays great stress on prayers and
Their theoretical time for kneeling in prayer is
penances.
the time it takes for one stick of incense to burn out.
is

16

{ff

mounted on
called a

frame

WR

in

consists of a

heavy stone

roller called a

$| $c,

a large flat stone five or six feet in diameter,

^-

which

It has
it

an axle and

is

turns like a wheel.

surrounded by a

The inner

side

frame pivots on a centre-post, and as the roller is

drawn or pushed round it rolls with a slipping motion on the
of this

base,

upon which the grain

is

spread to be

hulled'.

jfj

-p

different from a JjlJ -y, though used for the same purpose.
The latter is a very large round osier basket, often from thres
The
to five feet wide, and from four to eight feet high
is

410

fR

$?

S - %

- +

SS

and beasts called a pair, but

everything in which two are used
birds

^w

&

m & w - m M #

us

& *r y % #
* # wt *. m ft
x

flft.

# #

-fc.

pr

PI

*n

w*

t;

ft

-%

for

in-

reams of yellow paper and bring

them home with him.
23 Go and call that stone-cutter named
Chang. I want to consult him
about making a tablet so as to see
whether it will be cheaper to have
it done by the job or by the day.

ft
-a

pair of pillows, a pair of flagstaff's

or a pair of stone lions.
22 To-morrow is the day for burning the
fifth seven for the children's maternal
When you go into
grandfather.
the city to-day and see Oh'un-tsi,
tell him to be sure and buy four

U
# ^ ate m> -

$&

#.

*. #
o .tfc

pair

stance, [we say] a pair of vases, a

a.

**;&

called

is

together

former is made of long strips of matting about fifteen inches

of a screw,
wide, oanied round and round like the threads
each round being telescoped by half its width or more into
the one below it.
It usually has a low basket for a bottom,
and is constructed gradually as the grain is filled in. In
Shantung the strip of mntting, not the bin, is called Jg -yverb
18 Notice, how the omission of a ubject for the

5H? 's a highly idiomatic expression.

stands for the children of the family,
whose maternal grandfather is the person referred to. On
the death of a parent the sons burn paper money on the
recurrence of each seventh day, until seven times, that is, the
if
tliey burn
forty-ninth day. Daughters are usually excused

into a passive.
Thee are the names of the moet famous painters of

23 The term ^0 -f I used in Peking, probably comes

from the custom of calling the roll or counting the workmen
in the morning.

really turns

20

it

China

22 f$

jjE

joined with

^a

fill

fifc,

five times.
'

Special Intensivm.

Mandarin abounds

in special intensives.

Some

of these intensives are applied to a considerable

number of adjectives, but the greater number are
Many of them
limited to one or two special ones.
to
are evidently founded on resemblance, similar

our "snow white," "ice cold," "red hot," etc.,

but in many cases no such origin is apparent.
If the real origin of the usage in each case were
are
known, doubtless it would be found that all
based on some kind of resemblance. The fact
that the figure intended is oftentimes unknown or
such oases
uncertain, makes the proper writing in

more

or

less

speech depends

uncertain.
in

Elegant and forcible

no small degree on the ready

command of these qualifiers. Their proper translation is difficult, and in many cases impossible.
in English, we are
special intensives
instead.
intensives
compelled to use general
Four lessons are given to the illustration of
with those applied to
this class of

Having no

words, beginning
number of words.

The usage differs

the greater
in different localities, necessitating
much
rery

readings, and even these do not reThe student

present nearly all the variations.
should inquire of his teacher, not only concerning
the readings given, but for others not given.

many double

generally includes an idea

/flfj Rare,
sparse,
It is widely used, but more
of depreciation.
frequent in the South than in the North.
^fi

Shamefully ragged,

all in tatters.

jfc&i Miserably dull, dull as a

^fjfS Very slow, awfully slow,
Extra

^fjjffi
to pieces

$j

soft,

well cooked; rotten, felling

in pieces, in tatters.

1$.

Very

%fc !i

Very

soft

or

weak

|J5f| Exceedingly
jjfc

[pliable.
j

quite

or

bits, all to flinders.

loose; very negligent.

Very low, excessively low.

^ Very

limber

thin, miserably lean, (s.)

in
jfcVfy In small pieces,

JfiiWz

beetle, (s.)
(s.)

(s.)

narrow, excessively narrow,

(s.)

Lksson

141.

MANDARIN LK8SON8.

IB ^f
^ W m ^ n m
mmmm $&* $, #- # m^m m
- ^ ^ *
at, % ^ # ^ 3% ^^ H2
|g * $
K
#
# w - % K & ft T =&, 7
*
<*4 & . A & # sg

!el

flt

n
8fel.

n@

Sd

ft

ft

jt

7 s

iE

tt

&j

mm
w ^ $

411

TKAN8I*ATI0N.
1

This morning he
bowls of very thin

2 Look

there is still any fire in the

Ans. It is Wirning' briskly
3 This razor is as dull as a
beetle, it
will not shave at all.

>m

fare,

awfully
give him a cut every step and you
can't, even then, get him to
go.
6 That elder Hstt is
exceedingly selfwilled, and intractable to the last
degree.
^
.

Well cooked beef [for

Have
sale].
some to eat? Ans. First slice off
a

little for

the idea of
teachers prefer to write
}. and
Southern teachers contend
forg, which with them
is read
ching, and the meaning is quite correct

7m

tffi

Extremely

Extremely

H
W

t!

/fit

?||

thin.

and very easy

a beetle, (a

Extremely slow, awfully slow. (c.

Extremely muddy, terribly muddy.
Extremely lean, thin as a rail. (o. &

WW:
^If Extremely poor, poor as
^M. Soaking wet, dripping
Tfpj

jt

Tm^k

k n.)
& n.)

Extremely low, very

Extremely narrow,

wet.

(o.

As.)

& n.)

&jh.)

ifj To penetrate, conveys the idea of through

and through, thoroughly. Some teachers
prefer
to write $%, but its
meaning is not so appropriate.

*K

j^B

Thoroughly flourishing, very vigorous.

Thoroughly mellow or light, (o.)

iffitM Thoroughly wet, soaking wet.

(s.)

making

quite

to hoe.

bread

it

will

Thoroughly short or

m. ffif

Thoroughly fresh, altogether

iflfi??

Thoroughly alive

never

crisp.

fresh,

very loose,

(c.

&

n.)

m?5t Thoroughly light, entirely clear.

% To crack, to split open. Some teachers
at %t

to

jg| (

fallas a monntain.

Splitting dry, dry as tinder.

$JJf Exceedingly

brittle, brittle as glass.

Exceeding pretty, very pretty,

jjjjjfft
xEPtlrt The same,

poverty.

short, (o.

(c.

n.)

to taste.

SH&P

prefer to write

dull, dull as

me

8 The road is
extremely mnddy, so
that the walking is
very bad.
9 With a spring wind like
this, it will
be as dry as tinder in two
days.
10 Owing to this rain which has
just
fallen, the ground is
mellow

ffl

Some

for

just last year, he wore all to

tatters in one winter.
5 This old
slow
donkey is

unmixed, conveys

fine,

made

him

11 In

entireness.

if

4 The new wadded coat

m
M9 % o ^ ^-^ m
m mrm o & m

S n^^ o'
. # i=3 0.
o *.#*#
o
w m . ft
fl tt $f a

ffif^l Exceeding cheap, cheap as dirt.

two

stove.

.fc

wWt Exceedingly tender.

only drank
gruel.

(s.)

Hard, firm,conveys the idea of

rigidity.
hard or stiff, hard as steel

M SI Rigorously
Pjjlj

very rigid, (c.

IUI
A

&

s.)

The same.

bubble
7&
frotb.-conveys the
lightnessread both p'ao* and pao*.

?|

flt Very light, or mellow,

light

yg Diffused, to

idea
r,

as "froth.

overflow,conveys the idea of

all-pervading.

m.m

of

Excessively poor, utterly poor.

(.)

412

m ~ +

ts

1 M % tH * ?I> - JW M #
FMQk f i i I i f i
8U&#IJi -k 1& ft

*.
=&

do
12

thin

ft

n ~f m m. m
m n m m *.
w

^.^5i^

&

have had for a few days.f

13 Don't be deceived by the fact that
he has a high gate and a large
the family are as poor as
house
they can be.

fc

ft*

m.

tu

it

w.

pi

SB

tt

fft

12

14

I,

# *. 9 H
tl ^ o f l ^

f ili

# *. j & ^. Ji
15 ft 9 *n n o
m $s m^ffi
II S * f t ft *r * g

n m -t n o si n ^^ *
** a $ i& *. ^mi*i
ft ft * a * * o n. &
+ t. - ft. * * m at m u m
ft

]6

T>

quality.
17 I sincerely hoped that when he succeeded to the business, he would

17

put matters and things in order

but I am disappointed to find that
he is just as careless as others.
18 I really do not like that house at
;

18

^
fc
7c

19

very loose or moveable, (s.)

T$fr Powder, the bloom of fruit,
conveys the
idea of pulvernlence.
r/ s \
All in pieces, fine as powder.
vk.

very low, and besides exIt wonld be

ceedingly cramped.
better to look for one a little larger.
19 Fish are dirt cheap this year, even
perfectly fresh bonito only sell for
seventeen or eighteen cash per catty.
20 Those butchers are truly unfeeling,
they will butcher a live animal without the least hesitation.
21 Some of these peaches are still as
and some are
hard as bullets,

To Fully

alive,

fair or

Blooming

ruddy

tender.

very

conveys the idea of completeness.

7L
very
jCvt Perfectly
conveys the idea of
@#
To

fill,

beautiful,

pretty, (o.)

Clear, pare,

parity.

Wt fi Pare

fp
ij?

it

all,

m o ^ # * it * m m
g 3520$: ^s ^ ft, ^ ^ ft
g ft fa m mmm&i o
2l

My big vase, perfectly sonnd, your

children have broken all to pieces
for me.

15 Our bedding is all wet through and

through, how can we sleep to-night?
16 The shortcakes made in the capital
are exceedingly crisp, no other place
can
produce them of the same

ft 4&*

111

-tfc

the dough too soft.

that your face looks so very
Ans. It comes from th.e diarrhoea

is it

z-

i i t

.^D

- %

mix

to

How

i?

white, perfectly white.

Granular,
#$$:

When

is

conveys the

idea of granularity.

Exceedingly tender or crisp,

(s.)

any case a given intensive is not used

and the dialect affords no other intensive to take
in

its place, Chinese teachers incline to insert g as

an equivalent, which however is not a special but
a general intensive : See Les. 15.

Vocabulary.

fc (K

Shwei*fan*.

Rice water with the rice in

...

Oh'ung

To

.
.

$%

fill

full,

it

Note

to satiate

capacity of; to

Chie\ Clear, pure, free from

untainted.

38115177 TV*

t'ou* tao

1.
;

Nang*.

Ping*.

B&

Hsilen 1

Muddy, sloppy,
To drive

to act in the

fulfil

extreme.

sin or defilement,

Genial,

pleasant
mellow.

$|| ITsie*
4- razor.

^H $

slippery.

crack open, to split

to leap, to jump, to prance.
off; to

Ilsie* tu*. ...

To

light,

spongy

leak, to ooze; to purge.

To purge,

to

have diarrhoea.

MANDARIN L1880N8.

Lebson 141.

413
entirely rotten

m m m ^

I f I
$> ^ a* 3\ n * s
n m m
*
PS o T
t*.
*.
a.
m ^ 1 3E &
7 # # a *
a ****
w f* *
HI
m
sfji W
m m
j# 3f> Jg #
ftl

27

IB

5f0

23

it

tf

to

my

m t

m
ff

never be starched too stiff, it mast

be quite soft in order to be comfortable.

25 Since

* % m a
m n m, m m m . ng

A.

41

ft

*.

*>

&

^ *
%
a
W R # &

sit

flfc

&*&.&*
ffl

in

Lien Shfing has gotten a very

with a snow-white face

and an exceedingly fresh complexion,

and her two almond eyes are just
like two pools of water.
28 It is not known at what time last
At
night Chang the Eighth died.
first the family all thought he was

fit

Wang

pretty wife

Mil it

ftf

28

double teeth have long ago

fallen out, and although I still have
several incisors in front, those above

and below do not match therefore

unless bread is raised very light I
cannot eat it at all.
27

jfc

is

My

26

ifc

explanation of

It
entirely clear.
like the opening of a double door.

is

this

hearing

my mind

yours

01
ftl

made

ingly crisp and taste very fresh.

24 Clothing worn next the skin should

?#

* ~F w
# w & *&
a

was hacked

It
pieces by the robbers.
flesh creep to look at him.

the antumn, cucnmbers newly

plncked from the vines are exceed-

Bfc

%m

to

23 Iu
22

9
#

26

*l

ra

what do yon say

thirty cash for the lot P

22 Yu T 6 Shwei's whole hody

ja,>

sleeping; but, when day-light came,

a touch of the hand (disclosed the
fact) that his whole body was quite

it
*E

rigid.

fj
Wf>

P Min*
^u

l
.

hit*

cheesy butter
pastry);

f?c

JH

Chie 1 shou?.

lux MePyien*..

^Wf

Pa*.

J||

Tu\

Fresh as

ber

short

(as
Les. 142. Sub.
;

dE>Kt Wang* kwa\ King of melons,

follow,

to

)J\

B?fc

M.

'ffj

Ts'ao*.

^{4

Up jfj

Ch

1
life,

Ian*.

7C

to kill

and dress,

especially hogs.
A

hu*

u* shingK

Met 1

butcher

tff 3J

a flume, a sluice
a channel a vat, a tub.

To include

Back

a groove,

teeth, grinders.

ya\

The same,

yf Mtn^ya*

Front teeth,

(s.)

incisors.

Wang

1
.

wide expanse of water

a pond,

a pool.
jfaf

Wan}.

spoiled.

Pao1 yOen*.

kind of wood j the kernel or pit of

fff Ku*.
... ... a seed. (Used for ^f.)
IfcE

rotten

The same.
Taste, Jlavor.

..

A trough

an animal.

Decayed and moldy,

23.

Ts'ao* ya*.

M3t Pan

butcher.

brute,

tao*.

thecucum-

:Note

bonito.
kill

Wei*

expression.

perfectly
fresh : Les. 148 Snb.

To

Hwang* kwa

3h

JH ft Tu*

Ill,

crisp, flaky

benumbed
To succeed, to
come next.

The
to

~j|j

a gate ; family.

Outline, plan

Hwot* hsien\

JH

door,

cove, a bay

a pond, a pool ; an

anchorage.
all, the lot ;

responsible for the

to be

lot.

ffcift ChOe*

chin*.

beautiful
Perfectly
Les. 148 Sub.

414

Sf

i -

a r +

fif

Translation.

*)&

^U-

*H

ffl

PI

Jfr

SB

It

HtBWlft H&s*jS

fc

Wi

*> *.
it< o
6

rift.

1 W SSUlf
m*#j a

mm

\n

*. *.

f& %

ft

ft

3 Although from the same county, we

are still a long distance apart.
4 The moonlight is quite bright outside, there is no need of a lantern.
5 Don't fill it brim full for him, lest

H .ft

&mn

wm

t&

S^

tender chives,
and yet
Perfectly
yon object that they are old.
2 It is rather cold jnst now. Won't
you shut that door ?
1

in

m m m
& ^ # 1 n

he spills

%>

>Mi>

it.

Do you go and speak

am

me, I

for

much ashamed to go myself.

Yesterday when he arrived at our

too
7

place, the sun was still ever so high.

8 This water is all muddy
yon may

M I ^J a i ^ l o
^w - i a . a. o *t
p. i. * i a tn o o f 8

out and get some more.

9 I find this water-lily root exceedingly
tender and of a most delicious flavor.

throw

it

NOTBS.
1 7jC (IS is different from ^| j3j( or ||jj f in that it
not boiled into a gruel, but is simply boiled soft and eaten
swimming in the water in which it is boiled.
is

2 The

translation does not convey the

tourst there
the idea.

Of

is,

is

it

force

of

jJ6>

burning briskly, would approximate

18 fc

baked.

it is

Vermicelli, however,

-^

mien

is

S $j Larger by

20 More

some, somewhat larger.

Verily those butchers find no difficulty
they take the life of a vigorous animal without the

literally,

in taking hold ;
least hesitation.

1
but
are everywhere called hwang* kwa
is
and
correct
. Writing jg; /TjL
the original
writing

23 Cucumbers

hundred breaks notbend back; that is,

he is like a stiff stick, so nnyielding that a hundred effortB
will not cause it to break and double back on itself.
7 The call of one at the wayside selling cooked meat,
in / J*

given to it after
to the end.

is

a concession to the pronunciation.

26 sf* W[ 1j The points or teeth not opposite, 'jSf being

used for points, or as an alternate to avoid the repetition of

10 B& is here used by accommodation. There is no

proper character to express the idea of spongy or mellow.

W-

dough as well as flour. In the process of

making bread, the dough is called mien until it has been
made into rolls or loaves, and then it is called by the name

which is the quality here attributed to her, would be valued

by her husband, but not by her father-in-law. who would

11

$5

is

XiB3SS03^T

27

$tf

is

'

iere

translated

wife,

because

beauty,

rather prize diligence, docility, etc

OXLII

Special Intennives.

ji To permeate, the whole,

conveys the
idea of through and through, entirely, wholly.

M,^ Perfectly fresh, or tender,

(c.

iSL^tl Perfectly light, very bright,

Mm* Thoroughly

turbid, or

& s.)

(s.)

muddy,

(c.

An.)

M.JJQC All over red, entirely red, a bright red.

MSB All over

7&

Old,

applied

and distance.

grown

fat,

great.

rolling fat, fat.

(a.)

to words expressive of size

Old things are supposed to have

i%tt
TE^j

Ever so

7&W-

Ever

far,

very distant.

Ever so high, very high or lofty.

/&~j\. Ever so big, very large or great.

so thick,

enormously thick.

^B. Ever so large, very large, or coarse.

/fcj^i Ever so long, very long.

Vffl

To

flow,

to

glide,

conveys

evenness or smoothness, and

lines

and

surfaces.

is

-'

the idea

of

applied chiefly to

MANDARIN

LeBEOH 142.

vt

10 That piece of ice is very slippery, it

will be necessary to take care in

$ ^ ft. * R
m m n m $
fi & w
*
*r m w. * * fc
^ - o ie * m.
mm&.m
m o t& #, + <$"& $ g
#. ft W ^ IE i i i. m *
m 1& !.
o *. w
&

10

fe.flb

crossing it.
is
excessively hot to-day and 1
feel very lazy.
12 The painting ia very life-like indeed
with those bright red blossoms and
11 It

fti

17

19

emerald green leaves.

two [mule] loads are quite
less
thau animals ought to carry.
light,
14 Just think, the son is already evei
so big, and is the father not yet
13 These

loo

& m

^ *c *
m
# #j si^t b i ^ i
# *.
& ^ # *F *
1
/h W ft. * *. JL o
o A, ^ IK ^
IS f& &
# $!>?*& ^
* IK * a * # n ft mm
pr

15

i"

16

tfc

17

4*"

ffc

11

18

16

brimming

full.

(o.

&

as air.

save that

Its use

be explained by con" ifl

"
an
it
exaggeration, as
horribly
sidering
often used in colloquial English.

^t To

may perhaps

precedence,conveys the
Some would prefer to
idea of pre-eminence.
write f to add.
strive

for

^*jj5 Exceedingly bright,

^@

glistening.

Exceedingly light, light as possible, (c.)

JJE Exceedingly fat, rolling fat. (n.)

HI To sway

or

float

the idea of buoyancy.

ou the

light,

J3f Scorched,
$fjl!JE

JU A
JH

it

always implies something unpleasantly excessive.

It is moreover only a semi-intensive, answering
very nearly to our words quite, rather, somewhat,
etc.

Very

light as a feather,

light

(s.)

Bfc jt Very crisp, short, or flaky.

.)

application,

wearing when aatumn sets in.

river and
it at once to the
it.
The water iu the river ia

Take
wash

Crisp, flaky,conveys the idea of crigpness.

Sit I* Very crisp, short, flaky, or brittle.

Ifffl IB
Perfectly round, round as a ball.
As an intensive
*|-!
Strange, monstrous.
rather general than specific, there being no

its

somewhat lonesome.
small wadded

to

feel

You may make me a

quite clear.
19 The Bung femily certainly have the

s.)

m'iH Very slippery, smooth as glass.

fH
Perfectly smooth, level as a board.
'/S TO Yery thin, thin as paper, (o. & s.)
fS^C Very smooth, smooth as glass, (c. &

limit

man to put
Have it

rolled perfectly smooth.

Are you not afraid to stay at home
alone ? An*. No, I am not afraid ;

for

til

special

find a

coat with quite thin wadding, ready

ij

is

You may go and

but I

*fe

fall,

twenty-five

15

the ball ground in order.

ft

'<m)m Level

41&

I,ESSONB.

wind,conveys

!3r

pa

Very
plain,

conveys the

crisp, short

idea of brittleness.

as a crackling, (n.)

used by way of comparison.

Level as a plain, very level, (s.)

used by way of comstone,

Green jade

[crystal, (s.)
S!ak
^ffif Extremely clear or limpid, clear as
^$1 Emerald green.
used by way of comparison.
\/$f Oil,
wB'TU Very smooth, sleek as oil.

(3

Olear, limpid

conveys

the idea of trans-

Ra & N)

pareucy.

csTr? Transparently
5J^ Red,
ruddiness.
Jjp

flesh

$1 Very

color,

clear,

clear as crystal.

conveys

the

idea of

red, blood-red, flaming red.

418

ft

n t

& ^ | # if *I ^ W ft
# & @ ^ m Mf*-^\
ft m % m *
*B ri
m

O
% i m m & A m
^
^ ^ m a ^c
& & m i P2^ I> i HI
fa m m m *7\ H.-MJfc * *
^ it o 4f * ft
m
^ *$** $
O *|ft to W A lift ft 8 ?
ft
- & ft
*r A j
to * ft
& mm ft h^
SI. %
^ jp ^ ft ^ftllJ&IB * .
to mm^ nt * # to, % * fi
21

5c

appearance of wealth. Look at the

mules, horses and dogs which come
oat of their door ; every one is

rolling fat.

20 Can a woman overcome a man ? If

he gets angry with yon again, it will
be better to give up to him and
avoid the pain of his blows.
21 These peanuts were just roasted this
morning and are exceedingly crisp,

fid.

2u

ffl.

you're

jjc.

m *^%m
ij Deep

and

clear,

Ik,

is

ffi

m H

ft

conveys

the

ft.

ft

fl

ft

ide

was combed smooth as oil and she

had on a brand new silk coat and

Extremely

^nt*

TO^ff Entirely new, brand new.

Bright,

^ ^5

24 Liu Chiu-tsi's wife went home to

Her hair
see her mother to-day.

of

entireness.

conveys the idea

^n nfTPf Very

$5

^|^
^| f|$

Extremely

thin,

(a

&

(c.

[smooth,

n.)

jj^f

cool; lonesome, (s.)

Entirely new, braud-new.

(s.)

(s.)

(s.)

HJ^ Very animated, sprightly.

l&Wl

n.)

(s.)

excessively

slippery,

*^J Very light, bright as day. (s.)

$?te Very hot or warm, oppressively hot.

|l|;jsft

&

(s.)

Exceedingly ugly, horribly ugly,

very turbid.

Extremely light, very light,

fet.

Exceedingly

of shining.

Shining bright, glistening.

^t'if Extremely muddy,

buying a supply of

a felon on the second

of her right hand, so that
even the back of her hand and her
forearm are swollen up ever so thick,
and there is a long red line [^extending up her arm] : really it is something frightful to look at.
23 The water in that spring north of the
hill is always clear as crystal, one can
see straight to the bottom of it.

5Bn

in

finger

24

safe

them to eat.
22 Shu Ch6n has

5ii

jl}

m r + b w

Very animated,

sprightly.

Vocabulary.
Pi1

Green jade-stone.
1

I'tng

ch'hig*.

Hr. Jin*
.

Ts'u*.

C/i'i*.

Clear, limpid ;
settling: to pour
1

shlng

To

to
off,

Water-lily plant
jfH Ou*.
TOt*
k'ou*
Ttf
-

clarify by
to decant.

recognize one as a

-stranger, shy of strangers ; strange.

.-- -An arrow head ; a crowd, a group.
naked ;
Carnation red, flesh color

5^ PI Met* k'ou*.
H \1$ Fa 1 Ian*. To

destitute, barren.

ts'ai*

Chives,

Haien*

1g Pa*

scallions.

|K

Ip.

Rul

the water-lily root

Savory, delicious

Delicious, savory, tasty.

be lazy, to feel languid or
weary ; to be disinclined.

hwo/j*.

Life-like,

Papa, always doubled

To

fj Run*.

Chives, scallions.

Chiu*.

?fc Ckiu*

-^

JJj, fft

tan 1

Alone

some.

natural.

in use. (n.)

roll; a rolling motion.

lonely,

solitary,

lone-

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lssson 142.

# m m m #*,& m m m to
*. * &
=E W *
* SI tt * W $ 0r iP
. fc # W * 4*.
# 31.

41?

bright red

mnslin

was dressed np

itt

nicely in

that her

ffi

re-

every

two big

only
looked horribly ngly.
25 The guns used by western
spect,

26

She

trowsers.

feet

soldiers

are all polished up bright, so that

when they are on parade, the sun

shining on the

guns

them

makes

like mirrors.

gleam
26 Mr. Ma's child has grown

#.

mm. &>

ib

jr.

& m

*p

to

to

to

*& ^>

ch'ing

To

to.

chilly; lonesome;
cool, distant.

Cold,

to
with constant stirring
scramble eggs to roast or brown

fty Ch'ao*.

fry

(as peanuts or coffee.)

hwa sMng
1

Loa*

f"73E

M^fe^:

^ $~ Hwa
$SL
Jr^

Sku 4*2..
1

Cktn

shSng

Ting

1
.

not

venereal ulcer

the

in

least

bandage, to
Kwo&*.

a felon.

To wind around and

cha\

The back of the hand

A fountain, a spring.

pei*.

2
HJx Ch'iien yien*.

bind, to

tie securely.

To wrap around,

To dress up,

21.

to bind.

to accoutre, to trick out

to

patch up, to mend.

The same.

is

When I was first old enough to

remember, there was only a little

Skou

3^ Tsa 1

The same:
Note

he

water standing there ; but now the

water has washed a great gully
which one cannot cross save by going
over the bridge.

^H'
|^

arms,

Peanuts.

kwod*.

Oh'ang* sktng

m
$
ff

large

ehy.

27

w ^ o ia # w &
* # &"&*&& &

to be a

with his

boy,

round head and two laughing eyes.

Whoever wishes may take him in
his

% m m

nr/p? Leng*

loveable

very

Limpid virtuous, nncorrupted. (w.)

To inquire by divination
lucky
;

7+ Wk Tang 2 chHang 1

foreign

gun, a gun,

pistol.

chaste, virtuous, undefiled.

y&m

Ts'a 1 mod*. ... To rub, to scour, to polish.

Notes.
1 96

indicates

a tone

of surprise

expressed in a translation.
14 Lit., Just think, his son

which eannot be

is

already ever so

big,

and

is

father not yet twenty-five ? which, however, conveys a

wrong sense, since one flj stands for the father and the

his

other for the son. Practically flj

article, as in the translation.

16

is

equivalent to the definite

piece of ground devoted specially to ball playing is

is familiar to the Chinese, as
they

a foreign idea, but rolling

roll all their

17 Wi

"tLviOSLi

threshing

vk.

20 The
husband.

floors.

does not mean after the autumn, but rather

after the setting in of the

autumn.

It

spoken of is probably the woman's

quite an ordinary occurrence for a man,

person
is

especially a

young man, to whip his wife.

21 The three terms given for peanuts represent approximately the Northern, Central and Southern names, but the
Northern term is most widely used.
22 The fjj at the end of this sentence is represented in
the translation by the word something.
A more literal
rendering would bo, really it is appalling to look at. The fi$
might be omitted without special detriment.
S3
BR One eye; that is, at one look, at a glance,

'

readily.

St

1'he addition of fjf

f|

gives emphasis.

E + B H -

418

+ n w-

j$U

* g
iE
^
12

ft

a.

ils

$;

ffc

Bfc

S M

*** ft

ft

H> o

as:

m. o

V3

Translation.

Ul

&

at

fl-

iE'

it

ft

J$

SI

IK

!.

m. %
o m,

#K

^ ^

2
3

What is there to
He cannot shoot

laugh at in this ?
with the least

accuracy.
The view south of the mountain
well worth seeing.

is

4 It

is evident from the way this

thing
presents itself that it will be very

%.

hard to manage.
I have not a single near

At home

What

relative.

*.

is

there to hold

my

affections ?

You ought
to

to

make some

him and not go

7 This

concession

to extremes.

bowl of oyster soup has a very

fine flavor.

/3S

?o

At

gft

>H

jj@

&

U/B.

Ho
o

tt

II

fft.

ji

1
*

W & * m
# m> ft u

ft

o Mfflte|g

8 His favorite expressions are characterized by a great deal of vulgarity.

9 Sitting here just suits me, as I have
something to lean against
10 All* complain that Mr. Sun's expository lectures are uninteresting.
11 Do you suppose that a forlorn old

ft,

# -

& #

IK

^ S

m
-

^
m.

#:

man like me has anything to live for ?

12 It cannot be said that it is short weight,
it is only that it is not good weight.
1 3
What is the use of this insipid talk ?

lessoist cxliii.
Joined to Verbs and Adjectives,
In addition to

its

use with nouns as in Les.

also joined to verbs and

When joined to a transitive verb,
meaning equal to, omething to, or
17,

jig

is

as Hi SB

something to hear

that

is,

adjectives.
it

gives a

worthy

of,

something

When

joined to an adjective, it
gives the force of a nouu of corresponding meanIntransitive verbs are used participially,
ing.
These stateand follow the use of adjectives.

worth hearing.

ments have some exceptions and modifications,

as appears iu the following list.
For additional
list see

supplement.

5^381 Something
in it at.

to laugh at, worth laugh

Accuracy of aim, a definite object.

-" Something worth looking at, pleasing
the eye, a sight.

$flM The aspect

P HI
nom

of an

approaching event

or person, looks.

Hfjgg Something wortby

Dr attached to, attachment.

of being longed for

The extreme, the uttermost, the

yJJ

Taste, flavor,

bitter

being put by meto-

[support.

Hi H| Something

to

lean

upon,

backing,

iPHJJf Something worth hearing, entertainment, instruction.

an
^fiEl Something wortby of pursuit,
object, an aim.

^=Hf Extra

above: Note
4&

laughable.

to

HHOi

end, the last drop.

Jjjg

cipially.

The
It

is

height,

elevation,

projection

(12).

same,
being taken partialso used to mean, worth carrying,

weighty.
fft

gf Worth

saying, point, interest.

^rfiEf Worth going, worth while to go.

f^iH Living time, space or time to
prolongation of

live,

life.

Sweetness

,'

a perquisite, a cumshaw.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 143.

T.

Jftiatti

IF* /I. o

ft

IB

=&. tt

*
f

16 In addition to his regnlar wages,

there are no perquisites at alL
17 In a few days man shuffles through
this mortal life.

Ife,

this

has certainly

pistol

taken a high order of

i8

skill.

19 Dreams are the uppermost thoughts

of the mind.
20 How can one fly such a rickety old

&*?&&& ^ths

til

make

18 To

19

tir

ft

he does not wish to see me,

what point is there in my going ?

15 Judging from your present appearance, I fear yon have not long to live.

21

22

When

14

m % m m. ^ m. & m %
ff IE H o | O t 1,
m # m # > o $
* a*
i m m ft w* a

0>

419

kite as this f

a.

it

* *

^ * m
m n =

.
o

ft

Whenever Li Shao Tsn has time he

runs over there. I wonder what allurement there is for him at that

21

u u m, m m
& W m m m m M to m
^ m> K m #~ *, i e ^ .
K S. 1 7>'# Si ^ - #
*
20

18

an object to live

24

91

fc

24

<.

m ft ^ gaW 1
m m ^ m . & #
O

for.

He

does not like to work

he will not stay long

I venture
with Sun

Shi-fu.

yon have a ready

tongue, otherwise his questions would

have put you in a predicament.
23 If she has a yonng son, she still has

15

place.
It is fortunate

22

25 To whose instigation have yon been

listening P ) Why yon have taken up
this idea I really do not understand.
26 This donkey is not at all worth his
keeping he will not go in the broad
roaa before him, but is all the time
wanting to sheer off to the side.
:

tt

26

#l

#8

f#

ft

ft

Vlbfia Time or space for shifting along.

Skill of hand, dexterity,^ being

^'M
put by
'(Hi

metonomy

tf$

Longing,

Hug.

~Pj.

scrubby,

fi Vile,

?(|ljlj|

for

rickety,

desire, allurement.

Capacity or faculty
as the organ of speech.

for

51

month

good-for-noth-

JJ5JSJ Something

to

hope

for,

'ffcjjJI

^J

Thought, idea, notion, opinion.

Worth supporting, worth keeping.

fOI| Something gained, profit.

tS^^SSM Worth talking about,

worthy

of

consideration.

talking

the

expectation,

*?C j|

Amusement, entertainment.

xlfilt

Something to resort to, dependence.

The harvests of the year, the season^

^f SI

the crops,

incentive, inspiration.

3^

tfl

The same.

Sf being put by metonomy

added,

j^SSi Something

Staying time, length of time.

an

for

Jjfc.

increase,

supplement.

Vocabulary

ft %

ffcfflLChing*

cfn*

fg E*
jft

To shoot

To? chHang 1

^ Ku

to hunt.

*'*

Kv>

lao*.

Old and

forlorn,

[perquisites.

$\ \M U> Wai ch 'v>

^- iH Skou* ch'iang
*

Lonely, forlorn, desolate.

childless

desolate.

Scenery, view, sight.

Oysters.

JH^;

hsi*

1
.

Extras.

pistol.

m
T

2P\

&

ffl

la

m
&
IB Mh, $ m *&
% m m & @
m * n t

01 S
0f #
# % ^
< &
J^
ffi

Itfc

a o $$
* an *
& i i l,
& SI o

t *27

=t.

3C^ $j

IS

*P

5fc.

^ ^c ^
S3. wt * m> w
% & m m
T * ^ w *
'6 H
&
%
^ w.
# a.
? $ 7, m
tt
7. & a* *
i o Jl # W
M* * fi
it n - .

*?E,

ffl

fc

#
-

iff

ft,

it?

31

*
M
#

i t

f$. Cheng

ii

51
1

31

harpsichord

kite.

A kite.
F6ng cMtuj
1
...
stir
To
to
Ts'wan
...
fling
up, tofoment.
ff|
8 ... To
mix
See tod*.
exchange, to
up.
%$. Ts'od
WiWi To excite by misrepresentation, to carry
tales and foment a quarrel; to instigate, to inveigle.

^L^

will not likely make any money,

if he does it will not be much.

lain

Don't mention his name.

29 I confidently hoped that by going

to the fair, the amusements and
diversion of mind would set me all
right ; but it turned out after all that
there was nothing entertaining.
30 In ordinary circumstances a child
cannot do, for even a little while,
without its mother hence when its
mother dies, it feels without any dependence at all.
31 Hsu Wu Chen, all at once, took up
the idea of becoming an ascetic, but,
after trying for some time, he wholly
:

m
.

failed to get hold of the clue.

ft

&

&
t
*

32 In such a year as this there is not

the least chance to borrow, and with
houses and lands to sell, one can find

no purchaser at any price.

33 The proverb says, "One cannot ask
too high a price nor offer too low a
Therefore in buying a thing,
one."
it is not best to offer at once all
you are willing to give, but always

room

leave

ir
4j>

for rising.

To

K'ai hein\
1

dissipate care or trouble,

mind, to relax.

to divert the

"5

What is there worthy of so ranch

consideration in that worthless viU

28

28

!ft

BS

and

29

**

32

HHgM

He

27

ft

ffi

2 +

ir

In ordinary times, commonly,

P'ing'ji*.

..."

ordinarily.

^0.^
fijf

Ts'od 1 lung*.

^p Hang9

ts?.

To stir up, to foment, to

egg on, to urge, to hustle.
A tribe, a set, afellow.

ffsiu

lien*.

To practice the
an ascetic.

To borrow money.

JjJt'fH Gk'ii* chie*

J||:j; Tao* chu

JS

austerities of

buyer, a purchaser.

The same.

Mar* chu\

Notes.

belongs rather to Lesson

is not regularly
joined
with P, as it is with *ff and $. ffp pg is the Southern
form, in the North fp is rarely used without f% before it.
iere refers to expounding the classics, as is
10 BH
regularly done in Chinese schools.

47

than

59i as

here

to

one

this

used,

yet BJj

'

12 It is the general custom to give good weight, by

weighing with the beam of the steelyards considerably above
the horizontal. This is spoken of in Peking as J* 3f|,
in

Shantung as

|f(

jl,

and

in

the South as Hj

^,

going

beyond the

scale.

are generally

It

made

should perhaps be added that steelyards

to

weigh a

little light.

difference between fj 9% (15) and jg jjjf.

former has reference to living, simply ; the latter regards

17 Note the

The

the manner of living.

IS This is a puzzling sentence, and Bit as here used

hardly comes under the subject of the lesson. A friend
suggests the following translation; A dream is the aw/act
thought of the heart.

22 Jl
emergency

^|f Jff Fit to

appear on the arena, equal

to tht

Lisson

jland-Akj.'s

144.

lbssous.

421

TBAWS1.AT1*.

m m
A,

t\>

b#

^
o

s m #
m n #
w $
3

#& ^ ft
-mm
l ^ ^
m # ^ 7 * ft # * ft
m 7. * w* a
7. m $
$ ## a tt * # w
i* 7, m ^ m & *
m & m> m m #>
m w& 7 m m m ^
5

ft,

3fe

fl&

is,

mm a %
*e

i. o
$ O

n n

(pi

a & s U

_t v

ft

pg

'Js\

m
# #

to

st

IJ

many places
25 The

applied to

little

slave or servant,

boys, as

two clauses

jf

Bh

is

but

is

in

to little girls.

sentence might be
regarded as independent interrogations, and the third an exclamation by way of comment, thus: Whose instigation have you
been listening to ? For what reason have you taken up this
first

of

this

/ really do not understand it.

after $f fi and another after

idea

The

insertion of a IJS

jp[,

would

fix

this

it

will

by the
be time
;

go to school.

We

can only see a man's exterior

can penetrate them ?

is a class of men whose chief
delight is in stirring up strife, but as
soon as the parties get to fighting

There

they slip out of the way.

10 I started a little late and by the time

construction, but their omission does not necessarily exclude it.

26 JjJ ifc iHf ought by rights to apply to the person
speaking, whereas Chinese teachers make it descriptive of the
road.

In this case 0^ must be supplied after 7m, or else 7g

I have translated as if fly were written
&>j-

be changed to

instead of J?.
33 Or, The buyer is not offended at a high asking price,
nor the seller at a low qfftr.

-V

LESSOK- CXLIV.
Prepositional Phrases

Jit^
to

As

to,

with reference

:See

Les. 191. Sub.

fflflj

As

to,

to,

with respect

respect to.
fft

3?lJ

The same.

fj&2fc The same.

2fc
2fc

By

the time,

M When,

lk.SijR But when, by

2fc?fc

as for, with reference to, with

not often used alone.

but when, by the time.

who

as to the designs of his heart,

Jw means properly a

already so late that by the time

time you have eaten,

39|

'J*

is

we get ready it will be dark.

Be quick and comb your hair

% tT
9R n, * fc
o
7. $>
* m T * M & o
m m ^ A 7 I I ^ eN. &
a & ^
I. pf o f
23

locked.

n ^

Pfi

6 It

km

a ^ n

tr

duty is to tell him ; as to hi

heeding it or not, that rests with him.
Children should, by all means, be
governed from the first. When they
have grown to adnlt age, they cannot
then be successfully governed.
If you wish to use it, take it as for
pay, that is not to be mentioned be
tween us two.
% ?
What I fear is sickness as to the
amount of work to be done, that is of
no consequence.
When I arrived the door was already

My

By the

time, when. (0.)

the time, as soon as.

By
^j* The same,
ff^i^L By the
jjjE

(s.)
(s.)

By

&

n.)

time, when, as soon as.

2&3BJ The same,

4j:9]

(0.

(s.)

The same,

2&t?

the time, at the time.

the time, at the time, when.

(0.

&

v.)

422

7>

IS

0!

P9

MANDARIN tBSSONS.

Lksson 144.

tt

A.

=
3R

HS"'o

11

ailments very

IE.

3ft

ft

,-fi

fft

3nJ

ft

nfe

f?f.

tifc

ie?

if TM*
%v %n
Pi

^f

tft

Nei*

k'i

the external parts and organs.

Medical practice relating to the

1
.

internal parts

j#$ Tsang*.

The

and organs.

Fu

him would not count

21 I heard a growl behind me, and before I could turn my head he had
bitten me.

22 You

went yesterday to visit the

temple of the sage what does Confucius look like ? Ans. He is certainly
:

backwards, so that he is very far

from good looking but since he had
such sagely virtue no one objects to

his looks.

23 Speaking of those who seek immor-

some of
tality, there certainly are
them sincere. At the T'ai Mountain
a
I saw a cave and in the cave
Taoist priest who for many years had

s
-

been sitting there disciplining himself

took less and less nourishment
each day until, at last, he neither
At the time I
ate nor drank at all.
saw him he had already died sitting
there, and his body was nothing but

He

^
*.
o

skin and bone, his finger nails being

over half a foot long.

{ft

t|

^
pft

Tiao*

Ch'u 1

To turn

the head, to look

aronnd, to turn about.

lien*.

Remarkable,

c/i'i*.

|=|

The

Mien* mu*.

face, the features, the

countenance.

JSB6 fllj

Cffing* hsien

r?M>

1
2
Ch'ing hsin

1
.

To become an immortal
Note 23.

'$& Ilu

ch'wa

itt

^T $L Tas

Suddenly

whiz

guileless.

:t Tao4

periority, to emulate, to rival.

to bang, to

Sincere, honest, ingenuous,

wonderful,

strange, startling.

one.

very remarkable in appearance, his

features are uncouth and his face slants

life

jif

The membrauons viscera.

internal
The
$<fj$f
parts and organs of the body.
To present thanks to strive for suSai*.
jjjff

is

of

fleshlike viscera; the contents

of the trunk.

the

Syphilitic ulcers.
Ting ck'tcang
H'** k'P-.
Medical practice relating to

to

entirely ignorant.

fl&

raj

but as

20 In eating, Pao Yun Lung counts a

full hand (excels)
as for work, ten

AW.I*

* $ # s. ?L 1
-7 #
# * # uj m
m it
tp il fa >
%, M
m W * * ss ft m
# i$ & o m ia am ft
^ 1 fj23& #. a A
^
^^
m *
f ^
sj * ft
m ^ w $ te m 7. Si.

well,

diseases of the internal organs he

1 % m m *a.
& *
# * ^ *T # IE si a * *
* W W i t g i
I t s ^j
K &
w ^ # ft fi, w
w. a a
-& # n
7>

42S

tsod,*.

to sniff, to growl.

shi*

To

Taoist priest.

continuously as a means
of ascetic contemplation.
sit

No TKS.
5 Or, By the
There

is

or passively.

I arrived he (or they) had locked the door.

show whether | is to be taken actively

one

and

When any
might he inserted before jfiJ.
violently assaulted or maltreated, hi iiies to the yamfin
calls loudly on the magistrate for protection and ledrcon.

10 An

time

nothing to

is

M M

424

&+

IS

H +

"&

W-#

Translation.

Men

regard freedom from tronble as

happiness.
[appearance.
2 Judge not according to the outward
'i
He makes gambling his constant and
1

$ #

$r

10

w - *

IS

J#

sole

employment.

4 Studying with such assiduity as

he should get his degree.

1ft

Make

in

m # #

"#

.&

ft

justice your rule

and

this,

let neither

party wrong the other.

a.

The mean man always makes

his

own

selfishness the standard by which he

to

^ i f
& a

rfs v

ic

i w ja

*
w

#.
o

>i\

measures the superior man.

Wisdom is justified of her children.

8 If you limit your contention with him
to words, the case will be exceedingly

difficult.

t^

A t ^ I f
m
$ o j # w
$ SB o ft ^. M
o # *"# If W
f * i ^ i a,

the

m .a.

fa

$. # o
o if m*
* &l m

12

This

12 The payment
a bargain

is

of

in order
custom, especially in buying

houses or lands.

18

~~"

directed upwards.
^f

7$

is

an affectation of book

"-"
ordinary colloquial would be

19

"~ *
'

/J

jj Doea

not

8j 4

/f

59)

comprehend a

22 is $j Holy temple,
in it

an image

The

style.

23

single step or
fife

r j

llli

To become an immortal, by a process intended

in an attitude of contemplation \f) 2e)> in

holding the breath and acquiring the art of breathing only
at long intervals, in gradually reducing the amount of food
to a minimum, and in sundry other exercises and austerities.

features fixed

is, the temple of Confucius,

Conf uoius, and also of each of

that

of

i;X

to eliminate the gross and the sensual, and at the same time
to nourish and stimulate the spiritual and the ethereal. This
the
process consists in sitting erect and motionless with

principle, incompetent in every respect. P"J is equal to

art, method, principle ; department, branch.

which has

a small portion of-the price

common

13 Just listen to his unreasonable talk

The Jive orifices

2t f iffj
possessing in appearance.
facing heavenwards, viz., the eyes, nostrils, and mouth.
^j ^C means that the chin protruded and the forehead
retreated, so as to give his face the appearance of being

magistrate.
to fix

shame to show their faces in public.

Former things are kept in remembrance that the good may be used as
examples and the bad as warnings.

12

his chief disciples.

There it such a temple in every Hsien
city.
According to tradition, Confucius was far from pre-

called 98 $&.
In very urgent casea he also beats
at the inner door, placed there for the purpose,
(theoretically) compels the immediate attention of the

is

drum

which

You who

are children must not

the
restraints
of your parents
regard
as proceeding from enmity.
10 Habit gradually becomes so confirmed
that one is not even conscious of it.
11 Most Chinese women consider it a

-i-

LB8SOH OXLV.
1

The Instrumental Verb

]^X

To

use, to take, to

the

regard as,
verb of the book

com-

mon instrumental
language,
but often used in Mandarin, especially in readymade forms and phrases.
.^
\2X

^ To

regard

as,

to take as,

to use

as.

J#.

In the majority of the cases in which J^ is used

as an instrumental verb in Mandarin, it is fol-

lowed by f$, either directly or separated by a

few words. JJJ being a book word gives character
to the whole lesson, most of the sentences being

more

or less

Win.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

14i>.

425

he

is

squarely advocating [the prin-

ciple] that

might makes

14 The consciences of

+ m

& m

*, ftim

&

in

*u

n.

, o

m.

w % m m m

# aw
m,

& m A"

ft

*.

kp

happens that what one

regards as right, another considers wrong.

15 Be not overcome of evil, but over-

come

with good.
not all take

evil

warning, and
and silk
regard
farming
emphatically
raising as the important things ?
17 That men should believe and regard
as true anything so vague and unattested as this, is simply because they
accept it without examination.

n *
m#> %
o

right.
differ widely

man

16 Should

fc"*i

It frequently

men

*b

You should take the ant and the bee as

patterns, and imitate their diligence.
19 The first time I went to Peking, I
entered the Yungtinggate and supposed I had entered the city, but was
told that I was still outside the city,
and that only after entering the
South gate would I be inside.

S I W ^H,
a a 7 ^ n # * * ^

18

**7#W. #

20

He sejat and secretly summoned tea

or twenty efficient constables to follow
him at a distance ready for service.

21

Do you suppose

H*>*

it

^#

#7 #Km$#J*l$>^

that he of the double

Vocabulary.

%>

<Ci

Si1 Asin 1

Selfishness,

partiality

un-

derhand, secret.

|^

To

ToA*.

See

W $t

to

guess,

estimate,

f%
tneaaure.

to

tu*.

To measure,

Ts't* too*.

to

^flj

%$'&
| jBj

Fu* n8

in

Miao*.
-

j 3Iang*.

3|

To show

public:

Note

11.

Indistinct, vague; boundless.

Dark, obscure; the unseen world.

"Vast

and vague

Indistinct, vague

WW

pattern.
$$; Hsiao* fa*.

To

imitate,

Kin1

To follow;

swei*

~$,-p$

A plume, a
Ewa ling\ A

* Mi

Je*chH*.

T$J Liny".

copy,

tail

to

to attend.

feather, a feather.

peacock's feather,
variegated plume.

To provoke to anger, to irritate;

to vex to have a dispute.
The way of a tyrant, oppression;
;

IP! $& Pa*

tao*.

usurpation

as the ocean.

uncertain, unattested.

to

pattern after.
131 8|[

one's face, to appear

of successful competitors.
A model, au example, a
Pang* gang*.

restrain, to control, to

Wives and daughters, women.

Note 1 1.

Lou* mien*.

3p Ming*.

$$

To

kwan*.

honey-bee, a bee,
a placard ; a

bamboo

beat, to
list

ftfe

hold in check.

jj$5

To

Pang*.

estimate, to

calculate, to fathom.
Chii

m * Mi*/tngK

Wi

intimidation.

$fc Fu*

To follow, to submit to, to

ts'ung*.
obey to become an adherent
Ta* kwang 1 kun*.
To lead the life of
a villain ; to act
;

vast.
#J$3t &Vague, misty, indistinct;
3
The
mantis.
Yang

tr^lH

s
I^|lj|^ I gang*.

An

Read
ant, an emmet.
yang* in many places.

ki*

without regard to consequences

wits to play the sharper.
;

to live

by one's

m *
3fe

ix

5.

+ n

"5

MANDARIN

Lesson 146.

WESSONS.

427

Translation.

$ m m m % m *
w as * x ( *p
^ ^ si k *> * it # i^
* M * ^? DB *
a m m t, IE ^ ,
o t> & mm
ft T. - it ft
it o m * m m &, %

Lu Ming Kao is much given to boasting (making capital) of his wealth,

while the fact is he is not worth a cash.
Although they are of the same clan,
yet within the clan some are more

ftl

PJl

ifc

4
5

* g"& a.
^ w o
* R # # ft
W tt.55
$
q

tfc

fft

1ft

m o g
# * ^ A *
# w # m
w w m
*.
o
*-

tt

ft

v$

ffl

fe

*.

*&
ft

SI
ft

Jl

9 Yesterday
is

be some cause for this.

He said he was feeling my pulse,
whereas he simply felt around at
random for a while with his fingers.
11 Men are not
acquainted with what
10

beyond their own sphere. He

suddenly asked me a question which
quite nonplussed me.
12 Confucius said, " When I worked
"
with ardor I
lies

A,

forgot

*
4

liSssonsr

it was settled
quite satisand to-day the settlement
suddenly repudiated. There must

factorily,

* -

$L o

o
:*t7

A
.
o

^ ft

w^ra

^ 3fcitff**tiiB
T A 14 Hi IftS A.
85 # m ft. %
I I ^ I 4 '#
ft & * ^ ft
^ - a

8tti 10
5

:A
%

* w *

nearly related than others.

calls him a simpleton, but,
in fact, he is very far from being a
simpleton.
[the reason why.
Only the obligation cau be known, not
The ancients supposed the earth to
be flat, but in reality it is round.
The exquisite sentiment herein contained can only be conceived, it cannot
be expressed in words.
[I return.
The other matters I will arrange when
Students idle away time and play
tricks thinking they are cheating the
teacher, whereas they are really cheating themselves.

Everybody

is

to say,

when a man

my

food

gets very

that

much

oxlvt.

Manuabin Uses of J(,

lit holds
approximately the same place in
book language that fljj does in Mandarin, save
that $t is used freely of things as well as of
In Mandarin j is, for the most part,
persons.
only used in certain connections and as a component of certain phrases. The following are
the most common special phrases in which it
occurs.
It has already been used several times.

3C Jf

In

fact,

in

point of fact, in

reality,

whereas.

3 1^
3 |flj

jj| The remainder, the residue, the rest.

# 5l The inside, that which is within.
3 *l\ The outside, that which is without.
If

ilir

That

is,

that

is

to say,

as

much

as

to say.

Note (16).
3t To take for, to consider as
3E
To
flE
allow, to permit.
3
To
follow
to let, to allow.
H
fl*

Herein, amongst, in the midst

In the midst of, amongst.

of.

Kgltt To

let, to

rt # JC

In

allow.

Pi nt 0I fact, the fact

is,

after

all.

428

SR

IB

T.

If

SS

at

ft *n *
A t I I
* w
tu
. w ft * 7 # A
m ft t. w it &> m ^ M
II
^ & #
4> - IE
% i ^
1 i 1
it *&* a
M 1
# # A s f tt m

3
m %
m. tfit ft & & it m
o i^tr i# ft * m w
a * * #
IS * # ^ ^, it ^ o f&"
^ & #. ^ la $iMii
3 * a # w r m
% w m 7. t it a
w ai * Ml. 91 o JB. #
k

14

you may poor into this crock.

You think he spoke very well, and
yet, in point of fact,

he knows nothing

at all about the doctrine.

15 When I said one must not do good
for a purpose, I

meant by

must not have a

selfish end, not that

it

that one

would have men intent only on the

outward appearance, discarding all
I

16

virtuous purpose in the heart.

What excellence do you find in him
that you cultivate his acquaintance ?

Ans.

ff"

(ft

I -

IS

interested in his work, he does not

even realize that he is
hungry.
13 First fill that jar, and the remainder

3fi

/\

am

taken with bis straight-

forwardness.
17

The common saying

"That which

is,

touches vermillion becomes red, and

that which touches in k becomes black;'
that is to say, you should not associate
promiscuously with others, for if you
associate with good men, yon will
'

unconsciously practice their virtues ;

and if you associate with bad men, yon
will unconsciously learn their vices.

exhorted you from the best of

motives and yet yon rebuff me ; but
then [do you think] I have any underhand design in this business ?
19 The saying is, "When a family is
when
poor, it has dutiful sons ;

18 I

Vocabulary.

V^

The cry of a bird or animal

Ming*.

to

sound

To play

yfa Tiao* ktoefl.

out, to resound.

^ f|

if 'tea 1 fu*.

J| g Mai*fu*.
8
ffityfRi Sod

t*

To

boast of one's wealth ; to

profess to be rich.
To make capital of one's wealth

^ Mod*

Tien*

fjil)

Rfl

Tou

hsien*.

To

or

feel

the

The same, (c.)

The same, (s.)

PHng mod*.
mod*.
Had*
|H

Ardent, eager, excited

Fin*.

urgent desire

or purpose.
1
^ Fa fin*.

i|j

JPhsin 1

excited, to act with

intense ardor.

To grow

Hearty, zealous

earnest, eager,

interested.

in words, to

state viva voce.

1

To express

To examine

imagine
To conceive mentally, to feel the
force of an idea which cannot be

ck'tien*.

-To examine, to verify, to ascertain.

Chin 1 mod*.

j$

mentally, to
to take a hint.

expressed in words.

ff ^H

hoodwink

pnlse. (n.)

To conceive
;

^fl

JJKI

htoei*.

I* hwei*.

Chen 1 *.

by displaying it.
i
The reason why, the
jan
cause, the wherefore.

||JC

tricks, to

to prevaricate, to shuffle.

steal time, to evade doing,

to shirk, to idle time

Tan*
Pod1
.

An earthenware

An

jar.

earthenware basin or crock

priest's or beggar's alms-dish.

Lksson 146.

* ^ w *
m & *

ffc

# ^ *

anarchy are, as it were, the touchstones of patriotism and filial

piety
for when the
family is poor, only the
truly filial are able to serve [their

ia

s m
m

t. o

ft

parents] perfectly ; and when the

uation is in disorder,
only the truly
patriotic are ready to sacrifice them-

t. *.

selves for their

country.

3J20

20

*4

3=

ftSftft

tf9
the country is in
anarchy, patriots
appear :" that is to say, poverty and

in

MANDARIN LBS 80 VS.

Ml
W
Jffc& ft ft
* W g #. m ft
# l #
^ B# H #
:*

When

the captain checks off the

passengers, each one must have a
ticket or he will not be
permitted to
land.
If any one is without a
ticket,

he will certainly be carried back

again.
21 Why do you
keep continually vexing
him ? The saying is, If he has it iu
him, he'll make a man without
being
governed ; and if not, governing to
death will not make a man of him."
In my opinion you would better

let

& ^ e. $

n m ^
* d& *r * '
ffi

covet,

To

IS $1

jE'Pfc

tea.

to

lust

to

after,

after, to

wish

for.

reject, to cast away, to

discard, to throw away.

Ohi* shwang*.
Straight-forward, open, candid ;
prompt, ready, (n.)
Okf frwai'
The same.
(c.

To overflow

Lan*.

lawless, irregular
miscuous; excessive.

3E Lan*

cAiao 1 .

pro-

A vassal

with others.

nounce

it

a minister, a statesman.

i-pa, yet iu

write wei not

8i
S^-^
#3? Feng* gang'.

ckin%

$5:% rh&yOen
* _

tF

i.

skV

""

AtJfff

To

Tsod* yilen\

m W.

To act the part of au

enemy,

At

TsUpien*.

THe
?h^Hsia^pi*.
2*
'

one's

to aggravate.

oWn

convenience, as
one pleases,

Wia?8 { * bird; t0 aSS

'

touch-stone.

dutifully, to
minister to
respectfully.
make an enemy, to provoke
enmity ; to aggravate.

to vex

ft j-g

incorrectly prowriting we still

To support

s.)

To associate promiscuous] v
-

EL Ch'tn\

&

we here

wei-pa, but

hanker

own way.

his

22 According to the
proper pronunciation of the characters we
should say

*.

To

just

him have

To write;
to

to

'

8t; t0

defend

begin to write

compose.

Not ES.
2 Kg j

added chiefly for rhetorical effect.

The
reversed order is an accident,
growing out of the fact that jgt
and 5 are commonly joined in this order.

3 The use

is

of

]g implies a comparison with

others,

r ' /!

f"^ P*" w

This

>

know

the oughtnes*

is

9 3D

and

suggests the idea that so far from

being a simpleton 'he
sharper- witted than the average of men.

0 properly belongs to some snch word

as sentence or
phrase understood, which has been
displaced b" the abrup
F
introduction of
tp. g ee algo 9_
readUy, eanly.

ifl jj-f

Perfectly satiafacUyrv, all thin <A.

very

common and

7Z

exprfs^ve

?
lo

,'

of it, not the

where/ore
sentence expresses its idea more
elegantly
and forcbly than the English
language is capable of doing

11
not

hu>w

IE

that vhich

iM
i.

$\>

uHthovZ

#j

that

to.

ffe lhat u
a .nau7s

ujrp.otj

430

us

W
g # X

-b

fr

aS

W. o

W S
T - J* - #

49

Iff

IE.

7\

bundles arc there iu this

Ans. This oue
has one hundred and twenty bundles.
3 Cat off for me live strips of black
farmers' satin facing.
I want three
pile of straw braid ?

7.

#. o
t

fft

fii

7\

#J

^.
o

ta.

a.
o

ft

IB.

(#

te.-

1C Note that the Mandarinizing

primary meaning

of

of Jjl

31

inserted immediately after

so complete-

as a pronoun, that
it.

The same thing

often happens in the case of af j|, but could not happen

in the case of fft j or {$ j or $g 3%, where j|r retains
its

Look

cash

ffc

know what does not pertain to his calling or position, at

what overpasses his opportunities.
These words are found in the
12 Wi lit fi JAnalects, and were used by Confucius with regard to himself.

ft may be

proper pronoociual force.

"

at this bundle of

of yours.
of chives.

to

ly obscures the

one hundred sections.

did not indeed break it to pieces,

He

but he made a
large crack in it,
8 This tub of oranges contains one hundred and fifty. I have just counted them.

tt

1"

one hundred and twenty bottles.

When you go to Weihsien please buy

for me a fur coat and a skirt.

in all

& # & & m &> I H r

- .#,
tf f
j? ?! +
tt

6 The Record of a Journey to the West

is divided into
twenty parts, including

ki

+ -

rx

strips straight and two bias.

jar of liquor like this, will measure at
least

$1

& #
lel$#
o

the days are so short as this,

How many

I ^

i=4

=8

IB

two meals answer the purpose.

-f-

When

Ifr

-p
^
m m %&%&.
a * & & o

-fc

TUANSLATION.

tr

xa

SB

151

IB,

$f

18 3 Hi

ffr

exhort you; that

is,

sorghum

stalks

uo larger than a bunch

How can it be worth fifteen

It is

<& tyj fft / put forth a good heart to

1 exhorted you from a good motive.

21 n? J% or fp i|? here means to cross the purposes

and attempt to govern, a son who is restive and resentful
under the restraint.
ffl <g?,
To make a man [of a child] requires no governing, and governto
the
death
will
not
a
make
him
ing
man; that is, he who has
the elements of a manly character will attain the end without parental restraint, and he who has not, will fail even
though governed tu the uttermost.
22 Wf j To call colloquially ; that is, to mispronounct
of,

$A^

ff^E^JJ&A

m colloquial usage.

>

LESSON OILVn.
Significant Classifiers.
Classifiers have been divided by some writers
into distinctive and significant.
By significant
classifiers are meant such as express the quantity,
measure or form, of the noun, and generally admit

The distinction
of translation by a special word.
not important, nor is it always very evident.
Previous lessons have contained some such, though
the most of them are collected in this lesson, which
concludes the subject of classifiers.
is

^ To bow

the head,

classifier of meals,

of

beatings, beratings, etc.

$j|

stack of grain,classifier of things in

piles or cords.

jjjlj

bundle,

classifier of things in rolls or

bundles.

$fj[

#1|

An earthenware jar,

elassifier of things in strips or

road,
bands, also of bridges, cracks, etc.
'

jars, as wine, oil, etc.

mA

pitcher or jug,

5f The

bodv.

The

loius,

^g*

roll

classifier of

things in

;
ne) et(J#
[a8 oil
classifier of things in jugs,

classifier

of coats, cloaks, eta

classifier of skirts, aprons, etc.

a section,

parts of a book.

classifier of sections or

KAHDARIN M?880SS.

Lksson 147.

1:

*
Si
^ ft M
% 7
Wt fc - &
m m w
* * m

ll

T. $l m,

sb

jp]

m * ^

lit
+
.

ffl

ft

*i.

Jtt

turn,

H;

J|

12

tr

si

ft

#.

-ft

i u

chapters in novels.
classifier of things in tubs or

or

HI A lump,
/f A square,
inkstones,

$*F A span,
with the hand.

|3 A span,
with the hand Note

classifier of things pasted

or posted.

jy

classifier

of things

classifier

of panes

up

f|J

to nse four racks.

43 To carry
carried by two.
essays,

classifier of

measurements made

A
$R A

in

on a pole,

classifier

fixed

lengths, as logs, verses, etc.

drop,

mule

or

of loads

of things in drops.
load
or pack, classifier
donkey

classifier

of loads or packs.

A
A
A

load,

box,

piculs.

a picnl,classifier of loads or
classifier

of thiugs in boxes.

small covered box or can,classifier of

things in small boxes.
A small box with moveable lid,classifier
(IB.
of things in such boxes.
fjib

(15).

things

of parts of a book,

classifier

section of leaf,classifier of poems.

and of leaves of books.

Tftij

^|j

measurements made

of

]|E
chapter,
of documents, etc.

lumps

classifier of

classifier

joint,

16 These presents can be sent in two

racks of boxes it is not worth while

iB

of glass,

for ?

have bought a catalpa tree for

twelve thousand cash.
It is niue
spans and a half in diameter and will
cnt two lengths.
Do you think I
have been cheated ?

^jf|

etc.

do you wear them

15 I

pellets.

in

the

Jm A

classifier of
5ft To wind around and tie,
things in bunches, as tape, cord, etc.
,

is

difficult to pass.

13 This Twaninkst one is first-rate; look,

and you will see it has an eye on it.
14 I propose to consnlt the town about
building a small bridge over that
gully to the west.

ha

classifier of

placard,

those three locks, the first

notice that you constantly have

plasters stuck on each of your temples.

it.

an

peaceable tem.

12 1

aft.

of bunches
classifier
handful,
fjH A
bundles of kao-liang stalks, onions, etc

i I
at

tub,
flli
casks, as oranges, pears, etc.

Ift5

Of

most

tt

ft

i ^
f #

dumb - # *

HO A

11

What

Ht

$#
& m n &

"A

has been said,

Tt

This man is the

per brings wealth."
'embodiment of good temper, how can
be help getting rich ?

tfc

BR

431

A mark, classifier

g| A head,

^A

of lessons.

classifier of

table,

hymns, poems,

etc.

classifier of feasts.

Vocabulary.

To

K'un3

bind, to tie

... a

$ Cha*

and

a bundle,

coil,

A bnnch, a handful.

jjj Chiev?.

is

To press down;

Aa

np

roll.

to

span with the thumb

finger, a span.

To span a span.
;

but

is

given

in

This character
not authorized by the dictionaries,

the

Wu

i^H^f-^ Mao* pien*

j^l!J& Yuen*

t'ia<P,

Fang Y&en

tsi*.

...

Yin.

.... Straw

braid.

Facing, binding.

432

II

ft

? m* +

*%

m,

T.
o

&W
gt

it.

#r

*
4
* W M

m m m
m
* #. it ft
k

& i T
^ w s

*ft

At
5X

ft
-

Ptf

m + *
* W

it
**

f>>

fid

it

&

fll

*r

to.

X #
* Jt -

+ 7 #m *. * .W* 3$

ia

DPn v*.
I I
& *i
- + #

t
Jfc
ffl

ft

tt

#
*

Mi
ft

W.

IS

1?

SB

-fc

"5

- %

m #. m f ft a i t ^
it - - ft ft f*. R
m - - I i f
i f
m m

three odes, two essays and five leaves

of the TsoS Ohwan.
23 Chin Pao, you go and tell the
manager of the Wan Shun restaurant
to prepare for me, to-morrow at noon,
a dinner of twice eight bowls (three
Let the eight
courses, old style).
small bowls be, one of fricasseed
chicken, one of pork tripe salad, one
of pork rolls fried in oil, one of shred
fish fried in lard, one a ragout of
three kinds of meat dressed with
starch and fried in lard, one of grilled
pork cutlets, one of sliced pork kidneys stewed in gravy and one of

&. m ft *a AW *

m
ft
m %,
^. *r w m m ft - }$f^ * h4*
m m. m * M ftt* ft ft.
% - m *. *g -***w o
rm Wl
ft, * A 35 ft
ft - # ft ** *.
m m
m li *-*.ft
#e> IS *
ft

fts

5*

&

>-

ft.

San 1

aj

Shreds of three kinds of meat,

(as chicken, fresh pork,

cooking range a mess to cook

over again in a different form
then
and stew in gravy.
slice
parboil,

ft

Ts'wan*.

*.

6
$fl?

II

^ fH<
j[jL

Yao1

MP

-f" Lien*

The kidneys.

tsP.

chien

jPt

iH

Lotus nuts.

ts'?.

J!? Htie*

$$ fC

Jhie* /twang 2.

'/fijt:

1
.

The sinews of pigs'

lobster;
crawfish.

Tun*..

Skin

chi
.

Shelled shrimps.

The tenderloin.

To simmer
The

Hai*

slowly, to stew, to seethe

ginseng

and

feet.

a shrimp; a prawn; a

Hsia} jen*

Li9

j| ^f

Ht

Fruits preserved in honey

or sugar, candied fruits.

T'P chin1

Hsia

to

jU^

and

ham,) a ragout.

Let the large

candied lotns nuts.
bowls be, one of scrambled crabs' roe,
one of shred pigs' feet sinews fried
in lard, one of shelled shrimps dressed
witn broth, one of pork tenderloin
fried in lard, one of sharks' fius, one
of stewed pork basted with sugar, one
of large trepang and one of smothered
If more is wanted we
fish stomachs.
will order it at the time.

88

$$

<m

MANDARIN LB8SONS.

Lesson 147.

s/ienK

plant.

See

ts'an 1

ts'tn 1 .

B6che-de-mer, sea-cucumber,

crab.

trepang,

The roe of crabs.

tt

3
J}t Fa* tu

Fish stomachs, gelatine.

Notes.
1 In the winter many of the poorer classes eat only two
meals per flay. In the North the non-laboring classes eat
only two meals per day at all seasons.
6
Su A Chinese novel, giving a mythological

WS

of the adventures of pj( 3E 5E- commonly known as

f^, a priest who made a journey to the West in the
seventh centnry in search of sacred books.
Broken it is not. This form of express7 Jr
ion implies that the party addressed supposed it was broken.

account
J^f

S Sff
W

A lump of good humor.

10 * HJ
3Pt
13 The best inkntoncs come from the banks
stream called Jjg
they are called

{j|.

3b |H-

in

the province of

of a

small

Kwangtung, hence

The "eye" on the iakbtouc

is

a sort

making or whorl in the stone, supposed to indicate

an extra quality.
16 There are two kinds of |0[ ^gf, classed as Catalpa
The latter grows as a
Bungeai and Catalpa Kaemferi.
The logs are exporter! and extenforest tree in Manchuria.
sively used for making coffins and furniture. The appearance
both of the tree and of the wood is very similar to walnut.
of spiral

The common name

Shantung for the Kwantung variety is

and the fruit is said to resemble a
small
walnut.
p S5 Two lengths, that is, two coffin
very
When lumber is cut in the forests it is cut into
lengths.
coffin lengths, about seven and a hall feet, this being the
Some teachers prefer flfj
chief use of lumber in China.

$2

$c"

JR. walnut

in

ch'iu,

as a better writing for this classifier.

43*

m &

A + B

"B

ffi

435

MANDARIN LERSONB.

Lesson 148.

m a
f * o\ 4 f I f -a *
a vx m % #. m & ^ p m
- Hi m
^ ^ ^ & O &

so that one does not like to take

]S

m w ti

iwfjfift

Exceedingly

pungent, aminoniacal.

'

ripe,

To breathe with

JjaJ

&

(c.

s.)

difficulty,

ft

3fc

^
or

Stiflingly

rank or

JpjJS

Stiflingly

rank or

#$ |$$

Chokingly

3$J

Wi

<S>

salt,

expresses

the

Evil,

conveys

musky,

Pnngently

WkWL

Shockingly ugly, ngly as

bitter,

common

it

wofully

sin.

(c.

^"=0

conveys

off,

conveys the

(o.)

idea of evenness.

Perfectly even or uniform,

Haw,

or

the idea of uni-

Perfectly regular or uniform,

To cut

i|yf

lar
regnlf

entirely

(s.)

.conveys the idea of acnteness.

^?qr Intensely
Glue,

&

s.)

painful, acutely painful.

conveys the idea of

stickiness.

Sticky as glue,extremely viscid.

(n.)

ffiWi
^C The sky, conveys the idea of
^W. Sky blue, bright bine, (n.)

brightness.

The pnrple-green feathers of the king-

(n.)

fisher.

conveys the idea of brilliancy.

intensity.

bitter,

furiously

?vHl$i Excessively ngly, horribly ugly.

(c.

i-g Brilliant blue,

(c.)

&s.)

23 Pour, applied to lines and surfaces

the case of lines some teachers prefer
fc.
I

even,

& n.)
j$ Uuwound silk,
formity, (c. & N.)

Igfc

P3

fully

rice.

p er fec tly

J/IJ Tjjg.

!j|>

bitter,

conveys the idea of

?,^\^ Intensely

(n.)

the idea of painful excess.

bitter,

f*

Be. JlC Intensely salt, very salt. (c.

)

fetid, reeking, (n.)

W*&

%\\ Burning,

& N.

(c.

is

it

Hr.

fishy, (n.)

Stiflingly strong or

J$}j$| Stiflingly rank or

H
10

I|lf

fetid, (n.)

excessively salt.

If cut before

very painful.

No matter who stitches a book, he

cannot loake the edges perfectly
in order to be perfectly even
even
they mast be cut with a paring knife.
13 Glutinous rice is naturally viscid as
the reason these glatinous rice
glue
dumplings are not gummy must be
because they are made partly of

uniform,

Its use in other dialects is very limited.

W$Si

it is

This
idea of stifling, and is applied to smells.
intensive has a very wide application in Pekingese,
being applied to many things besides tastes and
smells.

it.

12

offensive

rank, very

Always wait
cutting

he walked along.
till a boil is ripe before

graceftfl as

ftl 4

%?.

11

Ifi

bring on a cdngh ?
saw a school-boy to-day wearing a
bright blue gown which looked very

10

5r*

# *- w 1t 7.* *
* wi % m >
** #
^ IT &&&.$
& #. & i.*
*R.
* T g f * &#)&

it.

are exceedingly
vegetables
salt.
Are you not afraid that eating
such great mouthfuls of them will

9 Those

in

Hank, pungent,

bright blue.

conveys the idea of

$k M, M> Disgustingly

fetid.

rank.

Intensely soar, burning soar.

Perfectly level, everywhere level.

Vocabulary.

Chiact.

Pare

white,

bright
ijff

Ck'ia(P.

High,

lofty,

see Sab.

effulgent,
see Sub.
aspiring

splendid,

crooked

?H

fJeK

Burning;

ardent,

mined, inflexible
%fj C/ian

3
.

To cut

in

two

temporary

to

impetuous; detersee Sub.

:

decapitate
Sub.
see

to sever

436

IS

* $

#5

& Ifc^

#b

f)l,THiif
k

su

ue.

^.

fc

it

tt.

ift

ft

sui

at that

W -

IS

little girl

only nine

year, aud yet the thread

is as even as can be

this

she spins

la Tsun-tsi's husband is horribly

ngly,
his face is all covered with
big dark
pock-pits, and besides he is a hunchback.
1G Cloth colored with aniline blue is
bright blue at the first, but the
trouble is it fades.
After a few
days [exposure] it has to be dyed

s$

ll***tta$Mo*i

# -

Look

14
jft.

li:lf

i i ^ I

18

.0.

A +

%.MmmM^

again.
The old saying is, " Human affairs
are like hills, the even places are rare."
If you are determined to
secure
entire nniformitv yon will certainlv

17

m o n# ft o ft ttitt.j|tft
* ##.*! * w ** - a^
k

17

fail.

How

18

& m~

#&.

m.

i^si*
m

}$

m %

it

m>

l6

fetid,

sao*.

3f Shan

1
.

fetid,
;

JJH

Hsing

1
.

fish

or flesh.
^p= ffi

Chang*

To superintend weighing,

cfrtng*.

to weigh.

&M1$} &*&.

W na*....

Cinchona.

1
Quinine.
^! |$ i$j Hi Clmi cki na* shwang .
1
or
An
unlined
coat
Ta*
slum
gown.
-fc
1
to
to
Sot
.
wave,
shake,
flutter.
9B
1

&

Wi^P'iao
7J

ftll

1
>j? Hsien mi*.

Sjfp Fun2

The same.
Uniform, even.

eking*

sat 1

Graceful, airy, jaunty.

PP M
^^

.Aniline

To

T/ao* ska/?

t ffl ChM5lJ'/^ Kwa

ehiao*

%$>M> Ch'i*

ksi*.

Stitches.

Even, smooth.

eking*

The smell of nrine

IS Kao
||1|

too1.

Jj*\

Mao*.

.To urinate

Ni&o* ktcan*

Common

Hsien1

$1 Iw Ma*

t'ung*.

Ting*p'tng

rice, (s.)

rank,

ts'i*.

urine.

chamber

utensil,

a urinal.

The same.

Rice dumplings ; fruit jelly or jam

sponge or other similar cakes.

strong, stinking, fusty.

#J JJ ChHe1

bine.

lose color, to jade.

A knife for

paring the edge of

books or for cutting paper.

humpback.
The same.

The same.

P'in* Ian*.

Wtv&j

The same.

sa*.

Ts'ai2 tad1.

%
Jwlsw'T' Loa kwoa 1 tsl*
1
1
&fr II Lod* kwod yao .
2
1
j&il&ill Lofi foil yao

-To

H iS PHao
|j^

this ?

&BB?

m w

as the smell of perspiration

or of urine reeking, stinking. See
as the smell of goats or
Rank,
sheep noisome.
Rank, strong, as the smell of

Sao 1 Rank;
.

is

can I deliver such sewing as

The next time you must take
very fine stitches, making them firm
and smooth.
19 1 should like to
go and see him every
but
that he is constantly
day,

n m -k o
& & m w*

HsH

chamber
mode.

a com-

A ceiling: Note

The same,
The same,

fljj

utensil,

p'ing*.

%H Yang* pan*.

21.
(c.)
(s.)

Nous.
'fy |/p and WT is somewhat
redundant, though adding to the explicitnessof theordergiven.
8 Ohinanfu rejects all of the three forms in the text and

4 The

says j> IS-

using

of

both

too

8 It
much

is

popularly supposed by the Chinese that eating

salt will cause

10 In many places
all

V(j

is

spoken p'iao

coughs and asthma.

in Central and Northern Mandarin

sat,

and on

this account is oftentimes

JiKSSON

MANDARIN

149.

^
m * *
e

ft

ffi

4miU

I.KSSOMS.

437

coughing aud expectorating, which

gives the room snch a rank smell that

* 1 *
* a a.

I dare not go in.

Whenever I go in,
the smell nauseates me, so that I feel
like vomiting.

20 This chamber ntensil ha not been

washed for ever so many days so
has a very offensive smell.
ont at once and wash it.
when I was lying on the
21 Last
night
bed dozing, a large scorpion fell down
from the ceiling on my face and stung
me, causing such a severe pain that
the whole night I did not sleep.

$ # # is fl*J,g $
n m ik & m o w Rt. *
51 *R &
$ ft f# o |K
%&m m &
r
p? g
- m
M.n m mmmm *>
ft

21

M^

3fe

20

* # * a #
is,

14

FJj iiX

Kuglish by

why it is not glutinous.

as here used, could only be translated into
using the name of the person for whicli it is a

board

* uere used for husband, being taken from

16 3C
the standpoint of the wife's parents, just as a man's wife is
so generally called his daughter-in-law.
16 Aniline colors arc extensively used in China, but the
Chinese have not yet learned the art of so using them an to
l

fast colors.

18

T*

%&

3C '&
SB Th*
an employe and may mean

employer to
deliver such sewing to
such sewing to AM.

my

customers, or,

> n

o*

$ ^R.

ceiling, or of a

given, there

is

Chinese houses

also the term

H9, whicli is widely used.

of plastered ceilings, and oeil-

1*)]

know nothing

togs of any kind are comparatively rare.

{$ |
\f asleep but not asleep, that is, haff asleep, dozing.

an

either, How can 1

Bote can you deliver

a day.

The term #)] $ is used either of a

second floor as seen from below.
/jjj $J8
applies to a light paper ceiling enclosing a triangular space
between itself and the roof. Besides the three terms here
called

substitute.

make

li in

a ceiling, it is usually paper pasted on a light frame of bamboo,

caue or sorghum stalks. In some cases boards are used,
either nailed on the undersides of the rafters, or on the joists
In the North such ceilings are usually
of the second floor.

fa The therefore of its not being glutinous;

iff,

Wang

is specially pleased with that iron-grey horse

He is
belonging to the Li family.
taken with its easy gait and its great
speed, which is equal to four hundred

21 The Chinese do not generally ceil their houses, and

when in the case of a more pretentious house they do make

the reason

in fact is its original reading.

13
that

it

it

22 His Excellency Mr.

w.* *.*.

written ( f?g!> Some teachers adhere to J^, but give it a

second reading when meaning to sprinkle, viz., sot* or /thai*,

which

that

Take

22 jg
I

iron grey.

than

Azure white

As thus
_

intensifies

used,

that

Jf

is,

/J\

in the case of

modifies the

|i

As

a horse,

meaning rather

it.

Special Intensives.

As the intensives in this lesson are each

confined to one or two applications they are not
The special force of each
separately defined.
intensive is indicated, as far as may be, by the
first

definition

in

>j|l

is

Mi

/tk

literal.

approximately

1^

each combination, which

Entirely exhausted, all gone, nsed up.

Black as varnish, black as ebony,
jet
black, shining black, (c. k n.)

Snow

white, immaculate white.

Oppressively hot,

|H J^ A

rotten

putrescent, (c.)

smell

or

said

stench,

even

jifjfc

f^j

ral

stinking,

&

s.)

8.)

stifling, (c.)

Oppressively hot, very close,

fi Bleached white, pure white, clear white,

]f3Jlte Boiling hot, scalding hot,

as cakes.
of solid things,

Black as a raven or crow. (c.

Black as ink, jet black, (a &

stifling.

Transparently white, pure white,

Soaking wet, dripping wet.

(c.)

Soaking wet, wringing wet.

(s.)

yeasty sour, intensely sour,

(s,)

(s.)

438

jfi

us

ft

"8

ft

n + m s - %

MA XT) A TUX LESSONS.

IlESSON 14$.

over ton days, so thai

wm m

*.

ffi

n:

&

# w * w

if

a. e>

if

*
#F

ls,

*
i

ii

tt

fl

ft. >f

ffi

*,

f w w m m * n. s w
w it ft. o & &
/J\ ft
o ft!**
Jl if ; gf f #
* ft W *
r#
A**Ptiiftft 4*ttffi
*
A T. a t6 IR eN. B#
m.

quite impossible.
13 The pasteboard you

7i

-f-

it?

fc,

ft

m.
tt

o
*.*&*-*
S
^FJMMio

$>

20

IK

IS

u xyMmmmT m a

%t

^j^iii

' tici'iM

is

already

14 There is not the least turn in this road.

It is a perfectly straight highway.
15 I fear it is going to rain, the weather
is so scorching hot.
16 This apple has a very fragrant smell,
and it is also very sweet to the taste.
17 This is a very fine salad, save that they

P&

down?

it

made

Why. have you not t^keu

fully dry.

*fe

is

could be finer.
12 Perfectly dry leaf tobacco from the
Loss of weight is
Southern Hills.

# I i|

the fuel

actly in the fashion.

The cloth bleached by the fullers of
Ch'ang-i is white as snow. Nothing

11

f ^
i jt

all

soaking wet.
10 That school-boy has on a deep purple
coat and bright yellow leggings, ex-

g
ft

have put

in

making

it

toomuch vinegar and

fearfully sour

garlic

aud sharp.

18 Don't be misled by the small size of

this donkey of mine, he is as fleet as
the wind, he can travel two hundred
It in a day.
19 When I have stropped the razor to a

keen edge, I will shave your head and

Vocabulary.

P'iao*. ... .To bleach, to whiten

Also p'iao 1
Pellucid, dear

by bleaching.

7T*

#?

P'ien* yieti1 .

Leaf tobacco pressed

jH

Oh't*.

$fc Chiang*..
P)flJ

jfcjp}

P#

to drain.

deep red, crimson.

An abbreviated

llsiang*.

Tsao*.

writing of q$.

Dry, scorched, parched.

to spread as an odor.
;

To spurt

P'in 1

1
$Jf Fei

Purple

silk

TfcfcT.

Skmfl hung 1

^
-Sr
ft'j

W Fac*
W< SA?

bu*.

fashion,

fjct,

To paste

bleacher,

camp

a capital.

To

lose

To

lose

on, to niouut as

Husk

IftfB!^ Chi* chHoa*

1
fif $^ Wan ckwan*.

&

^ Liang
1
I-

tug

skin

weight.

weigh^.
or

maps

bark

shell

Pasteboard.

t*i*

round

Crooked, tortuous,

ts'ai*

The point of a

vegetable salad.
bristspear, the tip
;

lingjjkeen.

fgi ,Swan*

fuller.

"ailed city

eh'eng*.

Oh'iod*, ck'Ue*.

the

mode.

ck'tjut*

pictures.

SS

Iff.

Leggings, overalls,

The prevailing

3
vH'ftjtJl. P'iao pu* chiang*.

J*.

|5 Piao*.

<>*

about, a {urn.

Purple, purplish yellow.

p'ai*.

ShP

The same.

Ts&.

T ia

IS

crust.

$^&E

Tsi*.

ffiffi

lilac color, scarlet.

Soaked, soggy, moldy, stained.

Note til
Fen* hung*.
Pale red, pink

j|f

in flat

Utnches.

La*

Garlic.

Acrid, pungent, sJtarp, hot

No?

chmi*.

severe.

To take accurate aim.

straight to the mark.

to

go

440

ttbfc

tt.

ft

A.^W

ftlittLFK

ft$

I*

ic

0c

j$

^ *

W ftAfi**
# 7 j> 7-

ft

IT

Jl

3fc

ft T

%>

Ji.

- H

SS

&

Irt*

ft

a i i ^ ^
f
X t>

it
- a

#. #.

i i ^>
e 1. I f
SB. It *F m & &
* - if O &}%$; # ?&> ff
m *** m vx m - v.
p -7 &.
$ * 1 &
)
*r. m m * ^ *e* i *
o i@ nr t- ^. gg s #

24

ffi

(ft

gft

ifc

ji

ee

ie

~&

fgfc

a.

25

fn

# % m

m ^ ^ n

Pot? pan 1

Many

kinds,

every

.*m o
n-

mmnn
kind,

multifarious, various.

^p

.The persimmon, or China

Hhi*

8
ff La?? .

To pickle

fruits in brine; to ripen

steeping in hot water

Rough, harsh

)23 Shi*, si*

&1fcMM

Ya*fei

li*

chia\

Note

"B

least, it will not fly straight.

21 They two brothers are entirely different, one very swarthy and the other
How trne it is that " one
very fair.
mother gives birth to many kinds."
22 These persimmons are not fully cured.
They have a very astringent taste.
23 Although the color of the African's
skin is jet black, yet he himself still
thinks it beautiful.

a.

it

+ B

scrape yonr face in order that yon may

go to drink your father-in-law's wine.
20 An arrow should bs made straight as
a line. If it is warped in the very

M
#

ft

it

3R

No

matter whether you are cooking

vegetables or meats, it is, of course,
not good to make them too fresh, nor

is it good to make them very salt.

25 In coming home last night I came
ten li after dark.
It was cloudy and
dark as pitch you conldn't see a
man before you nor a hand before
yonr face. The result was that I
tumbles by the way.
got several
26 That little maiden, Shwang-tsl. is
The simple
exceedingly bashful.
mention of her [intended] husband
makes her blush scarlet.
27 I saw the stuff which Wang the Third
has bought for a short coat at only
seventy-two cash per foot the drilling
is very thick and of a glossy blue21
black color from a distance it looks
;

just like broadcloth.

$ Uun\

Cooked meats;

dishes

held to be

inconsistent with a religious fast.

fig.

by

Su*

ftt^

ts'ai*.

22.

Hun1

astringent.

Cooked vegetables, vegetable

..food:Note 24.
Vegetables

ts'ai*.

meat

Africa.

cooked

Note 24.

with

Notes.
3 Chimin fit
unci

rejects all of the

three forms in the text,

sayp jg} Jt-

8 TO mt means
i

wfti's nnti rerl

mixed

that in this cane ffl modifies

; that is, pnlf reri or

rather than intensifies

the meaning.

lOff

Scrslet. ptirfile.

seems a confusion or contradic-

mutt be remembered that both terms are

The Chinese take venous not
somewhat vague. JJQ. 3ft
arterial blood as the standard, and so nay blood purple.
tion of terms, but

11
ol

flj

Laicuou

&

it

^ district city in

Shantung,

in

the prefecture

12 j$J ill is said to be a range of hilla in the prefecture of of ^H in Manchuria, which produces on its sides an
extra, fine quality of tobacco.
19 Pasteboard is made straight and smooth by being
to dry.
pasted against a board or a wall, and left there
16 The Chinese have no generic name for apple, but a
name for each variety of apple. Foreign apples are
specific

because they outwardly resemble thii

usually called iff|
variety more than they do any other.
Tvt 9 a common phrase to express
21
"ft 5L
the idea that the children of the same parents are often \ sty

'

'

>

Lesson

150.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

m + at m ~
m m -
# o P. ft 55
/ * mM& tt - a
H 9 ^ ^ n m* s w
ji i^ n ^ % % A H
f
#ut*. $ tf H 7
- r * a, t O
pf
W. Ji
* *
* m j
* fi A.
m # 1^ a #< $
o
Mil i j& i% % % A
o

441

m
&
^

o
13

fr

lit.

* 1 ^ *
# m w m a
o

A.

o
f#

M,
7

MO

ji

ti&

f$

*.

* ^

22

hpfnm n,

'

Its

is

willing;

how

is

[men

go
o Calamities and
blessings are conditioned
entirely on a man's own actions, f
9 He has done
nothing all his life bnt
lawsnits.

manage

10

Reading not only whiles away time,

also advances one's

scholarship.
I give
my attention all to one
it

thing
he has the whole under his
control
12
to
the
constitution of
According

human

it is
only husband and
are inseparable.

society,

w ife who

24 IS
or animal

ammal

oil.

o,ls,

Vegetables

together

and garlic

cooked

Meats,

with strong
is

alone

including

without meat, fish

egos,

often used

fish

and

vegetables,

alone to include

all

smelling

admixtures of both. Thi S distinction of

is made
g and
by the Buddhists, who make merit
by abstaining from 3.

LESSOR

CX..

Restrictive Particles and

Phrases
This lesson
tion

ft
with

may

be regarded as a continua-

and completion of Lesson 49.

Only, but sole, except, a book word, bnt

1U C
ll0<1 " iaL specially when joined

Alone, only, specially, often doubled for

emphasis.

TFEf^ But, only, save, except, sole.

VfcWl Simply, with one single F
purpose.
'
v
:

always

Note

(5).

Special, wholly, with all the

mind, intent,

J
^T n

#--

Specially, wholly, solely.

Solely, wholly, nudividedlv,

* &; *<**-merely
^ one

self, all

W.

it

who make a special

busiuess of
repairing teeth for people.
7 I am afraid to have
all alone,
yon

onions

Everybody

wife.

else

called] dentists

ft*

w w

except his

that yon alone are

unwilling ?
5 A man should be
reasonable, and not
give loose rein to his own idiosyncrasies
G There is in the West a
class of

^ m m

and appearance.
another phrase for
expressing the same idea
is

derivation

uncertain.
Persimmons are often plucked

'It

-|4*
M W

different, both in character

is

all,

fefftl

to yourself

what belongs to the" whole

company.
3 Ts'wei Mien does not fear
anybody at

;:

ft

the only
thing in the world
universal assent.

alone

*K

is

commands

Yon cannot appropriate

if

Right
that

fc

m.
ffc

Translation.
1

alone.

Alone, single,
solitary.

Wtm

Is not

the place of

flg

unfreqnently so nscd as to tak

or $}

as in (14),
(16).

442

IB

M % % te - *
M m * * 1 #
# ^ A

it

ft

Hu

m,

it

#. **

rra

>J

PR

^"ffc

1B

ft

Hf ''.%?' pi

#J

85

o
it

17

H A S & ^
A. &J # * # +
o i g
A20^ $ m * a
k

* W> A. . je
W & $ f& T
6 - # * & A
* n B> # * p.
35 H T #e
6 $g *n A ^ ft m
K* ft *. . *
& ^ T> o 7
# W
w

22

B*

ffy

if

it]

& W
^rf

ft

BR

+ 5

"ff

Lesson

MANPAUIN

ir>0.

7 * w
# a to * A, %
m. w *. it s 4
m
s a a & m vt to
m
#. ^ * ot
m.
# T * ^ tr ^ . t m
3r # #J
# 8 ft m C
- W. ii tt % w
m m m & 7. * S
^ s
ft . o ft m m m u
it
*. je a *
m m m vx m *
m ^ ^ m m % # & mi
T till I I m- m f m
m ^i, -k & & m sl - m
# n. in
# *I bn. n is. ^ m- a m
^ ^ o $5 4& m % . jc
^ ft M *^F> iP
# 1 t i ^ ff t. . ^
# to n. m m t o o A o
*. ft o * ft m
in m
%
oil

soft-head),
sult,

all came out fairly well in this

speculation save myself, and I did
not realize a cash.
When the company had finished sing-

ing, they all lay

=P

jUj

Men*

/tao

Old men, men of experience,

1
.

all

He presumed

Bj|
2PJ
itlf

Tung"-.

fleeted in the pupil.

Tu?ifjen

The same.

Yu3
tiifc

fM.

*&%$$$

K't

pan*.

f$k*$ 1i&.1i& Chan*

l

Sou

3
.

...

^|"|$fc row*
fiff ills

Wu*
,

sou 2

because-

life

a previous

serious.

28 The gods served in China are for the

most part worshipped in temples, but
theKitchenGodisworshippedathomo.
29

Some women

I
are base by nature.
have heard that there was a prostitute
at Shanghai who would not marry
even a governor, but fell in love with
an actor and married him. Was not
that very remarkable ?

A silly fool (lit., a bag of pus),

^j

Nung* poo

^K 59

fiing* t'ou-.

Trembling, tottering.
from age.

W.

A * fa
A $i Ta
It
H 3
^

The same.
to arouse

(s.)

take the

Grave, serious, important.

The same

ti(tn1'

Tsao* wang*.

(3 )

to

worship.

The Kitchen God

:Note

28.

Tsao* chiln 1

jq^

To shake ;
To shake,

To lead the way, to

lead, to go ahead.

Ching* pai*. ... To reverence,

$jfc

we

state of existence.
1

me

refused to submit to his insults hence

it is that the strife has become so

Ta*

plumes, feathers.

Wings,
A former
Ch'ien* shi*.

to insult

while T,
but a single family
standing on the justice of my cause,

are

a lackbrain, a soft-head,

The -pupil of the eye; the image re-

but

him.

27

elders.
iljl

up the trouble, yet he whipthe others but never touched

stirring

ped

p*Jc

Jj|

to sleep

did not sleep soundly.

Although in the eyes of the world ho
has done some praiseworthy things,
yet may they not .have been done
merely for the sake of a good name?
26 Our teacher is too unjust.
It was
the
lead in
his
took
son
who
clearly

<&.

24

down

Abel kept thinking of his father and

ifc

sfc

you.

23 They

ffi

'It

regard you as of no acconnt (u

and will all the more in-

will

ffi

**

443

T.KSSOyS.

The same.

tremble; to
shiver, to quake; to arouse.
to

Impotent; inefficient ; weak,

ncng*.
...
good-for-nothing, of no account.

7*

rfx ffsi"* chien*.

3
j(H P/'oo .

jjffc-f'

11$/'* ts'i

3
.

Base, mean, low,

depraved.

vicious,

prostitute, a harlot.

An

actor,

a comedian.

444

IB

-E

~ + W -

MAWDARIH tlBBOSS.

JtlESSON 151.

m m

m,

ik

w.

w.

? ^m. Yon are very kind, bnt

flace
conld not think of troubling yon.
1! From ancient times it has only been
known that a minister has given his
life for his
prince ; what reason wonld
there be in a prince giving his life for
his minister?
ia Is it not the proper thing for na to
treat each other with mntnal respect f
13 Since they ignore me in everything,
why shonld I not look ont for myself?
14 Yon are my benefactor, and now that
yon are in trouble can I do otherwise

S H

of.

^ *
ft 3L +
ft a
7

i=\

iu

17

3T

m.

& ^^

ift

ffl

&

ft

ujg.

Su

ft

iC

:**.

F>

lff

in

ff

jfi

# *

o
*i

16

14
fft

i3

*
^

f^^ + ft-f-S*
tt#jA&- #**.
x m m. %
# m ^ ' k
^.

fft

12

than help you?

16 If Ohao Tsl Lung were not the very
embodiment of courage, wonld he dare
repeatedly to withstand the soldiers
of Ts'ao ?

16 I know quite well that this has been

a life-long fault of mine.
17 That young woman cannot be over
eighteen or nineteen while this woman
can a woman of over
fully eighty
sixty bear children ?
18 VVaug the Third was from the first unwilling to give his daughter to Yii the
fifth's son, but the middleman took
is

m i
=

18

W *

il

A. &. tf

IS

*%^<^#
^ f 4 i t f

T. f^

into his own hands and settled it.

Nothing conld be more unreasonable.!
19 After the terms are fully settled you

i,

It is

don't

mean

hard to say, how can you say ? you

is it so?
au interrogative form

to say,

used both in colloquial and in books. It expresses

a strong presumption on the part of the speaker.
How, why, an indirect interrogative
,"r|
particle, generally used to express a strong affirma-

it

tion.

It stands at the beginning of a clause,

and

generally used in connection with the following

words, viz., H, jjfc. Jj}|. ^. 'fa, which are arranged
is

in the order of the frequency of their use.

a book word, but

primarily

is

often

$| is
used in

Mandarin.

Vocabulary.

CA't*.

direct interrogative particle

Also

Snb.
fift

Yien 1

A final affirmative particle in

an

initial

meaning, how, why

M.yi

Ch'ang

interrogative
see Sub.

chiu*.

see

f^ *%

Tai* lao*.

Continual,

W6n-li;
particle

permanent,

% Hi

t'ou*.

To lower the head,

to stoop

to

yield, to submit.

3>%k

MM

Toa1

SAtng* ck?.
-

To be

i*

An

fill the
office or perform
the work of another.

suspicious.

imperial edict; the holy

will or purpose of (Jod.

A dragon

1
jSK Chiao

EL

5 tS Kin*
oU A Kn

f.

j$fc

with scales

A limit, the extreme point;

Ken*. ...

lasting.

Ti 1

To

k'afl.

kit*.

Of old, from

Note

9.

universal.

the earliest times

antiquity.

jtn*.

P shtng
Shtng

benefactor, a saviour.

life

time, the whole

life.

To give birth

ch'an*.

Mfc^jffc&M't* yiV

to; to bring
forth, to bear.

*'*

m,

Is

it

reason,

able ?
}>ossible ? outrageous, out of the question,

is

it

is

448

ft 7. *
it
^ ? #
# at. 5i> 7\ ft ^
* * n 3t 7- Ht
M h, ^u ^ $ J* *
. f m j 7.
^ LA
A
t $ *l * ^ G E
ft

*B.

is

&

fp

*fe

20

>l>

fft

W IE

21

22

20

23

M ft - w
ig m ft g ^ 'W
T
b *n m a * ft %
Ri
o ^, $ & 7\ 7^
3&
%
;
R H A.
m # x o IS f A *
- * w T- ^ ft n * ft
SP * *E % it * R| ft
o i. UL,
4> # ft
*o *
# M.
ft
t> S a $ is * ft* *
ft
ra
*> * ft
*

S 25

A>

26

ft

|fc

3(5D

flf

Do
turn round aud rue the bargain.
you consider this manly ?
If she had iiad no illicit intrigue with
the man Li, how would lie dare to
couie iu the face of divine ami human
law aud carry her olf ?
Their words are good, but their intention* are evil. My words and intentions
Am I not better than they ?
are alike.
Yang the Fourth is too outrageous for
anything. Some one sent some money
and a letter by him, when, behold, he
burued the letter and used the money.
Look at that lame man, how laboriously he walks. Since our bodies are
free from deformity, should we not

24

18;

ffl

We

24

flt

else to see

and

ffi

Obedient

earth

the

moon

a wife,

PC

P-i*.

(5

^ pi

female.

^t

Heaven and earth, the eosthe moral law

mos

Ck'ien* k'un 1 .

let

him

mate

/"%.

"

still

public
served." When
midst of reading

see

Even if it
come

Ana.

it

use,

ffl

1
t^ K'un

s i -

!-

be content with our lot ?

When Tsi Lu asked about serving the
gods, Confucius said, "While you
are not able to serve men how cau
"
He also asked
you serve the gods ?
which
Confucius
to
concerning death,
" While
do
not
understand
you
replied,
"
life how can you understand death ?
will not fail to abide by what we
25
have said. He who does not keep his
word debases himself.
26 That is a book for public use, why is
not allow anyone
it that you will

Jfi

ffl

4>

a -

*
* * A
ft* *
#> ft
$ ^ .
$j o
to a
P Z te

ffi

am

I
it

is

just

for

first

first

in

the

must I give way

it first ?

See p'i l

mean, vulgar.

A common

mau, a plebeian a
mean spirited man.
;

base fellow, a

"written in the heart

$jj

<$}

tffc

$fg

Kou*.

If; if indeed,

& Kou
Met*.

male and female.

if

only
iuconsidemte.

intercourse, intrigue
careless, reckless.

Dark, obscure to suppress

zle, to appropriate.

(U/'iie*.

Lams ;

ffl

Hsien*.

Common

property
for
public or general use.

yuny*.

To

to embez-

offer in

worship

superior, to

| Kuny* hsien*
Jl $ Shang* hung*.

to present to a

hand up
Offerings

-fit

To present

to.

sacrifices.

offerings,

to

worship with an offering.

to limp, to halt.

em-

Troublesome, laborious,
barrassing ; tedious, repe-

;ff Lei* chwei*.

Rung

illicit; careless,

Illicit

chHe*.

4^

;H

1w

Long-lived, to live to old

Ch'ang* miny*.

firious:-Note 23:

age.

Fit 1 ch'ien* yien*.

^"jjjjJTW
1

To

fulfil

a promise,

to keep one's word.

$S Iw

Tivan mimf.

Short-lived, to die preumturely,

Lesson 151

Wt

MANDARIN LIHSONS.

447

448

IB

IS

- +

su

H - *

5.

Translation.
1

# ft
^ I

m.

yon think of this plan?

will
it
think
scarcely

succeed.

ft

ft

$ft

4 Bit! 1 t i
m mm n . W ft. ^ * * ft
& ft o Pi # #
m m n n m x* a. - a
S. Mb - $ # O jg

fr
ft ft. & & m & ft.
+
W ^ - $ & B *
m #
m> * * # $ $
*
tt n *
if tt # x *
m i m T> jg rf tt * *
m % %. ^ I It t 6 7 #
ft. & A $>> ft * ft, iU. ft
o # IE ^ * H & & o &
^u It. BR m m m & * 3p*t
f
ft ttzmm & ft o
it.
ft tt * * & ft > BE A
* a ^
1 JL * w - m & $.
>f o if, # o
W T.
W, i
^F-

'

*Ji

What do
Arts.

10

2 Embarrassment springs from natural

temperament, not necessarily from
want of proficiency.
i

til

fit

know

Even

5 Will our grain hold ont until the new

crop comes in ? Ana. I think it will
hold out, but mother says she is
donbtfnl of it.
6 It

not absolutely necessary to pay

at once.
There is no objection to
being paid in instalments.

is

all
its

He

himself however says it will

answer, bnt whether after all it really
will answer or not is uncertain.
8 Must there be the same number of
new characters in each lesson ? Ana.
Not necessarily a few more or a fewless is not important.
9 Yon are very brave behind peoples'
7

If the party in question were

present, it is doubtful if yon wonld
venture to speak so defiantly.
10 It is now more than half-past nine
o'clock; I fear he has gone to bed. Ana.
I scarcely think he has gone to bed ;
he does not nsually retire until ten
backs.

o'clock.

11

ffc

LESSOIT

to

certainly free from partiality.

iar.

5iJ

that he who talks

a good man.
the heart of a parent is not

You ought

fairly is not certainly

How

things will turn ont cannot be

It is not certain

known beforehand.

Olill.

Phrases of Uncertainty.
v

5(C 4o
think.

Not

certainly, not necessarily, scarcely

5r?ikMw Not

certain,

not

likely,

not

necessarily.

~Ap

/ Not

ij{*

Not

certain,

certainly,

doubtful,

not

likely

contingent.
;

need

not,

^*$M&

Not

certainly,

not

necessarily.

Not certain, not snre. not settled,,

problematical.

J^Mt^

The same,

(s.)

JftliLrlf: Do yon suppose ?

think, far from certain.

ffl&W

The same,

>Jc<lM?iJ Not

You need

not

(a)

very

likely,

doubtful,

dubious.

better nut.

>ff|MK

^^1#

Not

[dubious.
likely, scarcely think, doubtful,

%$&%

The same,

^pf^J Who
uncertain.

Used

knows
at

(s.)

no knowing, quite
the end of a sentence W,
P

express a doubt of what has preceded.

MANDAUIN

L'knkon 152.

&

ffif.

m m m
m m .

7. . 4
H o
o * H
ft te ft
JW # #
A. JL *
ft # *
*p m ^
S Ik
* *
k # *b,
*
$5 & T>
f.
^
g ft 4&
A w>> Z#'A.fS&
:.##& fc A m ft *k
m
&
A 5
ft m p> h
m n ft
S *H
m & Ml i*.
^p ^ w o
n
& m: m tj
I i ^
il *
1ft

what seems happiness to-day

not prove misfortune to-morrow,
nor that what seems misfortune today may not prove a blessing to-morthat

-tfe

may

row. Therefore the only

abide the decision of fate.

14

12

ft

m
^m

1iW

-B

lit

*r

is.

ft. ft

tf;

\>x

15

ffl

f*

A *

it #.'14 ft

ffr

449

LES80NS.

12

Do not make rash

be

cannot

sage

That

not at

is

"

all

way

criticisms.

is

to

The

Ar/s,
mistakeu.
Confucius
certain.

have any errors people are

sure to know them." Seeing he himself plainly said he had errors, how
can we say that he had none f
13 P'eng Jn Lin is an exemplary man. I
scarcely believe he is capable of doing
such an unwarrantable thing.
14 Every straightforward man has a
hasty temper, bat it does not follow
that everyone who has a hasty temper
If I

said,

is straightforward.
15 I hardly think he has met with any
accident ; it is most lkely that he has
been detained on the road by the

weather, or something has unexpectedly occurred at home so that he

could not start at the time appointed.

Yet who knows

16 Although

is

it

" whether
great

said,

or whether small, meeting face to face

VOCABULARY.

few

Ckie* eh'ang*.

Excited by the presence

of spectators, embarrassed.

1
'L* Ulj Haiti ch'ong*.

The heart,

j|

j-t

(w)

Pien1

one

gjde.

Partial, unfair,

hsiang*

iHiH Hwan %

ch'ing.

To pay

pay

in

detached,

in

of, to

foil.

HE

Lit .

Dry

land, terra firma

Also

portions.
|$g?

fffy

$ft Z* hsu*.
Chin*.

{fj M|S

Ihi*.

Ob'ang"-

vigorous

Bright

mauly,

Ordinarily,

To

anticipate, to

hand.

cW.

Ymg*

unwarrantable.

constant

ingenuous.

Sincere,

Pi*.

Disposition, temper, temperament, character.

shi\

According to appointment, at
the proper time.

Iff)

$j Kwan
-

hsi 1

Shwang

...

quences, result,
before-

straightforward,
downright, frank ; unyielding.

de-

commonly,

know

assume without

to

authority

Kgj [Kf

resolute

to oneself, to usurp, to

To usurp,

Ohien*/en*.

bold>

assume.

'|4 We Hsing*

Muscular,

hiing*.

Ni* Uao*.

To arrogate

Chien*.

Strength, force, energy, muscle.

usually.
^j ffi

Hf

JpC King*

fiant, boastful.

teaching of the sages

:-Note 13.

Jk||[ Keng*

Bold,

consistent, exemplary, orthodox

JmJT
;

defiant.
ch'i*.

Successively, one by one in order, in instalments.

Ying* lang*.

H 3H Han*

Near numerous a surname.

P'ingK
Tao* hsue z
The science of morals, the

feelings, affec-

tions.

__

5?
ia

To concern,
.

....

to, to

to

have

involve

relation.
;

conse-

effect.

tang*.

Prompt, quick,
tious.

expedi-

450

lib

IB

ii

IB

ff

m ~ +

at

"a

- *

Lfpso\ 153.

MAVrtAUTV LESSONS.

451

=tiI-
m

Translation.

o
# & # -&
% ft 3C % * ft
& # n a * o
iwi I o # o
ft wt ^ m ft m* n
^ n # & g c # m ft
it ^\ 5a *> g ft
&
%
m
n
m ft & %% -f #. M
w * $ z m #. o fa B.
B ft ft m wt ft $tt # O
o w. r- m z- m&ftj it *
* *
if *%.
^ mjh ^
r^ o

1sr

l()

o
o
ffc
Iff

t M *.

ifr.

m &

The personality of
is too
vague to make
mean anything more than fate.
IS'M, ^fcyfc 3i One who not only teaches the doctrines
of the sages, but professes to
practice them, and protests
against the laxity of modern times.
in blind fate.

"|j(J

IS

'M

% H The
used

though translated
on*,
is

any

quite

20

one..

first

/,

is

jf jfi

is

common.
It

is

common

ft ft

A-

P& ff"),
belongs to
in a general sense as
equal to
put for cook. This figure of speech
on a certain

home yon honor your

it

be

yon do not keep in mind the

who gave you birth ?
Why do you not come to visit me when
yon have leisure ?

When

yon are doing anything you

yonr mind upon that. Why
do you not take more care ?
12 It will never do to strike
right and
fix

sum which they determine

their constituents,

and then

his apportioned share.

to collect, apportion it
insist on each man

among

subscribing

J^ ft faf is a priest who has been

regularly ordained by an abbot, and has taken the vows or
orders of the priesthood. He has on his head the round scars
(from 3 to 12) of the burning moxa, and carries the certificate
of the abbot by whom he was ordained.
He is entitled to
temporary entertainment in any temple in the empire, and
collect
in
of
the
may
money
any
eighteen provinces.

(q is an unordained priest who is not domiciled in

any particular temple but wanders from place to place.

-*-

LESS03J

CXiIII.

The Interrogative Pronoun ft.

ft

the

Wtn-li equivalent of
but is
Jgj.
in Mandarin, especially in
readymade phrases. Of these phrases the following
are the most important
^5j ft For what, why.
ft is often used
also

is

much used

alone in the sense of %$

flttft As what,

ft

of.
ijfc

occasion.

sufficiency,

extent,

how

Always stands at the end of a

Why must, why, why

sort,

about,
clause.

should,

what

great,

what

etc.)

ffl

jpj

what,

how (much,
What use,why.
ft
what
What
ft a
how come
ft^Bi What
why.
why take
ft^ What
ft^rf What

how, what.

ft l/fl What as, how,

what

ft ^f* What concern, what business,

connection with, what relation to.

of,

bitterness,

what

parents,

it

should

ft.

XT

thiug for priests to fix

If at

parents

11

W
#.

private

What is yonr opinion f

What is there in this trifling affairthat

is

to

>i>

my

what necessity is there to go great

distances to bnrn incense ?
6 This is my business. What concern is
it of
j
yours ?
[and family P
7 How precious are the lives of
myself
8 If yon have musk on
your person the
fragrance is self-diffusing.
Why take
pains to stand in the wind (what need
of a hurricane to spread
it) ?
9 Where did your
body come from? How

does he meddle in

need present any difficulty ?

4 If it is not he who else conld

'Iff,

Why

affairs

ll

what occasion.
fltffX The same,
sense,

need, why.
to the point

the trouble,

452

IB

S H + 5 I -

SS

without regard to friend or foe.

is there in these few
playful
words to warrant taking snch offense P
14 That hymn has been
snug until it is
worn out. Why not change to someleft

f
&

25

H.

ng

. T
o *,

it

#,

tt.

* X&

13i

ijfc.

13

jg

#
T.
4*^ *
? i % m m. *i ^ ^ mis**
JttfiH*firfirsJfc1&li&^
7. 7C *w. Ji tt ft &
^, i I o I ^ ft *n. T> gr
n % m> i$*m * b r
* # n
IK m $ # ^
*
x s nt m *.
*. w
pa
t a o w 7. r
St
fA.
# o
W #j #
fa ft ft
f * 4 $)>
$Mf ?& f& #j m ft *1
D

jR

20

S o

new

17 If yon do not fancy that one, what do

you think of this one ?
18 Why are yon bent on venting this bit
of spite even if it costs yon your life P
19 It

-til

m m
ft

fir

fir

*.
o

&

your degree

15

22

iff

also

make

He

certainly presents a good appearance, but what skill he has remains

to be seen.

23 While you continually loaf around in

idleness what have yonr parents and
family to depend upon for a living ?
24 To-day the chwang-ytlen is parading
the street.
See how imposing the

& hq
n %>m #
^ $ *&*. H o &.
*B % *b
<B 7-. #. o
* 1*
ia tt ! #

# #r * & 7- +
ft

dear fellow,

my

Why

Why should we who are always meeting each other use so mauy formalities?
21 With snch scholarship as this,
why
be anxious lest you should not
get

for you,

to see me.

20

fir

fft

enough

come

these presents

fir

ffi

is

to

18

iff

thing
[do P
15 Just ask yourselves, how would it ever
16 Why persist in
exhorting him seeing
he will not listen to good advice?

i9

Ji,

What

ft>

display.

17

25 For him to suffer is all very well, the

affair being his own. bnt
why should
von involve yourself P
20 Your persistent effort to
auuoy me

2!

fir

Vocabulary.
JBf

m\

JH

Ski*.

&jfr

Which

59

*li

listen*.

To

ask oneself.

&

1
WS. Ton

li

shin

humdrum,
to the

ties,
i

7jX

^C Chu-ang*

ytieu*

do Or act in turn
Also ksaen*.

point, to

then, next,

Note

24.

To parade the street with music

and banners

uninteresting.

forraali-

The highest graduate of

the Hanlin

jjfffij Yiu*chie\

same

bring
with

formal.

Hung

lie*.

The

In person, personally.

To come round

to treat

Much ceremony, many

Repetitions, monotonous; worn

1

great attention or formality.

To take counsel of conscience,

to

circnlate,

abont

the mind; to take

care, to give heed.

out,

quick.

mi J Gkou 1

resent, to take offense, to

flare up, to fly into a passion,

f&^fl Shu* fan*

ChHn

why

To

lien*.

Wen* ksin

j^| Hs&en*.

With

ksin 1 .

to

$J| Jp

what ? how

The musk-deer ; musk.

Ching

Fan1

Note 24.

din and rnsh of

a great display
;

resoninlin.'. imposing, grand.

B^U

a/tiny

ski*.

Parade, display ; distinction,

eclat ; majesty, awe.

Lksbon 153.

454

m
3I

ra

*p #

$S

2.

-#
at

^ # & tt. * Hi
# ?$,
6 W 3 *fB *
T. o
^ AlQi i
S $ i, M. 1 S R o #2
^, w p o ^ am m vtf %
m * m * w b a $> n,
W.

is

te.

less

02

# ti
$ &
ffl

.
G

?#> ft.

&

ft

ft,

nR

held, the scholar

who attains the

first

is

place

called a

$i JQ,

diploma ; the second. $j FJR- the eye of the lilt, and the
It is the privilege
third is called $j $;. takiny the flwoer.
of these three to be escorted in state with music and banners
through the streets from the examination hall to their
first

residences.

25
that

is,

fft

This

is

/jL'

called

1$

what occasion

"r?<"

is

jtjf

(.

B You

ihis **

*** bitterness ;
on account of

to suffer

there/or you

his trouble.

employ that man.

too thick.

MH

23 -f" after 3g is not here an enclitic, as it often is in

the same connection, but means sons or children.
24 When the examination for the Han-lin degree is

better not to

exorbitant wages.
5 Mrs. Pai is very good-natured outwardly, bnt her heart, is relentless.
6 Let it be cut in quite thin slices, not

*B

it-#ft^^^HtB
.

haste?

It is

Whenever you employ him hedemands

i.

At

raining.
are you going in such breath-

Where

~ &

TJ

ft

{ft

fll

3t

The wind outside is quite sharp, pl< ase

come into the house to talk.
2 The sun is shining brightly, and yet it

flJi

-I-

Translation.

t *

arc

ffl

Take

This garment is quite damp.

out and air it.

it

What

does the box contain, that

heavy to earrv f

it is

so verv

28 The use

of fg| in the last clause of this sentence is

grammatically inconsistent with the plural fift f|"j in the

6 rat, a thing which Chinese scholars fail to appreciate.

31 tH $C

m
tell

ffc

is

equivalent

to

ft fa

ft

ft)

HI 7$ Pass around the whole plate/nil

$!

that

&
is,

the whole story.

32 The insertion of 3 implies that the speaker had

attainments in other things, and looked lightly on the art of
fnf
sewing, as presenting no special difficulty,
A book phrase occasionally heard in conversation.

Jjf

J2

>{j

oliv.

x.:EBso2sr

Special Duplicate Adjuncts.

Many adjectives and some nouns and verbs

take after them a special duplicate adjunct or
These adjuncts serve the double purqualifier.
of
modifying and emphasizing the words
pose
to which they are joined, in a way which has no
In many cases
parallel in the English language.
or
decide
dig Mv\y approximates the meaning,
quite
In a few
in other cases so or such or too is better.
cases the adjunct is intensive and may be rendered pm/or extreme!'/ : in other cases it modifies
the meaning of the original word very little indeed,
being nsed chiefly for emphasis. 'Many cases still
remain in which the English language wholly
fails to convey the true force of these peculiar
forms. These adjuncts are especially characteristic
of colloquial, and their fitting nse adds much to
the sprightliness and force of a speaker's style.
'

Tt

is

a special

feature

of

this

duplication

fundamental tone, the

second character of the doublet always takes
that, irrespective of the

Thus
tone.
is
not
;j
fty
l
but liana* t'avg* fang 1
Hang*' Pang* fang* ti
1
and so of all. The duplication nearly always
ti
ends with #{j. Home of these duplicates are common to several words, but the greater unmber are
the first
,

special.

They vary very much

in different localities,

though a goodly number are qnite t'ung-hsivg.

The whole number of these expressions is very
large, and it is ofteu difficult to decide what characters should be used in writing them.
Four lessons will be devoted to their illustration.
Owing
to the necessity of the case, the translations given
are oftentimes only approximate.

J1ANDAKIN

Lepfon 154.

& f
* w # m m ^
ifta&t&pg. ~f b o
1 G o 5U fl
b w Kirn. W.
US IS
&>

iff.

i.

8
^ &

Iftfr4

ft***

#
T B
a g B
m
*i

>M

>&.

jfcifi

f&

4*

ft

#
$

!k!

ft

jtf

M.

1S

it

&

J*

it.

the

idea

[(C. &S.)
on the run.

naked; quite smooth

bitter,

B To wish, as a doublet imparts the idea of

less,

&

unprincipled,

uncon-

Very severe

or radical,

relent-

Straightforward, ont and

ont.

"

Looking

eagerly.

waiting, longing.

j&BBHy

anxiously
[stern.

Emphatic,

to

the

into the house,

Coming suddenly

B B o5
S B B ^.
tR
MBB

Mm

Decisive,

(C

H*J

"

point,

it

peremptory,

[sive.(s.)

Very weighty, emphatic, deciVery much embarrassed, in

hard pressed.
as a doublet imparts the idea of
Alive,

straits,

a*
iff

very

cate-

SE 3: ml

rj

thi

2f
EI

SL

Quite thin, very thin, delicate-

IliLSc^E^Kj Quite tender, crisp (applied

e

to

f white

Quite white or

fair,

a delicate

I$^fe^feft9 Qnite light or tender or easy.

as a doublet imparts the idea
f9J To paste,

of soft, warm., sticky.

^ $I$8#J

Quite damp, decidedly damp.

Very

breathe,

soft

and tender.

as a doublet imparts the idea

of warmth.

^PippSpgg Q aite warm,

entirely frank.

H&BBnv

is
sadly embarrassed this year. It
not likely be will be able to pay all

this debt.

16

Pt To

s.)

malicious.

li]BBfi^"

is

'/PtWwBBv

urgent or intense.

(c.

indeed

He

15

tE nv

Qnite bitter, decidedly

are very
is

Run Shi Oh'un does not ofteu speak,

but when he does say anything he says
it with
emphasis.

tender, delicate.

entirely destitute.

cionable, atrocious,

new cucumbers

crisp and fresh, their flavor

delicious.

jfft

g0

Entirely

Wholly

first

seems quite warm.

s.)

IRBGifly

13 These

at*.

IR

Quite narrow, contracted.

f;Gfi^

14

speedily,

^'fflffltift
too bitter, (o.

Y+*:

~x

disposition.

$fc TS im rKj Qnite fresh, delicious (used of

fresh vegetables), (o. & N.)
[flowing.
$i'ffiffll$l
Quite
thin,
flui<C
entirely

^'/S'/wH^

Lin T'uug Kang has a straightforward

There is not the least
crookedness about him.
12 The old folks are anxiously expecting
you at home why do yon not return
1

as soon as possible

Qaickly,

eye-servant.

% m w

.*9AA

TUVm/laqv

o
1

Qnite sharp, very penetrating,

'Pt'/HlfraHv
or bare or sleek

&

1H

p V MH nv

10 To do with dispatch whatever is to be

done, even when the overseer is uot
present, is the way to avoid being an

1$.

W o

as a doublet imparts
'{m To flow
of smooth, facile, flouring.

qai

'fcfc

^ -%.
i o
ft m
m m * & m

t a i I

on him.

ft

B it
h a

i,

^,

jg

^.

IS:

This child has not the least shame ; he

[is ready tojrnu out without a stitch

-tfe

(3f

Ufc

466

it -'*.

LKSSOtfS.

agreeably warm,

comfortable.
jgf Large, airy,as a doublet. imparts the idea
ot spaciousness.

^fe^ltt^!
l5c

'ill!

^E.

Bright,

brilliant;

clear,

"lucid

fn Flourishing, luxuriant, abundant

m m

450

# &

p. m.
o o

lit

&
c
Ml

*$

w.

* m

ftl

fc.

it

& m

ft

a.

J?

Si

18

as a doublet imparts
jog, to vibrate,
the idea of rising and falling.

K| To

j& fjiP!&J On the run, on the trot.

fiCMWlffi VeiT heavy bending

&

(0.

$&%%&

n.)

Ver y

unconscionable,

^$l$ft$J

Relentless,
imparts the idea of intensity.

virurelentless,
Poisonous,
&
of
virulence,
s.)
idea
the
(c.
imparts
$1 Q uite thin, imparts the idea

3*|il#J

Wi iPH'M
of thinness,

(c.

20

&

My good sir, you uow have plenty to

eat and plenty to wear, and your children and grandchildren are all flourishing,

what hate you

to worry about?

had a very heavy

bnt since his attack of
typhoid fever, it has fallen off until he
is uow completely bald.
22 This gruel is quite thin and exactly

21

My nephew formerly
head of

hair,

suits ray taste.

23 Go and cut me a piece of paper not too

wide, a narrow strip will answer.
;

ft.

Quick, speedy, on
of
juncture of time.
imparts the idea

$J

Q^^^J

the car-

bright, dazzling bright,

imparts the idea of radiance.

17

1ft

*E

lent,

19 It is already boiled very tender, even

oue with poor teeth could eat it,

tto

s W #
* i w

rying pole.

18 Although her complexion is naturally

dark, yet from the constant use of
cosmetics she appears quite fair.

% m * *
1
* J* #
S ft

41 ft
*

ft

by
by

day.

a*.

as there

at preseut, I regard traveling

night as preferable to traveling

is

With such bright moonlight

17

mm*.
%>

a a + i - i

* t i
#t

ft

Quite white or
the idea of similarity, (s.)

^^1^6^ Very

the full number,

uniform,

the

rnn,

fair, imparts

regular,

quite

imparts the idea of completeness-

3fc^?^$J Q aite

smooth, entirely bald,

baldness.
idea
of
the
imparts

Ji

# #J Q llifce

bitter >

ver y

bitter,

imparts the idea of abundance.

IgMMtfa Q uite
ter,

bitter

disagreeably

imparts the idea of astringeucg.

bit-

(s.)

s.)

Decidedly

tftRSfft

weighty,

heavy,

the idea

^fj&'^^ftj Stark naked, imparts

of slendemets.

imparts the idea of weight, (s.)

Vocabulary.

Hj Hwang*

Bright, dazzling,

flashing.

The cypress the cedar as a surname read pai9

1
To fear shame, to feel askam'l$j^. P'a* hsiu
Potf*.

Ckwau* wan 1.

To make a turn, to wind

about, to go round a comer.

Mod*

To go or turn round a corner ; to round off a corner

chiao*.

*Uf
p6j

Poisonous

>hi*.

Kang 1,a
Moa** To rub
.

comer;

ed. (s.)

1p>

ti

Suddenly,

in a

raaliguant :-See cki .

peak, a range a summit.

all at once,

moment,

(s.)

out. to blot out

to

6
ii^Kj Cha* meny

rub on,

to

to go

oL @.

>P' |S

&haP.

Color of the skin, color, complexion.

round a

smear. See m<J.

Ifti

ffi Cta-fin*.

To powder,

to

paint

Lksbon 154.

*,

MANDARIN

0.

ft,

IR

lit

ftl

handed are

18

26

/fik

similar

8nort

inferior.

teeth.

27 Speaking of the fire

at Li Kwang
Ta's, there is a good
story about it.

That night I was

pestered by the fleas
aud had not
yet gone asleep, when
suddenly I heard some one in his

house call out, Fire

over to

writing of $g.

epidemic typhoid fever.

hurriedly ran
in the

found him

Ilea.

ZW. A Jim ; mortise in the hub of a wheel

Aflea>

tZ^KtUsao*....
YaQl

To cry out, to call to.

To scold
to vaU out. to shoot

H& P$

cry wares.

"ered, empty-handed.

sfUn

when

see,

yard perfectly nude,

making a great
ado.
By and by when the fire was
nearly put out, some one told him and
only then did he [think toj go and
put on his clothes.

| Ke
II

Without lading, uneucum-

K'ung^- ksinf.

^ K'ung*

smnll

Epidemic sickness, especial1?

g,

The

WetfcAesig*.

^_
^ fT
A
fe

Uk*,

When she was a girl at home she

was beaten by this man
Wang San
Yie, and from that time she has hated
him

j?*

tired

The mere mention

thoroughly.
of him calls forth the
fiercest abuse.

53iS

"pi
m.M

pert

fig

1
*

yon

out, yet jnst look

big fellow in front
though
carrying a load of over a hundred
catties he still
steps along as lightly
as you please.

3ft

j*

if

at that

21

ta<

the large-leafed tea

much it will be bitter.

26 Even we who are
walking empty-

m m *# ^
O
ft i$ & J
*
^ T i & a *
* i * # * * ' A
A SI
* a *\
* * J* *
T. j| #. A
M M M
I $ ft T
* ^
# 0* Si ^r fe
M M >
# tt ja tt #. P &
7>
7
ft
A # $ 8p tt
l a A s *. o A

J "^* Ya%* *<>*

is

in too

457

24 This

Si

m A
m m

LK3SON8.

;
'

to

1
.

Unencumbered, empty-

handed;

^-

#fe

not preguaut.

Tsao3 wan*. Sooner or

by and

later, first or last

by, when.

Notes,
A

6 7$ [ i much used as
woman may be addressed as

same

age, but one ten or

general title for women.

^$
more

by people

of near the

yearn older than the speaker

should be called
The proper reading of & h tftf.
jjg.
but it it often Oaad for H?, and henoe is read
cnlloquh.Ily eMK

10

W
some
11

In

lift

noa

W
P]

"dF

ft

To Ai

(feci

,n;-k:

i.e.,

ft hr

nv tto

i&ialy used, save as joined with ft 49

plaoes to rub out or offU read mofi, and to rub on
in other places both
meanings are read alike; viz., moo'.
is

14 Peking teachers put

69, and Southern teachers put

^ E #j
, ^.

fat ffo

,'

All agree a,

to the use of C. l>ut diff. r a to

the proDer w.r,l wffi
to join it in this connection.
The
ta
.~
t6rn,S
are
not entirely equivalent.

tff

'

inelucfedt

8,.^!^
"s

,*.**'
When joined with

S nth rn

here

"* ,! >

*"

is

a surname, as

i
^
h
h

T K
P^My

belo " " *> t not

*omewhat
4; S,

depreciatory.

etc
_,,
used to a friend, ot of a
real
h
proper; tat as a general term it ia
^voided.'tJSw.y"direct address. This arise, from
the fact that
is used
as a
slang term by rakes and vagabonds.
"**** f that * a y; !. <*<>< noA
., ,1?
Saiejiri! that is, Fire Fire I -

WA

bX, ht^Ii IS
W

^ ^ ^ ^ ne

4hR

$#

Wi

o
9
L

ft

&

IftH |

^f. If

IH

ft

ft

ft>

>i

* m *
o 8 I I *
ii* BR 1$. tt ^
i * ft a # *,
*.

as

io

*
#

ft

life

JR

n m * *

ft

ft.

ft>

% M * -

* 0S. il ^
* m ii i #
* >& ft. & m &

ffl.

381

3i

fr

a E +

II

-.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

155.

ft

to

ig
17

ft

ffi

UL

ft

*ft

_t

J:

3W

What is

ailing

yon

know what, save

do not

feel

stupid

Arts.

that

and dizzy.
With a thick mattress spread under
him and covered with a soft, quilt,

1:{

ft,

*n

ft

ft

ft.

#1

can he fail to sleep comfortably ?

a man is naturally
well-proportioned, he is not only comely but
he is also quicker at bis work-.
15 Yang the Fourth will never be a
prosperous man. Just look at him ;
he always speaks as if he were ready
to cry, and his whole face has a woe-

& A

#i

te

Hi

13

^IXlfcft
-&?X|xft
happy, in good
Pf| To laugh,

#"! P| ft

ifa.

Hi
ffc

n
* -

begone expression.
16 Yon are looking very happy; what
is it that
Ans. My
pleases yon ?
grandson, who is fourteen this year,
has just got his degree.
How can
1 be otherwise than
happy ?
17 My undervest needs washing. Whenever I perspire a little, it, becomes

ft

3!7

He*

.ftl*JS

*B

cheerful.
Constantly smiling,
Covered
with
smiles,
very
spirits, (c.)

be

}p| Moist, shining,

neat or gloss.

giggling,

imparts the idea of moist-

pool.imparts the idea

yfflylfcEft Quite moist,

$^V:Ey3:ft Tears

and

brimming,

long.

soak-

166.

in

%%.%$!

^f
P$ft

Ready

ing,

mind,

(s.)

"

thick; quite generous,

-imparts the idea of bmmtij'ulness.
11

' 1

to

cry,

imparts the idea of crying,

fftii$l

^.^Jflft

(c.

&

Q''te

n.)
firm,

reliable;

full'

readily,

imparts the idea of firmness,

*HflJ|l]ft Hard,

eyes

weep-

brisk, active; slender,

Qnite|
directs attention to the ex-

appearance,

certainly,

oily.

tearful,
(s.)

ternal,

of plenitwl<>.

soft

is

see Les. wet, dripping wet,

confused
"fr }5E
ft Stupid,
imparts
the idea of heaviness.
very
:

well-proportioned,

jtit^'iWlxvi Sleek, shining, smooth.

yftf'Pfjpift Moist, soft and rich,

happy as the day

dull,

(s.)

smiling,

as

ffilfe&ft Very

ing wet

free-handed,

Laughing,
good humor.

is

?ft!

imparts the idea of mirth.

Smiling, happy,

sticky and clings to my body.

18 Look at that boy of Sun Hsi Ynen's.
Ever since they settled his betrothal

urn f

ft

^fS^Uft

Y A

cheerful smile.

12

ft,

wglfc

tnu

life-blood, hence
his fece wears a

14 If

% fft^U^
m

in a

w
0j

& *

*.

fill;'

ft

#
4
+

Jg

14

Money is a man's
when he gets rich

11

fH\^i
%

450

gritty;
imparts the idea of hardness.

quite

(o.

&

n.)

tongh,

of tears.

*SHlii\l A

appearance, a
impartsgenteel
the idea of
or mien.
f#jflj|lft Foggy; muddled,
at random, imparts the idea of
&
covering,

pwts the

(o.

The same. Les.

Aching,

idea of continuity.

x.)

166.

fretting
ig

pain,

whin<

ing. grumbling, (n.)

style

indistinct,

HMf M ft
^$6 $6 ft

Persistent fault finding,

well-

to-do look.

mi-

fft^^fe. ft
proportioned,

(c.

m\W\W\W
lis ni m rH

Brisk,

&

active;

graceful,

well

s.)

Disagreeably sticky,
Steady, firm

st'SL'sC ft Very smooth,

adhesive,

readily, certainly.
sleek, shining.

Kl p&

i%

W.

body

possible.

-" *
% #j M * P *w
ha
M. A
^ fA es. ttW **
m.

at

**&

ft

3fc

*MMM<

^
^b 20 ^
o

It

jjfl$*atttU

How

20

they are very poor,

as yon
21 With such mechanical skill
the
to
capital,
have, if you should go

earn two hundred

yon could certainly
thousand cash per year.
18
ft
lives on
22 When a man habitually

if, * * f
* f
- *K
Pg. W. * * ^
& SB # # fc ^ * *7C
* r. $K $
ft ^
^ ^ * '^
ft m #
# a & *
m is
. it *v g *
i*. ft.
m o # #o ft H-&5
w 3B ft ih* a ft ^ & e

his face has a

good food,

(ft.

is

sleek

soft,

especially

pleas-

ing.
rice
23 One who knows how to cook dry
is
it
and
makes it rich and moist,
one who
but
palatable
;
exceedingly
makes
does not understand the art

l:

ft

it

and

either hard

soggy, so that
its

gritty,

it

or soft

and

entirely without

is

flavor.

proper

with
24 That simpleton, sure enough,
of tears burst out crying,
eyes full
a continuous stream of

24

and kept up

for all the

incoherent complaints, just
world as if some oue were dead.

<OLJLJL*LJLJL

*.

that

appearance

ffi

They

Only ordinary.

Ans.

oue say
are not very good, nor can

ft

21

are the crops in yonr neighbor-

hood?

fli

a very robust child. His whole

as firm and strong as
is

What

19
fli

*i

#
T *
A MF ^

+ W

m e t

460

Vocabulary.

$i
TN\
:

'

Fng*.

Yv?

ling*.

To

Ckien*.

establish

surname.

Satinet, lasting.
to erect
to

organize

Tun

3
C/t'i yien*.

Worthy

gf

the

wind;

to splash,

to spray, to sprinkle.

Wi

ffi p,(* 11 /"*

TVt 1

(||

Hsi\

Bnrew a
>

*>

ira9i

a terma-

!#J

Ma*

lie*.

Unwearied

To

sincere, solid

to consolidate

affln-

to urge.

JJ8

satisfied
Comfortable, at ease,

Sktffu*.

To

Ti*.

fflt

^ $K

to
cry, to bewail,
to scream.

F-p'at*

weep

branch

Ku* hsia,ng*. A sorrowful

to

crow

oil, entire.

appearance, a

woe-begone expression.

gant.

A IH M
$C

Honest, generous

well.

p$

Water driven by

Light-headed, dizzy.

of notice, consider-

able.

Shao*.

ent

Fog, mist, vapor.

\YU\

to confirm; to build.

fl&

b T'ou* ywn 4

Also p'tng*.

scolding,
constantly railing.

Continually
effort

unceasing affect ion.

the sound of merri-

titter
laugh, to
ment ; delighted,
;

H
ff

^lj

&

ft #p

Shwang*
f"

Hm*

Quick, prompt.

U*.

than

/>*.**.

'*.
r.-

than

Au

nndervest.

usual,

extraordi-

Les. 172.
nary; sjyecm/, extra.

Iessok

461

MANDARIN LESSONS.

158.

til# A
# m

The affair is already past, it is better

not to rake it up again.
2 Seeing he is a chu-jeX- it is not likely
1

&.
Q o

ft.

Translation.

>b

$&

^ a * m a, m
f>
m m a tr
^ ft * w
* m m m. a
& m m % ft, #. # *
o o
m * ft
m x *
it *

#&

well wait

3fc

(PI

* m
x *

-tfe

& *
ft hI
I ^ >5 >m

'14

ft

ffy

'14

is.

jdn

to

5 Seeing his mind is already irritated, is

it not simply pouving oil on the fire
for you to go and twit him ?

We

have already made a definite

appointment, so be will scarcely fail
to

come

to-day.

cannot get on with his

not likely his business

he

7 Seeing

employes,

it is

wilt succeed.

To

T.

*
*. a

gt

o
2

fife

gE

has a poor opinion

might as well not try

please him.

ft

as

to-morrow and take an

my employer

of me,

- w u i. -&
* g *
^ m #, # g*

win
IT

4 As

t #>

II

till

early start.

fft

bis scholarship is very inferior.

it is so late to-day, you may

As

8 Having copied more than half of it

for nothing, yon might as well finish
it for him on the same terms.
9 Your food is already prepared here,
you ueed not go on the street to eat.
Since we cannot avoid going to law,
let us make a big row with him.

Notes.
4 Si tB * "V

expresses that fresh, soft, well-pi eaerved

look wbiah results from good living Mid freedom from toil
and exposure.
6
To test or try hU
ftli fl-J T? "r
fife,
fl'4
scales.
1'u, chasers
frequently, in fact generally, weigh with
thaii own scales the articles they buy, as a check on the
dishonesty of the seller. There is practically no legal standard of weights and measures in China.
11 Ht f" St Siloer and canh ; that is, money.

&

16
JS (l^ fa Hi A complete spread of sorrowful
a woe-bej'me expression. The idea of the sentence ;

loo/.<,

thai the man's appearance betokens bad luck.

10 *T
24 HR

SMt("

is

qualified

6)

fo
ite) ; i.e., t

jf-

does not here form a compound term, but

fjt

stands alone, and

r

serves as an intensive, qualifying

Wi
by J^ ft { By
yellow and tell the htack

To recount the
go over and over with

{f^
jf(.

{or

variations.

*--

-.

LBS801T

OXiATI.

CoiixOSLATivK Particles.

2$?

ri#

tif??

^'14

well,

may

Seeing,

already

likely, so.

might as
ter not
[

having

as well.

ti^

B f

5R Having,

^'Jfr Already

need not, bet-

fa ifr

Since, having

ti$F*

W.ffe

Seeing, having

f*fc$S

Elff5r5

ort&iJsfc Seeing, having

likely,

why.
.

probably.

^|l

Seeing, having

cau

still.

well> !et

might as

WC?&
t^C'^c
should have.
-

Wi^

fa f

Seeing, having

W.

Seeing,

rtl

in
H^

having

why, how.
.

eau

Seeing, having

should,

Seeing, having

.... simply,

go ahead.

^ES.orgt^

^^

Seeing

not, will it not.

H5fc

still.

JL Having

then, also.

is it

82

IS

#
A. W ^ X # * ^ 3*
& $ o =& f m J trfli it m
^ $. ^wia j m % J & it
~ j. m & m w
m m
&j f *r *. fl it W #?

11 I

13

lit

To

ffc

17

liHom
o

, 16

14

31

4U

f.

nfe

iSf

a#

* a

3fe

*r

$.

is

7.

12

he

likely
1

as

W % mm* *, a
* ^ # n& *s *.
* * a * a

yon give me

oot

make me

explicit promise to another, gives him

the slip when the time comes,
4 He ate a roll on the road ; it is uot

11

iHli
*

if
it

pitting my life against his.

13 In intercourse with friends one should
always keep his word. What sort of
a man is be who, haviug made an

51$

gfc

more stupid ?
12 Siuce he has taken away my livelihood,
I might as well finish the business by

Ift

already stupid

all the

m f #r. * *4 It
#
4 ^ * j

i i I H i A ^ i I
at ^So is m $ *. p al be

am

If

5.

this paste to eat, will

>fi

*
H

is

very hungry.

The proverb says, " Reputation is to

n man as the shadow to the tree."

Seeing that everybody speaks well of

Him, he is very probably a good man.
16 Having beaten him, what show of
reason is there in your demanding
that he make good the loss? Ans
Tut ! tut ! tut ! I had no such idea.
17 Mr. Ts'wei is a man who does not
cherish the memory of a wrong.
to your face,

Having reproved yon

it

uot likely that he will hereafter

hold any enmity against you.
is

^.

18 Seeing his ideas are so high, will

it

Vocabulary.

To interrogate

Chitf wfin*.

... .to inquire

to pry into,

rake up.
dethe
second
A
of
GAu* j&n*.
Jijp
graduate
which
examinations
for
gree,
are conducted in the provincial capitals.

Nan 1

'tffc

JP

JT

Cb'iao* p'P.

38i Ta* cAV*.

jii||

1
Ck'tng tsan*.

fft

0W

praise, to apeak well of,

to eulogize.

To cherish
... ... spite.

h*n*.

l
'Ij\s ff*i

Twei* ming*.

tease, to chafe, to twit, to

To stake the life against that

of another, to engage in a

mortal combat, to fight to the death.

Sfc *j Act** chia*.

j^f

itft

ViS5

Man*

fcou*.

ij
pfi

To marry again

pfl

?SH Vhie*

f^

filled

with; clearly,

jfe

Glifiji*.

3
.

a steamed ro}L

Day of

duty,

on duty

:Note

22,

To
1

ridicule; to mock, to trifle with.

0, f$

CA'oA pao*.

HSl/^

Jhi* pao*.

explicitly, positively, fully.

To commend, to praise.
steamed dumpling a roly-poly

(said of a

Inflexible virtue ; unyielding devotion to a deceased husband.

lie*.

To

$$L f|| Nue* pao*.

...

Tsan\
C/iiien

Month

hold

widow).

fij^ Nv,r*.

The same.

'"'h 1 ming*.

to

idea.
.

joke.

^i fw

hatred,

Thought, purpose, aspiration,

Quick, active, agile; light,

trim ; to tease, to twit.

To

To

to

Worthless, inferior, trashy.

1
Inferior, trashy. See tsao

Ts'ao*.

in B

taunt, to lease.

To

taunt, to tease, to nag,

to chafe.

The graduate

who

becomes

security for a candidate enfor the first degree.

tering

I.fKO'.

MANDAMN

]5<i.

m # m #

*a

Wc
r.

hi

#
i
as

r*

it

ie

<#
m
*i& ^ m * mm 1" & ft.
. & & m m m ft fl o
i ^ i - # # m m
if
jt * 1
^ & ft H*. &
n m b * *
u HL w. * i
* if i
fcsa
o o *D A, 1 #&. ^
i it I o ^ i
3< U B Ms. & n m ^ if
# % as
m f
ft A b
m
tt 7
#1 & it fa Ml
4B ff A * ft. $ ^ ^ A
7 m. ^ tt # * US. 4g

jg

MtSSONS.

w.

f*

til

fit

IK

20

ffi

22

f&>

fi

ifc

&Ua*

pao*.

names, tabooed char-

acters

w ?W

sku1 .

Note

24.

lawyer, a scrivener :

Note

The Board

Ping pu*.

fH

1
Skang* sku

WhTSj
h j\

^a*

ffsia*

T-ten
(jjg

I& fl$
Ifl

wheu the magistrate puts

wfj lf

or

Bureau of

War

ii*.

much?

getting a degree ?
his brother

25 Seeing that

too* **?

To use

Adopted father:
Note 28.

effort

to

work energelic-

s
.

To go

to excess

fien ueu \

S&*

U& Hou*

lift*

lien*

to enrich, to thicken.

t p u(

a hold face, to be
brazen-faced, thick-skin ued.
-

The same, (a.)

The same, (s.)

one of the

is

Early, beforehand, in an-

ch'ien*.

Deceitful

Nao*

To

befool, to cajole.

raise a row, to make a disturbance, to get into a scrape.

K'an* ksiao* hwa*. To laugh

M~&M T^g
j^
3ff

Fin 1

Won?,

iftfj

(Hj fct

Wan

The same,

(p.)

The same,

(s.)

U.S.
Peas

The tomato

hung*

An

make

introduced from the West

tou*

1
*&C 1$i Ying hai*

at, to

(sr.)

direct, to prescribe; to
supervise, to lay out.

fulfil ~f" Vang* shi*

typ )hi,i\

shing

To

s/ft*

J hi 1

J>i"o*

The pea

M}an*

hsiao* ch'ang 3 ..

p'ai*.

(s.)

impose on.

to

To

shi*.

^t ^t tfk K'an*

(o.)

The same,

Hsiien 1 lung*.

^7<xfe

ftWi

in

24 Having- used a forbidden character,

what hope has Li Taug Sheng of

fun of

name

taunting him ?
23 Seeing the leading security is ready
to guarantee him, why should I, who
am but second, not Teuture to do as

I Hsiien 1.
|/5

his

on the warraut, do you persist

ticipation of.

ally, to strive.

JjtSl

22 Since, according to the regular order,

it is his torn as well as yours, why,

Peking.

president of one of the

Six Boards.
Bach Board
has two presidents, one Tartar and one Chinese.

Wi

unite again P
21 Consider the case of a remarried
widow.
Being already apprehensive
of ridicule, would it not show a great
want of good taste to talk to her
about the devotion due to the memory
of a deceased husband P

26.
nf>

in

1SJ

they divided the estate, would it not

be well for you to exhort them to

1
$C]flb T'an* hsien

The same.

i; j{9 tihkng* hwei*. Sacred

&

closely P

23 Since the two brothers are sorry that

Pan*

The second or sub-secority for

... a candidate :
Note 23.

0R f$ *** pact

TV

not be a difficult, thing to make him

subject to the will of another ?
19 Having decided to dismiss him, why,
for the sake of these two or three
hundred cash, reckou the account so

18

*fe

43

:Note

ts'i

28.

The same.

shi*
3

The same.

infant, a babe, (w.)

An

infant,

a babe

II

m.

* a t

^ ^ ?**
w# g S#. #
o

^^%m
^ % m
^R ^

*
f#

W,

28

it

mi.

m.

fa

it

ft

^a

in

of the Board of War,

Presidents
ow is it that he is only a Chihsieu ?
Ans. If he had not had a hrother who
was president of a Board, he would
not have been even a Chihsien.

w i a
a m^

Hi

26 The saying is, "Kin are ever kind."

Seeing Liu the scrivener is his adopted father, can he fail to exert himself
on his behalf?
27 Well, yon ought to he ashamed (o
tell

von knew

that

they

public laughing stock.

28 Since he has directed you to plant
two beds of peas aud six of tomatoes,
told
simply go aud plant them as he
of
you ; the quantity is no business

*
^ * *
f #. #
*
-I
m wm
* n fa
.

Since

it.

were fellows who would help a tiger

eat his prey, you should hare been on
your guard. Why allow them to
cajole you into such a disgraceful
scrape as this, and make yourself a

1 i f i 4 ^

m #ini
m fa "4 ^&sw#.
*, tt H A *
ge & m w * ft
ti * * * ^ m
fa, . m *. *n
*i

ft

* + W -

% f

pjg.

yonre.

29 Discipline a child from infancy, and a

It will
wife from her marriage.
never do to begin punishing after
the formation of
yon have indulged
bad habits.

NOTlg.

iBIl^^ll

the*
mown,
properly
already past, but the general is here put for the
particular, hence it means, the affair is already part.
is much used in some parts of the North as the
2

which

is

equivalent of ~y or or /J\ flf8 The use of

flf implies that the copying
the first a matter of favor not of wages.

whioh take turns in receiving and executing the commands <>f

the officer. The use of the term at H is confined to this
connection. J*\ ? commonly means only, but it here means
to persist in.

It

89 The

was from

11 To eat paste muddles a man's wits, because being

thick and viscid it closes up the orifices of his mind )L> Wt
12 iS
3? ft$
$5 Broken my rice bowl: i.e.,
caused me to lose the employment upon which I depended for
a living.
flS is preferred in Peking.
18 H ifil
TB Faithful to one sword, a book phrase.
I" some places
steamed rolypoly mode with mince meat instead of with sweetmeats in
other places it is simply raised dough twisted into " rolls,"
and steamed.
15 The comparison is implied by the juxtaposition and

14H T

KTi>

similar construction of the phrases.

M * M f& 95
To
17 & B
16

l&i

is

cheriA

abbreviated from

J&% %.

rty

memory of av

old injury, to

phrase tied by scholars.

sentence is irregular. The first
clause may be regarded as independent, the regular construction beginning with |5 sg.

hold spite,

-a classical

21 The structure

of this

day on whirh

turn comes. The

underlings in a yameii are divided into companies or sections,

22

yf[

'Fhe

one's

of

is

with the circumstances of the candidate, and with whom the

It is required that both these
responsibility chiefly rests.
securities have the degree of Jj 3E or preferred hsiu-tt'ai.

On

this account they are

commonly

called jjg fjc-

characters forming the personal names of

" forbidden."
deceased emperors of the reigning dyoasty are
To use one of them in an essay is an offence fatal to all hope
of getting a degree, no matter what the merits of the essay
may otherwise be.

94 The

86 5^ ML '$ JB

ffe

who

is

relative

will certainly

The j& is emphatic, being used for )\

or ift )\
) The f\ -fif is a licensed scrivener, whose special
business it is to draw up indictments and counter indictments.

regard.

He

the

frequently so used.

flt- or sub security (called jjj $ in some

much less importance than the ^ffir t%> or prinsecurity, who is supposed to be personally acquainted

places)
cipal

is

is

not,

however, allowed to present them for his

to plead the case as a lawyer.

It

jj,

jJ

client,

nor

-f means the samp

as

but would not be nsed in speaking face to face as

would It If-

23
flP V" 'h-persimmon, that is, tomato.
cently introduced into China each locality has its
fur tomatoes.

Being

re-

own name

MANDARIN LKSSONS.

fyKSSON 157.

-b

^f

mM* T *

W-

13;

*>

M.

fa

TRANSLATION.

ft

-g

that has a beast is willing to

turn the millstone himself P
2 If it really does not concern yon, why
not take kn oath before heaven[to
that effect]?

7.

8 If I could possibly endnre the pain,

I would not cry ont.

fa-

4 If perchance we gain this lawsuit,

we shall thenceforth get on all right.
5 If indeed he has not been gntlty of
any great offence, why not be/renerons

BIB.

and forgive him

6

ft

* *

"While

there is no difficulty provide

against difficulty." Ifperchaiice by and

by they shouldbecome reconciled, would

not you and I be
regarded as reprobates ?

8 If carts are so dear, why not hire a

donkey to ride?
9 If I could at all afford to sell [at this
price], would I not sell it to you ?
10 Leaving the door open in this way

w n &

supposed that any one

to save him.

a*,

v~

with human feelings would stand by

and see a man die without an effort

\$&.

fr

It is not to be

(J^'Jo

affi

Wbo

^ $ ft
*,
IS #5 tf tt -&
- W # *
#
a a * # ta # p.
m
# % ^ m
#00
a
tt IS *n m * *n #
ft
I n # ai
m
f
^P
to
o
o
* fc Bi
is o n
&
fe #u * te M
# il # #* o ft 31 ' ft
9

45

- ft m & Kr m -k
w & 11 x m a m

Correlative Particles.
fs?

ft

Sfil

lB ft
would not,

W. Hi
'01
is

lu case

If possibly, as long as

who

is

willing.

it!
better not.

M ft

ifft'ff In case,

wonld.

if

M fk

tf at all

t& 1H

While, in case

would.

who

#P

why

fa 3*

JH

If indeed, if
really

M$k

tp%k

Wt

'

P$

If indeed, if really

would or

fa&jf

what

M#

if

really

.-.

.... .could

If indeed, if
really

or S|J

#E

If,

if

perchance

then.

not.

#Ff
not,

. . .

cuuid or would be
willing.

willing.

$0%

could or wonld be willing t

tl If indeed,
IttM
or would be
willing.

If indeed,

if

really

why

Wi A*

^$t

HM

you don't mean

ubjoetion.

If.

if

perchance

will not ?
If indeed

is it

sof

to say.

VoCABULART.
flS.

iffi.

Ming

Ming'-

Au
To

shi*.

oath attested with blood.

attest before the gods

take an oath

IM If Gif*1 Mngl

To

call or cry

a noise.

tf

m Ta*

ying*.

to

to swear.

out to make

fa ##
$t

He*fang

To

conquer, to triumph, to
gain the victory.
What is there to hinder, why
not ; what objection.

Ts'ung* k-wan\

To be

charitable, genetous, lax.

460

it.

wt

#>

* -

A U *n 41
- W * W
IB
* *.

14

tf*.

& $ m *
H ^
f #
* * *
ft

tt.

*p

#
"l.

4ft

&

m.

tt

fl*

w)

tm

He

^>

&

Ml

S
^

Hg. 1*.

tt

**

fi

1a

*.

a*.

17

ftt

in

fa

)i *p *
* & $

tt

'&*

*.

$t

# *
2 M

n
PJ

it

-fc

3t

"B

MANDARIN LESSORS.

lo7.

L.E6S0K

$ O Pf
$ _

gt

mm m>

*
si
is ^,
m ft a g
ft im & % =
i #, ^ A
: - JB *
m, n & &
24

m.

hi

m
s

*&

#].

ifc

A *

*.

& n * *

# * 3 1 U
#, ^
tt
no

^
m> w
ft a *.

ft

ill

9
I

ties

#*

%>

ft

&

predicament.
22 Can any one who has

suffered a
great wrong ever forget it ?
23 Yon should not trust too much to
luck.
If perchance the matter leaks
out, it will be too late to repent.

g H.

24 As

ft

^c

/'.

.'.,-.

rent,

final

a rip

has any way to shift for himself, lie

will not borrow of others.
26 As to the Most Exalted Pearly Emperor, if there be such a god, do y<>u
suppose that while enjoying himsilf

m a m
6 A
+ a
#ir a* ax &
i. us

ffl

1
JSl Wff Ch'- &*

particle

used

Winli

in

to

|jl5

To model

io

a project.

To open the mouth;

,,.... to speak.

to begin

general,

commandant.

|g

K'e*.

To subdue

%fc

Sung*

To bury a parent

or grandparent, to dress for burial.

lad*.

9>l^ti Ohwang

to deny onedo or take by force.

to repress

to

seize, to arrest, to take,

k'ou*.

an-

pay

in clay.

A commanding

lino 3 .

self

A scheme,

Okua mou*
JPa* 1

ckie*

Su*

to

borrow temporarily.
The same.

other, to

Taoi

2&

Borrowing of one

ckie*.

f0t^M Tung*

irrelevant: false, sophistical. 7fc ]jr ftH not fftr

Ck'in*

^P

Evasive,

ont of the way, about right.

rfc nfc

Noi^

emphasize what precedes.

it is

trumped up the charge against him?

25 Have yon forgotten the old saying,
"To seize a tiger on the hills is easy,
but to open yonr month to ask a
favor is hard?"
So as long as one

cracked, split; a hint.

tyx%J P'otfehan*. A rent disclosing what is within, a flaw, a defect ; a hint.

ftE (7A*.

understand his statement,

If the scheme were

clearly evasive.
not of his devising, could they have

* *&.
m m

21

j#

21

~x

m.

If indeed he owns eighty

of land, would \\t- be without a
wife at thirty-odd years of age?
Do you suppose they are all fools?
If perchance some one detects your
trick, you will find yourself in a bad

mow

IK

^ H

will

trusted.

+ a m
l I

Who

he will beg.

before

beg from others while h'e has the least,

hope of getting on himself?
20 A middleman's word is not. to be

ft. ?#

fft

3L

^ #

*&

467

lao*.

To

dress

or

parent

grandpareut

for burial.

No TES.
6 $6 t To follow
to be

the

broad [path]

; i.e.,

<o 6e generous,

letiiiat.

A third

or petition of urgency.
out offence.

even

may

be presented with-

JS

6 In the translation, Sj! is represented by the phrase, it

not to he supposed; that is, there is no such principle of
human action as that, etc. The structure of the sentence is

entitles to greater privileges

18 The degree of
than that of
but in less honorable.
It may b
?f
obtah'.sd by one who has not, as readily as by one who has,

somewhat

his hist degree.

is

illogical.

To turn out to be rotten ego*; that is,

7 nk f i|S
to become a stench in the nostrils, to be regarded as offenders.
10 55 vti is here a nran, something to laugh at, a joke.
16 If a petition is not acted on promptly, custom allows
he petitioner to present a Mcond petition, called a flj J)t.

19 T*
i,

V$ EL

'"

equivalent to

without resource.

23
what

it,

^
is

'ij

fix

St To

disclose

important to conceal

phrase here tpioted entire.

^%^

a rent
'|Jji

that
Hit

#|1 jlfc

that

ia.

to let

Hi

out

book

f A + 5 I - i

m t

48*

6 - jk
7 W- W
#
i JH IE,
* t. *
*
$ w

m T, f tr ^ # ^
a Ht A *E.fM&H\
a. a # *& at
ft
i 1 @ * m. ft
& # ^ * k m. @

heaven, he needs that yon should

a gilded image and build
a house for him to live in ?
27 Hereafter yon must not throw out
in

make him

stones.

doomed

tfi

R$.

A ^

fa

m,

and should be strnck and killed,

would it not be a dreadful calamity ?
28 It is currently reported on the street
that Hwang Ta-jen has been pnt to
death by the commanding general for
think
embezzling the soldiers' pay. I
the report mnst be the work of an
enemy defaming him. If it were true
would not his family have heard

# M
m

m.

ft

chance, some one

If by
to die should be passing by,

n * *!, a m a o *
i\ & # *n ft o m> w
i i a i t ts- * n
^ it JE * ft
.

of it?

29 Our father and mother at snch an age,

and yet we have not even garments
If some
in which to bnry them.
shonld sudmorning or evening they
not the
would
and
die,
denly sicken
toils of their whole life have been
in vain ?

26 f& and
rauh other. The

are used emphatically, in contrast with

structure

% Honored
*P
87 IE % 8&
that
enemies are

Win.

is

used by itself in the sense of,

tion in the phrase flC *$

to ask.

is not
In Mandarin
is so used in combina-

It

noticed.

52,

Tht road of enemies

is

narrow;

sure to meet, or, vengeance is sure to overThe phrase is a puzzling one, of which
take its victim.
various explanations are given. It involves a mixture of
ideas of metempsychosis, fate, provideuce and the agency of
is,

disembodied

,
,
in
sentence assumes what is a prevalent idea
of life is to provide
China : viz. that one of the prime objects
lTie
be buned.
a cood coffin and good clothes, in which to
beforehand
bounden duty of sons is to provide these things
The reason these things are so important
for their parents.
in the next world
U '.hat the deceased is supposed to appearthis
world, and his
he leaves
in the dress and style in which
there are supposed to be as
standing and circumstances
be here.
much affected by these things as they would

29 This

in heaven, a title of dignity applied

to their chief gods.

20

by the Taoists

To withholcl legally <* portion of the

:? i&
When
is a very common abuse in China.
This
payunconBned within reasonable bounds it generally passes

28 $4 $$

soldiers'

spirits

CLVIII.
Indefinite Pronouns.
This lesson

fifth
snpplementary to the thirty-

lesson.

AH,the whole, completely, wholly.

#. $$ AH,completely, entirely, with negative,not at all.

^
^

All,

everybody;

All,

the whole

altogether.

lot,

usually follows a

list

f$ All,every

^ $X

for

All,

All,

one.

a book

terra in

which &,

is

added

enphony.

All,

fft

the whole number,

AH,the

same as

all included.

alone.

completely, entirely.

g^f All,every single one, every

business ;
Hfpj All,the whole
perfectly.

-^ fa All, everyone, whoever

y^ All,of a company or class

last one.
entirely,

generally.

; nearly always
and used as a complimentary term.
joined with ft
used in
$ All, each and every one : mostly

special phrases.

#!
;fc.

Altogether, in

'* The same.

jjH The same.
;

J^

everything

of particulars.
'fjl

all, total.

Leshon

158.

MANDARIN

LSSiONS.

Translation.

A - A is M%*ffi
If. IB
A M m to ft *P ft ft
& * * m to ^
M tf
m mm n $ a m $
*
* *. ft, w m
*S W. * b i W f o T\
* o f-, igio^ m
* **

Whether the

to

jig

ffij

it

*r

>jt

o
^7

tfe

# R
M ft
* *
m> &
* m
H #,

A.

ff

fit

*,

* f

ft

R"fc. o

s
m
m
#
I

fi

&

special dealers in all

11

That

is

trqly

an honorable man, and

not in the least narrow-minded.

Of
all who do business with
him there
is not one who does
not defer to him.
12 There is a class of learned idiots who
know nothing bnt to
study the four

j|.

19 O

ft

8 Other faults may all be borne

with,
bat purloining is
something that cannot be tolerated.
9 Although the inhabitants of the five
continents are as nnmerons as the
sand on the sea shore, yet if we follow
up [their history] to the remotest antiquity, we find the source of all in God.
10 You may wear out a
pair of iron
shoes searching for a
thing and not
find it when it turns
up, it does so
without the least trouble.

ft

kinds of miscellaneous
goods, foreign
and Cantonese.

'

':

words

my

7 Fftng-t'ai store

iiil

* ft
#

faila

6 Since leaving home, I

fyonr son) have
been favored with the
protection of
God, and everything I have undertaken has prospered.

IB

^ ^ ^
it. *
* * * ^ $ ^ ^
m &>
% ft
A fl IF* m w ^
>L
* tt >
#a * * ff o
~x & & m
# m m & a.
x & ft ft
& *. m n m

O
<*"

succeeds or

3 Please be seated,
gentlemen.
Why
should we who are constantly seeing
each other be so formal ?
[knows.
4 This is
something that everybody
5 Will all the brethren
please give ear

affair

depends wholly on yon.

2 If yon speak
mildly with him, he
pays no attention to yon at all.

ffi

T.

4M

Vocabulart.
Chie

1
.

All, all persons or things of the

class :
see 8nb.

ft Chi1...

#|ft

All,collectively

:see

same

To

***rrl>

**

Lie* wet*.
li*.

Snb.

Yon gentlemen,
Successful,

prosperous;

sirs.

un-

obstructed, facile.

W 7R Ku*pan*.
narrow-minded,
?* * Kung*
To

An

ygQJ*ou\

island

continent, a region.

W Pin\

gg ChaK

nammons

To tread

bigoted
act together with
business associate.

visitor,

Pirtfu*.

to
\

to walk.

a gnest

To approve,

self-control.

on, to step on

to

way

obtuse'
to be

acknowledge, to

acquiesce.

HaPliang*. Broad-minded, honorable ;xaa..

...

hunt np.
narrow-

Old-fashioned, set in one's

shi*.

Tsa* hwod*. Miscellaneous

goods, general
merchandise groceries.

M, to seek, to

Obtnse, thick-headed
minded, opinionated.

Shun*

WW

S J?'p**
*

T" Shu1
*

tai 1

submit

tst*.

to be pleased with
to, to

defer

to.

learned idiot; a bookworm

Note 12
:

470

i&

1"

#1

20

ft

m m

9B

P #*#

&

UK^

$t

15

&.

m a +

- %

"5

s.

books.
As to tbe affairs of the world
and of society, they kuownothingatall.
18 Look at Knng Hwa Tang's family
for generations they have been a

*n

worthless

lot,

now

yet

his descendants

have all gotten rich.

such thing as justice.

There

no

is

14 The

tt

*. tf tt
" I. I
o .

fc.

ft

Il*

1!,

n #

*$

!#

ft.

ft

ft

ft

ft

^
m &

1"

T.

S3.

is

#.

*u

t&zftn^&tikb
mm,
*
m &

w.

si*

life of the
genii is what all men
approve, but the desire for children
they cannot give up.
Many doting
parents there ever have been, but
dutiful children who has seen ?
15 Although this is recorded in a book,
yet it must not be implicitly believed,
" It
for Mencius

would

distinctly says,

be better to have no books at all than

to believe everything that is recorded

35

hooks."
Brother Chang, can yon lend me a
bushel of wheat to put me over the
new year I Ans. Altogether I have
not got a bushel of wheat, how should
1 have any to lend you ?
17 Just consider ; he has in all only ten
or twelve pupils, and his pupils will
not average a thousand cash each. Is
it
strange that he says he cannot make
a living?
in

16

w $

*.

t>

#-

* m

Dl

ft

ft

ft

M.

* H

i&

>>

ft

^ *
ftft^lffft. o$ i**A

ft

14

ift

Bfc.

3\

Jt

ft

* # w

=?

*.
o

Rung*.

ft

xm^
g

0ft,

Fa1

P'*.
.

chi*.

Jfi

DC

mansion

a palace

t
o

a temple.

To get rich, to become wealthy

to lay up money.

i*
fuj

j&Wlr

flurried

Note

J*}

ffif

Chiang*.

SP
$(

a moment, on the spur

of

the

moment;

hnrried,

19.

Ktoafl chiao9

$j

In

ts'u*.

Tit'ang

To wear on the girdle, to keep as a

to respect.
souvenir, to remember

An angle, a corner ; to go
round a corner.

To regard with approval

.respect

$fc C/ii*

W i.W*
ft fimm

tt 17 ff

a *
& & # a
* ft
il & n

P'ei K fu*.

flU, JJfX

<ffi

18 Wherever envying and strife are, there

is confusion and every evil work.
19 Having done it up on the spur of the
moment, ho wean it beentirely perfect?
20 Guess what is the total number of
characters in the Four Books and
Five Classics. Ans. I know the numThere are 2328 in the Four
ber.

Envy,

tardefer

to

to.

jealonsy.

Iffcijp

To be

H^Hl

Ckiao* Iwan*.

jealons

of,

to

envy

To confuse,

envy, jealousy.

jjjfj

throw into

(ttj

to

iL $? Wu* ching

The
20.

five

classics

Sauce used as a condiment,

spicy plants

chiao 1 .

1
$jt Hit? chiao
1
-(fr Ch'ii

soy.

Ginger.

Hot

Hwa

chi 2.

pepper.

Prickly-ash berrieg

Black pepper.
Crooks and turns, ins and
outs, complications.

disorder, to disturb.
1

^W

Jealons, envious.

Tu*

Chiang
Chiao1

Note

j||

To admire,

Pao1.

f|g Pien*.-

to praise.

-To censure, to disparage

to dismiss.

MANDARIN

Lksson 158.

m #
& ft m a ft w ft #
7. m ft o n
ft m ft. ft* ft.
% m ft ^ % * SP * A

*& ft * W. Ml $1
a * * A $ m *n m
#r ft W : & m m w
ft ft * * ft
S ft. M ft ^ S A
. o
AJiLl
*
ft & #. it *
o ft
#
IP $
ft

Books, and 2426 in the Five Classics,

Hs

K.

making 4754

the

ft

ft

A.

#3i

*> a

m
&

ai

ft,

berries, black

ft

tl>

if

ft

w?

ft

xfcWc

H.

A^
f/l

A
Same

Chi han*.
1

wFjOT^"

cAin 1

cloth gowns.

25 In

my opinion there are only two important things in life one is to make
a good lot of money, so as to have
plenty to eat and wear and not sntfer
from hunger or cold, the other is to
take a little regular exercise so as to
keep np the tone of the system and
Aside from these
prevent sickness.

two things

it?

M.

long coat, a gown.

as j$

Hunger and
.

all else is vanity.

When

Confucius was traversing various countries, he was constantly hated

by the people, from which we see that
he who is hated by others is not necessarily a bad man.

26

Stood*

ksie*.

ffiHwChi* ping*.

To stimulate or accelerate
the circulation.

An

ailment, a disease, sick-

ness, illness.

^EV? Wang* jan*.

cold.

Vain, useless

To relax

the muscles;
take exercise, (w.)

M&

is equivalent to
1
Wt f.%
redundant expression smacking of books.
The language of a letter from a son who
his parents at home.

" 1&

in vain, to

no

purpose.
to

ffl 4Mi

(I

\M

Chou1

liu*.

Lie kwod*.

To

is

circulate, to traverse

Various countries,

Mot as.

A&

takes the lead in anything and yet

escapes criticism ?
24 It is undoubtedly hot after the beginning of midsummer. Notice how
the passers by are all wearing grass

ft

Grass cloth.

Ta* kwa*.

ffl Chi

tea.

the details of this affair,

tainly kuows the greater part.
23 It is a common saying that "he
who meddles in the affairs of others
Who ever
will get into trouble."

25

pu*.

pepper and

although
with all
yet he cer-

ft

* ft if ft *
A & W tt #
ft. #> * &> to
o ^ ff m m
ft m * m &
ft ft ft. * * ft
#> J A ft 31 ft

Criticism, fault-finding, disparagement.

^ Hsia*

sauce, vinegar,
prickly-ash

salt,

ginger,

ffl

*l

oil,

sugar,

Go and ask FA ng Lien Tfing

he may not be acquainted

22

ft

(ft

way of

dates,

-T-

ST

in all.

Going west on this street yon make

a turn and presently come to the
corner where is Mr. Chlug's grocery,
at which yon can buy everything in

21

26

471

I.RSSONS.

all nations.

,'t

by the words all land*.

inscription on a signboard.

lation

The whole sentence

Is

the

abroad, to

10 7W H, I& No place to find, that is, cannot be/cmnd,

a book phrase not ordinarily used in Mandarin.

7
{ft ? Out answer all complete ; that is,
every inquiry [for goods] meets with an affirmative response.
Thephr.isc is thoroughly Win. It is represented in the trans-

^ book mtwpleton, that ie, a man of

12
limited abilities who, by his exclusive attention to books, has
unfitted himself for the practical affairs of life,
jjt Jj

is

WMT

* m %

2
ft *,

+ # W^3&
7

*#iT*fc
ft

the affair*

31

#. a. *> *>

* * * *

ft

* ^c 51 ^
^ * *.|
# o
*r *& *I & ^
*. * * <*.

&

HJ
o
#

ft. #J

It

utterly hv
ft Ml, by a life of severe asceticism
The
of children
consistent with marriage and the
should
the
ft
in
that
rhythm of the verse requires
T;
of the

Mtug

to it
be read with more emphasis than properly belongs
to Meneius is one of his
IB The sentiment here attributed
the

reference was to
many senrible sayings. The original
tv
raielv heiird
3? Pa) t book phr,iM
i&
sentence smaoks of bookstyle.
colloquial. The whole
OT Book
SO 2. IE Tht Km Olauic*;th*t is, r

in
of

way with

this

came
your

journey.

he
7 Judging from Ohn Chiu's manner,
our
as
act
to
deliberately intends

enemy.
8 Whenever he gets angry, he takes to
about for effect.
sliugiug things
to
9 Was there no one with whom

#^
^^'^^
M
W
A
JE
T*
Dream
*), and IS E
Boohs and
i

in

simply

Changes,

amenitUs
of the world mad the

arranged

is

to yon.
special reference
6 I have no other business, 1
to bring a lunch for

tfLJli

of
I*'
regarded as a rhetorical transposition
in the
14 This sentence is a verge from a ballad
the person. are put for the
of the Red Chamber." In t ||I|,
can only attain the immortality
state of those persons. A inau

munity

# m

the
I believe yoo are asking just for
sake of asking.
If anything occnrs at home, we will
Bend a special message to you.
Since he forbids me to go, I am all
the more determined to go.
Oan the customs of the whole combe changed solely on your

account

- *

"5

5.

Tkawblatioh.
1

& $ pg # *
e * *
*###*. ft
^A o i #
w
t. m # a
# o - t. *
ft ft ft #
-I
Titri
A
fi
I, 6

fc

15

ft

Poetry,

or

Book

r Confucian Annals

ffi.

ft

of History,

Book

of Rites.

or

(commonly
IS

Book

of

called

S.

$5

four
the
which
Fivt Glassies, is the common phrase by
all
These
comprehend
are
of
the
designated.
sages
writings
schools
Chinese
in
studied
books
the
commonly
of a poster or advertisement,
This is the

21

language

directing attention to a certain shop.

25

f*

$1

Expand

JrS Jfe

the muscles

and

enliven the

The
blood.al' expression taken from medical language.
sentiment of the sentence is thoroughly Chinese,
book expression, rarely used ex26 H8
ffl 13 A
number
who, accompanied by a
to
Confucius,
as
applied
cept

eomvisited the several petty

his services to the rulers as

the
offering
empire,
posing
manners.
teacher and reformer of government and

bft^

of bis followers,

X.ESS03ST OIjIX.
Phrases of Special Intent.
or
set purpose, solely.

4$ Specially, expressly, of
# #jp Emphatic for (ft.
Specially, expressly,
4#

# On

pnrpone, specifically, expressly,

the special purpose

coutranly.
more, persistently, perversely,
Les. 112.

ffiffl Emphatic

for

for fl.

s.)

i^

purpose,

tentionally, sincerely, really, (n.

all

the

Com-

& N.)

of purpose.
J$b|} Intentionally,

The same.
tPlMS of set

of.

of.
& On purpose, for the sake
of set purpose.
#C
Purposely,
ft Purposelv, bent on, must needs,

pare

3r4> The same.(G 4

fully intending.

deliberately.

Intentionally,

JlAjfr Purposely, intentionally, (o

$j

fc

^g With

Lor|fL$5

4C'lMI
oneself, (s.)

Of

deliberately,

&

full intent, fully

Specially,
set

c.)

expectiug, sin-

specifically,

purpose,

in-

[ ce rely.

simply.

deliberately; of

m &mw
& a -k # * & i>
$ o
ft * s Jt * a m
to V* ** tSbtt 1>.
* #. * & * b o f# #
ft ft ft. W
4 *
* & S o $tt ft
tt m a
II # W t I I A,
f i ^f H 1 A i # ft
* H#*r *n
* ft
% IS, W $ ^. m
s a m o $
ft
ft. is
H
^
U
ft
ft
ft
ft

&
s # *
t*

i i ft
, aw tr ft o
*g *wHHf$ig % Hi
K # 6 ft ft ^> A.
1 T I if^Jfi o
m
t %*>fk 6

It)

II

tit

13

you.

When told to go east, you perversely

go west; when told to strike the dog,
yon perversely strike the chickens.
14 I was sincerely hoping that I could
make a man of him, but I find there
is no outcome in him.
15 You should measure others' feelings
by your own, and not purposely stir

tifl

16

ffl>

16

tr

*r

ft

#it

ir

#1

Iff

1!
*l. ft 'i

17

up people's indignation.
He did not see yon and so kuocked
you over. It was quite unintentional.
Do you really mean this, or is it only
mere talk ?
Seeing yon have prepared it specially
for me, I cannot refuse to accept the
favor.

took pains to call yon in a loud

and you purposely did not
You are trying to earn a
answer.
flogging, are you ?
30 I charged yon not to climb the tree
19

voice,

a&

*. Bfi
o ^
& u ft

associate, that you mnst needs make

friends with a vagabond ?
I
went expressly to find him, but ho

purposely avoided me.

It was yonr only business to watch
the child, and yet you allowed him
to creep into the water. *
12 That was only a thoughtless speech of
He was not intending to reprove
his.

ift

i#j o

&
iF &

473

MASDARIN LE8SOKS.

Lkssson 15D.

and yet you persist in doing so. If

by chance you should fall down, that
will be the end of yon.
21 You know very well that the young
people were to blame, yet yon persist

ft
ft

Vocabulary.

$)

& Mmn* knnK

The whole

wholly
Sub.

heart,

bent on. bonnd toj

ffi

!j|kj"

^^^3

Wv?

To

j[X fa*.

El

itlt

Pa

1.

hsiang

38:

/%

Lino*

u*

ksie*.

Also p'a

creep, to crawl.

To desire greatly,
to

^S iH"

tramp, a renegade, a
Note 9.
worthless scamp t

lai jou*.

hope for.

To be a busybody,

shl*.

j6 Tan*.

To

boast, to tell lies

bear children

Wti&

To

Tiao* tan*.

dom

1
.

to long for,

7m

ik^

Ki

Tiao* p'i*.

Chu*. ...

A pillar, a post

disorderly; to

to increase.

lies,

to talk at ran-

mischievous, incorrigible.

Mischievous, perverse, incorri-

condone;

x
,

ka\

tf Kt*

crepitating sound. See MP.

creaking sound.

ffcV&tofeWH fOP-paK

to excnse

tell

gible.

to accept a
which thanks are due].
fault, to

to love scan-

dal; to be fond of amusement.

(8.)

To return thanks

favor [for
To screen a
tw*n*.

* Huo*

see

To act as an enemy.

Tsoa* twei*.

5r

a main dependence.

To

crack,

to

snap,

crepitate, to click.

$k fL$w $L KM

cAa 1

The same.

to

S ^ R *

474

S.

in condoniug their faults, having

even the face to say, "What does it
the children
were only
signify ?

m - $ % m m

#,

ft

SR

playing."

a ##** m m ^ m m

& m
% ft
H. A
*.

tt#tt#ftB# t

A #* & P
* T. W. *
-A o o # Ml

ft

22 That boy. of (Jhiang T*ing Ohn's is a

mischievous young rascal. He climbed
up on the house and was walking
over and cracking the tiles. 1 said
to him, "You come down at once,''
to which he replied, " I won't do it."
23 That old fellow is certainly fond of
amusement.
He will mount his
donkey and ride a distance of ten
odd li simply to attend a theater.
24 I have been working hard year after
year hoping to accumulate a little

^-

o
iiJMW

7>

t*

AAAt#if
***#*

4#
ft

flfc

W *

&&

*a* .
7

*.

<s

^ K ^

^k

f u M *&*#.

property

AAA*p*&JI

i^*i

*$#*#

&mm
m *n m
-

nbw

w.

wmwwtii>

ft

fP

flp.g

#.

H M

'Tung

p'ao

f*

hsi1

tiett

.
bX

iS

"RE

To hurry

1
.

hither and

thither

to strive

work hard,

to

ffifflbikffi

A an*

^#

2fan* pt.t*

J&

Kwo&*jfr.

is

The same.

p'ao* pel* pin*.

pe* p'ao

living

The same.

savings

if

$j

('h-tnuj

f^fv

...
l

f$
Uh'in

To ramble,

ontNondescript,
landish : Note 26.

hsiang*.

The neck, the back

tsi*.

ktng*

PH P

ASJiJ

$| Ht*

lie

The same,

tst*

1
.

Vociferous,

Quite destitute, without

To and

Playfnl, unconcerned
1

To dress up, to accoutre,

to trick ont

to rove

To

to saunter idly.
fro,

stretch oat.

(s.)

stentorian,

uproarious.

To

i\V

^P

P$J P$J Chi

?|M

0u\

unsteady.

disdainful

Isn't it

of the neck.

P|t|
.

Ch'wan 1 tsa1

S ^ H^ pu*
W ^^ Poa

anything.
2

3ft

3!|t -f- King* pod

The same.

.-

Yang

exasperating

fl^iSl,

^p

beside me.

sists in sitting

property,

money.

j^ f^lf Kwod'hwoa*.
1
1
Wi 3fe ^t Ching kwang
ffi

purpose to show himself off.

27 The thing I cannot abide is the rank
smell he has about him, yet he per-

Si*

4fc

25 I was fully intending to give him a

good berating, but before I got well
started he turned up his nose and
walked off.
26 Look at him, dressed up like a dude.
When he meets a woman he swaggers
and strata, and with head in the air,
strikes up some rollicking ditty on

vz

* *

0L

tt

& % Tffi-T-.
- m a &
*

m^mn
& m? t

#.

is

ft,

aspirations
all against

fortune was
me ; as fast
as I could earn a mouthful it was
eaten up, so that to this day I have
not a cent to my name.

!&*&#

ft

but alas,
were high,

livelihood),

(lit.

my

though

call alond, to shout.

no* na*.

Also

nod*.

Vociferous; inarticulate
shouting.

To

gust, to

soak, to macerate; to rot.

exasperate, (k.)

To

dis-

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

60.

+ ^w
a m # ^ m m
^
^
>S o
#.
#

475

Translation.

ifc

if

i&

ffi

&

ft

(ft

* ft. ft if n *
* # S m & t
t * * m n &
^ P * ft j in
AT

if your whole body were full of

mouths, you could not lie out of it.
2 Even supposing lie should have the
best of luck, it is not likely that he
can recover his capital.

3$
ft

*
&

3 Not to speak of the fact that I have no

raouey, even if I had money, I would
not pay his gambling debts.
4 I really know nothing ofthe matter you
are inquiring about, and even if I did
know, I would not dare to tell yon.

&
^

if
hi

fl|.

t.

o
m> m?

in

5fc

9fc

si.

tr

5&

f$ 4

ft

-&

m h & ^ *

m.

Even

You

are

own

some

wrong

should

still

brothers,

been

has

and even if
done, you

mutually forbear.
I did not go, was that a

Even though

your not coming ?

only earns two or three thousand
cash a month and has a family of
five or six to provide for, so that even
if he does know how to economize, he
will not be able to support them.

sufficient reason for

Hi

T.
o

eft

He

Notes.
1

9fl

aH tk P9

point of asking.

9 fp
sociate

with

^P
JH
irith? that is,

whom

Knowing

M
;ire

to associate,

writing of this phrase

one's tints without

any

is

perfectly

well yet

make a

What man is not Jit to asthere not enough of good people

that you, etc.? 3& |fl [^J xhe

32

hypothetical. $j|

legitimate

is to live

jjjjj

means of support.

the want of a self-respecting personality.

the ftff from $| ~p or
fttf explaining

$1)

by
denotes

Some write $& !$

^? jffj Tp. an oily

Others write j|S

gj. a tramp
without antecedent* ; i.e., without family, friends or property.
The fact that in China a man's sense of obligation depends so
much on his connection with family and friends, gives some
tongued slippery fellow.

$!
to is used in the
writing.
in the North.
and *! Uj
13 Said to one who is provokingly contrary.

i*>lor

to this

17 3T %V Wi 3h Words outside, the teeth ; that ia, jesting

words which mean nothing. l-jSj _ to $B
Mere talk, empty \co\ds.

or

South

deceitful

18 flij Mt differs from pj| 'Jj^f in that the latter always

implies the auceptauce of the favor, whereas the former is
sometimes used as a polite form of declining a favor.
^V ~F ii means more than, J won't do it.
fffl
/ wont do it just because you order me to do it, or,
the more you tell me to come down the more I won't come down.
26 IS /p ff| was originally applied to a mythological
animal that was neither bird, beast, fish nor reptile, but a
composite of all. | The term has been adopted, and is used ol

22

It means,

r>n.;
who is neitner ^fc, Jgk, jC nor ftq, neither scholar,
farmer, artizan nor merchant, that is, a down, a dude ; a man
without any profession or means of living, 'r?* Ml

is

a rhetorical transposition

of

JjrpC

|H

If*-

LESsorr clx.
Hypothetical Words and Phrases.

Wt

or

Wt 5k Even

if

Les.

44. Sub. 4(1).

$Jfc3?xl: Even supposing, even

even on

if,

ePHE

The same,

8P

Even

the supposition.

WtffiM

Qt

^^T^

Even

if,

even

the snpposition.
$ft %fc :;
i|1

fjjj

Even should, even although.

fiven

if,

even in case.

on

{j^5t

JSt

If even

$&?[ Even

ItJt^S
admitting.

if,

if,

if,

(s.)

book

terra.

even in Gase.
even although.

even though, even allowing.

Even

if,

even

supposing,

even

m a

47

l6

1f
ft

J ^ * t T ?
S. JK W Ri. *. fc * * *
i i oM o m 5 ; ^
*,#..';:. * * * 2 1?
$ 1 1 f I i Wf
o
*r #, * ti. m
mm
*
* * #*>t ft * *##.
& gB ^ *
IB

(ft

is

intently

would

engaged [in 8tudy],hisattention

he
not be distracted even though
a
heard that they were exhibiting
street.
live dragon ou the
that you are
12 It <"oes without saying
even supbut
notable to heat him;
would you not

14

posing von were able,

future^
be laving up trouble for the
aud
way
free
easy
13 Judging from the
at all strange
be
not
would
it
he has,

rf)

Mil

shall not be successful.

When the student's mind

11

12

number

a single step. Even if their

to reason ?
*reat will they not listen
ask this
and
to
go
10 I am very loth
I fear 1
do
I
if
even
go,
and
favor ;

,0

""*

/\

8 Yon mast not think of going singlehanded. Even if yon are strong, yon
must remember that one fighting
man cannot pnt to ront a whole town.
he can go
8 With reason on one's side,
to take
without
it, it is hard
anywhere
is

* T> ft W 2. * 5
* T 1> *"S *

^ -

he had some trifling faults

Tao has
14 When once Ts'ao Chtag
if yon
even
barriers,
the
closed up
soldiers
you could
had ten thousand
them : how then can yon
if

38:

force
it?

not

two do

fc^A*******?**

are certainly a careless fellow,

tools and never
borrowing people's

15

You

16

supposing
returning them.
not atraia
do not lose them, are yon
?
owners
vou will disoblige the
not.
have
others
Some have ability,

Even

%
j:

^ m '^ & & *

W
a***- S tr**WW * J*
H * ffithfcft
^*t#*rt

you

has this faculty, even

affair change
should the aspect of an

When

man

Vocabulary.
to give
Remiss, careless ; to indulge,
Tsung*.
rein to ; even if, allowing, supposwith different
ing perpendicular. Read t$vmg\*,*
but with no uniformity in usage.

meanings,
1
p'oo 1 pad

The placenta

a blister a
;

fSj ftfl

Tung* pad

uterine

vescicle,

fish bladder.

Note

Uterine brothers, own

5.

bro-

thers,

M
mm
Bft

Sa* too1.

MM La

ku1

tt&.Ck'Pp*

Careless, free and

... less, headlong.

easy; reck-

careless;
Negligent, heedless,
slovenly.

The same,

i*
1A *# Fu* <**

To hold

To

feel after

1/fo

Ck'wa?.

CAW

*f$
xn
*"

Ling*

Lod*,

(s.)

new
1&

of circumstances, a
m-&
** Pien* kwa\ Change
^
turn of affairs :Note

Ts'oa*

Li*
.

lei

to

m-

to estimate, to guest.

think
feel after ; to
to surmise, to /cy

To estimate,

to conjecture

to imagine.
fancy,
to
h*. To lead, to condnc',,

4M$&Linglu*

To

over
1.

'

sist, to help.

moa\

M Ku> mod
|| &

tt

np, to support

to

show

the way.

The same.
small stature, a dwarf.
person
Scrofulous ulcers, king's evil.

Scrofulous
neck.

of

swellings

or

ulcers

on tha

Lesson 160.

MANDARIN tKBSONS.

to

*n

M$>

f!

31

Jt

If

a. i

when

If

'

$,

fife

flft

18

a.

ft

m.

* ft*
* m *

gg
e

^^
m &

fe

ft

tt

J*.

w
m

A ^ & -* *,.$
^ t #s ^ ip af
W T * w ig n $
ft

W
ife

rn

is

king*.

mM

plump

scrofulous ulcer
the neck.

protuberance

but when one

respect

The bosom,
.

the

Kt* chou* woa\

have a goqd son, he

him

breast,

The armpit,

Auy

wasting disease.

If he

should

certain to lead

dwarf girl of the Changs'?

Her
mother was afflicted with scrofulous
sores, having ulcers not only on her

Lamping*.

Wt &*i*|

is

like this bring

astray.

Phthisis,

consumption; any
wasting disease.

To
chu*.

help, to second, to assist.

To

help, to assist, to succor, to

lend one's aid.

Let down by a
a susrope, to suspend
pension cord, a handle. Also chi*.
;

W\ Hsiao1 hsUeK To pare off.

to shave, to
scrape;
to extort ; to
deprive of.

Lair*.

lost all self-

22 Are you about to

propose for that

the thorax.

who has

the wrong, he feels no

even wb,en reproved.

shame
Can a dissipated man
up a virtuous soaf

21

If
^*$$ iw

the

self-respect

though no one

is in

on

breast.
t'ano*.

man who has any

in the wrong, even

should reprove him, he still

experiences a deep sense of humiliation
;

y>

scrofulous ulcer, an indolent sore.

Ut Hsiung

most

When

20

18

tft

the

go to
and even if he should, he will
not make any thing
by it.
law

ff#

Fat,

single

make a
not make a

IS I fancy he will not venture to

Vang*.

dad,

transcendent ability, he could not

succeed without the
help of others.

^tr

tsi*

"A

saying,
does not

thread, a single tree doges

Even if he had
grove."

m %
ft ^ ^ ft
W
& t * m* T.
s # & A ft $
H, ft I A * * &
* 5^ * ^
O
+
J ^e * m
ft A * m
i
At
#
$1
ft m m m 4&
mmmm & & fW ftg * # ft
W * ^
a a ^
Li*

either alive or
at your baud f

18 There is an old
filament of silk

him

finding

demand him

*.

balf done, yet be can

adapt
the circumstances and

bring it to a satisfactory issue.

17 Can a youngster of fifteen or sixteen
lose himself
Ans. Even
entirely P
suppose he cannot be entirely lost, yet
if, for the time
being, you cannot produce him, will not his
family, not

ttf

ft

it is

himself to
.

*#
^i*"4
.#

477

Not Eg.
4

is

often omitted after

% fc,

but its use adds

(Mandarin) are really
equivalents, the faot that
is thus used after
ffc shows
the extent to which the
meaning of \% U obscured in the
emphasis.

phrase

If

As

{ft.

{Win) and

Jjt

as

6 JrJ Hi
5t Son* of the tame mother.
If fl|
now defined by medical men, means
placenta (not womb)'

then this phrase

8 JP
(or

horteman),

a misnomer.

%T&)
a.

(or

5) A

phrase derived

tingle

man, or a single horat

meaning that

from war.

478

#.

ft

^ K

>fr

* *

I*

ft

*. ?.

& ^

is

- + * s -

neck, bnt also on her breast and armpits, and moreover she also has consumption, which diseases cannot bnt
be transmitted to her daughter.
Even
if not transmitted, should
yon marry
such a dwarf, with so weakly a body,
can she be any help to you ?

-tfc

# *

23 At present the money made by peddling is like the moiety of iron scraped
from the point of a needle. Even
granting that he is a good salesman, at the very most he can only
make eighty or a hundred cash per

a* fB m
# m ep .&
IK .& ut If
*n ^ US UK ^ # m X
nt. t\ ^
w m a * # #
t

ft

ft

^ m i ^ &>*& .
& # a $ti>tt
'g
n. + %
& ig # ft m % %
fll

=&J

#.

11

whether on foot or horse,

The derived meaning

numbers.

* <l> l *

is useless

against

obvious.

object,

fixed ; that
absorbed in thought.

is,

The refphrase.
jj ff A live dragon.
erence is to the feast of lanterns on the 15th of the first
month, when dragons composed of lanterns strung together
are carried through the street, forming a spectacle of
attractiveness which few boys could resist.
Much less could
they resist the exhibition of a real live dragon on the street.
ready

made book

W
is

HE

-P-

To have a capacity for managing

used as a verb.

f]f

jj,

3f?

things.

change of diagram,

s
ft

it

Mind singls and purpott

mind concentrated on one

the.

is

a figure

" When
yon are sick, call
the doctors you can." There is no
knowing what prescription may cure
him ; and if after all he fails to be
cured, it will be because it was so
ordained by fate ; our minds also will
be at rest.
It is said,

all

-tn

day.

24

t$

single soldier,

fla

taken from the diagrams in the Book of Changes, which are

used in divining and fortune-telling.

18 fo _L Mi To obtain the place or mat nearest the

whoever is next the wind gets the first and freshest
breeze, hence the meaning, to get the advantage of.
wind,

23 Wi /V

111

dlers carry their stock in

by four

ropes.

qfaneedle

f\'

that

is,

To carry eight strands of rope. Pedtwo baskets or boxes, each suspended

fjlj fjjj,

to

ncrape iron

make very small

to

from

the point

does not

profits.

It is here added to separate the

usually take j^ after it.
from the number following,
j( Pjj J{J may mean either
makes good sales, or is a good salesman.

LHSSOISr OLXI.
Phrases of Recubbent Time.
W\

Wl. Occasionally,

sometimes, in case.

$$ Onexpectedlv, occasionally, bv times:

SeeLes. 115. Sab.
TP9

ij8$^r

not

Lightly,

With a negative

thoughtlessly,
seldom,
scarcely
rarely,

often.

^PW

For the most part, seldom, rarely,

always followed by a negative, (c.)
JURyl For the most part, ordinarily. With
negative, rarely, hardly ever, (s.)

ever.

/H

Barely, hardly ever,

jve.
[ negat

always

(c.)

with a

Vocabulary.

%& "rtf Fa1

ski*.

To make

sales,

to have

cus-

fj$

pp

Pet* eking

tomers.

^ll Tfj

Fa1

f|$ Pei*, pi*.

It*

(s.)

1
T^l'L* Cki

Quiet, private, secluded, out of the

way.

See

Secluded, out of the way,

bye, retired.

The same,

ski*

/>''*.

ks/'n

1
.

Congenial ; like-minded, sympathetic.

f5

Pei*.

Fold, times

to double.

MANDARIN LK890N&.

Lxsson 161.

479

-+*w- *
$ 4

W^;W
& g m

%
m m

1a

Ji

to

*.

ft

it

ft

*0

1T>

^,

This expression is not entirely unheard in this neighborhood ; it is

nsed occasionally.
2 At the present time, magistrates do
not often punish with the large
bamboo, they commonly use the
small bamboo.
3 Those large foreign hongs seldom
seem to have a customer, but when
they have one their sales are always
1

& ^
&
& Mb
5 # ft A xm% =& tt
Mb n * Wi ^
#
m & A ft
o ft @
* m
* *

^
* I
*
*

Translation.

ft.
ffe

heavy.
4 Our place here

Jim

ffi

*a.

^
HI
lI

BR ft
*r & i
%> m is #> * ft mm *
f& ^& A,*A# &
ft ^. m mm . ft A 29
Wt
^ & to a.
O %
> #
^ a
^18 31 n 3
>s ft &

SS

'

A %
ft>

je,

5 If one goes where both people and

place are strange, he seldom meets
with a congenial spirit; when however he does meet with such a one,
he is sure to be doubly drawn
towards him.
6 These are all good cash, if occasionally there are one or two small ones

ft

tr

Ufc.

they will still pass.

the wars of recent times bows
and arrows have rarely been used.
Nearly all use muskets and cannon.
8 That man Li Tien K'wei rarely gets
angry j how comes it that he got into
such a passion to-day P
It is a
9 Yon are quite a stranger.
rare thing that yon come to our
house.
Please take a seat.
10 This
phraseology is occasionally
found in novels, but I have never
come across it in the classics.
7 In

arc

in

tMHi

5fc.

Ghia 1 pei*

ifc

To add as much again,

-&

ft

*
*

ffi

is entirely too retired.

rarely see any one.

We

to

double.

ft.
.

o
#n*

... A widow.
Kwa*fu*.
1
Lu*
Guards
on the highway, patrolWn^fe
ping
men.
.

#fjy

-.

'

^p 119

ke*.

pan*

An

occasional one, one

here and there, a few.

k*

pan*

UK

To go

Shang* chin*
$ Tien*

HR

flfj

1
51 Hsien* shu

The same,

graDd

hall,

a palace, temple.

of speech, phraseology,
words.

Novels
which

light
is

literature

1
1
Ching shu

Ski 1

To

ski*.

Classical books, the writings

of the sages, the classic*.

by thieves or robbers

have a mishap.
three-legged caldron firm, settled.

lUi Ting
;jfi

9
.

3
$fit Chiao

J^

Chiao*.

J|)!(

Crafty, wily

htca 9

jff|

specious.

Crafty, cnnning,
treacherous.

subtle,

To make capital of one's

Meal for another ; to act
toady. Note 13.

Hsien* chHn*.

the sycophant, to
.

lose

to

lightly esteemed

by the Chinese.
fj$

(s.)

into battle.

Form

Tsi* yien*.

yt

C/i'ung*.

To

be

partial to ; to favor, to
prefer to indulge, to dote on.
;

480

H8

* a**Ui
n % &
T>

ifc

tt.

St

A ^
a # *. m

11

husband
have no
best for

J* A
Hl&tK^l^gE
$

IT

i5

4ft

7.

3*

i3

wfc

R\ y]

Hsien* kung\
.

merit

one's
to curry favor, to

act the flunkey.

Trf

TO W*

Wan

15 Since that time

If

d^

To

ck'ung*.

be

in

favor

To contradict,

wen*.

Chia 1 ck'ang*.

Common,

Shan1 chin 1

Loo*.

Pod}, pei*

have been tripped

I seldom go to his house,

bnt one day I went hoping to get
one good meal off him, when, behold,
he simply set oat a saucer of salt

things.

yien* ckHao* yii*.

pompons,
affected,

**}

to

take issue

ordinary, usual,

W 7 p& ChHao*

ft ft

jr

S/it

hills,

y&.

The same,

Real, bona fide, veritable ; plain, substantial.

Stingy, mean, shabby; a

louK

fijife Kou* chien*.

^ %,

fragrant white flower.

etc.

miser, a niggard.

An

IS ^.H-l/ao fr fou*
j$ "^ due* shou*. To attend

variously

used in different places, especially with respect

Si* kwei*
1

Parasitic plants.

1
yien* ktoa

niggard, a skinflint.

Radishes, tarmps, carrots,

to turnips.

say anything in his presence.

16 That relative of mine in Lon-tsichwaug has rio idea of the fitness of

^ W ^ pn Hwa

to be in-

Savory dishes from the

game.
$|!

is

is

np by him so often that I have

grown wary, aud seldom venture to

every-day.
|

He

with, to oppose.
l/jiffi

Ting

mau.

or specious style of speech.

dnlged.

Wi %. Pot1

now deceased, if yon

important basiness, it is
yon not to g to her honse
is

14 For satisfying the appetite ordinary

diet is the best, aud for warmth
coarse clothing is the best.
It is
not that we have no delicacies in
our house, but ordinarily we do not
eat them
nor is it that we have no
silk aud satin, but ordinarily we do
uot wear them.

* # & *

To make capital of
-

flit

Seeing her

an exceedingly
constantly bringing his services to the notice ofLu
Ta-jen with whom he is in high
favor, so that when he says a thing
no one lightly ventures to oppose.

>

^@W

scandals

traveling it is best to go by
the great road, since in case of any
special danger there is a guard of
soldiers at hand.
It is a rare tiling
that there is any mishap.
crafty

a * * * it. . it m ft
m m m m #
* *
%, & m w * n. s O
1
* *# tt * W
* *9 # *> ^ A Mr W>
a. t. a a a *
*
u > m m & mzwm *
m m /E; m & km%&
* #. * * n: * &

"Many

When

Chn

13

A *

ft

IS,

Kfc

is,

needlessly.
12

a "-& ^^nk-y at **
T J#e^ + w * *b
ana ft #*;!>
16

The saying

- *

3"

rt

about a widow's door."

gi* j\ o #
12

ft

. *. e*
o o

SB

- +

IS

s.)

owl.

to a call of nature,

to ease oneself.

$; E

Tie

s>*.

To

fall

and

killed

kill

by a

oneself,

fall

be
183

to

: Les.

f I I
m n -

481

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 161.

tnrnips and a conple of kao-liang

cakes, his wife meanwhile going on
to say, in the most plausible style,
" When
to see us there is no

& n m &
it ^ & to ft *
m m n m
a ft ^ i. ^ i

ft

you come

occasion for putting on a great show

of formality, so we just have everyI said
thing plain and substantial"

SI

$ m n *. *.
W + u #r it ^ #

Pi

ft

fi!

& m
ft n

Rt

it

.***
$7\
L

*r
5Fn

1- irjc

m % * H

-t

Wll^

ifi

i.

m m m
m

&ft

w # %.
?

nothing, but I thought to myself: It

is not often one gets treated quite
so plainly as this ; and if occasionally
such a case should occur, it is from
the necessities of poverty.
I venture yon will not, find another like
this old skinflint.
17 I don't generally believe in these
superstitious notions ; but that the
hooting of an owl is a sure sign of
bad luck, I do most thoroughly believe.f At the temple to the west of
our village there lived a Taoist
In the
priest by the name of YtL
fourth month of the year before last
he was taken with consumption, and
began to spit a great deal of blood.
On the evening of the third day he
heard an owl on a tree in the yard
give three hoots and three langlis,
which he felt was a very bad omen.
Afterwards, getting up in the middle
of the night to attend to a call of
nature, he tripped as he went out
of the door, and falling headlong
killed himself.
Could any omen be
more undoubted than that ?

ft

w.

=&

^ #**

o - if
M ^ a
17

f*gf
(ft

Notes.

aR T

> strip of bamboo about three or

8 The
four inches wide and five feet long, and is wielded by the

superior, and so curry favor and gain confidence.

|R 2j}
means substantially the same thing, but is a less offensive term.

The >]> ifi^ ~y is about two

executioner with two hands.
or two and a half inches wide and three feet long, and is usually
The beating is done on the bare
wielded with one hand.
thighs, the culprit being held down on bis face by two
lictors, one sitting on his shoulders and the other on his feet.

'1%

4 The

2JS at

the close serve* simply as a

final particle,

equivalent to

fsj

J or 9M
0$ Though used

used in Peking, and

the Peking teacher.

g|J

freely in

is

many

places

is

not

here supplied in its place by

however, the equivalent of

It is not,

between." vk is used to express cordiality, but will hardly

bear translating.
'eans to make a business of bringing one's
13 ]|R Jh
diligent services prominently to the notice of a master or
r

in allusion to the cost

and

difficulty of procuration.

Web* of latin. Placing the

See Les. 106, Note
plural.

muoh

It
fjjl
jfS]
Ty( be
gj( which is followed in the translation.
followed, then "if occasionally" should be even if.
9 fp 2f A rare guest, one whose visits are " few and far

'

is

14 ill J& is rarely separated from its companion phrase

$k> though the latter is frequently used alone.
j
not often used of things to eat, but is so used in this phrase

16
that

mm*
o*

is, to

16

classifier- after

5.

T gather up a

trip up, to catch.

the uouu makes a

$5

<s

slip

or mistake

also used instead of %&.

nA

9f Cakes in the shape of a bird's nest ; usually

kaoliang meal, sometimes of corn meal. They are
The
largely eaten by the poorer classes in Northern China.
made
'
-4

of

is

not always repeated.

son's wife's mother, or

&M %

terms are widely used though neither

$1 'M 'M

is '<

UMd-

or

$U %.

a daughter's husband's mother.

is entirely

Both

fung-hsing.

482

S5

ss

nl

"T*

/\

*"*

liesov

162.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Too

17

fft

*ft

could not have arrived

by thin time.
lhe ground is
already dried throngh.
Notice how when
yon pour on a few
dipperfnls of water, it is absorbed

$1

^ 5R
H #
P, qE -13
** * HE * *
m ^ sb. ^f * n # ^ $5
14

at once.

When I spoke of my
money being
missing, his face instantly flushed; iu
all
probability he is the man who

13

Mfaia

stole

14

ft

A.

9 **rt& t i$J
fa m w m #mn m
*
it *aiailr ^ - u
^
il &&;- 3t it
ft. jg
**ft i ^ at ^
fft

ft

^f

_h

ffc

$0

it

f-

eM

I"

a$.

&,

it

To 8peak to ntter de8i^ nated

Kwou* jtn*. Beyond others,
'

&

'

Wsl*'

P fT ZV?
M
M P Sung
4

3/at'

# Hwan\

k'ou*

To field

Slow, lax

easily,

7y?'

=F

HP

&

yue

1
.

To
With

gently

one's

ChHn

ffi

ch'ai 1 .

The creaking sound of a wheel

or crush on a jg.

to grind

A revolving wind.
HfHen*.
Hsiien* ftny\
A whirlwind.
kLL
P'aoK To cast off, to
reject ; to throw over-

to <//,,,

hundred
yon off.

An imperial commissioner
a minister, an
envoy.
Sfcnyi chiao*. To get into or mount a sedan chair
Note 23.
* 1 '
A father's sister.

Fa*.

m Mt

own month

I'll let

To respect imperial,
governmental.

to.

a covenant ; to sin
; to write a deed.
write and sign a deed.

Mao%

ex-

Tx'ang

plicitly.

even

To delay, to put off, to

procrastinate, to loiter.

To make

Gh'in 1 k'ou*.
-

ft

articles of agreement

it

assent, to concede,

to neglect,
(w.)

on.

To take leave, to bid adieu

.<V(need of the person departing).
chu*
The seller.
1

of

finding

in bnt did not

pay
promptly, and

yien

M.

'

to agree

jjl $J

taels

Ctf'in 1

To irrigate, to water
fojxjwr
To ,eak *P soak '"to. to

'

go ahead

was on hand.

do,

You cannot get ont

19 In
sending a message by telegraph, no
matter what the
distance, as soon as
the message is started from
this end
't 1S
instantly known at the other end.
<Jl) All
over three
right ;

cMed

average, extraordinary.

||

yon onght

it.

Wang came

beyond the

CkiaoK

went

he?

down; he simply said a few words

and turned abont and left at once.
I
do not know what
important business

#1

'

come

are on the road. I'll warrant

yon some
one picked it
up immediately. What
chance is there of your
it ?

* m u m m
* # m m
SJOLJS. w. ^ tf^
T

ii

ffl

T.

mK

A
h * *

19

did

not
jnst

sit

*.

*.

off,

did

bnt

bye,

by ignoring the matter in this

way.
17 Look at the number of
people there

18 Mr.

8#

It,

_1L

and do

51

good

15 The seller
having yielded assent, you
ought forthwith to have drawn np an
agreement, lest delay shonld lead to a
nge of mind Cou the seller's part].
i
16 ?u
Whatever
to

ft

Ml

say

straight

is,

it.

Wang Wen Hsiang

to

483

board; to deduct; to project, to

fling.
An anchor, a grappling iron.
1
.

The compartments of a
ship
hold.

the

E S

484

a h + ^ i - s

IS

"When

21

M % # A
4 K 2
J| N IP
m a mzmi\- m * x *>
o y*Jfli

you receive a trnst from any

one, you should faithfully execute it."
Having explicitly made the promise,
you should redeem it at once and not

3t

fft

27

jfe

ifc

P
ft

7. o

*l

(ft

cause anxiety by your delay.

22 About ten o'clock there was a Mr.

Mi came looking for yon. When he

found yon were not at home he immediately went away.
23 How did the minister arrive so quickWhen he reached the hotel
ly ? Ans.
he took dinner and forthwith got into
his chair and started.
He did not
even take time to 'rest.
24 Wait till I have changed my dress
and I will go with you at once.
25 He says he has a very little business,
and that as soon as it is finished he

ft

tf t 4

k &*; ft % * a *&
* $ #j m & # ji # %
T IPMMi & ft f* A. p
n 7 mt& m & ^. * c a
** +*#
a. tt IE m t
IK 7>
,, $
H p. IE
25

sse m

SI5

Sfi

fSffSi*

jft

fc

o ^hhfiII

^ 3lRRfctt
4

^
&m m
m m &
t m P
* $L

* a

%*

m
% 2c
*

&

IT

7 #2*R#

m & n m
>
P&

% ^
-

$<]

will

26

$fe

m
&
A
*

come

at once.

My aunt was just hitching up the

donkey to hull millet, but seeing
me coming, she at once unharnessed
the donkey and led (escorted) me
into the house.

27 As soon as we knew that a whirlwind

was approaching, we at once took

and cast anchor, and also battened down the hatchway to preveut
the water from pouring in.
in sail

NOTBS.
B -^
^j^ ^P
lent of

Pjt

-^ PS Half

half holding
and haw.

hum

half swallowing, or
half spitting out, a fair equiva-

spitting out,

in,

|lf;,

the comment or verdict of the magistrate

on the indictment of the prosecutor. This verdict is usually
posted in front of the yamSn, or it may be obtained in advance
from the under officer having it in charge by paying him a
small fee. When a man is accused he always puts in a
vindication or counter indictment.
Custom allows any man
or woman to present a petition or indictment to an officer as
he is going along the street in his chair. The party usually
kneels in the middle of the street in front of the chair holding
up the paper in his or her hand, when the chair-bearers
will stop (especially it tipped) and allow of its presentation.

Q The 5C

is

means the noonday halt for food and rest. <f*

are both used in the same sense in the South.
16 -9* K -f} fH -1 thing delayed may change, a book
expression.
fg is used colloquially, only in a few such

*#j

Blfl

and

ff* jfc

phrases.

fU %n To regard that which is as if it were

is also used.
The reverse phrase
jS f H
21 The use of . usually indicates that the expression
16

'ff

in

which

it

occurs

23 3\ Hi
use is _L $

not, to ignore.

is

is

derived from books.

formal and

The term

official.

in

common

lessou

aiiuciix.

Adversatives of Surprise.
f( -^ Who would
body's surprise.

ifl^U But

have thought, to every[surprise.

behold, what do yon think, to

my

who would have

supposed, unrk aow

expectedly.
JR^P Dear me, but do yon know, don't -yon

^ /jSJ"

Behold,

&R

ft

7W

Don't yon know, but

in f;iet,

where-

as in fact. (Bookish.)
isf"

7$I

The

fact

is,

but yon

negative don't you know, you

know, with

ought to know.

Jt^^D

Yet after

all,

but behold.

MANDARTJf LESSOWS.

=+*W# ^r *
IB # ft
O
# m s & 1
| 7.
*. # m * fa & 3d m

485

Translattoh.
1

gi

i#*n

# %

ai

%*

w
# $

7-

m # o j&
# m ^ i I f i\ m ^
H * ft # a
#. sn
a ^ # ft w #. & ^- *
#
1 m 4*
^ ~R T
7* H, ;
& #. ^ JH o T
# *. d II w m 7, # m
o # m
si # i m # a o i; i T fa M
H IE m. M A
7\ K
^ J& f# ft W. tt ft. ji
hi.
w m m %
m o

ffi

ife

surprise, the

egade as this ?
for others to abuse
It is quite
enough
me who wonld have supposed that my
own brother would join in the abuse ?
;

ffy

*.

fii

A S

iff

$&

* # # #
ft A ^ # #

0f
tf

&"*

#
"F

*.

ft

Si

tt

*i

si

H
m

m m
- a

exhorted him the

promising who would have thought

he would grow up to be such a ren-

i*i

3fc

more

angrier he became.
I was squatting there facing the east
when, all unexpeetelly, with one
push he threw me down the bank
and sprained my wrist
4 Who would have thought that a
quarrel like this would have arisen
from so small a matter ?
I supposed that during these two years
he had reformed but, dear me ! there
is still nothing too bad for him to do.
6 When he was a boy he was very

i0

3fe

As clear as it was yesterday, who

wonld have thonght that to-day there
would be snch a heavy rain ?
I hoped that a little exhortation
would make it all right, but, to my

and prefectnral exTing Feng Ming was

At the

district

aminations,
only mediocre, hut, to everybody's
surprise, at the general examinations,
he got his degree and stood first on
the roll.
9 I thonght when I applied to him, that

he would certainly give me some assistance but, to my astonishment, he

treated me with cold indifference.
10 He himself indulges in every kind of
not allow bis
dissipation, yet does
bnt don't
him
imitate
to
offspring
"
beam
you know that when the upper
is ont of true, the lower one also
;

Vocabulary.
Clear, cloudless; bine sky.

Bpf Ch'ing*
$5fc

Shu 1

J|

Tun1

}$!;

Oh'ml 1

To

kill,

to exterminate

unlike, differ-

ing; really, very.

To

Chu*.

j$t

Kwa?.

To

pierce, to
fall, to

XT Wn*

harpoon

chien*.

TV? 8 , ts'aP.

sprain.

jSP^" Chiao*

An article,

To

to jar by a

an object, a thing,
a concrete something
a blockhead, a good-for-uothing a renegade.
ty)

Wi

ISfe^K 2*mw* chia*

a crutch.

staff,

crutch.

tread, to trample ; to stand

upon, to set the foot on.

shot?..

Ts'p-chiaer'.

to lean upon.

staff,

I&ffik Kwai* kun\

squat, to sit on the heels.

J&Hj

To prop

'".

scaffold, scaffolding.

The same .-Note

The same-

11.

K 1

<8

* X
m % 1 *.

:is

ft

ft

fl-

m &
*.

It.

flft

* s

*
*

3fc

A
tT

A,

%
A.

*&
tt

A
A

7.

H
m

ft

Ml

IE

12

14

F>

Tflr-

R.

ft
Sffl

& 1
*

a
w

m *a

ffi

is it

a frightful pommeling.
He simply thinks that when the
teacher does not punish hira, he is
treating him kindly, while the fact
is, if he does not punish him, it is
because he has given him up and is
unwilling to take any more trouble
with him.
15 Well, well, I have been acquainted
with yon all these years and yet 1
never knew yon had such skill as this.
16 People who have never had experience, imagine that riches and honoi
depend on feng-shwei, whereas in
fact, both riches and honor depend on
the will of Heaven and have nothing
whatever to do with ftng-shwei.
17 Presuming on the possession of a high
rank and <rreat power, he acted in a

xa.

14

"Like fatherlike son."

that yon are
using a crutch ?
Ans.
Day before yesterday I was
repairing a house for the Sun family,
when what should I do but fall from
the scaffolding and hnrt
my leg
12
Judging from his dress he appears
to be a wealthy
young aristocrat, butdo
yon know, the entire suit is borrowed.
13 I hoped when I
inveigled him over
here the day before yesterday, that I
would have the satisfaction of giving
him a beating, when, behold, ha
tnrned the tables on me and gave me

How

flu

to

will be askew?"'

ffl

1 1

ft
3R W 7.

S H + ^ W -

>E

ft

ft

and unscrupulous manner,

oppressing the people and imagining
reckless

withstand him.
is no
height
that has not a height above it, and
no man who has not his superior."
Lin Ta-jGn by one bill of charges
upset him.
that

sd
tffc

It

ft

ft

**

tr

* *

# A

*T

ft

as

18

4* 7* Kung 1

to

Son of a prince

tsi*.

son of a rich

family, an aristocratic young

a fop, a swell
1
Feng shwei*

$J "p

1
Hsiang kan

Geomancy

To

$ij listen*.
1
1? $T Kwan

hsien 2

control

Note

16.

Official

To

oppress,

wrong

title

%b Ts'anK
iH ff Tao*

gH

Same

Sm win*.

f|| ! Yien* chin*

or position,

Ski 1 chiao*.

office.

to

despoil,

to insult.

to

"M*

A'*" 1

fcu*.

any art

rhyme ; a chord to rhyme.

Odes and essays, prose and
.

jffcfffc

%.

Viin*.

f# j

as

Skill or training in
.or craft or vice.

hang*.

title.

rank, official

rank,
Ch'i1 ya*.

Involved in, connected with

to have to do with.

nothing could

But you know, "There

poetry; literary composition.

Severe, exacting, strict.

To

teach,

to

instruct;

propagate doctrines.
Bitter experience, hard
sorrow straits, trial*
;

to

lot

FSPON

487

MANPARIN MDSSOMS.

1fi3

At

18

m>$ *r
m m % % n

ft

fei

#.

& * &

when, behold, his training is superior

any of us.
19 You all think that ability to write ais
essay in eight divisions and a poem

ft

to that of

rhymes, is what constitutes

but do yon not
scholarship,
good
know that the learning of the world
is boundless, and that there are many
in six

ifc

things more important than odes and

essays ? How then can he who is
and
proficient only in writing odes
?
essays count himself a good scholar
" A strict master

gfc

20 The proverb says,

makes good pupils," hence there are
teachers who depend solely upon
severity, no matter whether pupils
are large or small they ferule them od
every occasion, whereas the troth is
that in all things there is a golden
It' one is too severe, lie will
meau.-fhis
keep
pupils always angry at him,
which is not characteristic of good

ffl

ife

i*J.

20

ffl

if?

teaching.

fft.

You

21

money

zft

know nothing of the straits

When we who have
we buy several
grain,
bay

really

of the

ffi

fc

hiiu,

he would
fearing that being young
not know how to manage his affairs,

& tt * .
*.*# tmn. ^r $ m ft i*
m * * ** $ a * it &
m * ft * * * a in
* & * M ft > * *
# J* US A.
# 4 a m a
^ to m * $ g$ # o
w. ^ * & *
an #. # w to *. Jl Mfc
*
m m ft
H
ft
m
# * ^ ^ f ft ft

^ & M to* * 1$
AK * ti
0f ft H
M 3t W
A. ( * * &
a w a & m
~f A
A W # W $
K #m*. ft >K & it m *
%

had an idea of helping

first I

poor.

bushels or sereral tens of bushels,

but with these poor people, mind you,
to buy even a few gallons or a few
pints (bowls) is difficult.

Notrs.
6 The use

Kt

of

to express

contempt is t^tug-hting.
tfc fa is also used in the same way in Northern and Central
Mandarin, and expresses a still stronger contempt. It is
applied either to imbecility or to viciousness.
8 Examinations are held in each Fu city twice in three
in the provincial
years (the year of the triennial examination
The first of these examinations is called
city being omitted).

civil and military, including both those

and those who are seeking a degree. The
second examination, called Tft * is only civil, and Chose
who have a degree are not required to attend, save those who
propose to compete at the ensuing triennial examination.
The
Bjtli the
? and the ffi 3$ are called ^C
names of the successful candidates are posted up in order of
Hence the first is the most honorable, though the
merit.

^.

and

who have

is

both

a degree

degree

is

the same.

tS He stroked his face ignoring all

he stroked his face with his hand and put
on an expression of utter indifference.
iff
Ik
He turned his face away ignoring all friendship.
10 Pfe ^8 55 /iS These four have long been considered
$4c

Hfl

friendship, that

*K

is,

the cardinal rices of dissipation, but China is now compelled

to add a fifth viz., opium smoking, which is what is inteuded
;

by*

11 There

Peking

is

it

is

no 't'ung-hning

called

jjjfl

-^-:

in

term for

scaffolding.

Eastern Shantung, tfc

:
in Chinanfn, $?
along the Yangtse, J| =Sc or
and doubtless there are still other terms in use.

jrjfc

In
|$|1

JJS

13 $5 expresses the unexpected "turn" that affairs took.

16
JZ ia Pt for MIL because skill ia the result of
time spent in practice. Thus used, it nearly always refers

to boxing, unless otherwise indicated.

16 U. ?K Wind (or air) and water,

a supposed subtle

influence or ether pervading the crust of the earth, which by

its movements produces and controls growth and
decay, life
and death, prosperity and adversity. Those who profess tc
understand and explain it, draw their stock of terms and
phrases chiefly from the Book of Changes.

"

Tpi One volume or book.

17
/$ or 2fC jft
technically of a memorial presented to the Emperor.
"

18

/& fT borrowed from

devotees.

ia

used

the language of religiout

K n + * * -

48*

n+*h

m & tw
I, f I
5

tt

--

&

Translation.

.
o

Only make up your mind firmly, and

uobody can successfuly oppose yon.
2 I supposed that of course he had
gone to. school, when, behold, he had
gone to the south suburb to attend a

I
I
fl # * * # f*
# R ttIE i #K I
H ft
&
tt
* # 3R 8#
o
1 |,
1 itfl i
MM H # &
g W
* ft
P. fn MP
T,

m
m m g
fm

theater.

3 Simply let your Excellency's card

be sent in, and I venture to say he
will be liberated at once.
4 Only let your " walk and conver" be
sation
upright, and you need not

Aft.

I I
* % R
o

t i i

fear what they say.

5 Children simply know that good food
suits their taste, what do they kuow

fl&

ffl

515

m & m. % j\ m
O 3 & m ft m o % m &
a. a a* ft ft m
m h m m fk *. * >r a *
m m m ^ w o * ^ t
19 Eight is the orthodox number of division! in a literary
These divisions are not announced or numbered bat
essay.
are rather paragraphs or rhetorical parte.
This method of
division,

which

ie

an essay that would take

essential to

a degree, is said to have been introduced by jE ife <ff

of the Sang dynasty.
The regular form of an ode at the end

of the difficulty of getting money f

I supposed only one man was coming, who would have thought that
all these were coming T
7 Only invite them to drink a few

bottles, and I'll warrant you

will not refuse [your request].

8 Just yon keep

quiet,

and there

they
is

no

of an essay, is six verses of four lines each, of which the

second and fourth rhyme, the six rhymes also rhyming with

each other.

is formed
81 a
after the model of quality by
opposite* (Les. 50), but the stress in this case all falls on the

fS, tl" serving rather as an intensive.

Lsssom- OLxrv*
CORRELATTVB PABTICLB&

R5f

$&fw

KI MM
$R

3C

ffl
I'll

R HI
what

even

ffl* Only

no matter.
even

if.

I'll

need not care,

R
R

Jfl

1H*

frl

Rf

when

^f Supposed

WS ft

behold,

it.

Supposed

whereas,

in fact.

R ft U$ft Only, simply

my
R it pH^r Supposed
who
of
R m
ft Supposed
R m 'Jfiffl Supposed
R Wt
supposed

not.

surprise.

\iX

18:

believe.

course

behold, unexpectedly.

Only

naturally, as a

matter of course
-

who would have thought

but yet, to

if.

$&

ffl

if,

Only, simply
warrant.

care, even

R
R m-

no matter, nobody.
need not fear.

Only

^ Only
WtJlk Only
^U

R
RH

venture,

Only

5a HE

Only, just

#&Hb

Only

[eannoti
no danger,
no matter.

IH ft Supposed, thought
1H*
most unexpectedly, would you believe it.

i2X

of course

unexpectedly, suddenl}'.
?fl*>

731 Said,

yet,

behold.

y\

Said,
supposed,
yet notwithstanding, yet after all.

MANDARIN

Lesson 164.

m T

IE

IH

ft

fi

tt.

it

10

ffc

13

*.

7 j

#.

4-

n a run
i^a w o ^i ^

A.

11

12

WW

14

^r

# w * *
W #* 6 *. ^
L W
o n& #j #J 7. M o MM
u
mum* m m m n p> j
#

only regard the enjoyments of

who considers the
the present life
?
suffering of the life to come
Only do not violate conscience, and
you need not fear the devil knocking
at your door at midnight.
Only keep the approval of your own
conscience, and you need not fear
the judgment of Yien LoS.
Only keep the good opinion of your
own husband, and yon need not care
what your father-in-law or motherin-law may think.
It was said that Wang Ta Ch'ftng

fff

fc

ft 16 ?s
Jt

had renounced gambling, and yet

during the first month he has again
lost forty or fifty thousand [cash].
15 Here i/a lock and chain ready to
hand only fasten him with them and
he will find it hard to escape.
1(5 His eyes
pained him all the year before last, and it was supposed he;

would lose

K #
- #

i\
F.

4^

#B

^ 6&B

fl

&

tfi

#**

sight,

Fan Oh'aug Fa

17

pity
is.

ft

his

yet after

all,

they are now entirely well.

&

placard.

Men

ftl

in
in

hi.

mous
10

danger of his disturbing you agtu'u.

I have all along supposed I had no
behold, yesterday
when,
enemies,
some one assailed me iu an anony-

I X i i *, A ^
z R i i i.l I H it
& 7 o #. ^^nw
#
K *. H Hmo ^ '4 ft
^ i S t H # It A.
^,

488

LBSSON*.

and

is

he does not

destitute

of

all

know what mercy

Only let him get the advantage,

what does he care whether

others suffer or not.

18 It is evident from this one battle
that Gen. Hwang has no strategic

Vocabulary.

|p

&M*.

To

nnloose, to liberate
to cease

r7^

IP K'aP

To

ski*.

release,

make

I? WC ShVfang*.

To

to dissipate

Buddhist.

let

to

to

liberate,

J{l

yt Ying 1

trim

To

loose,

to set free

to

Si*

To assent,
... promise.

To

Sktnff eh'ien*.

Jt

K'wei hsin\ To violate conscience, to do

what is known to be wrong.

|1
|l|

to

agree,

Commonly, ordinarily;

to

all

along, hitherto.

IS

^ftf

hide, to abscond

clandestine.

Anonymous.
The present

ming*.
1

*\j>

Yien*.

Yien*

village gate, a hamlet, a lane.

The

loo*.

Buddhist

thus
3iR

life.

permit, to assent, to promise.

yun*.

Su* ch'ang*.

JYi*

free.

liberate to emancipate.
yfc Yun*.

S^

WR &M*

Pp

Fan*.

$j

7V4*.

||

Yin*-

lien*.

.An

Note

Lock and

to

a surname.

sympathize with.

covered

compassionate

Rhadaman-

12.

chain, shackles.

enclosed space

To pity,
Retired

to

private ; painful,
keep back, to avoid.
;

m m m
t&

ft

&

7 *. *

IB

a
at
^
T. i K
+ ft
H i. o W
ft
# A

$ ft
# #

ii^ *
3TO

#.

95

Iff.

7.

jw

&

95

*.

&

ft

p.

&
m
m

BB

jS fyt

j^

7. Ji
ffi"*

A
# &

3*

of practical

K H H
ffi

ffl

pictures with a
camera, to photograph.

To

Tsao* chiu*.

Tod*.

build up, to progress, to

attain, to accomplish.

taking

large

affair,

amount

skill.

yon the money when the time comes,

even if I have to borrow or pawn.
24

When my younger son got his military degree, he said that if he had one
hundred

taels it would be sufficient,

whereas finally, including fees and
feast, he spent more than one hundred aud fifty.
25 Where is the man without any faults
at all ?
If only he is willing to reform his errors when he knows them,
it is welL
26 I supposed he was a true friend when

Pien 1

To diverge,

li*.

to turn aside, to

deviate, to incline.

3E

To take

that

simple

urally attain to excellence.

Ife

hsiatig*.

directions in

23 Never fear
only let the breath
remain in nay body, and I will repay

1S*

Sympathy, compassion, pity, fellow-feeling.

Te % skou*. To get an opportunity, to get
Chao*

knowledge
have

*#>..*'
# O
r * =B
ft & ##. **. m *
. . M
^ # IB
o H
# ^ ft #
&* .-##*
ft W K U K ft
m % t p. &
*
ft I t a f Jt
i P I H ^ ^1 it
7 a $ m iX *r
the advantage.

little

20 Ouly let an officer have judicial ability, aud a heart that loves the people
as his own children, and he will as
a matter of course be a good officer.
21 Everybody says that Li Kwaug Ton
is hard to serve, but I don't see any
difficulty
only once understand his
peculiarities, aud no matter what
you do it is all right.
22 Scholarship is a thing in which it is
only necessary to have a single and
resolute purpose, and you will nat-

m ^

19 Simply looking at the

the book, he thinks
photographs is a very
whereas it involves a

?fe

m
$l)

fft

ffc

tt

$.

ft*

s\

in that direction, he could not

failed to wiu a victory.

ft" 7.

J6

*$\

je

tt

ps

With only

skill

#1

& T
- n
a m

*r

Jt.

ife

ft

&

&

m &

iu w. .
o
it to o
21
20
in ^ #- is

t *.

*
*
*
# *

iff

a +

ll^t

25

\(

m t

400

jj

Distant, far away.

Liao*.

iS.

LuuP yw>n

3
.

Far

off,

at a distance, re-

mote.
8

^EJPl

-Sit

tt

C/i'ou 1 shin 1 .

sAi

rudder.

dead body, a corpse

To start backward
draw suddenly.

to with-

Notes.
2 The
expressed

4 it
ttrtiight ;
4fi.

addition of Vfe at the end emphasizes the surprise

l.y

(Hi

that

are used

gf

5SP

IEis,

3L

fHl

JE Moving

tirtifht,

and v'tHnf

straight, or correct in everything.

figuratively

passive aspects of

life.

9
ilfj

to

comprehend the

J^ and

active)

and

fyfo

S fu

A* anonymov

card ; that

is,

placard, also nailed a T[x

written /fj Bjj ftp), a headiest

one without a superscription.

(usually read as

if

12 PB $! or more frequently, PS) 3E or

JJ
the ruler and judge of the lancer world,---a Buddhist divinity
introduced into China during the Sung dynasty. The

MANDARIN LKSSON8.

f.KSSON 164.

4 ^ * m
# # * #

31

If
(SJ

27

I entrusted

and

ft

#.

ft

jH

#>

27 The heart controls everything just

as
the rudder controls the ship.
Only let the rudder be amidships, and

*.

the vessel will naturally go straight

forward
but if the rudder be not
amidships, the vessel will naturally
incline to one side or the other.

m
# $& #
jH #b
i I n
~
m
it k*8
S
fe ^5 $1
M M m
* m % #. &} & m n
$>

J# *r
*. t. o *
* T
tt a
* W *E h # ^w m> ^
IS H ft
- H. -g m \u * 1
f
I* ^ # * * # A
H
a&
* & ?#
,
^
*&
o
*
W.
^
* j&
7.
S, ^
x ft ft 7 + *
IE A,I | % Wt H
$i ^
^ m a t
# tt 4* 7. & *.
m*

*i>

28

Why
his

Si

14 5> Ut Only say ; that is, the only talk heard on t lie
subject was that he had reformed. The first month is the
Many who resist temptation all
great time for gambling.
the rest of the year

16 ft
of the verb.

fall

at this season.

fl I' wou 'd seem as if flE, were the object

It is not, however, but, notwithstanding its

position, remains the subject

<& jt ft
20 %L JS; Jlfl

lent to

m r m~l

Th whole

clause

is

equiva-

I was so frightened that I

body.
drew back with a start and ran away.
31 They beat and pelted him, some with
sticks and some with stones, for as

much as ten minutes I quite expected he would be badly disabled,

but, to my surprise, he got np and
walked off as if nothing had happened.

mm

chil-

the acme of excellence in an officer. Jpf J=^ means

properly, an upright officer who does not take bribes, but is
often used, as here, to include all the excellencies of an able
dren,

and

custom requires him to make a feast for his friends, so that

altogether, getting a degree is an expensive piece of good
fortune.

26
is

faithful officer.

24 When one
fee,

gets a degree he has to pay the

less

^E 6$

according to his ability, and

knowing a fault will certainly reform,

made book phrase.

The purpose of the heart not good.

*U* -7*
emphatic, and the phrase always refers to some
deceitful or treacherous purpose.
'

27 3E

5$?

assumes water
cooking range.

31 Jf
and

fill

that one

is

free

here used as a verb. The comparisou

from currents and the wind "dead aft"

^ ne

8 P aoe

is

or corner at the side of the

|rj

J[

5fe

The

time,

of smoking one

used as a measure of time, and meana

ten minutes
ffjf raf
careless unty, putting OH an air

aboiil

This one a stick

+it Tp SS f@
>S
stone ; that is, ome with sticks and some with

^ ^?>
stones.
This
often

i'tpc.

more or

>j& Efc,

26 ^F

A* li

is

graduation

JSH

here quoted as a ready

28 Hi *

to love the people as one's

His wife sup-

fifteen or sixteen years.

the rulers of the ten

people often speak of -f* j$j fSj
templet; that in, one for each of the ten court rooms of the
Buddhist hell. The fifth (JE IS
1j ) is often spoken
of as the fiercest of the ten.

with

posed of course he was dead and only

last fall married again, when this
year he most unexpectedly returned.
30 Looking from a distance, I just supposed it was a traveller lain down
at the roadside to rest, but when 1
came near, behold, it was a dead

fit

fault

I quite sup-

29 Chiang Si Shan went to Manchuria

and nothing was heard of him for

ffl

ft

find

Ans.

grandfather
posed he had gone, when behold he
was squatting in the chimney corner.

fig.

Id

did you a little while ago in

Jun Hsi's presence

fto

ft

family entirely to him,

actually
children.

mum
&
m

fti

my

yet, contrary to all anticipation,

he proved a treacherous villain, and

sold
both my wife and

m>
M m % * * m m

*r

491

Tossir/j

of indifference.

the.

head in a

492

is

m + * s - m

+AH^
SI ^ *! S * si # * t&
T. IK # ^*fe^* * ^ *
i
#. * #
& * o
l ff ?# H *. P. S * T
IE ft *
t o
I o o
*
*#*il ft to & iR %
ft ** *##n 11 ^ g
* m &> m a * *. * *
** It IK # * # ^ m 0H.
Ihwffi n p #^# r^.
## #. s j&
s
M

3l

Translation.

thing to eat?
future, it is only necessary to look at the past.
8
were jnst on the point of going
to see you, when, to our surprise,

We

fli

fcl

13

J>

here you really come.

4 To understand etiquette requires an

age of considerably over ten years.

6 Last night, just at midnight, some
one suddenly called out, " Thieves "
and gave me such a fright that I

'

ft-

1$

ft

*.

ig

*1

ffi

of his

II

ift

mouth.

The child had but just quit crying,

and here you are teasing him again.
Really you are too exasperating.
8 While the teacher was at his desk
writing, a huge snake unexpectedly

&* f# * o ^ m ft
* *. >4 ^ a m.
t o I # f flfttt^*.
% fa Wmmm^ ^^f##

fell down from a hole in the

ceiling.
9 If this match is to be brought about,
it will be necessary for the two to see
each other.
10 If I am to make peace with him,
there is no way but for him to come

in

person and acknowledge his

fault.

Your sister having accused your

nephew of nndntilulness, in order to

11

could not get asleep again.

If yon would know the thoughts of a
man's heart, just listen to the words

*t

your dinner,

2 To know the

fft>

Jlfc

just eaten

and are yon already wanting some-

'

3fe

Yon have

procure bis release, it will be necessary for you to go and become

^ JfR # X M
# S o -fff
Si

%.

ft

i,2E

IjIESSOICT

security for him.

12 To get a reversal of the verdict in
this case, it will be necessary to
secure the services of Ma Lao-yie.
13 While the little girl was sleeping
soundly, the dog suddenly gave a

CXj2C"V.

Correlative Particles.
f)

#^

J* J 08 *
or

#5|

must, necessary.

#51

or

HtHI

again, now, already.

.

#^

flg#

&%

If,

in

order

to

IE
W. in order

to.

must, necessary.

*Wor#J{...ife#
order to

H ft

or

$t|

If,

must, necessary, no way but.

'fBH In 01 der to kn w
only

necessary to look.

'

iS. P I" order to

know

only

necessary to listen.

&$r

J nst when, while

sud-

denly, unexpectedly.

IE
-^ <ri J na * when, while
denly, unawares, behold.
IF

sud-

Pf 5 Jnst when, while

when

lnc

^^
^pf

[that.

it 19

necessary,

must

.in

order

MANDARIN LBS80NS.

Lesson 165.

* H|| H I t t 1
m. # *.$ * ft *. *. ft
a. a. ji o t m m o m i
&#.** W 4f ^ .
o
ft % #i ra w. & ? i ft
* tf IE o p& I. ft ft *w
m f ?.# o IE - &
A
fi m # # fR *
IE ieKfr^lBr #*
m. W A * 7- H
*. o x m. # * h
o #2i *. a g & ft jU* m ^ n * * n
ft*Ijifi
b **** # m m m,%
ft
a *t fc
* a f^ a ,
m
T.
a, *, * tf & tt
*
16

bark and woke her np, and she has

cried ever since.

An empty ship cannot be perfectly

steady ; to secure steadiness it must be
tilled with
cargo.
16 Ln Ching Hsiu is indeed a noted
physician, but he holds himself quite
14

too high.
If yon want to call him,
you must give him a present of at
least two taels, and also send a chair

Ji.

17

ffi

ifc

1^1

22

ife

ffi

ft

m m i m * it til7+fK[^fKi^;fc
m .^
#f $ *a IE # *
18

ft

tfc

*!;.##*#
i

hl

him, or he will not come.

the Carter King was following

for

16

When

his calling as a carter, there suddenly

to hand an imperial edict ere-

came

a ling him an Iron Crown Prince.

17 If yon would not have others know
tf it, the only
way is not to do it.

18 Just when the whole company were

engaged at the game, the po-

noisily

unexpectedly came iu by a back

door and arrested both gamblers and

lice

lookers on.
19 This gray chicken does not pay for her
She has only laid ten or a
keeping.
dozen eggs and now she wants to sit.
20 During the night, just as the perspiration was about to break out on
him, he unexpectedly threw off the
quilts, so that to-day he is not only no
better but on the contrary is worse.
21 You must sow before yon can reap.
If yon do not first love ethers, how
can you expect that others will love

youP
22 Day before yesterday I was talking
with a gentleman on the doctrine, and
we were having quite a spirited dis-

* % X%%m

493

cussion, but, just when the interest

was at its height, a drunken fellow

Vocabulary.

^'14
|ifj

Li+hsing*
Tou* lung*.

Politeness, etiquette, (s.)

To aggravate,

to

irritate, to chafe.

fflffll

Vang* p'tng*

To

B8, jSl Chao* mien*.

teuae;

rjf t e 21.

ceiling.

see face to face

Les. 148
:

Jti

iS ^** chie**

^jr*

Tou* pen*. To appeal

to

fflC

jf

fc

Fang* tuny

Cti*.

1
.

present

Note

teacher.

present or a fee to a
teacher or to a

W
Bft

ffii

K'an* yien*

To be a

i Tien* hwan*.

To repay,

to

spectator.

reimburse

to

requite.
to, to

ask kelp

depend upon,

J f|[ Hwan*

chat*.

of.

To go

or travel empty or nnloaded (as a ship, cart, etc.).

to

professor of any art.

9.

IP.

to

a superior

fee to a

To pay a debt,
an obligation.

to discharge

Lai* pad*. ...... To

!pl

Js

tffc

1
*&t P'* pod*.

sit on an empty nest.

To reverse the decision of a

lower court

$(| Tswei* han*

to rebut, to refute.

drunken man.

494

ft.

IS

SI

ft

If

5.

B -

1/KSRON

MANT>ATUtf

1flft

4*6

T.HB80WS.

Tranblattov.

& * II #. tt. *. o Bi
% ft. ^ o o o -fc 7
% JW ft W* M 5I
o fe * J& # 10 Ml
& ft [ t a * fd a.
a
^ *> o- ft
a e ft 4
& #
ft Mt 7. * * 1 #. W.

6.

l&.ftft

t*r

ffij

will not sell to

tt

a second marriage, jflj ]jfl

connection.
In the North

is

3f

#4ftft

rarely used, save in this special

it.

$JJ replaces

When

a son becomes incorrigibly undntiful, his

accuse him to the magistrate and demand his
punishment. This is to )2>. It may be done by a father or
widowed mother, or by a grandfather or widowed grand
mother, or, in the case of an orphan, by a paternal uncle.
It always results in severe punishment, and, in the case of a
parent who disowns his son, may cause him to be put to
death.

11

parents

may

18 ^(5 ~P >IC ^k Framework too large ; that is, he puts

on too much style, is too pretentious.
16 At the founding_of the present dynasty, the title of
prince was conferred on the eight leaders who assisted in
founding the dynasty. In token that this title was to be
hereditary and perpetual, an iron cap or crown was given to
each, and they were in consequence called 3S fg "T
In the course of time, one of these hereditary kings was guilty

is

we

them.

Our second

brother's wife has an

energetic step and moves round with

wonderful celerity.
was he who took it. I saw him
do it, as plainly as possible, and yet
he tarns round and denies it.

7 It

*fr

tt

It

the price being the same,

that,

br

clears op.

side street.

ffl

it

quite foggy to-day.

3 Doit nppromptlyanddon'tdilly-dally.
4 This meat after all is tough as leather ; it is not sufficiently boiled.
5 Money is so hard to collect of Yfi Te\

f S *n m
m m ft> H.#ff #
* * - ft tm *

not go until

2 The main street is so ranch crowded

that it would be better to go by a

^j

Do
still

ft.

Are yon not afraid that drinking cold

water when all out Of breath from
running will make you sick
Here is steaming hot rice.

Had we

which coet him his life, and having no son, his title
was given to his nearest collateral heir. This good fortune
fell on a youug man who, at the time the imperial vdict
arrived, was serving as a carter, and was in oonsequence
of crimes

dubbed,

$If

18 3
IS This phraseology has its explanation
in the gambling game they -were playing.
23 3R
'P ^t ^C Without severity (poison) not manly;
that is, he who is not able to restrain his sympathies and
disregard trifles, has not the strength of a true manhood.
the object
fT ftfe
5E is the same * ff

%%

jftj

3} J? $&
being inserted before the qualifier.
the grass and remove the root, to destroy ntteriy
branch."

C%> f
^"root
arid

26

ftE Hi ~r> redbeards, is the term commonly applied

bands of predatory robbers that abound in Manchuria.
They wear false red beards us a mask, and to five them an
appearance of fierceness.
to the

LESSOK CLXVI.
Special Duplicate Adjuncts.
)fl!5

To ascend,

of rilling

as a doublet, imparts the idea

and expanding.

f^fflitlfifb

ft Ascending vapor

ftlllBlft Steaming

fopgy, misty.

hot.

KWh9

iffi|

To rush.

Slow, deliberate, pompons.

as a doublet, imparts the idea of

rushing a ad noise.

Some would

prefer to Write

noise
gjllnf'tinift The confused
coming aud going, bustling, crowded.

of

g||.

many

JliSilulft Very

r^ftwrft

rank,

stinking,

noisome.

Thronged,

crowded, bustling.
as a donblet. imparts the idea of
dragging after or extending beyond proper limits.
<UL To drag,

wtftfefiv

Dilatory, lax, paying

money

in

driblets.

JUtfttftft Overcome with

brimming with

W$&<fftft

tears.

grief,

the eyes
tine

Shuddering, aghast, flesh creep-

406

SS

81

ft

what a sullen look he has. The

more he is reproved the more in-

$ * *

Ji

subordinate he becomes.
12 Although his body

Mf.

w~'o

is

very feverish,

head is quite moist.

13 Which one is Li Oh'ang Kent's son
Ans. That very little fellow is he.
his

to:mmto> o

fflin

14 It

HI

15

not better eat, a little before we go P

10 Behave yourself, and
stop fidgeting
with your hands and feet.

ft

I*

+ A

11 See

Wo
ft:

IS

E *

an

g
O JL^fi
f*+ - to

ff

is

put
quite chilly out of doors
clothes on the child im:

some more

ft

to

Bttftit

r m t & ** &
*t * # mt&.
- M

a.

an

mediately.
15 Mr. Sun is very self-possessed, and in
conversation he speaks with delibera-

tt.

&

13

He is truly a man of refinement.

It
16 I do not like to go by that road.
passes close by the compost yards,
where there is a most noisome smell.
17 Although he is old, he is still quite
vigorous just like a young man.
18 With his scales, it weighs one hundred oatties ; with ours, the beam is
decidedly low at ninety-five.
19 Lien Ch'iin-tsi is very fond of singing
hs is all the time humming at sometion.

*.

at

jk

$>

ft

%
$

&

Jfr

an

aft

ft

m>

TO^Etft Wi
jj

3PP

thing.

II

ft

ft

ft

?&

Decidedly low, drooping.

as a doublet, imparts the idea
Solid, real,

of reality, solidity.

*Sbv
W 1C IN
M H to
5H"-

JfS

20

Ans.
1

flavor do yon get from it?

Nothing more than a slightly

bitter taste.

flesh

%1&'Hi>$J
on end,
Jfcfr

creeping,
impartsShuddering,
the idea of creeping.

$J Quite
energetic,
vigorous,
HI
imparts the idea of stepping firmly,

(s.)

Quite strong, vigorous, robust.

^fetl^tijft Quite prompt,

Quite firm, strong, robust.

^llfirfRHV Quite

KlfHfMtft Quickly, promptly,

imparts the idea of celerity.

briskly,

tiny,

tough, gelatinous; obimpartsQnite

the idea of
&
A
a
il^B^If? tH
imparts the idea ofa
expression,
resistance, (o.

n.)

Perspiring
quite
T^'s%-Wto
k
imparts the idea of dew, moisture,

sinister

glare,

staring.

ffli

B^

IK

JP- Jfl En!

flffc

to

In plain Bight, before the eyes.

All

alone,

solitary,

imparts the idea oi singleness.

Quite out of breath,
Pffj 10 #Si ft?!
of
the
idea
breathing hard. (c.
imparts

pgtJBfOBj'^J The same.

(c.

&'s.)

panting,
lonely,

&

n.)

ff^^ft

moist,
s.)

The same.

Whistling
quite
fl5$\l
of blowing, rushing.
imparts the

to
raw,

wee,

little,

freely,

^M^r^rtPi

sullen look,

brisk.

energetic,

small, very
imparts the idea of smallness.

(o.

stinate,

hair

Htf

buxom,

Quiet, well-behaved, steady.

What

cold,

chilly,

idea

^.f&f&to

Quite slowly, deliberate, selfimparts the idea of enduring, (c. k s.)

PH^pSila Singing in a low voice, humming musical, imparts the idea of monotonous
sound, (o.)

possessed,

tlwto

Bitter

bitter, slightly bitter,

as

decidedly
used byginseng,
way of comparison.

MANDARIN LU880NB.

jKBBON 160.

#
^

&
g. m m ^ ^ ft 4*&ft
m m o m
g ^ * ff
% -k * ft ft # f if TMffi
t ^ o I
*J - ^ _t ft

bulges

21

41

i f A ^ f
'*;. *:';#.' * ~f

IS

ttfittf-ig

IE

^\

ffl

m & a-

IT T

r*
* m %
n
%

i r i

ft.

;f

-\

jl

m,

ft

e,

ft,

ft.

m n
^

ft

A.

ias
-tfc

30

it

#.

H #
ft,

K^USf^ JUL n

^ #

at

^ m H

24
-tfc

24 If you realize two hundred thousand

cash clear of

K'H'j Quite distended, plump, round,

imparts the idea offullness.

fSixSift Bulging, distended,

imparts
the idea of expansion.
H TTHv Quite sweet,
parts the idea of sweetness.
fro

big-bellied,

very sweet,

im-

ft

either parents or family.

I do not know how ninny came to
go
I simply saw a mishis security.

28

crowd
cellaneous
court-room.

resistance.

T^.
(JL|
of comparison. (0.

way

ftlflll

ft

&

n.

Quite long,

trailing,

imparts the idea of trailing after.

Clear

dragging.

(0.

&

8.)

j* Wu ? ft
exempt from, entire,
imparts
the idea of exemption from.
& N.)
of,

(c.

nF_UL Jl- ft Clear of enenmbrance, exempt,

imparts the idea of standing alone,

complete,
$"
plete,

Clear

Wf ft
encumbrance,
r&imparls
the idea of unembarrassed,
of

(p.)

com(s.)

the

Sun has had in all ten

born to him, and has not
succeeded in bringing up one of them.
Yesterday when he was here, it was
children

m- 2

to

pitiable

see

his

eyes

with tears when he spoke of it.

30 This beche-de-mer is stewed till

M
181 ffl

1w ft

Quite

alone,

golitary,

fill

it is

im-

parts the idea of lonely.

^fe^ft

Studded

with

branches, bristling, uneven, serried,

idea of forked, (n.)

MMRft
l!I aft
or projections,

Stndded

"***

*j

(0.

with

&

branches

or

s.)

points
imparts upright
the idea of up[idea of lightness.

f->

or
points
imparts the

Stndded with
serried,

^jgjSjjiKjft

in

kneeling

29 Brother

ft.

spines, uneven, rugged.

gelatinous;
tough,
impartsGluey,
the idea of
UJ
ft Quite long, lengthy, nsed by

expenses,

very prosperous business. The door is

thronged at all hours.
27 I am all alone in the world, without

m,
%&

H;?||f[ft
leathery,

all incidental

wonld you not be doing very well ?

25 As yon are so weak, yon should try
I cannot be satisfied
to eat more.
until a good appetite has made you
strong and well.
26 The Hsing Lung is certainly doing a

truly

& O

taste,

able at present. They should be quite

long by rights.

ft

my

23 These large sleeves are very fashion-

te.

iiw

your wallet that

in

much

these newcorn cakes are very sweet and gelat[ would not exchange them
inous.
even for wheat bread.

ffc

27

out so

it

22 According to

28

fe

What have yon

21

tic

29

497

Qn

te

young, imparts

the

-f*$Stft

All at once, all alike, uniform,

imparts the idea of evenness, (n.)

^ II ftft

succession,

Wt EL

after the other, in close

the
idea of duplication.
imparts

B ft

shuddering,
iPf P|p PPP

One

(s,

Quite

overcome

(with

fear),

ft Humming

Mwilll

grunting, groaning.
Quite sweet, deliciously sweet
;

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 16"

& .. ^ $
*
W - ft **
ft. 1$ * g#^
m t> kims ft, .
iftik * ft - o
M
*|M - T>
10 Hi % Mi
ft, f$
% ft, a . a. *
tt

Pf

til

fit

if|

IE

^ 1

ft

* m % &
o & # m m^m
m * ft & # &
*.

499

600

aS

# u 31 M o ^ B. $
60
m m m & m * m
i I i - 1, W 4 A.
ftsfttt 7* ^ *$ # ; o m A
IE

%L

9 Is

?\

'

iKy|

60

m M m i

ft

*&

it

till

enough to make one's

making

ance of

it,

salt;

Do not parch them till they are

burned.
If parched a light yellow,
it will be sufficient.
16 He was a robber while in Manchuria,
which developed in him a savage
disposition, and even now since he has
come home, he acts in a reckless wav.

15

lfi

i!fc.

imBustling, busy, crowded,

parts the idea of bustle.
f$
Si 60 Sweet as honey, quite sweet,

imparts the idea of recklessness,

used by way of comparison,

neering,

(o.

&

s.)

l)t1MWb$l Having a literary wrinkle,

The primary sense of
pedantic, professorial.
of
the
use
$} the expression being
suggests
figurative and, as here used, slightly humorous.

#&fr!fi! 60

sprightly-

Soft, fresh, youthful,

TpfjEc^HO

M9C ?!??
moisture, (c.

60 Quite
& s.)

5? J$fc 7J& 60
chilly,

salt,

imparts
cold

imparts Qite
the idea of coolness.
cool,

imparts the idea of tenderness,

chilly,

violent,

idea

to

hand,

$$1^60

Qnite cool, distant, unfriendly.

3^IIk60

Quite

AW Wurl

Very

extra

large,

parts the idea of increase,

&

(c.

large,

domi(a.)

3ff/H/$.60 Q'te plain, modest, chaste,

imparts the idea of plainness and insipidity.

large,

im-

n.)

impart* the
broad,
wide,

ample,

idea of style.

AM.vi.wJ Quite large,

imparts the idea of a highway, (s.)

expressionless,

I^J ftli lils

rage,

in.)

imparts

Reckless,

overbearing,
impartsReckless,
the
of usurpation,

ifti?5cj^c60 All prepared, ready

imparts the idea of readiness.

with yel-

Pale or light yellow,

J^t llil Hit 60
the idea of dim light, (c.)

Htj$j!rt60
imparts
the idea offierceness.

violent,

(c.)

lubberimparts60the Gross,
idea of grossness.
Ml? ^60 Flushed with anger, bursting
imparts the idea of
with
anger.

cooling

turbulent,

ly,

$fc $k P# 60 Qoite cool ; cooiiug

imparts the idea of cold, (s.)
M$&$&R\J Pale yellow, tinged

low,

the idea of

Reckless,

l^lpllltflO

imparts the idea of beauty.

Rll 811 8ii 60 Clamorous, the noise of wrangling, imparts the idea of vociferation.
JDLfTT !W 60 Dripping with blood, bloody, blood
trickling down,
imparts the idea of (hipping.

flesh creep.

put in a liberal allowbeing thoroughly salt,

will last the longer.

14 1 have just eaten some rice gruel
quite
cold, and I feel very much refreshed.

tfy

was dripit was

it

^^fjlil60

it

The sight of

ping with blood.

m jF3mw&&vi m. '&> m 60, &

n mm 60 ^ o 4 6o n n
m m & w vt m*A f i
m *m. f $
m * *
p i. o |# $ 1 S
+ 60
*t I i o M"t 60

is

head

his

pommeled
13 In

How

graduate?

^
Mimm.

man who has

just corae a
that his conversation has such a
literary flavor?
10 Yonr soft, fresh face
certainly does
not look like that of a man over
fifty
years of age.
1 1
What is going on that there is such a
clamor ontside ?
12 Li San got drunk to-day and began
reviling on the street, when some one

>

i2

60*

tins

- a

+ ^ i

overbearing,

M r& & 60

fierce

Very angry, flushed with aDger,

imparts the idea of irritation.

MtS

'Ifi

60 Very

angry, scowling, fuming,

imparts the idea of hatred.

f|,

fi?f fi!*

the idea of

60 Gay, showy,

life, activity.

flashy,imparU

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

167.

m H

ft

A. t
6 K.

T 3 ft
* * #

AM&nmmm -^
fj

^
S

ft.

HH.

iiSf

0.

17 Having the material

ft>

you
fft

to

ik

a&

&

jl

ji

w.

Showy, gaudy, garish,

with rage

22 Over

7\;

!$

ft A

good fortune.
When he sees some one attain the

smile,

pleasant

grin,imparts the idea olhalf-cloaed

broad

&

$i?8fclKft
imparts the

n.)

;vftJi|Ji|ft Quite eager, craving, ye.irnimparts the idea of strong desire, (c. & s.)

^fewift

Frightened, nervous, all

imparts the idea of distraction.

^Wf-miWi

sharp,
-imparts theTingling
idea of tremor.
gent.

*I *W $$ ft Blooming

Him

Roomy, quite

imparts the idea otamplitude.

lofty,

&

idea,

'in;

M ft

pnrplish,-

pnrple,
Slightly
of minuteness, (s.)

tt%fy%2}$J Deep
3rT

Deep

dark

purple,
(c.

&

purple,

n.)

pnrple,

dark

purple,

(s.)

pun-

^Hr^ft
WtM ffl ft

Quite

fat,

Quite

sour, tart.

plnmp,

lusty,

elevated,

$^0^0 ft

Quite tender, youthful, (a)

$$$

Quite salt, decidedly

large, spacious,
(c.

(a.)

imparts the idea of blackness,

n.)

&

lie

imparts the idea of excess,

in

red, rosy, glowing,

imparts the idea of diffusion.

1*0
ft Quite high,
used by way of comparison, (s.

JiLwwft

quite

parts the idea of elegance.

ei/es.

ilfrJpilJNBv Eager, craving,

parts the idea of breathless emotion, (c.

tremor,

large,

imyearning.

ing.

bin
degree of chii-jen or chin-sh
heart is filled with eager longing,
nevertheless he is not willing to apply
himself to study.

ample,
a

fifty

roomy, extensive,
imparts Quiteidea of spaciousness,
^:94-9<kft Bright purple, purplish, im-

the idea of display,

(c.)
8>(t

years old, and yet tricked

out in such a showy style !
23 I saw him comiug out smiling pleasHe must have met with some
antly.

imparts

face

of intelligence.
Did yon not see him standing jnsr in
front of the screen ready to burst

21

# * * ftiii^ftM^if T

tWIi in

quite large.

appears quite cross, and

his eyes have a vacant expression.
He is without the slightest indication

24

T.

make them

20 His

ifif.

prepared, do
any great

be

him that time,

he always treats me coldly when he
meets me.
19 Children grow larger every day, so
that in making their clothes it is better

fge

all

will

it

suppose

trouble to make it P
18 Ever since I reproved

1 ^.^ t
&*; 9r& ft * ft #r T m
J# #. 9
^awftSWl*^* #
-M-^lr ft.
*i fg & % *
o
o ft ft ft ft m
m ft> #.
& & o 2fcB 22 o - # * o
ife

501

salt,

ft ^Ei^feft Light yellow, a yellow

s.)

<"s.)

tinge.

VOCABULARY.
.

1
U

LiuK.
Ckou*.

The sighing sound of the wind.

Crape

wrinkled, corrugated, varie-

^
jjjfc

[laborions.
Ltt*.

SAv i

Green

jasper

Overgrown with

gated

crisp.

severe, stern.

rough

trees

toilsome*

somber, cool

502

IB

So

m m
& . o * m & 4 $ in
^* & ^ & *
W. tt # it
T ft **
# &
m m %ffiftm * J
^ it *.
% WMUfa *>

ft.

ft

tft.

ft

##-#

ft

m
m m
m m, % w
&wn a m i ^ ii t i
i i i I Ia ^ # gN. m & ?
O % fa $ tf
if- is
i
m
T * ft.
ft
% m |B IB i ft o

gfc

to

jBgt

too inconvenient of access

The

if S/,<

rising

28

moon

obscure, dim.

a black purple.

Stupid

gross, defiled.

gay, fast.
the eyes; blinking, eyes half

Wasteful, extravagant

Sand

83^ Mi*.

in

BS

To trouble ; to shudder ; to tingle.

The end of a branch, the extremity,

$ji Su*.
fit Skao*.

Enough,

jf$J $p

1
Tung* Pan

$|

Ching* nien*.

|E

sufficient

; adequate.
interchanged with ^$.

Tsai*

To move,

The whole
through.
Having the

hs,u*

Note
f$fj

To scorch

Hit-.

n
=\r %$\P<i

tien

3
.

Often
to

stir.

year, the year

ffif

Kan1

3il

& 9h
^

to

enter

by

tlie

K$,

To get

first

degree

^m

to

wall before a door or entrance serving as a screen.

for,

or to take, the

very

first

The same,

(s.)

Rickets.

collect
village, a camp.
Deep, cavernous, remote.

Tiao* ytien*.

Ok'ang*.

to burn in cooking.

Remote, out of the way,

bye; inconvenient of access.

Joyous, exhilarating

little,

the least

Gh'ang* Ic-waiK

penetrating.-

degree

Happy,

in

good

spirits,

cheerJul

bit.

<*%

is,

theoretically,

government school supposed to be taught

however as a matter of fact, does not
fiiji, which,

the

,b <4f

berate,

spreading.

and reviling at the top of the voice, not usually

indirect allusions directing the
mentioning (names, but by
abuse at this or that individual. It is not an infrequent
occurrence in country villages.

railing

20

'ffT

24

"if

To carry, that, is, in this case, to manife*!.

at
SS T aw.mble and tsxay : that is, to compete

The P llraBe
the capital for the degree of j
otustiraoa ud to aignify the obtaiuiug of the degree.

"

exist.

12

to

3 Tiao*.

is

the

degree of jf| jr
disease characterized by enlargemeut of the belly and atrophy of the

1
fjifH Kan chf.To
"^ 2" w*.

9.

a rhetorical duplication, used as a

and obscure style. The three
figure to denote an involved
forms are Northern, Central and Southern.
*iji

Ghao* pi*.

Not KS.
3

at angrily

limbs, tabes mesenteric^.

the small end.

Koti*.

look
scold.

Ewei* sM*. To compete

shut.

%%

To

fflng*

;1

very cheerful residence.

fti

iMng*
Nai*
If!

rent

29 If you speak of a thing as being

bright purple, yon mean that it has
a tinge of purple and is very brilliant.
as
If, however, you speak of a thing
that
being a dead purple, you mean
the purple is too deep, amounting to

fit

ffl

to

is quite
although the house itself
make a
would
and
and
roomy,
high

ffl

)$jf

ff

>

from innutrition the year before last.

See how fat he has grown. His cheeks
are rosy, and he is perfectly well.
27 I have put too much pepper in the
I fear it will be too hot.
soap
Am. Never fear ; it's all the better
for being a little fiery.
28 That honse in Kwoa-chia-t'nn is

Jfr

* fflk 1

is:

26

#n

27

&.

-fc

25 I met a wolf yesterday, and barely

eseaped being eatep up by him. Kvea
yet when it is mentioned, I linil myself all in a treiaor.
26 This is the child that was suffering

rc

flK

SB

'o walk along tha itreet back and forth,

'

"*

tao

LKRSON J6P.

MANDARIN

I.E880H8.

so;,

TRANSLATION

5 ? 1 5"** **'

2- 5 ** a tt ft &
A:ffiT *
i$ ft T
i S 5
** # i <&# m
m m %* %
*
** * *b * *
5"i ?
I 5 S 5 * * ****.
5 ^i fcw 14*. g&* o"
2^?
*

bo was
3

Wang

K5J S*
2 f

xasseoasr

rebel,

man
bnt

who was
afterwards

disposition.

4 Your not
coming until this time is
enough to make one very anxious.
5 This business is
certainly aggravating ; even I am out of all
patience.
6
haV aten as m,lch as v n can
?
f

and now you come here

hold,

ofl

to vet

your jokes.
don't feel overburdened
with
of only
fifty or sixty catties

Jou
this load
do yon

d e8 not mind the

8nock from
the J
discharge of even so larjre a
cannon as this.
9 Hire a
donkey and rest

your legs a
you * Pe 1 aite tired out.
lo be in
[ snc h] suspense and yet
nimble to do
anything, is extremely
J

m
10

* ******

remember

submitted. Hence it is that,

although
he is now an
officer, he still has altogether a savage

*.*

is

Ta-jen

and am

fat.

excessively

originally

^^

all dav,

terribly tired (done; up).

2 I met him
once, and I

have beeu
washing

8 e

n>

I'

trying.
If yon feel
oppressed with the heat
you can lay off some of your clothing
1* Don t be misled
by the forbidding
11

caxvtii.

Intensive, or Unpleasant
Excess.

""SViflS

nt ",

i,"

sat. r

wi, "

certain
ourain.
tion

$1
L

ft

" f "sprgod

,
f0

to the

meaning,
brobable writing, the
modified in

waw for
used,

f& .S

m " cn

"

vv,
it.

;'t ;

^ w "icti eg
Sitferi^r^
not
1

gnWitntl!

is

,he

an

;<,

inteusive

sa '"e

force

8 <"Uewhat

un-

criticism

p *n
sSif tf

speaking.

TRptHy

,S

**f,

nm ~
I

*
G ffifrftoW*
g ghtly

nsed
as ft

8l

in

Wnrtk*

ffl

6a

K
Tfl

flfc is

correct

Only

where all sounds

re soft
T,
on embraces the most
common w
s wi
win.
these mtensivea are
used.
Others wilT bee
found in the
supplement.

l'

M>4

# m & ^

jft

ft *TH

*. *.

ft

=.

II

n m r
JR

#.

(ft

ISi,?tftttlo
A
i I ^

%liM WA
M
M
*
&
#
m &
&*
***.
*&*&
&$&&&

13

ft

$]*,.
y

U.

m.

Z\

**

i'^i>

.
o

#
iF.^RC *** m ^

to

ft*

t*wsA

^iftj&iKffi$#

18

fll

m,

^.ffi^sl

5ff

fit

ft).

SI

#.&***}

*fc

2.

&\

* m W

A &
**!..* * *

-til

a.

Sft

at* **
11

X ~

^J

ft>

Do

16

and given to striking people.

Do yon feel any sense of distention
with your dyspepsia ? Ant. 1 do
feel

17

#
A &
*P
m m % #
ft

21

*p

aft

&

all desire

sons

how

is

on the contrary desire

Ant. I dislike boys be-

anything.
I have not been able to go oat for
these several days, and besides matters have not been going smoothly,
on account of which I feel very much

22 That room is infested both with fleas

aud bed-bugs. I was ranch worried
through the night with their biting.
also beeu failing
in circumstances
these two years.
Although he cannot be called very
poor, yet he finds it hard to make
the ends meet.

28 Ke Shi Yien has

%%WmWJ?to%'&

$*

W.*JR

that you

depressed.

B9

fr

is certainly a man
of great self-control.
Though meeting with such things as these, he
showed no sign of being worried.

strong feeling of sympathy.

20 Are you not afraid some one will
steal your things? yon are so absent-minded and pay no attention to

RM

lft

a painful sense of distention.

Chang Yiu N6ng

daughters ?
cause they are so terribly boisterous,
aud are always getting into mischief.
19 Even a man of iron or stone could
not listen to what he said without a

A. o

loug exceedingly for yon.

not irritate him ; he is irascible

16

it

ife

rtB

expression of his face, for he has a

most kindly heart.
13 The weather is so excessively cold
that even in the house I am freezing.
14 I have not seen yon for so long that

18 Other people

m m ^"*ft*n "* *
^ * h *i m ft ft
$ Ji*M^ &3fc$& %
&
o ^ ft tr ft
A
*g' ^

A + ^ I -

ft

#. jl

VOCABULABY.

wi

To

/'-'in*

rebel, to revolt

To

jJC'JSR Fan'p'an*.

jt^ llsiang*.
...

'J

the influence of
. !

tff.

Vnu-

"f Tsoti*

pftIS

1C

see

/twang*.

kwan 1
nao*.

chiany*.

To

shan*.

a magistrate, to

fi

Wi

W BwoiP
^

fiai*.

gravating.

vexatious

ag-

kind-hearted;

hn-

if 51 8$

to get into

involve in trouble or loss.

boisterous, nnrnly
Jg|

Injury, calamity

mischief ; to involve in trouble.

To yet into mischief; to
Tsua* hai*.

t'ou* yie* nao*.

office.

Provoking,

Good,

mane, benevolent.

-f

give up and submit to

authority (of a rebel).

To be

if Liang*

a rebellion.

'o8vbm.it, to return to allegiance;

to cause to submit; to hold under

K't',s

rebel

Yien*.

Les. 184

Wild,

tur-

buleut,

precipice, a cliff; hazardous

MAtfPARTN

188.

IE

*
m

*.

ffiifS

ME

^t

m.

arc

-tfc

HI

$}

1M

5U

ife

jj

^ ^^

ifc

31

'> iffi

iR

il tl

f -

w.

ft. *s

p$-J

tt*

it

^,

ft

f&*&.

A ft
Mr, 31
a
W^I,#
# # T
ft

and shrieking.
If you are tired,

Z6

i;

mi

& # $
it ft
*i
w n
i n *
- *
&
*
tt $

ft.

*P

IS

* m

27 Kao

$L f

H fu
^%

decline, to fail, to

go

wane

to

to ruin.

To grate on the nerves

rannizes

sand.

<

on

s''* l*n*>

The neighbors on

all

sides,

saying

To scream,

...

55

!Jffl

"Si

to shriek, to

K'un* c/dao*.

yon

is

in

everything.

sitting quietly and

he has a sinister

29 Well, old grandmother, sitting here

as you do every day washing clothes
for people, how much water do you
suppose you have defiled in all these
years ? When yon are ^one t ou paper
cows will not be sufficient to drink
up all this dirty water for you.
Ans. Humph, a poverty-stricken old
woman like me, finds it hard enough to

ra

m
I
m
RH

get a living, let alone busying myself

with what is to come after death.
My only worry at present is that my

trar*

legs get so stiff sitting, and my back

aches, and my arms are so used up
that they hurt me all the time.

An

14c Ck'iu*

W A* rm

IV

ornamented cap

yien* pu*

yil?.

Saying nothing, silent.

75 3Zxx

Lai?

flat*.

ta* niang*.

An

An elderly woman,
old lady : Note 29.

exclamation of surprise or of
See AW.

dis-

satisfaction.
f Ch'uen*.

sleep, (c.)

if

merely are the expression of his face

his style of walking disagreeable,
but even his talk is quite disgusting.

howl, to wail.

To

and

m>

P:

See hao*.

little

nothing,
Whoever looks at him
expression.
can see at a glance that he is a knave.
28 That inau Wang Ping Fn is certainly
a
most disagreeable fellow. Not

the

neighborhood.
ffo Hair.

over others

ft

A*
like biting

on his having a little

shrewdness and so ty-

Even when he

Bran.

Gh'in*.

j'4 $i$

To

P<*i* Ioa*.

rest

(Jh'iu relies

superficial

wt

of

ft.

complains

tr

9Br

it

are oppressed with work, do a little

less ; if you are hungry, go and take
if you are thirsty, go and
.a meal
take a drink and if you are drowsy,
go and take a sleep.

ft

& I
J it *
u
*. ft #

25

eats of

grittiness

25 These three sisters-in-law are fighting

continually, so that the whole neighborhood is disturbed by their crying

I i |,
J-28
g fl,
o

i ^&
m m n m $ &

35

fll.

rt&

ft

Whoever

it.

its

f it I Hlla
+ a * m tftt$ jm
* I i. I i - I

f
*

fl
ft Pi. IE

it

24 This Hour of roots is full of fine

bran, moreover it also has sand ill

26

I *

ft

506

KBSdVS.

* & * # #
M 1 tf r$ m ft

te

4*

$t

I,

To double np the legs as in sitting

on them, to double up, to draw in.

506

it

s&

si

% + * B

Lesson 109.

MANPAKIN

LESSONS.

507

n m

508

&
M 4^

$0
Hit

*.

A
ft

m
m
&
#
&

0f

w
^

1\

*>

ft

ft

A # W
* ra. ^s
ft
i; w
* s
m,
Wn
cf^

ft.

1
^f Hsile

ft,

ft

bi

fo

JB

>

I,

H>

4*.

i*

e m

'I*

W|.

If

ft

tfl

&

21

n m
ft
t& #

w
A
v

1&

fft

&

3?

HI

Pi

fa

*
^ t ^

HI

ft

ft

ffi

m.

*te

practice

to study

Superior, first-class

m$W^
3Jrf

impor-

20 If at any time the magistrate should

ask you a question that knocks you
off your feet, you would yourself feel
ashamed; and moreover if yon have
brought a false charge, the magistrate may, in accordance with the
law, inflict on you the punishment
which the accused would have had to
suffer.

21

God

If

field,

so

Gkia 1 tseng 1

faith ?

90 Yon don't understand the method of

tempering springs. Just think if a
spring, whose temper has been twice
;

drawn, breaks, how much more will

oue break whose temper has not been

drawn

at all.

23 The learning of Euglish, of which

yon speak, is indeed a very important matter.
Every one who aspires
For
to be a scholar should learn it.
nearly all the most useful and important sciences known in the world

to,

to increase, to

enlarge.

^1 ftH

C'/i't

ski

Knowledge, discernment,

in-

sight, capacity.
fjj\

1
JH K'ai

HJl

$.

To

facang*.

Yien* chie*.

%j^ ^j

|p

J'

Cliiao

//si

enlarge, to extend.

Boundary of
vision,

To explain

A
;

with

at the present time, together

all

the most noted books, are in English.

Hence when a man knows English,

he has access to the learning of the
world, and can enlarge his knowledge

J-

i4

an 1

Cking

To interpret
1

t'ung

to translate.

well-versed
competent, finished.

Thorough,

To labor

t^i ffl Hsiao* yung*.

for, to

exert oue-

self on behalf of, to serve.

To add

and to-morrow

is,

cast into the oven, shall He not

much more clothe yon,
ye of little

tant.
J!jR

clothe the grass of the

which to-day

is

acquire an art

Jl^ Shang* ting*.

<

clothes.

to

- *

"B

ft

& M
* a

To learn by repetition or

hat*.

%
#

m m

Sfi

^
&

t I

lit

^i

AS

+ *

[ wear fine clothes, they are not

only unbecoming bat also uncomfortable
besides, we who belong to
the military class do ot need elegant

!** ft

^>

*t ^
a *
ft ^

it

4ft

1$

ii

m & f#
* ?-. * n
m f *&
s ^ *
it #

aft

An

ji

20

ft

19 If

> ;*

& * H
- W
a ^
in
& Mm &
if f f

ft

&
#
* ^ ^
ft T W.

te

22

a i I

ft

si

fft

H.J*&

jUMft-

T, o

if

$b

* H 4 W
#. H fa

&

ft

^ $i

Chiao*

_f

jjjji

S/tang*

ta*.

teaclier, a professor.

to iuterpret.

Money;
.

To

profit, gain.

outstrip, to excel
get the advantage.

To ascend,
vance

sight, scope of

mental horizon.

To compare.

pi*.

ftt^lj T&ai* li*

1
flS^C Chan* hsien

in

to

rise;

honors

to

to

ad-

to strive

for excellence or superiority.

^fJ

Chit'*-

picn*.

Convenient, brief
labor-saving

pointed;

fcB

&

m m

a,

H * *

S86N8.

ft

**
* w ^ ^ ii n
-

41 ^ ft.
* W *n
- * ft ^
J
* ft. 9
^ *
5 ^A ^ ft> f
$
f.
^ m ^ i2 H
ft
ft * %
* * 4
^ ft $j m m
ft.

ifc

e,
merits of a SCfl0,ar
scholar fV
xr .
Not
J- I
hnf
our
so
out p
^ 80
/ingush is needecf
npoAcA k
by it
the governmenr
l
.

'

:<

ed

who

'

fL

aro

t,c offerr
C

ffi

competent,' hoTas

m E
L7
^nglwh,
}

could serve tha

creditable

are employ.

If tbere
were
,n , r
h WePe

to

Moreover, both n ~rr

8
'"

be

mnch

"

and

mw *

?
gdJ We8aDd

o7&^Tkwho
Soft
L
rV*^
acqmre
it^'
know
English!
making mo^ev
knowle,l4
dotage

&
it
& * 3#. 5 *k * 8M
* ft
*?' it ^ ft 3
ffi

or

nee,

to

have *
the adde81re to
or *>

a..

a fortnne

"' d

the

'

MingfC
g P

the!
Ugh

1S

that
the lab or-

fact to
sacces s.
B .Je
Be
^nit,an di:a r; ir^.UdaWilVt0
1

TBS.

use '>

**

flowing ft

17 More

ihtttt

certainly

literal!,,

oi^

***'

'

?*?*
%t

'

to

speai o/

'

""Pertora

PTctirable tn ~~.

"

another

and m

he crime Of
whioh

**w

^'"6'

""*,

tf

** aeeu*<i

Qnly

e -> "

"

20 JtS ISt rr,

par** exa mil d

-^^ ;-,

qu'^'ly at Na,

8d IS
''cart"iio

fa

lking

WA
That

.^
tt "'"'

i.

^oh

"*"*'

i.

sometime, used

col

"Pe^ 'mdeinh,

LESSOR C12X

iX

besides.

The

Both

and.
b "t

and yet
^t,
and

yet,

anfJ

^ Wof t?e^tr'
fi

the second

etC>

placid.

afab,e

In the

''

ft

* -Plied

fi r.st

pl ace

1,

u-to^of

io

the ordinal"

5(1)

in

-h

nnSr/ are

KMiVe, cardinal

First

W,'th a
thus used

second Ttc

Th

^Wi 5^ V!^>#

^-^ -E
pTrt,

0r

oft

510

n w

IS

T?

* + -b W ?
, . ^ X o ft 4. ft
"F %
ft *4 ffiip Q
n
~
a tt # ^ a
ft & X
5

TBAWfiLATIOK
1

ffi

3fc

& ft * * * II x a n
& # ft
*. tt * x x
f * ^ #r If ft *
hx . m> t*. ^ &. x
#i
o

desire

^ ft o

f ff
ft
fg
^
5 X 4> a
X
ft
^ n & m ft a m .
# x ^ ft a it o * ft
- ** . 3R t X
ji * i$ ft
% ft ft A * -S- 1 * #*.
& *& a ^.v#^iiMy A A ft
ft * #. X &. * * ft ft X
*& # o ^
^. ft |> 10 #.
x * ff# x

i ^

#.

^ a *. *. a
o ^
tr x it
m w. x "*
#. m * x m
* Ji
g
- x &>
s m ft
I6J

IS
it

x
^
*

* x x m
x u ft i^
% . * x
w x *

ft

m>

a>aw

it

IBtf

you.

praise

Is

not

into difficulty.

9 But few men are to be found in the

world who are both virtuous audgifted.
10 I am neither a relative of his nor an
old friend ; why should I be partial

towards him

When

is done by a man of
so done as to both save
labor aud secure despatch.
12 Yon want a superior quality, and yet
you are loth to pay the price. Where
will you find
that are both

11

a thing
it

ability,

to

yet he is afraid to take responsibility

hence he is constantly getting himself

men

of food or of clothing.
That man's heart is depraved ; he is
both cruel aud treacherous.
7 I think it would be better to buy
a silver-plated one.
In the first
place, it is genteel ; and in the second
place, it win not rust.
8 He wants to lead in everything, and

ifnip

lit

both wet and short iu

10

awkward aud my mind

an impossible thing ?
5 At his home there is no lack either

ft

ft

is

is

speech

this

ffi

*
If

My

from

[is dull.

4 You act unreasonably and yet you

ffl

8R

dumb

measnre.

ic

M: &

deaf and

botli

3 This grain

He was
his birth.

1S

"5

-fc

is

goods
cheap and good ?
13 It will not do to proceed, neither will
it do to stop.
Truly I am in an
embarrassing position.
14 It is no wonder that the Chiang family
are not pleased with their daughterin-law.
She is both greedy and lazy,
aud besides, she is not true to her
husband's interest.

VoCABTTLABY.
1
ffi \~ K'wei ton?. Short measure

to lose meas-

Tang

Pleased

i*.

are.

)l^f*

SAP

tou*.

To

lose

measure,

to

j& Ghan\
pate

iu, to

ft m.

to

imbue

cki*

to soil;

Office,

x i

...
.

To

acceptable,
official

rank.

scatter, to disperse.

To assemble,

to

gather together,

to collect.

to

receive [favors], to enjoy ; to particito do with ; to be infected

by.

have

J '*''*
1

Chii* chi 2

Rnst, an oxide.

To moisten,

Kwn.n

fall

short.

%ft Hsiy*.

with,

agrpeable.

('/ring* g/'en*.

To

stir

np

e&cite

ft

craving

cleui.re.

for, to

Lf..ss(n

Ml

MANDARIN LBSBONB.

170,

^f

ra

M X
m m

ft

*A.

Kef

*.

Is

19

&

S"

*r

m m %
-
*. 5E H
T.
* i ft
W H# ^

3* #
* ft
IM.
- o A>

m
*

ffi

7>

ft

# .
^
*

&

*. ft

|||

Jft

A
ft
H *

tt

A.

JR.

iff

ft.

* id
B5 & ft
M K %
ft
*
ft *>
I!
A *
JH
* ft
* II
tt

If

ft

I?

m.
o

m
#

ie.

$
W
A
*
JW

ft

ffi

ft

JK

&

ft

ft.

ffl.

tit.

&
M
#

ffl

ift

flF

BR

m m &
w j
!^ X Ji

T>

ft

$o

ft

ft

mi

ft

ft

611

m & t

-t

"H

li

IjKsscw 171,

MANDARIN

',

4*

fi

ft,

Translation.
have not the nle n,<.

honorable

afrg

|*
fX'* *

-*

n #

ft

^ m
Z

Ana.

ft

>>

huDjlj,e

U aDle

isT ''--

.'

******

CJ
3>M
S

My

What

is

C'

CG

My

From

wi, at

yon COme ?

i8

**Whon^r a Ie a
^c? <**
Ik! f Wen f,eth of mrimr

This year
hecile hft

i8

Tn

Ans *rtune favored vn.,r

11
in
class of
*
to ask
where
""ere yon are
P^ume
and
wbar i
eoimr
n
bIe b

**
^
.J
n %
&M T
^ * g^

*r

Wano- vt

vnlgar title is
honorable nkcelwLfi,

it

^W^rS
CtT ^"S^ed
^ j V"*

Pang.

^ft'jV

surname

name

sur^t

'SR !^*
^
^
am S'Ao S
?KS
tnctofE f M
I

thedi s

w hat

"

a P

your offiltff'

eannot claim to ha v P Slt, "

^on^nmgol^^

c 'erk-

Alf

ition in

-^ Iio qwreI

is

^official

posi-

^responding

secretary. I be^;, d"

An*.

revere
'?\
Ibe^Pardon.

YoucomnHrn n?- ne
2 A man
0VermQC "who has
g d W,fe does net
P*

26:

PplMd
ttogfj

rf22?

to persons
not to the ver

ocy|of

vt

/rfi?

foTd

* tilat

vnnr

is

offici-i)

JM*
Mean.
*t

Mostly

mk. Deteriorated

<

used

cases.

y^^t

.,

**

asfel*

n e

to

8ig0lf
in a

^^phmentary term

Great or bnnnroM
onorab,e name.
O

"*

in

office?

Onlv

-Prx-sed to

havf^

S me few

I**-

nerr,,

if
rni

il

men,
c
^ed
nnection with

mCedmg

7^

W^*

Great

wk n

* T

'-

lodging.
j

,,

^,^
huD
b
,

^significant
servant

^niticant

^^^A
^ s.
h

-~). >iv- occasion:;;!;

con tem tible
P

eDgraVed seaJ

1 *8

<J^ Small.-besides8

*%

additJ.

f^

few

the Person
addressed

0iJ orable

w.*i

whaf;*
,

?'- ^-econd^S

to

prmS'
-^-o
Great,-in

^n. The
8 eat at
""*'
the^^rhtd

f * % au worthy
.

sir

--Jil^fifyow^rea t age

is

<

b slnes8

Venerable

..,

^oretical refer*Je"?
with

This term
t
tha " the f

izfffir

What

,w ed of
the

^^

hS8 a
degree.

U<lTe

ffto trouble

>/>

ia

v n
V

deme;t

'"^

'erm.

er

brother/ your

designation or firm;

m m m %

M4
59,

tit

& * *

*
o

^c

W *
** #
******
^ 7C

y\^

IS

ffe

J$
10

iW

Ifc

o
8

a 3SE
M #

.&

3*

H6

it
ft

terra for a son.

Thatched cabin,

is

my

my humble

dwelling.

your

venerable

An

age? only

Age is honorable hence this

to
applied by way of compliment even
old man.

comparatively young men.

It is always joined to
of the two characters constituting the
name, the other being omitted.

the

first

T^ Good, worthy of regard, chiefly applied

family relationships.

7^ ~$jf. Your worthy sire.

t^"M. Xonr worthy mother.
t^ H5 Your worthy son.

^ ^"Vour worthy daught

er.

as yet greatly enfeebled.

I have
long desired to go to visit your
honorable residence, but have not yet
i
been able to do so.
is

honorable stopping

your

Ans.

11

&

My

unworthy apartments

Chwaugyuen

street.

What

family have you at home, sir ?

Ans. I have mv father and mother,

BE Your worthy wife. J refers

as
wife
distinguished from a concubine.
7^*

^L Vt Your worthy

Besides the above, fy

**

# A &-

yfc Old.

the

brothers.
also applied to 51-

<*c.

largely used as a term of respect

^^^pAged
to a

applied

is

to

master,

respected

sir,

teacher, or to a professor of any

fine art.

cheerless dwelling.

nsed in addressing old people.

is

have not been to see yon for several

Is your honored mother still
in good health ? Ans.
You are very
kind, thank you.
My mother is not

are on

ft.

jfc

years since

sir P

T.
o

term

many

it

place during the present exam inations,

Ct BJ Exalted title, a polite way of referring

Jfl-J- Grass characters or name,- grass expressing the idea of common or unworthy.

ifrj^ What

Is

living.

10 Where

*e

a demeaning
a demeaning

Cold cabin,

.&.

* &

dog,

T
^

term aj)
sou,
plied to a son, either large or small. -J is not an
n t\ ie j*
enclitic but a noun qualified by ^.

^W

to

is

his decease

*.
ft

Canine

SfL^fst

come

My unworthy land is the

still

it

A* sK Small

fortunate

years.

IB

What

Ans.

>3

is

your honorable country, sir?

Onited
States of America.
7 I supposed your honored father was
6

is

Your unworthy servant

in having yon, gentlemen,

his humble dwelling.

Itt

-aridiculons

object.

% n
- * * % m *
4k m
ft ;*' '* m * & %> m m *
# )g > %
<* m t

my hum bte housekeeper,-

* + *

#. A.

s - m

-t

have already wasted sixtyeight years.

4 Is that your worth}- wife who has just
gone into the house ? Ans. That is
Ans.

#1

=01

to

A. Old gentleman.
or jfe.
with the pronoun
sir.
Venerable
/^^t^.
TJi

M,

Frequently joined

also joined with

is

# &,

#<

many
S> *

relationship
> etc

as.

ft ft
nsed by the speaker to designate members of his own family, but expresses do
|SC

Family,

is

special disrespect or otherwise.

^ m&

family

discipline,

my

father.

Used

of parents after death, rarely while they are living.

^t ^ Family compassion, my mother.

#. ft, ffj, &, etc.
%. is also used with
9t SL or !f? fb Worthy younger brother.

MANDAUIN

Lesson 171.

g.

7k

A.

*m
^
3K

**

ft

also one older find oneyonnger brother,

a yonng son aud a little daughter, aud
x
also my stupid thorn.
12 Which son are yon, sir ? Ana, Your
younger brother is the eighth iu order.

ic.

^ # $ H
$> & * n *
i i a I. i i
% m m j&>
a. ^
* a o w

ft

14

T>

z\

415

T,KSSONS.

Where

13

are you getting rich (i. e., doing

business) ? Ans. I iim toiling away in
Tientsiu.
What is the precious title
of your firm ? Ans. Ooff insignificant
title is Eastern Flourishing Jewel.
14 It is already quite late, sir I shall be
;

pleased to have you spend the night

m - m %

Vf

^ #
o
& &

!Pf

It

& H
^ T

ft

ft

18

5c A

m
o T ^ /M I
^"^ #. * ft
W.

in

15

JZ.

ft

i^yfi

not used

brother

who

vant,

iWWl

Stupid thorn, my wife.

pg] J* Dweller in a lofty house, respected sir,
a formal term expressing high respect, aud
much used in conversation iu some places in
other places rarely used, save in letters or books.
;

The exalted one

r*

honored

sir.

at

Less used than

^M

whose
ffi

feet I stand,

f.

Exalted sitter in the carriage.

Hiding
in a carriage is a mark of a srentleman.
It is
similar to, hut less used than f$

J=|[5q|

^#4 What
\*

also used.

M.&%

is

young lady is his daughter.

17 The old saying is, "Though you accompany a guest a thousand li there
must be a farewell at last."
18 How is this? mnst yon go, respected
sir ? Ans. A friend without
inquires
for me to go and see a patient. Please
excuse me.

your exalted surname? j#

Kxalted agnomen, honorable name.

depreciatory substitute for f,

[in the BM)4? Wliv

^flf* Stupid yonnger

I

am

wanting

brother,
in

is

also

courtesy,

used

please

when taking an early leave.

y^Vfc I have failed to show the respect I
should have shown, used when a stranger is
suddenly recognized as being more than he was
said

supposed

7&

to be.

Thank yon

[kim,
for asking,

yon are very

'}? Rt I have not seen you for a long time
you have been much missed, generally doubled
and used in response to the greeting of a friend
whom one has not seen for some time.
fHj

I&jit [The
blame.
to

always

some phrase

mutnal, I am equally to
doubled, and used in response,

fault is]

or expression
implying an apology.

have long respected

yVJT
reputation has preceded you.
I

Respected sister-in-law.

judge

Li Ch'aug Ch'nn
you know, do you not ? This
young gentleman is his sou, and that

excuse me,
ser-

whom

^Xpp

for oneself.

sir,

countenance ?
16 There is a Mr.

cabin,

a depreciatory term

appearance,

j Stnpid,
ed iulotters.

the

shares

my younger brother.
WJflC My younger sister, is also used.
iffT The one beneath, your humble

From your

yon are a literary man otherwise

whence this academic expression of

# m * *
^ pi w * # ^
# 5^ 3s 5^ %

virtuous or prudent wife,

younger

15
l3}

iB

direct address.

same

under my humble roof, and yon can go

on after breakfast to-morrow morning.

you,

your

TV jg I have absented myself too long. I

have too long neglected
belongs properly
you,
iu the mouth of the
party who has been abseut-

IlSf

516

ft

If.

sir, have beeu in this place a

long time, aud have a large circle of
Please then keep me
acquaintances.
in mind, aud in case a situation offers,

H H

2fe

4K

%
^

A.

Hf

ft

ft

@nd

ft

fl*J.

ft

a m

1 beg

20
,.

T
M A* IE n ^ #
O A %
& * ^ jit
48
ft Si ^ m ft & *& a
H ^ *. m ^ ^ *, ft
AS

St

,%

jfr

Ift.

24

3r

1&

Is

ft

it

if

W>

ft

>

ft

A.

but in practice is used indiscriminately by friends

who have not seen each other for some time.

Precious firm-name

fjfc

what

is

the

name

of your respected firm ?

Jf

family.

PI Exalted, is used as a term of respect after

the names of various relationships as 5 "a-

to bring

you come to-morrow

for

it.

with you when

it

22 To

my excellent brother, my respected

sister-in-law and my worthy nephew
Fu

T'ien

Everything

greeting.

is

with your unworthy

you need have no anxiety.
in your honorable district a

satisfactory

Mr.

is

Oh'eug Chang

quainted with
humble servant

him
he.

is

are

yon acAns. Yonr

Rep. 1 have

longdesired to meet you. Your character and scholarship are alike exalted.
Your reputation is well deserved.
24 The green hills aud flowing streams of
your honorable neighborhood are most
charming. Ans. You flatter us, sir. Our
x*

5p a > 10 a >
or honored sir

>

etc.,

also

%&

age

These terms being for the most part the

language of mere conventional politeness, do
not carry

Your precious

sir,

spected

23 There

flt

recommend me

I will

brother

* A.
^ fe ^ # m
#
j $t &
. * % * &

ji

it

will

you

give you a little good advice, my

Do not for the
respected brother.
world move this grave, for it is just mi
the center of the vein. If yon disturb
it, the good luck will all be dissipated.
21 Yesterday I forgot my fan at your
residence.
May I trouble you, re-

"

u - a

-t

19 You,

*>
2u

ft

*fe

them

with

nearly

the

force

that

their literal signification would seem to imply.

It is worthy of note that these stilted terms of
politeness for the most part associate with them

a high style of Mandarin.

VOCABULABY.

Pat 1 Eminent,

see Sub.
exalted, yonr honor :
Also used as a short writing of jg

To begin

Ft?

a second

name

or style.

one whose gifts

Worthy, virtuous
Jt
and virtues exceed those of others,
see Sub.
but do not equal the sage or
Hsien*.

To fill the position of a

Ck'u* ktoan*.
teacher or secretary or clerk.

To do

Tai* pan*.

or act instead of; to execnte for another a deputy.

;

^A

flj

^L Sku

cha?.

Letters, despatches, petitions

To oppose,

j: Wei*.
.

j||

dog, a cur

to

disobey

Cfciien*

... avoid, to neglect

Yi\&.

Ripe, mellow
branches.

see Sub.

to leave, to

see Sub.
;

the tenth of the twelve

etc.

i$
1
^H Jgx Shu
Ch'?.

ch'i?.

......

:f|

^ Htng

shU1.

correspondence.

To explain
An official

to open

to report.

writer, a secretary

a scrivener.

misfortune, a disaster, a
calamity, trouble.

MANDARIN LKS80WS.

Lesson 171.

0r

mm^*m,

19

Sdt

* m
m a
ft'

3c

fft.

y>

it.

m m

it

ft

&

T.
O

&

617

518

^ II; I

1 1

A, I,

a r + ^ i -

&

* a *
>

a.

j&. a*.

^ a
a,

&

*. V;

* *

itk

m*^

% -

a,

ra

&

si

gj

addressed as worthy younger brother,

except that an own younger brother
should be addressed as own brother.
28 In the conversation of a stranger with
others, the respective styles of address
used should always be in harmony
with the proprieties of the case.
Whether the address be sir, or re-

fil,

s^fcrns*

A.

ft

spected sir, or respected elder uncle, or

respected younger uncle, or yon, good
sir; whether it be oldest brother, or
elder brother, or oldest uncle, or second
uncle, or respected elder brother, or
respected younger brother it should
in all cases accord with the standing
of the person addressed.
;

Notbs.
1 $? SI %k Have o< reeeuiad information; that is, /
tone not the pleasure of knowing your nam*. The phrase is
often used alone, the following Jt $t being understood.

Vf equally t'ung.hsing, but the latter is

1$. $Jj and Jt
much more commonly used. This sentence shows how briefly
sometimes ask and answer question* by

the Chinese can

simply speaking the leading words.

2 This sentence is a common saying, a compliment to
the sagacity and influence of woman.
4 fL $i > s used apologetically on account of the assumed
inferior looks of the wife.

alluding to the fading light of snnset, a book expression

frequently used by street ballad -singers.
17 43 > s used by compliment to a guest. The saying is
used when parting from a guest, after escorting him a short
distance.

20 >V RK" tae e y e of the cavity, is the principle or central

portion of the supposed passage or vein on which the grave is
situated, and through which thepropitious influences circulate.
jfe JJH- earth breath, is the subtle essence which is supposed
to permeate and animate the earth, and which constitutes the
basis of the feng-shwei. j& JJ)f eartji pulse, is another name
for the same essence, which is supposed to circulate in the
earth as the blood does in the body.
22 This is the stereotyped phraseology of the first par
tif a inter w>
:tf'i h"ie
,

5 If? is here used as an interrogative particle, or rather,

it is the euphonic ending of a clause which is made interdifference between
rogative by the inflection of the words. The
this form and that with lj|j is, that lj leaves the answer
an
quite equivocal, while this form assumes or anticipates
affirmative answer.

# ff $H
14

is

stately

%L tL

Njt

way

y*<

of saying

clor

lent,

in order,
only used of brothers, and
from the custom of designating brothers by numbers.

12 fj SI Which
arises

/**

fy

**

Aalready late,

LB3SS03ST

a bonk^
23

fji

iijj

|t*J

Character and scholarship both

excel-

expression.

26 Jfl WS l'o receive, or be in possession of, happiness.

26 The Chinese regard an engagement asaquasi marriage,
80 that the actual marriage is but the completion of what was
before begun, hence the term j }.

OLXXII.

Overplus.
Nearly all the terms connected with this idea
word $|, outside, as appears below.
gather round the

&\ Besides,
t&^j Beyond
)%%

in addition to, aside

from.

--Jf}

%\
%\

the

bound

or

what

is

rule,

required,

special,

extra,

es-

lu addition, extra.
Besides, aside from,

more than.

$ff{ Beyond the requirements

awn,

fty

"Ojjfl^p

extra, more.

ffrjft Beyond
pecial, unusual.

^p

of the case,

Excessive, gratuitous, (a)

book term equivalent

Much

^^it!^

to

J^ $p.

the more, extra, (c.)

more,
Irrelevant, beside the mark.
all

d |f| }|' ^h Projecting within and

over without, irrelevant, useless, (l.)

hanging
jy c

&N\

Hjs Superfluous, unnecessary, to no purpose.

gjs Superfluous, unnecessary

Q ^ The same,
fijfeFf-

(s.)

[mainder. (n.)
;

surplus,

Surplus, overplus, remainder- (o.)

re-

MANDARIN LRSSOSS.

Lesson 172.

519

TRANSLATION.

*#

ft

it

m &

m.
o

*.
o

^ a* to,
sa up#j
#
###*# it
ft
- ^^ tt H * W Jt i
10

&#

o Jft

ft

14

#. m* o
it

4*

o
- *k

y*

*.

ft

* ^fc is. * ft st &

* ^n-rt ir & &
& mm m m & * J# *4
n is m A m m % ^ m
m w m mm # eg m * t& & & & G > & SEo ft.
i2

&

ft

tti

& . w
^ -e A
m s
w.

ft

NfcHft# O

*&

&.

m,

& n *u a

il

ft!

sft.

Did yon see nothing besides this ?

I beseech your honor to show ane
I will not dare to
special mercy.
repeat the offence.

w.
o

^
t

^ a m % g

The same story acquires an

new interest when he tells it.

Kindly write off an extra copy, that it

be preserved as a voucher.
In inid-autnmu the moon is especially

may

-S-

&

brilliant.

my dear fellow, yon will take

extra pains.
Your unworthy brother
will not fail to requite the- favor in

q I trust,

Si

due time.
Tt

is*

JNJ

me to raise the
debts, so that your

impossible for

money

to

pay

my

dunning is all to no purpose.

Aside- from this I have no other

fi

flf.

happiness.

is something for which there is

abundant precedent. Do yonsuppose
I would demand of you more than the

9 This
2

ft

entirely

>fc

regular

amount

10 Being physically weak, I am much

more sensitive to cold than others.
II
bought according to the number

m ^ ^ ^:
i. si ^ m
q 7 at *

We

of persons.
too

m<m %> mmmm to

^ %> m ft m a
*m # H*JB.
m & ft # $ *k ik ft % M
$ m y a # a * to &. .
m * s
g & % w % #
tfc

not a single one

is

He

did not give any satisfactory explanation, but simply said a lot of
irrelevant things^
13 Ordinarily in cooking one can estimate
just the quantity required ; bat these
few days, having guests; it is necessary
to cook a little more than usual.
14 He will not listen to good advice. It
is futile to exhort him.
12

ft 7

There

many.

Vocabulary.
jl
or

^ Tung*

thing

student who has attended the examinations one

PR

Chi 2

The track of a wheel, a rut

more times, an nudergraduate.

$|j E"-*.

j5(lfe

The forehead; a

fixed quantity;
settled by law or custom.

f(u* tier?.

Hj'WiE Twei* ching*.

what

~ffiWi

is

to

verify,

ilg

*$ fj| Kan

ch'ing*.

To be thaukfnl

JL

SI

to return
j

a/ator.

Wu3
-fl|

C'kii

shu*.

To

fix

a number,

to estimate,

bank, a low wall,

an entrenched

camp.

to

substantiate.
3

a preee-

to judge.

precedent, a quotation; a
story, a tradition.

To prove,

dent.

A dry

Ch'wan- wu*

Li3 tang 1

Ought, by
bound.

rights,

dock.
in

duty

5M

IS

# MX -

&

M & & + S

*&

"

m>

*i

m m m

ftt

*b

IS

ffc

29.

If

# i& # a w ft ^. k **
^ & ft 7\ Jf $ & * ^ 3S
* ^ - i t x i ^ i f,
9 * e w. o * #J si ft m
#& * * ft$$ n w a
g Wi & ft jl ft? ic, ^
A te Ht W ft #. <*U$Sfc.c #
W
S ^ * I o o o
L * .*. a * ** * ff
W ^ H *s%^i Wt m. 3*.
o
'# ^J# * S* ^
A
ft T it f^?A ii *h ^ Mi ii
* ft *b 9T a H s *. A

19

20

* # A # *

git, a*

at' *i

ft

*J

8 Having so distinguished a teacher, you

onght to treat him with unusual respect. How is it that yon treat him
with contempt ?

19 There

i8

j&1$k Fa**
Jfr

too*.

To

20

Bleared, indistinct.

Htfi*.

To

ty
Jg

Ch-ia1

^ -^

To claw

Ch"ia

chien

to grab; to twist; to plait

ts*.

To

domineer, to
usurp the first

to share illicit gains, (s.)

place, to browbeat;
Twei'livtig? To pay tax either in grain

$$

or money.

sight has already

still

more

become blurred

indistinct.

Wang is given
people. When the

to

browbeating

other party is
clearly in the right, he still finds some
way of showing that he is in the

wrong.
22 Although the taxes and duties paid
by the people are supposed to be fixed
by schedule, yet in passiug through
the hands of the officers and collectors,
something extra will of course be
demanded.
23 A man is of course grieved when he
loses his wife, bat in case she leaves
little children, he feels the loss still

more keenly.
have there a surplus of a few thousand cash. If yon are in need of it,
just take it and use it.
I

$i No* ahtoei*.
Li*.
An official ;

To pay

duty.

a subordinate, a deputy

secretary.

see obscurely.

have come again to trouble you.

My

21 Mr.

- ^

Jf
Eyes blnrred, indistinct vision.
IM I* Ya* Hang 2. To presume, to domineer, to
browbeat, to snub, (c.)

no one except you who can

through for me, so

through this pain in my eyes, and

whenever I drink a little wine, it is

ffe

trouble, to worry, to bother,

to harass.

Ma**

is

carry this business

24

i^iA f ^ m *

left over.

something
1

ffc

U ?\

is

These eight hundred cash are an extra

Ans.
present for yourself.
Many
thanks for your kindness,
17 He received in all two hundred thousand taels for building this dry
dock, of which he cannot but have

18

16

w - *

-fc

?17

ft

15 Aside from those two boxes, there

nothing save my personal luggage.
1

24

r:

The

ft* shu*.

WJ mWin&

fi

~)\

^"X

regular

Nervous, out of sorts indisposed

a sickness, an ailment.

j(p Yang*.

!& ifUflj

th*

rate,
legal
schedule.

Ping*yang*.

Bsi1 chH*

$1 T-ung

li*

Shou* kung 1

Unwell, ailing,
of sorts.

An

t'ung*.
lun*.

out

air-pump.

balance wheel.

Cott of workmanship.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Ltssoic 173.

m
&
x ^

&

ft>

at

ik

ffl

ffl

m
A

ft.

*.-&*

SB

ft.

ft
te

jg 7

4-1H

^ IS
E E

H*

^ *
M BH
-

&

ft.

t ^

ft

ft

A. HI

ffi

m * m & & M M ~8>

# m & m &
i * A II
ft. * Mr; m a
x An
+
^ m
ft.
m
& *
-n

ffi

fa

3L

& *

IS.

it

ft

<

521

f.22

is

9 #* ft

f\

m
m

?.

ft.

Translation.

-fc

ft

*& #

2fc^

ft

ft

Pi

ft&
4
*
ft
m.
IK& M
.

ftL

ft

*.

IE

ft

m *
ft

ft

ft

fl

ft

91

Jfi'tk

That's a matter

ft:H /lift

of

certain,

That's

that's

understood,

rest assured of that. (c.

ft ^2* "Sift

That'*

a foregone conclusion,

ftftSlai??

(c.

&

so,

An.)

That's a fact,

ftil^ffilftft

That

goes

M$i ft

(s.)

afraid

as the last, bnt put

for

emphasis.
ask that? of course not.

What

are you

ftftftffc The

fs.)

talking about?

same.

that's

[sure

distinguished.

without

me

what do you mean ?

ft^fttrS The same,
is

emphatic and hence

be
carefully

must

much used iu
;ff That's so, just so, exactly ;
localities to express full assent, and is often-

some

each sentence- It
from flg (Les. 70),
preferred by some teachers.

times repeated after

essentially

same,

Why

form

In the above phrases

Its
tones
emphasized.

that's so, that's

saying, of course.

H >F fflftft The

you

n.)

understood,

do

am only
the honor.

I'

saying.

will not

Yiin Lung, though only twelve

or thirteen years old, has memorized
several books and also writes quite
a good essay.
He will surely make

ft$3ffl
That's

Ans.

no mistake

Ma

course,

that's a fact.

ftxfetiftft

yon
7

is difficult,

We have long been hoping yon

would have a son that we might get
a feast? out of yoiu and now wo must
Ans. That goes
certainly haye it.
without

It

so.

in the interrogative

dint's understood.

ft

them every day.

ftWffiiJtThe same

CRT course, that's so.

(s.)

ft>lkfl$$ft

ft.

& m x a o
ft * ft * *
ft ft $ Pi

ft

may

truly no trivial matter for a

as I am. to bring np all
these
food and
children,
finding

That's

is

widow,

mmnx%&

JiWjg^Bfr&.sp

iiSft'ttl.*
v
ii
ft

#5 H*

ft

not

is it

course not.
5 It

&#*, ft ^

ft ftp]" 1?
ft

=fr

even-

Chin has had no income

clothing for

$ ^&

ft

Wen

his living,

nm

* ft&-

let this

4 The proverb says, "Don't loose the

falcon, till you see the hare."
Do
you think we will pay him the money
before we get the goods ?
Ans. Of

ft>

ol>

(means of living) these several years,

and yet he does not seem badly off.
Ans. Well, I should say not
His
wife had over a thousand taels laid
up of her own, which is enough for

- * * n m m
m m % ? - m
% z> ft. * * m $ m>
?> m o m % * to. m

sir

wine and refreshments stand to

3 Chou

not pay,

embarOf

Ans.

account.
Ans.
What are you
Do yon suppose I
talking about ?
will let you pay my score?

lift

ft

to be

my

'

IB

You need
ing's

* a ft^s-a st *
ft m m ml m m&m. i "*
i * ft. ft o ft A
I
2. ft T> iK m *
ft

Can we allow others

rassed with our affairs?

course not.

in

'ft

t-ti-i

s =

SS

H + W-#
i i i i i ^^
IP,

W.

writing

is

different

is

not

whick

t/ESSOS

MANDAUIN-

]T3,

a*

M *

ffl

^ #.
? m m
& *
*
n
^
^ i t
8 *. n
W A #
# ft $

w IS
a, I
A W * * s
JL

flf

7.

JHr

*
^

#
#
*y

=&

ft

$>

ft

Hi

9 I

*
7. a

'If

come

it

ft

J*

ft

assistance.

Ana.

Of

but when I actually see him, I then

feel as if I had little or nothing to
Ans. That
Strange, isn't it ?
say.

flfc.

it

certainly

is.

12 The old saying is, " Men walk iu

If
the steps of their predecessors."
will
I
treat
my parents badly,
my children treat me well ? Ans.

my

to

We are all of one

course we will.
If we do not help you,
family.
whom should we help ?
11 When for a long time I have not
seen one whom I love, I feel as if [
had no end of things to talk about ;

11

ft.

when a man

it is,

10 If he brings men with him to fight,

you young fellows must not fail to

ift

yon what

tell

bargains for a wife, he wants to

know the bottom facts ; for it's not
as in the case of a male or a horse,
which if unsuitable, one can exchange. Ana. That's a fact.

m w m m IS
w.. ft in *n # ^ w.
o - I I t % m
#. m
a ^ X

* ^ . jg
m *
# #. o H

&

naderstood.

IB

>

*.

When

it.

to

JK

of excuses for not

all sorts

he comes again
borrow anything of us, we will
Ana. That's
not lend it to him.
leading

ft
ft

is too nnneighborly.
asked him to lend me an nnliucd
coat to wi>;ir, but he shuffled about,

and made

ffl

jl e

%&

Ana.
Of
by.
Such talents cannot

Lu Hsiang Ch'An

ffc

mark by and

coarse he will.
fail of success.

#.

ft.#
o >p

fi

523

his

#;^

#
&
* T ft ilfft.A
A ft $
m x ^ n tr
A i h & *.
w * & g

as

it

ff

LKSSO^S.

WIS

VoCABULABf.
$!'

KJl

Wk

N &k

Trouble, embarraaament ;
iuvolve in.

Ktoa* wu*.
T-od> lei 1

K'ai1

The same,

To give

ch'ien*.

out

money

pay, to pay
^1]

$$

Id* lu 1

Mea.ua

of

living,

occupation,
1
Pfl)'^ Chiie" kwod*.

W,$t

(s.)

Sr

4C J&3

chip.

|jj{j|

S/iang* lien*.

:J%

$&

Ping ck'wan*.

live

in

To show

widowhood

respect, to honor

^ Wl Tsou

with

fj j[
;

ts'i*.

|& Tiao

hwan*.

compliment.

To exchange,

war-ship, a man-of-war,

The Chinese

To

to transpose,

tQ interchange,

(s.)

city at

Newchwang.

have

or
intercourse
dealings with, to associate
to have a movement of the bowels^
tung*.

Shu 3 hwoa*

To

lecture, to berate.

To appear to in a dream.
ffcW* T'wi> ming*..
2
a spriug; source, origin.
A
Yilen
fountain,
<M
I
"P
Source, origin.
$v iS
yiMn*
.

a gunboat.
llf -f"" Ying*

To

(c.)

Outlay, expenses, livelihood,

to
tyfc

imperial sacrifice for the fruits of

Note 13.
the year

employment,

widow.

1R

An

Cha}**.

off.

living.

Kim3

Oh'in 1 ai*

to

To exchange.
To love dearly.

Too* kwan*

to

624

ft

m m t

m = + ^ u - m

MANDARIN LESSONS,

Lesson 174.

m w + *m # *

'^+tt.e
I o a

in

tr

ff.

^E

ft

ft

jj:

$g ai;

j&

& #

^m*
^

&.

ft

f&.

ffl

o &* A. &

ffifcM
cj

^
tft

lit

n m
m
t% a m f*
T> ft * it***
H ft * ^ &
o J*. US. *
f* * * 5fc
m * w s Hi
hi i a, fl i,
* It. *
* #
^ o SSS if
&
9

tt

lit

fir.

Jjrfi

if*

J&

ft

J*

T>

IE.

526

Translation.

J*.

m m n t

52ff

* I
/t&

*t

& -

IjKSSIIN

MANnARlS

17.').

-t>

a # m

is

jmrnm w

scoured up every day.

Nothing could
exceed their perfect cleanliness.

* %
m 6 ^ je w. #> w * jm
% a *j. o m m$ n
#t>
^ 4P
# rB^iffi 11 9t
mmmm n m> z- % m
w * ^ * t> # tf. & w $
W. *4

B8.

Mil

*f.
$. It JM26H jp

J3

ft* 4

22 According

ft

pj\

& m

#,

627

LKSsiiKS.

i\

of fining

my

idea, nothing short

ten

should be accepted
to yon,

tables of guests
;

but
let

deference
be just as

iu

it

gentlemen,
yon thiuk right.
23 If you had spoken reasonably, I would
not have insisted on your making
good the loss but since you have
;

chosen to speak in this unconscionable

way, I shall accept nothing short of
reparation.

24

wife, too lazy to keep heralways listening for the step

of the huckster, and forever gadding
about, who will do no sewing, but

greedy

self neat,

j*.

gives herself to wantoning

ffc

to

him

there

nothing to be done with such

but to divorce her.

25

is

a wife

have been looking everywhere foryou

Now that I have happened on

in vain.

H #

*P

^ #

1$,

lit

you to-day, I will not let you off unless

yon pay me. Ans. But what if I
have no money ? Can you make me

& M

out of the ground ?

be misled by those bright
glowing eyes of his. In point of feet
he is thick-headed to the last degree.
He hasn't the least faculty for manhe never gets the
aging anything
clue to things.

dig

1*.

1 I I I i *

!K

Bra

n#fc*
-#**.
H
. %
&

ft

'/B^ffi

ft

Ji

tt

M 5

ff.

iff

&ft

it

26 Don't

Notbs.
4 The

use of H>j makes

(& refer to the owner ; If It

would naturally refer to the donkey.
Show the fact, but conceal an evil
7 'M Hfl 3w
purpoe, to speak fair words when evil is intended. jR Bf|
]fU Conceal the head but reveal the face, has practically the
same meaning.
were omitted,

flffi

8
and

Jjflj

m Jc

viscera.

TO tq 3K Brought forth from the lunge

Sentiments and intentions proceed not only from
but from the "inward parts"

the " heart," as with us,

generally.

8 7< Iw
high

and low

t'ij

tS Not
that

is,

to recognize the difference between

not able to see a point, oblu-*-,

skort-witted.

18 j

Royal authority.

The power

of life and

death, aside from the processes of law, is conferred upon

certain officers.
Such officers are said to have
"fitf
that is, the authority to condemn and execute at will, such

',

possessed by a 3l or prince.
6tst part of this sentence is a four lini verse
It epitomizes in terse but forcible lanwith two rhymes.
the
characteristic faults of a worthies* wife.
guage
as

is

24 The

LESSOW CIiXXV
Correlative Particles.

Mft

Mffe

-tfe

SW'il:

"tSi

Wt

If

should ... conld,

t# Even
5 Even

if
if

must.
will,

must.

would.

MS

vL^

f& H

Even, even if
ili ISHH Better even

-^1$.

AH JL Not

only

not.
.

than.

bnt also.

528

US

1 + ^1-'
15
tt

* * # tw
&
*
m
ft ft
a hl #.
#. & m
lilt

Aft.

JB*

*
$ *
m w w.
#. &
o w. m
a ^ *
# * *i.
fe m o
* ^
It

ft

^ J.
ft I o
H X
# * A * ^ m 5.
!. * # * tt f
o m. m m i\ m m
m> & m n
ft t *. & y& m %>
i S
t>
8 i
ft -^ & ^ *5 A ^B
* & ft m.

ft
#
& o #, ^
> Ir A W tt m
T>' Ht
& & VL *
A o m. m ft w.
JUL

181

11

|if

ifc.

ifi

tat

W.

SJ

-t

Translation.
(ft

I - I

MANDARIN

liFBBON 175.

A m ^i. a ir s
V A ft ft. IS *
I f ^
# & W I,
& 3* T. * ta n % M& 3 mi
^ f ^ ^ tt.
^ m o
'*r 11 #. ^ S ft Jl
W me

tf

flfc

ISI

still more at clearness and perspicuity.

13 If you cau write a good book, it will
be a benefit, not only to the pr-meut,
but to succeeding generations.
14 How long moat 1 put up with his
domineering ? This time we'll see
who is the better man, even if it costs

me my

fi|.

flt

1!

* M ?# fa & II *
m M
m & m &. g - #
m * m> ^ a w, je, t
7 a n -e $ # & -&
it * K ^
m a Ji
m w ft B 11 *a 3
a, I A, i i.
*,

&

m.

*
m

tih

Sil

fc

529

I.nSBONS

with

hired

we

help

are

fatigued beyond endurance, to what

extreme would our fatigue reach if
we had no hired help at all P
16 You ought to love even strangers, how
much more should you love your own
brothers.
17 The thing I want to learn is medicine
for if one understands medicine, not
only can he benefit himself but he can
also be a blessing to society.

^
9)

life.

even

15 If

18 Not only is he thorough in planning

matters for others, but also in the
varied intercourse of life, there is none
more conversant with the amenities

than he.

f ^I

A 1
-A

rn

W &
m m n m
-tfc

1ft.

*.

*
ffij:
fili

$")g

.$J
31

3fl

J*

at

fl

ft

* * 5t 11 ft *
# <b m m a 1 it
& m o * m n

\% Wu*

To

insult

To

man*.

to ridicule; to neglect.

insult, to

contemn

fl

Wu s

that as he had been Onia

neighbor, Ohia Ta-j6n would

certainly treat him with politeness
whereas he uot only did not receive
any consideration, but on the contrary
was subjected to humiliation. f
20 You should consider
men
if bad
are violent even with officers to reTa-jfin's

_t

R,

J9B

He thought

19

strain them,

Jff Liao*.

To brush

off; to
leave, to forsake :

to set

at naught.

ml

how much more

violent

would they become if there were no

officers to restrain them.
21 The proverb says, " Feasting makes
good friends ; fuel and rice keep the
peace between husband and wife."
Hence when a man becomes very poor,

3i

Chou 1

tao*.

throw
See

away;

to

liao*.

Everywhere, catholic

com-

'

tT ~$C

To

ffsing* win*

torite,

writing
Tsoa*

To

w*n*.

ijp

~$C.

$j

lit Chien* chie\

to

compose

in

to send a dispatch.
to

write,

compose

^t $c

chit1 .

Gkiao 1

{gt

Kwei

1
.

Steel
yien*.

W %% 8W

The customs andfashions of the

world; obsequious, complaisant.
wu*
The same.
1

hard, tough.

Eye of a

steel

cone plate.

defence for the head, a helmet.

lu*.

llsiang
x

fellowship

communication.
|lL,t Shi*

Brief, terse, concise.

listen* Hang*. Clear, perspicuous evident*
manifest.

Kang
1
Kang

Intercourse,

in

writing.

JH <3n5

plete, thorough.

chHn 1

Residents oj the samt

neighborhood, neighbors.

Yd 1 fa*.

To restrain, to keep down,

curb, to control.

tc

S &

530

# *

ai.

# $

& m
- m a
%
* ft
ra * - *

it

10

Pft

%>

#K o

o *
#i

te

fe.

*&

Sft

*
ft

tt m
#
.SJ3* Tc 9R * m>
m a
o
^
m ft M
^ ^j
fa
& # ^ 1** * a ft 9 a
* * w a a * is & **
a w # * * * w * Sfc
m ji *
A b #
ii w. a is
II It HE
W. *. a o & %
n o m n Be b ml %
#. # ft a
^ it * ^ - *. W IT &
A* A fl P
^
& 1
* . tt it A
f I .1 ItHi - - a
h. # t> v. a ft t t i d
& ttift ft
% mm * * n
- I3t* ft ft E
Ml &$
*
& w &
& & m ib in *. *?> #t *
f ic
^ I m m t *
27

llfc,

camel-leading (bell-ringing)qnacks to
stick a couple of ueedles into it which
made it, not only no better, but decidedly wors&

28 If she were only lazy, it would not

matter ; or if she were only greedy
but this one is not only lazy but
greedy as well. How do you suppose
I can make a living?
;

24 Mr. Chang the Second is an accomplished business man. No matter how

extensive the bnsiness,when lie undertakes it, not only is there uo difficulty,
but nor. a single person, is offended.
He is certainly a very clever man.

25 From that experience I learned a

lesson.
Even if anyone should get
my own father to ask me, I wonld
not be go-between for him.

28 When there

is a great dronght. not

only do farmers seek rain by digiring
up the dragon pool, destroying the
dronght demon and making vows, but
eveD merchant travelers and officials
all do the same.

tfc

27 The saying is, "A good horse will

not carry two saddles (not eat leavings) ; and a virtuous woman will
not marry two husbands." Therefore

>Jc

{r Ch'wan* ling*.

bell in the

ring : Note

Yuen* t'ung 1

liffl.

Clever,

shape of a

To

1
.

in

Tan*.

tactful; accoroversatile.
;

/'"".

ft

consider ; to comprehend, to take

;

to recall.

Deep a pool or pond.

The demon of dronght.

rW

K't* shang 1 .

yum*.

The same :Note 26.

To make a vow; to promise
with an oath.

commercial

traveller, a

merchant.

3$f Ch'an*

$'H An

f|!JM Tao*

saddle and flaps

ch'an*.
pat*.

To

fail,

ruin

Han* pa*.

J8R Hxii*

^-

22.

modating

Using

even if this family squander their inheritance so that they have neither
house nor land, I will not reproach
myself; and if that family be decked
out in silver and gold, I will not
covet it.

Iff

2fe*

"S

<t

not only do his friends

slight him, but
even his own wife becomes estranged.
22 Is not the pain in yoar leg well yet ?
Ans. No, I should say not. Day
before yesterday 1 got one of those

ffii

Hfc.

SB

to

to

a saddle.

saddle.

come

to grief; to

squander,

(s.)

To

fS ro Pao*

yUen*.

5q

To limp; to stand or walk on

to walk softly.
Also tit1

Tien'.

regret, to reproach one.

self; to be spiteful.

tiptoe,

Translation.

M
M

#
T &
>m i& n & m w ^ $ m& *
SB
m #& W 1 *. E
*- -t**JR 1 m o =
#
# fc
^.8 * *B *
& m w. o ft i* # # &
f# o * * #. Wf *
is 7b
^
ii a ^ & *
a % n % n o f. i ^
o

^ m

A.

ft

sai

MANDARIN LESSONS.

I.KB80N 176.

ffi

It

a quarrel,

but that

Li

the

Fourth had a grudge against him, and

set upon him.
2 To be a king is of course difficult, yet
to be a minister is far from easy.
3 Although he is poor at present, yet
who knows but that hereafter he may

ffi.

fll

be rich.

4 This agreement is made wit h^ the full

consent of both parties, and must not
be broken.
5 Inferior clothing is of conrse cheaper,

ifc

wus not that Chang the Third wished

to pick

and yet

after

all

it

is

more eco-

nomical to wear good clothing.

Husband and wife are not two, but
are one flesh.
7 He should not dispute with yon, it is
trne, nor onght yon to strike him.

Notes.
3

f&J

} 26

3j|

Hooks locked and links connected; i.e.,

The phrase violates the usual

entanglements, complications.

It ought to be fj $ J|[ j.
5 This sentence assumes the transmigration of the soul,
and that the wrongs done in this existence will be carried
forward to the next one for adjustment.

symmetry.

6 J IS -An exposition of the theme, an introduction

setting forth the main points of the text. It is also frequently
called jjC j[f|. to set forth an exposition.
f$j Jffi
full or

one having all the requisite parts.

used with reference to the folded sheet on which the

complete essay

Mt

is

essay

is

that

written.

11 *> 4?
sonal

is,

name was

|j>

prince of the kingdom of fa, whose perHe used these words when in exile.
^jf.

14 lit Wl hk To draw through the steel eye; that is, to

settle by trial who is the better man. The figure is taken from
the drawing of wire through the eye of a steel cone-plate.
f@ 1% i To see who is the better man. J|, H,
IjL
To see blood ; i.e., to carry it through to the bitter end.
fjjj.

16 W: J W> <^P)

of flight,

si

'

To throw away

the helmet

and

to do so in the haste and exhaustion

figure to express great hurry and fatigue.

drop the armor; that

is,

21 The idea of the saying is thwt in order to retain a

man's friendship, one must be able to reciprocate his invitations (to feasts, etc.), and to retain the affection of a wife
one must be able to support her.
I

22 ?i 4h* Hfe &5 A camel-leader ; that is, an itinerant

who goes about with a camel, partly to carry his out-

doctor

In the South
fit, and partly to serve as an advertisement.
the doctor carries his own pack and advertises himself by a

a$

|p.
special kind of bell called
23 It is very evident from the sentiment of this sentence
that the speaker is a young mau who is speaking of his wife.

The use of
26 fe

Jfi (Hi
J

Bar

is

highly characteristic.
To get the brain clarified, to learn by

'lenr experience, to cut one's eye-teeth

26 ij fit 9S To dig up the dragon pool. In time of

great drought the people sometimes go to the temple of
Luug-wang and dig up the dry pool in the temple yard,
which is supposed to be the home of the dragon. This is
done to make him uncomfortable and frighten him, so that
he will dend rain.

JT

ijl

JftSJ,

Destroy the Drought Denton.

attributerf to the agency of a malicious demon who

The
is supposed to reside in the coffin of some dead person.
corpse in the coffin in which he resides does not decay, and
the grave mound remains moist when the ground alt around
is dry.
The explanation of this is that the demon compels
the dead man to carry water every night and water the grave.
The supposed remedy is to tear open the grave and the
coffin, pull the corpse to pieces and scatter the pieces in
This very thing is frequently done, despite
various places.
Tliese things
the protestations of the friends of the dead.
are not only done by the ignorant, but by the educated as well.

Drought

is

27 Si C IPt des not mean a double saddle, bnt a

change of saddles, whioli implies a change of owners.

"1

lesson

oxjXX-vr.

Correlative Particles.

%H

75r^

Not

bnt.

~A~* Indicates the adversative correlathe clauses, but has no answering words
The use of 75 Ht' <' 8 a slight
English.

emphasis, somewhat approximating the force of

indeed, or in fact.

TjT
tion
in

i>f

IHI&
indeed

fefk
yet.

&

Of

course,

532

it

31

* +

-t

w - n

Lemok

MANDARIN LES30N3.

176.

m
% % m
&
& S. ^> a o ft - m>
w
o $ * w m. . It A A&
s* s *
m &* # # *
ji & % * & * m ^ ft i
- ft ff ^J S A,
jf m % k
ft #' 1H "T
#

m.

exceed

*.

Hi.

M, \

* * m

* *

m>

3\

ff

ft

w.

m a
o
$
ft
& * n o n
. * m
n m ft m ^ h TG wt g* *
# A" ft # W a* *n ^ m
f I *f, M ^ I) m. & & *
^

;ft

; and although I often have

trouble with others, it is not that I
pick quarrels with them, but that they

this place

pick quarrels with me.

he does uot want the
daughter of a poor family, and he
will not accept, even the daughter of
a rich family, if the standing of the
family is not good, or if the young
lady is not comely.
24 Legitimate conversation yon should of
course give attention to, and even the

23 Of course

# # is
i # f i. ^ i
I A f) I >,^ i& ft w
# H *P ft & S Ml fg
# ft
ft. ft * ^ * tt ?#
tft

(t^

Ck a*

lock up the seals; to

close a public office.

yin*.

To inquire,

tokn*.
x

^8$l!i

W\

To

...

Hsiang yuen*.

^ifl
2ffc

in

sheep's clothing

Sht1 kwa*
Chiao1

^f

ft"

Tsu?i

to search.

flgjP'f-

smooth-tongued spean impostor,

Note 18.

% *j&

W-

To

lin/j*.

Viie^ /"

HD W

instruct, to teach.

To obey orders,
command.

To obey

$-v&>

hsiang

Jt*

To

hit?.

to observe a

new-comer,

a settler

it"-

f/sii'u

ti*.

Standing (of a family), reputa-

tsa*.

character, social position.

Idle, loafing; disreputable

Lei?

Hsie*

5|

Pet*.

To

tie,

to secure.

to secnre. tojetter.

Bonds, imprisonment.
.

Precious, valuable; money, treasure.

Pao* pei*.
^f
Wi $k Utoo i* ken 1

fuse, to smelt.

To bind as a criminal ;

rex, to pick a

irritate, to stir up, to provoke, to pick a quarrel.

To

cheerfully, to assent

stranger.

Mr

ifj Yie*.

cordially, to approve.
T*

irritate, to

rowdy.

August, severe, stern.

To

je*.

tion,

Extravagance, display.

t$fc

too*.

.^tUS WeP yien

Ckao x

quarrel.

cious fellow,

a wolf

ia

m.

21

^ Pp Ftng
^

bonuds of propriety

cious impostors P
19 In conducting weddings and fuuerals
one should not of course be too parsimonious, nor should he make too
great a display, but should always
keep within his means.
20 A teacher instructs his pupils just as
Alparents teach their children.
though he punishes them, yet in fact,
he loves them.
21 A general must be strict, it is true,
that so the soldiers may obey hi*
commands yet if he shows no affection, they will not yield a cheerful
obedience.
22 Originally I was not a resident of

a. -e

a =*

hi *,;;.

the

equally wrong.
18 Although everybody says he is a
good mau, yet if yoa do not carefully
inquire, how can yon be sure that he
does not belong to the class of .spe-

>

ft

533

Precious
.

a treasure.

root of evil, a source of

misfortune.

H W

534

$ #

28

ia

&

#r

ft.

&

ft

mi

A *

^
&

m.
o

IS

4V

ft

mj

5^?

^i

ft

ft

ft

ft

ffi

#>

8$

*L *E
* ft. m r T
# T H
V *
ft M ft> 3 81
ft f- it T *. f

*r 7 m
# f#
* % m *\ %\ - m
Jl ft % % m m @
a #
ft. # ft 8 @ ^
* ft m , ft T>
^ # m * # * ic ft
ft i\
X % ft

ft

ffil

St

4*

-*

ft.

Jr.

jtk

ftl

ft

his daughter to wife.

27 The gold diggers in the village to the
east found a nugget of gold weighing
nine and a half catties.
Who would
not say that they had fonnd a treasure ? And yet because of an unsatisfactory division a murder resulted, on account of which they spent
all the gold and a deal of money
besides, from which we see that this
gold was really a source of misfortune
rather than a treasure.

!$fr#

PI

& ft
A A.
*

ift

playing a part, talking on purpose

for your honor to hear ?
26 Although Kung Yie Oh'ang was in
bonds, yet he was not in fact guilty
of any crime, hence after his release,
Confucius of his own accord gave him

tit ,

ft

f?

ft

H. Al

- M

in secret it
not certainly the truth, for there is
no end to the tricks of yavneu people.
How do you know that they were not

ft

415

"B

is

$fc

/i

+ *

25 Altliongh this was spoken

# m

til

/\

gossip of loafers on the street should

uot go unheeded.

ffi

ft.

^.

rw

ill

Hi

26

w5

&

We regard

not that which

that which

is

28

is

seen but

for that

which

seen is temporal, bat that which

unseen is eternal.

is
is

unseen

Nous.

mean different things,

1 Note that tf| $$ and j
or at least are used in different ways ; the former means to
teeh for, to search, the latter means to look for, for the
purpose of accusing or taking to task "to go for."
4 This is one of the stereotyped forms of words used at

the end of written agreements.

9 flr [L refers to the time and strength spent in school
committing and expounding the classics, which are supposed
to be the foundation of all learning.

16 :J FJJ is the technical term for locking the seals

shutting up a public office for a vacation or a holiday.
10 fty /JC is a book expression equivalent to J& {
It is not used in colloquial, save by scholars who wish to air

ar.i

their learning.

18 Confucius says

of the

IK |

that he

is {j

Z, wt

a thief of i-irtue.--o.no who puts on the semblance of

virtue for the sake of popularity, but who is not really
jjl^.

virtuous.

7
*

' s here used out of the ordinary sense to mean

10 St
In
a wedding or a funeral. This use is not t'ung hsing.
Red is the prevailis used in the same way.
Peking ^f

Q
^^

ing color at weddings, and white at funerals, hence ff

is a wedding, and
or
J^
4'- or ^t

^^

^C

is

a funeral.

inappropriate,

The phrase, id f3
V> seems altogether
MMing that a funeral uan hardly be classed asa

The term is nevertheless nsed in some sections.

3jThe funeral of a person who dies over eighty years of age is

called a

21
centre

jjg.

The three armies ; that is, the right, left and

but often used as here in the sense of, soldier*, force*,
JJi 5|t

army,

24

IJU J|!

K
hear the
IK

'M-

9tk

more'

A
So

^y

Miscellaneous

idler*

and

the

lihe.

s0 to speak, to stretch the ears so as to

hear on all sides, not us a participant in

is,

and

the conversation, but incidentally as a bystander.

nil SS ^T tK To state the ease from en adjoining
that is, to talk in one room on purpose to be heard in
An officer will sometimes listen by stealth to the
another.
talk of his underlings or his prisoners, hoping thus to get at
the truth ; while they, knowing or supposing he is listening,
play off on him by saying to each other, as if secretly, the very
things they want him to hear and believe.

28

room

JI: was accused of murder, but was not

Confucius subsequently gave him his daughter in
marriage, thus testifying his belief in his innocence.
27 ft ffi
*r Divide the booty unjustly. The term

28 JV in

convicted.

probably used, because those who found the gold

attempted to divide it secretly, without sharing with the
whole company. The phrase is a ready made one, mor
properly used of dividing spoil.
IjfiJ

is

MANDARIN LES80K6.

Lesson 177.

n
9t% .

##ffl

nt

a m

w - %

-fe-t- -b

* * %
^ i a ft
i m pT^I r in.

<

M $ ^

35

phi #> o
^ $1$ ft5

H*l5fS

*.

ft

'#

It

*.

ft

W. *.

ft

"-

#'

ft

ft

i*-~ *.

fiio

Translation.
that table juat a very
the south.
2 This piece of wood is barely sufficient.
3 Please give me a brief account of the
little to

^m
* #

$
H

ft

origin and history of this

SB

business.

4 Bring it here and I will file it some

more. An*. Be sure you do not file

3ft

much. File it
and it will do.
5 The teacher was pressed
too

it

o
lt

You may push

ft

&
i

the

off just

least bit

;j

When

to see

for time, and

over ouce iu a

it

only explained
cursory way.

i,}E
*. *

636

went I was barely

them

in

time

off.

7 This has not been a heavy rain, barely

three fingers deep.
8 Liu the Second is slightly better to-day.

ft

9 This rice was

ft

*fr

tf.

lift

left over from yesterday and is slightly soar.

10 The price yon offer is not sufficient

fllil

^ * *
o
4* *^ o 8i*
#i at a ft. t i ^ i i,
flLftfiofltSi$
# A. IH
# m J g.

*1

t.

11

fft

&

Ml

to cover cost
and I will let

;.

mouth of the

it9

*>

3fc

12 There

stand

ulcer

it

is

a class of

mnch money.

acquire a

little

more

causes a slight

men who cannot

Just

let

them

wealth, and they are

puffed up beyond endurance.
13 It is not that I am quarrelsome.
If
he gave me the least chance of escape,
I wonld drop the matter.
14 It has been said, "A three years
severe drought will not starve a

Ml

Ii33SS02ST

it

smarting.

10

ft

When

11

make

you have it.

this medicine is rubbed on the

little

OLXXVIL

Adverbial Diminutives.
jgjtft
fft^fc

A
A
A

little,

very
little,

just a

little,

trifle.

r^ t>

little, trifling, slightly.

a very

little, slightly,

the least

briefly

Barely, merely, neatly, scarcely, (s.)

JS *nl Barely, just, merely.

$$ $ The same.
incline

to use

this

but

soft

it will

sounds
not do

where hard sounds prevail, as it is originally sofr.

The meaning of jjg is equally suitable, and the
sound is everywhere correct.
[least bit.

$6

^ % S" A

ver y

little,

little,

a very

trifle,

the

^H
^/J>

43;

the least

very

bit,

little,

[particle.

the least mite or

any.

just a

little

slightly

enrsorily.

iffrlSlfc

Those who use

character

Hr A

&& A

Barely, merely, only.

Uf of

^5r5/l^ The same.

fflA very little,

Just a

The

little,

least, a

Just a

little,

a very

little.

very little, trifling.

a very little, a wee

H-/J> The same, (s.)

2$> ty More or less, a very

little,

bit.

(n.)

a fraction.

Slightly, measurably, somewhat, (a)

I3

IS

ff

,15

How did Brother Shi come out in this

examination ? Ans. He barely succeeded in getting his name posted up.
17 His are less and yours are more.
Divide off a very little of yours to him,
and you will then have a fair division.
18 You go back home and sound your
father on the subject and see if he
16

i8

is

willing.

19 In these days the man who has three

cash will not associate with the man
who has but two. When a man gets
a very little money, he does not con-

,6

Jtt

descend to look at ordinary people.

and yet it is a
if you like
carneliau mouth-piece. Although the
bore is a little to one side, it is not
noticeable without careful examina-

20 Inferior

=
<HF#"**ftft3EIS4i
$.:*& &J&g3liJfttt

jfc*ft*-^

tion.

He owes

onr firm over two hundred

to this time
thousand cash, and
up
If it were only
has not paid a cash.
a trifle, do yon suppose we would be
so anxious about it T

21

22 Those who go
be

should

=*

ft.

" tigs 'ft

$$

to re-

entirely from eating a single

particle of anything ?
15 That residence of Mil's is indeed
quite complete, bat it is a little too
contracted.
frain

li

H"l

- *

"ff

-fc

Can yoa expect him

cook."

m MlflF*^ J
fi # * * &
^ tt t* <h ^
*
9
I 3-fft >
Iff,!
l H, t. A 1 * ftft3$
* i" flt a *u iw. - & &
i. *> ii at # **'.b
a. - n
o j # a. m m*
m 7&
S ft tt # o
*&in
tt * hi a f <* a- f. *
*rtt*oft#ft^- m
m & $9 $l*>t> a ^. ***

-t

fll

into business together

mutually

in

forbearing

their intercourse.
It will not do to
angry and dissolve partnership

get

for every trifling mistake.

7-.

VOCABULABT.
1

TO Shoo ,
J

0i

Ts'oi*

'ot

Gradually slightly, partially

most part, rather.
;

an excess
somewhat, rather.

Partial

g f$ Fu*yii

file ;

little

7$ San* hwo&.
...

I'i&e**

J^

Ktn*.

ledge, a step

fr5

^3 Hwa*

delay, hesitancy.

yin

1
.

perverse

school.

Stress of voice, intonation

hint, a suggestion.

to

wrong, a grievance.

archers.

to stop, to hesitate
See kin*.

limit

camelian, ^ $ft HsUe* kwan*

To dissolve partnership,

thumb by

P'ieri1 eh'tn*.
Vie*.

To leave or quit a position,

to throw up a situation.

5 Far*.. The cock of the bine-green kingfisher.

US ^p Fef ts'toei*.
Jadite, chrysoprase.
VK1H Pan ch'P. A broad ring worn on the

have dealings.
as,

changr*.

jig Thig*.

....... quash. an agreement; to

ch'ii

7V*

in easy

disperse; to quit.
i?L )$i

agate, opal.
Ilk

rP

Intercourse, fellowship

Veined stones,

nao*.

for the

to file, to trim.

associate, to

Ma 1

Rich, affluent, wealthy

circnm stances.

1
1
jj^j-^x Chie ckiao .

f^JpH

very

To

seize or raise

Out of balance.
by the arm to insert
;

or thrust into ; to tuck into.

MANDARIN

Tksson 177.

m %

A*

il

& u n M

tit

ft.

fft

tf>

LESSONS.

23 When yon are working for another,

even if you niffer some trifling wrong,
you should be patient and not hasti-

iflff

ly throw np your situation.

24 One cannot even prepare

537

his

bath-

water to suit him. If it is the least

bit too warm, he complains of being

7.

scalded, and if

it

is

the least bit

tot)

he complains of being chilled.

There never was a man so hard to

cool,

ff

A +
& *

ttl

3#>

?#

IK

#.

3fc

* ^
S *
*

*r

d>

"#u

W #

ft

serve.

25 This jade-stone ring

#fc

IB.

ft

11

0.

is good, it is true,
but it is the least mite too large ibrme.
26 You think I'm afraid of yon do you ?
If you really want to see who is the

**q
t I ^

tr

man, I am quite ready for yon,

whoever shows any sign of
backing out is no man.

better

^.

and

Everybody said this suit wonld be

but yon see, I have carried

rm.

^ ^ W ft ^ $ $ ?
% 1. M %> A . #. PI
Wm a e * - n & a

difficult,

7.

iR

^.

fr.

ft

ft.

8!

II

on in such a way that there

some prospect [of success].
it

28

flt

li

HI

ft.

26

not send my children to school

any more. Look how much labor 1
have expended from my yonth, and

over

ffi

year].

29 It

27

not

it is

13

t'ung-li*hi<i

ilR

,sfl

not being so used in Peking.

W V^ K.

Allow a

little

The expression would be more elegant

to

jw

$ as

instead of

fjj-

~y

'

^ x

in other

and generally denotes all

court iUelf.

ally,

if

[for]

me

to go.

^5 7E were changed

constantly used for house

i<
it
only used occasionthe houses in a court including
is

tions

does that amount to

16 This sentence would be precisely the paroe

J

if

addressed

to the person himself.

19 z^

1?

often is; yet the form of expression in the

Is quite common.
15 In some sections

text

iiic

it

road

What

is

in front is properly bound,

but this one behind is ont of balance.
Ans. It is the least trifle uneven,
bnt that is no matter
insert a
small stone [under the rope], aud it
will restore the balance.

25

Threefingtrt ; that is, the width of three fingers.

9 The language used may apply either to taste or to smelJ12 iOl yy here means money, property, in which sense

and it only brings me a little

twenty thousand cash [per

That load

Bj

7 ^1 3h

in

not necessary to state a thing

in detail to a clever man.
You only
need to give him a slight hint, and
yon may be sure he'll understand.

4-

Not KS

have spent,

school,

* a # T-o m m #
m * & * o *9 m # \%
m m #
M ^ & m. ^
& m.?k ^ % * *i. & ac
- ]g.
si k * &
#
$ i m m m a ^ m m, &
is #^ t
I l:
bm. 15 I i
<

order to obtain a degree, and then

only by dint of appealing to my
relatives and friends did I secure a

1io7o^oM^st
^ W#. #*

now

I'll

how much money

is

20 A
22

' P* for ^r. |0| and is read so 1

carnelian mouth-piece to a pipe is

Pfc

'fin jinny.

much

value...

t HX * Blow out the lamp and disperse the

The expression is probably taken from gambling

when one gets angry or disgusted, he blows out the light and
up the game and scatters the company.
26 It
tfl fft 1$ Who is afraid of whom? that is,
do yon think I um a/raid of you ? -fT f fla To make a hatl,
The
to hold back. 4T f!3 Si To show [a sign of] hesitation.
so breaks

former expression isNoithern, the latlei Central and tjouthoru.

638

ss

A +

&A +^Wm%& m *. * *. j 4^
^
^
a % is * # o
Hi ^ tjsb ^ t-. m a*. T o #
4^
^iattSfjg
^
* ra. 7. n * ,0 s m m &
$ m o * & $ ^ *r X *
A, II Kyj| *r T |, it. T
o
* H
* o ^ Si.
fr* ^ # 'ff
g
m m * m . w A i s I
n> Mr fi o
n Ji
g
* # BT 1* ** * > a ^ *
T ^ * ^ = 7 &
& IB * t6 T # t& w m w
^ H. n m m ?
fc it
ft #
% ^ir pi m % mt W ft *
4

iUL

ifc

flL

PP?

BjJ

Iffi

*ft

JB|

iisssojst

1 - I

Transudation.

Jj!c

This

year it has scarcely rained

duriug the entire spring. From the
look of things the wheat will certainly
be a failure.
2 The two nations are both increasing
their armies and preparing arms.
1

Judging from appearances there

will

certainly be war.
3 I have already offered to the amount
of one hundred tiao per acre for that
piece of laud, and he still will not
sell.
From the appearance of things
I fear it cannot be bought.

4 To-day he promises that he will pay

to-morrow, and to-morrow he promises that

he will pay the next day.

from
the way he acts, he never
judge
had any idea of paying the money.
5 The latter half of the year Lao San
has been constantly hanging aronnd
1

the opium shop.

From the look of
things I am afraid he has already
fallen into dissolute habits.

8 This compound has in front a large

gate for the entrance of horses behind it has a wagon gate, and all
around are rows of houses. Judging
from the general style, I'll warrant
that the iuside is also in keeping.
7 The announcement of the new Chiu;

olxxvtit.

Phrases of Inference.
The following phrases are all very similar in
meaning and use. The definitions give the approximate literal meaning rather than the actual
words found in the translations, which are modified to suit the connection.

either jf
'If

oi

g[J

may be

In

all

the phrases,

used.

5s.WtstW( Judging from

the appearance

of things.

Wi ill iS Jrt tft Judging from the appearance

of affairs.

W US
'B

is.

ifl J

Judging

^jf ill

^ Judging
US ^ $ Judgin

of things.

Jadging from the appearance

circumstances.

.# it fH^#

Judging from the posture or

situation of tilings.

#M@i^# Jndgiug from

the condition

or state of the game.

mmmm

Judging from the course or

#ii1K#S&

Judging from the course or

bearing of things
tenor of things.

from

the

manner

or style of things.

of things.

#il1'lf^
of

^"Mft^cT

Judging

from the form or

appearance of things.

from

the

fashion

f- m.

%$& 3;

waging from

the

con tig n-

ration of things.

from

the

shape

#il1Sm^
things.

Judging from the

style

of

MANDARIN

Lbsbon 178.

m o % m t& & * s ^ #.
m ^ i a 4 *t^ a h
M^fttt^oifc.tt. Aft
*. A ^ ^ *. # o AP

shi has come,

fa'

a*

# i

&

^ ^
12

fi

s *
- IP I

ft

t,

ff

51

tf

ft

jfi

i,

and those who went to

congratulate him, were simply treated

to a meal of plain vermicelli. Judging

from

14

&

539

I.RSSONS.

when he comes home

this,

to

sacrifice to his ancestors, there will

be no great ado made.

8 Li Ta-jen has again taken a mining
engineer and gone to Ohin-kon Hill
to prospect for a mine.
From the
look of things the mine at (Jhiu-kou
Hill will doubtless be opened.
9 What makes the sunlight without so
yellow and dull ? From the appearance of things there must be an
eclipse coining on.

10

f<ft

P *

ffl

*. &RfflK

15

ft

&~

X it 9r
B f H * i
fc * *. w.

11

A. H>

n # mm.**

12

On

the last occasion at the test examination, several of the highest

names each received a reward of
5000 cash. Judging from the appearance of things this time, 2000 cash
is the utmost that each man will get.
That man on Oh'ilin street who has
leprosy, already has maggots on him.
Judging from his condition, he cannot live over to-day.
When I yield a step, he advances a
step when I yield another step, he advances another step. It is evident that
he intends to make trouble for me.
Madam was in the middle room
pounding clothes, and when she
heard that the announcement had
come, she never moved, but kept
right on with her work as before.
From this it is evident that she has
indeed the style of a lady.
While sitting at the feast Sun Ta-jen
seemed reluctant either to eat or to
drink. I judge from his manner that
he will probably not exert himself in
the affair we have entrusted to him.
When they were in business they
;

# *

^i3ff

m *

i\

# -

m #

tT

A.

^. *.

ft.

&

ft

ft

i*.

4*t

Jttt**.ttAft#fiB

E5

* *

If

ft

H>

&. -a

&

**,*

14

B *.**
o
*

^*
H
- m n
fll

13

15

were very intimate, now they each

10

Vocabulary.
rJ^fijf

1
Ping cAH*.

Arms, weapons, implements

of war.

Jfp ffi

Mod* ckwan 1

To hang around,

tw 3&

fUJ

Ch'ing hsing*.

Chou 1 wei*

to loaf,
fife

The appearance or look

of things, circumstances.

fcfe

Wk

Around, surrounding.

mining engineer.

to encroach on; to
eclipse,
to be eclipsed.

to loiter.
i

Kung* ski .
f$ Shi*. To eat away,

r|iilj

Ji* shi 1

An

Hu'jt*.
CftQef k-\

eclipse of the sun.

The same

final or test

Note

10.

:Note

9.

examination:

,40

a +

ft

if

-t

- m

have a growing family of fine childand are constantly making each

other presents.
Judging from the
appearance of things their children
will no doubt intermarry.
16 I noticed that in his house they used
ren,

21

BS

&*>$

sft

i^
^ i

fl

A.

&

')

ft

18

i ^
i
t t u t
a, ^ ^ i in a, fi

is,

fi

I I

w.

i f
i |

iR

17

white lining satin to paper the rooms,

and red satiu to cover the commode.
Judging from the style of things it
will be as much as a man can do to
wait on them.
17 That man's language is conrteons

and his manner dignified. Judging

from his bearing he must belong to
a good family.
18 Ordinarily I have had no intercourse
with them, but to-day they have
suddenly invited me to a feast and
moreover all the other guests are

as

&HJH. tfft#ffiA*&
:

a
7\

m W

1R

1, Jl

$ m
7>

From the
suspicious characters.
look of things I suspect that they
are setting a trap for me.

.&
$ *
?
s.

^ i
* &

it

ago I went and asked

them when the vessel would sail.
They said there were seventy jars of
wine yet to be put on board, and

19 Five days

Jt

^
R

that as soon as

#
$ift ft n ^ i & m
*3PPK5 #

7"

aspect of things it
when they will go.
20 Fa Lien the priest

m^fc #.&#
o

# ^
& t *n m #
n %> W.
i

ft.

m>

1;)

tf

rfn

$r.

Ji

&

m
B

and sold

ple

&
21

Ok'i*.

but wheu

judge from the appearance of this

Li the Second, that he will
hardly stand it.

The middle room

Ku?>g ttng*

The female of the Chinese unicorn.

Chii* chfr.

A fabulous beast of auspicious omen.

#fcH
jQ
A"

Mat/tug

(Ifi'ii

1
-

Ckia* $/"*

Maggots bred
<

J|f Chi

shr.

man-

(w.)

Position [of the game], situatiou, outlook.

in putrid flesh.

circnmstances
appearance, ontlook.

ondition,

Ml *? GhUP

commode.

behavior;

Deportment
tier, style,

Leprosy.
-

of a Chiuese

house, a hall.

unicorn.
1

Lin 1

tem-

trustees of the

the

1
Vang* wu

The male of the Chiuese

smoked opium

off everything in the

man

The same.

4**.

hard to say

reproved him, he took an

oath that he would never smoke again.
That is now three years ago. Judging from the circnmstances it is not
likely he will begin to smoke again.

^n

is

temple

m>

H$ft^3i*AH3
2'a

these were loaded,

they would sail. Yesterday I went

They said
again and asked them.
there were still two hundred jars of
wine to load.
Judging from the

To prop up

to withstand, to bear up,

to endure, to stand.

MANDARIN LESS0N8.

LE660N 179.

541

Translation.

* * &

*k

*.

mm
&

x m m pt if * n ^ *
* # a. # 3 jp pn
Hi
MP
KS o
m m a? o a
m
* h& * $ % m. m a
& . # a
^ $ i.
.

Ykfl"

fir

Although parents love

their children,
yet somehow the children do not lore
their parents.
2 Only when he saw that evasion was
impossible did he come to the point
of telling the real truth.
3 Is there a man in the whole world
who chooses to die ? It is only when
men are in desperate straits that they
seek death.
4 Friends in offering congratulations,
1

Si

ft
Vni".

^X

jsb*

and relatives in presentingcondolences,

not really desirous of making
presents, bnt the circumstances give
them no choice.
are

ffi

w.
o

ft

is our own family affair

no one
can do anything about it.
6 I have thrashed you, and it is im-

5 This

* * *. *
m m j m m m
& m ^ *. * J& wwX ^ 1$
i I
ffc

*r

II

possible for yon to get any satisfaction

out of me.
7 Save as a last resource, who is willing
to beg.
8 At present yon have both prestige
and money, who is able to get the

S'l

else

]Sf

better of you ?

NOTBS.
1 ct 7$ ~f ffl, it hat not rained much, is very
different from fj? ~f ^J ]fj, there has been no great rain.
3 56 Si )& would seem to he the subject of the verb,
but it is not a subject must be supplied.
9 iSt
fc P^ A front gate large enough and high
enough to admit a man on horseback.
7 3fc Bj| $J A meal consisting entirely of mien, which
is considered
very good, though not stylish. When a man

'

gets a degree, special couriers carry the news to his friends,

When he
taking their chances of the pay they may get.
himself returns home, he sacrifices to his ancestors, and is
expected to invite his friends to a feast.
9 The Chinese traditional explanation of an eclipse is
that the sun (or moon) is being eaten up by a great dog. The
is derived from the practice
, protecting the sun,
phrase H|
of beating on drums and pans to frighten away the dog, mid

examination of such graduates as choose to present themselves,

Shortly
giving a small stipend to a number of the best.
before the triennial examination at the provincial capital, a
special examination called a 9t iwjs or 7i aSc ' 8 held, and
those who attain a certain degree of excellence receive an

allowance for traveling expenses.

10 Throughout the province* the prefects hold a monthly

LESSOlir

cam.

from

day to day, but that he certainly could not live another day.
is more generally called ?$ fjf, WL13 That a wife should show no sign of excitement or
pleasure on such an occasion as that of her husband getting a
degree, is supposed to be the height of deoorum and of lady

Leprosy

like bearing.

14 JB $1 8

at or during the feast.

16

so save the sun.

|l| has here the force of certainly, or in any

that the man had unexpectedly lived

Its use implies

% fC

WL

In the presence of the feast

Make

themselvu

that

kindred

ia,

fry

contracting marriage alliances beiioeen their eh

CLXXII.

IMPBACTICABILITY.
&, there is no
also sometimes
help, no resource ; yet nevertheless:
nsed as a verb, to do to another, to pnt through.

^JBf What

is

to be

done?

i.

$& %

Unable, no resource

yet; only

alas

$ft

way

"fiT

only

Without resource, no

help,

no other

last resort.

'
The same.
n ^.thHm.
rfi.r i t>
IrRwh^rS No means of doing anything, no help

J&j&M

m m ^

Stt

tti

-a

% te* *
i tm^s

w.

(ft

^13-y.

ii

% %

a * n
7 *
<&

&
f ^ a %
a * $
* # . #
o
si.
A a Hi-ifl
% Z # A
9 *&. * &
H ft fc &
* * f* *
H> # * IN.
T . K
fi & ft
a *. * ft
jf*

7.

ttf

fcEftpf^

*tt
14

#B

3fc

#
& #&

m * m
* # T
n m a
a ^. ^
mh: * *

ft,

as

iS*

jS

-&

&

tfo

&\

i*

&

II

SB

i#

ft

4>

IS

#>

The same,

^ Pian Impossible

If I had the money, I would

willingly
lend it to him ; but it is out of the

question when
for myself!
12

Who
laud

haven't eveu enough

willing to sacrifice house and

Yet when oue gets into a

i9
?

he has no resource but to sell.

Yang the Eighth has not
been given to paying his debts how
does it conic that to-day he has pawned
his clothes and paid Chang the Sixth ?
Atis. It was because he COuld not
help
it.
He was very loth to pawn them,
but Chang the Sixth gave him no
strait,

13 Heretofore

choice.
14

At

first I thought one matt could

bring it on his shoulder, bnt on trying
I found it impracticable.
It will

&io

K B *

& #

men

My coming now
is

sir,

because

to carry it
to seek help of you,

am

in

a very great

had any resource at all,

I would not think of
coming.
16 At first he would not agree to kotow
on the street, but the other party was
inexorable.
Oulv when he fonnd
there was no help for it did he fiIf 1

strait.

nally assent.

^$frTn 2i

(s.)

MPftflS

iW^Pt^

The same.

tight place, in

ii

require two

do anything, in a
extremity.attheend of one's tether.
The same.

P]

You may cure the disease, but you cannot control fate. If it is ordained that,
he should die, there is no
help for
him.

16

Till BT 5n rt The same.

$S

10

ft

.ft

sat

s - %

that I could get entirely rid of

but alas ! I cau-

this corrupt heart

not.

Wt

ft

fc ^>

Would

-t

& *
W # & *
b# * m ft

* f P
* T
* ft

X +

SU

to

Ttt or #3 fr To manage, to bring to terms,

with a negative, ffc "j", |^, unable
to put through;
to control or manage, impracticable*

$ftSfPftf=J Out
ticable,

"^ 2i ^ help for it, no choice, Uo other

in straits.
unavoidable,
way,
'T*

The same.

of

one's

power,

imprac-

no resource.

IX'f^Vo./iL Impracticable,

helpless,

hope-

less, incorrigible.

Vocabulary.

% Nai*

The crab-apple; a remedy,

source ; how ? what way ?

re-

To implicate: to shirk, to evade.

pg We?
1
we?. To make rixcUfle, to evade ; to
fll* j?f* Twei
ritruct, to

buck out.

^H

To evade, to back out ; to

throw the blame on another, (s.)

T'wei 1 la?.
Tien 1 yin 3

The craving of the appetite

for

Yieri1 t'ou*.

...

opium.

The amount of opium smoked

in

u given time.

ilANDAnTN

FjKsson 179.

n^m m

t>

it
was an elder brother's wife
that was so hateful, I could talk back
to her, or I might even slap her a
few times
bnt this is a younger
brother's wife, and I can do nothing

17 If

^ w n *
m m m m ^ f a
7,
o a o
* ** W 99
Jr # ft & &
T. * ft *&.*& H # 3* m
o tT fa I* 3 A * - *
3RT R tr * * it if.
A i * 18 i
m ^si^ w g
m

7C

21

at all with her.

I have one more plan, and I am
determined to have another tussle
with him.

18

We

do not believe him of course,

but since we are unable just now to

19

jtb

fault on
to
him.f
nothing

fix

* tt 1B IB
ft 91 * h m m *p i
a^-sr
* & @ &
$-**%j#
*Tfa *,*
#. 7J ft. W
a
X ft o & tf A ft o # .ft
*P ft. fe M ft
tf #
ft it
Ml.

lft

22

Jfclllt

ift

jjfjij

Ttf.

ffl)W

Ts'fi

fang

them to death ? It is only because

the people will not be virtuous and
heed instruction that, as a last resort,
he employs punishments to control

club,

a cudgel ;a drumstick.

mounted robbers.

sacrifice to ancestors

An ancestral

2
.

fflj
~)fl(i

"W

3tl

<

hall or

hia 1 ck'iao*.

JsW

jN:

t9$ -ft

Rr**
Tu

j^| Ch'iao

ting*.
1

stump; a square

ting*

followed them.

23 That year the crops were very poor,

and besides, the family, both children
and adults, were constantly sick, so

1
J$l Ch'iao chiao*.

To stand on

1
iffrW^fe Tien* chiao* ckien

temple

square bench or stool

one person.
as

|f

To stand on

tip-

Hi

"fit

B*J

Hsu

^ Tsun
Wt

chia*.

False,

empty, vain ; imagi-

nary.

The

ckang*.

senior

members of a

family or elan.
kun*.

To condemn

to

be scourged

to beat, to scourge.

$t^y

Kwei* hsiang 1

To kneel while a stick

of

incense burns out.

square seat or stool.

Same

Ml

5.

stool.

tht torn, to

tip-toe.

toe.

ancestral

The sparrow.
The same.

ch'iad*

" V.

them.
22 At first he refused to go with them,
whereupon the robbers struck him
a couple of blows with a cudgel, and
were about to kill him with a sword,
when he yielded to necessity and

walk ou

See Les. 86. Note

3f, ~$i

J^

Heng's opium smoking

past all remedy. In the first place,

he h$s no will-power and no desire
whatever to break off; iu the second
place, the habit has too strong a
hold (he takes too much) ; even if he
did desire to break off, he could not.
31 Do you think the emperor takes
pleasure in beating men or putting

rebels.

carried by

To

A large rattan cudgel or whip

3
jR& 1^ Ma pang*.

...

19

Organized robbers, banditti

Tsei*ping\

tqS Pang*.

fit

wo can do

him,

is

*.

ift.

any

Wang Yuen

SO

ft]

X 1

MS

I.KSSOS.

fffj

3
f Tien hwa*.

TB

IPC

for

Ohf

ch'od 1

To make signs with

the fin.ger; to gesture, to point out.

To make signs
to point out

to gesture,

44

15

ft

f&

t?

88

it

-t

"R

fiKBttm 18(

546

US

* W ^ & m
w. ^ a, # ^
- f
f
5fn

nR

pf

JSL

$&

. *:
n o

,7

pt

I I
1 ^
^ IE

*P

8?

"4

Gi

Jt

* I>
* m

pf

ft.

^.*if

*r

(ft

Jt If #,3

It

i i
p

house, but what a pity they made a

door in the end, aud that too to the
one side.
It is decidedly
not in

good

*.

ui
&*mo it.
ni
# fijis^ si
i* * W *& B
A
in it ^ l
it * n.
pf ge & w
# =t ^ *5 * w a
r 35
& x *
# #
* 4 il *
o M ft 7 a # *

* *i i ~ wr
m w a. $s w ii
ii * jb it ^ a ffl#
* w.
t * .
$ a' # jb fa ^ *
# W IE
*E *
ill . I W i ^

"One day
is,
husband and wife implies a hundred
days' kindness," from which we see
that the sympathy of husband and

wife is greater than that of any other.

12 Although this business of his makes
one iudignant, yet there are still
some redeeming features about it.
13 Just as I was about to ask him, a
friend happened in and broke up our
conversation.

jii

14 Li Ch'ung Ohftn

Though so wise and gifted, Liu

Hwei Gh'wan is yet able to exhibit

15

such mildness and courtesy that one

cannot bat respect and love him,

jit

16 Although the business came to grief

in his hands, yet there is some excuse
for him.
It was simply the result of

his youth and inexperience, and was

not done on purpose.
17 Although there were various stories

flfi

pardonable, allowance
trustworthy, be depended
pf $
upon.
dubious.
Questionable,
Pf

be dreaded.
be
pf

to

pf W> Excusable,

made

PJ

about him, yet they were only

vagne rumors, eptirely untrustworArts. Although untrustworthy,
thy.
afloat

to

ftf

fflji

feared, to

to

hateful, abominable.

to die.

dqubtfnl,

'1$ Terrible,

Detestable,

PJ

to

?5E

deserving of death, ought

j&L Killable,
deserving be spared.
Pf
Sparable,
Admirable, worthy of being looked
pf

for.

Reliable,

a perfectly reliable

with him.

pf

*fr

be

is

Nothing could be more satisfactory than to deposit the money

man.

flP

taste.

The common saying

11

^ u ^r
t $

T. #. tt

IK

ill
* S
&

12

*=&

nf

1^1

ft

S + A W - S

&

$r

at,

elegant, beautiful, showy.

Vocabulary.

,&^
jf

Hsi*

To settle a quarrel, to come to

an agreement, to make peace,

sA't*.

Fortunate;

CV'i*.

s5c

% Chid

\1}

p'od*..

S/ian

chHang*.

iMffi P'ien

hsie

2
.

Becoming,

felicitous.

ffi

To the one

^f Ch'ana-

tw^
side,

yie.n

of a

oil'

Ch'ing-fen*.

Ch'ung

)\\

Ch'wan 1

taste,

A common saying,

trite

Affection, attachment; kindness, sympathy.

Lofty, eminent; honorable; to exalt;

to adore, to reverence. a>

or aside
j

from the csutre.

good

saying.

The gable, the end

in

seemly.

house.
1

Jj^fjl Ch'ing* yang*.

maternal graudinotber.

()
1

mountain stream.

MANDAIUN LE8SOWS.

Lkpson 180,

ic

_t

ft

# mm

* *&
m m to w
m fr, s ^ w.
ft

7.

* a W
#j if
a. * ai
ft a
m
3K to

fft

fls

tfL.

31

Humble,

conciliatory,
yielding, courteous.

Idle talk

Liu* yien*.

unfounded rnmors;

$j
|[

To

Ni*.

Ni*

K'wang

sink; to suffocate; to be fond

dote oh.

ft

to excess, to dote on
blind to the faults of.

To love

at*.

To

talk wildly, to

To swindle,

=J

|$j|

K'wang pHen*.

lie, to

to

cheat.

embezzle

Gh 4ng*jan*.
i

In

very deed,

verily,

is

sacrificial vessel.

the red or pink variety.

Precious coral,
Tff

-^

Ting

or official rank

%. ShweP

"

"

The

button
worn on top of
the hat as a sign of literary

tax*

Note

22.

wtn*.

water-mark or vein

in a

stone or crystal.

ft; Tsod*
^(iPI GhH*

i*.

The

tiao*.

train of thought or skeleton

of an essay or discourse; ideas.

The

measured

cadeuce

of

literary composition or of
;

to defraud, to fleece.

I$t&

Hit 1

TjC
of, to

man Song

worthy of utter
Giving out that he was
taking people's daughters to the
girls' school, he nevertheless selected
the best one and kept her for a con-

Conciliatory, humble, retiring.

OhHen x hs&n*.

have their

detestation.

Mild, meek, forbearing.

hi*.

come

woman Liang is continually

saying that she lias eaten nothing
for so many days, and
yet she is as
fat as she can be, which shows clearly
that what she says is not really true.

From

20 That old

21 That

stories.
jjpj

ships and marriages all

predetermining laws.

& *

ii&tt.

Jot?

pre-existing affinity, friends will

3fe

iffi

jH* ITsim*

'/fil~^=f

lit

Hwei.

a thousand li to meet ; and when

there is none, they will not become
acquainted though face to face:''
"Those destined for each
again,
other in marriage, though a thousand
li apart, are yet led
by one thread ;'"
from which it is evident, that friend-

flf

% # #

llrtj^l

sfc

Wang Kwang

at

do; he goes everywhere swiudling

people, which shows that the saying,
" To
indulge a son is no better than
to kill him," is verily true.
19 The saying is, " When there is a

ift

as

fix ^<0

Look

the time he was a child his father

and mother indulged him, and now
there is nothing too bad for him to

**

-T-

yet they were sufficient to raise doubts.

The thing most to be feared is that
parents will be blinded by affection.

18

1=

T.

to.

ft

Pf

w m #
T $D % #
*u a m n # h
ft # *: &
m
W
W 41 A #>
W.
^ ^ ^
m m ft W- M. ?E
s ^ m # t * 3E
& $i
I* 0r
. n is * & # k

ft

pT

19

A> #.

^f

m .*##

n
m

f&

547

as-

a chant, rhythm, tune.

HH Kwan
.

1
.

To look

at, to

observe, to note.

Also

...... kioan*.

saredly.
($fc

fffl

$"

Yuen* fen*. Predestined fitness or adaptation, an antecedent affinity.

Shar?

Coral.

ffi f|

Kan*

A gifted officer of state.

yilnji*.

x
W> \$r ^hao yao*. To
.

raise a disturbance, to draw

a crowd ; to make aft ado.

648

1?

$i

IS

IS

1?

+ A

"&

Ml

MANDARIN LESSONS.

F-ksson 181

-+AW

Translation.

To

that yonr
sa)- nothing of the fact
father laid by something of an inheritance for you, even if he had laid

A $ i t
# j &
* m *
* H % %m m
H $ T. *s
TV*

*.

in

^
% m
m m
# m
m & H #. ft
* h a *

t%

ft

*
m
m

ffl

m
^

fll

iC

ifc

6 & * #
i 1 & ft *
si. * *
m % m #f $*#

*.

m m A

|&

9 & If
7 * # T
- *r & SR
m * u m
m *.
*.
^ o ep
8ft

2 Although I did not see it with my

own eyes, yet I ventnre to say that
yon first reviled him. If you had
not first reviled him, would he have
struck you ?
3 I certainly ought to have come in
person day before yesterday to offer
my congratulations on your birthday,
sir, but on account of having takeu a
slight cold I could not venture out in
the wind, and so was unable to come
in person.

*r

m m

ft

5ft

#j

fi

Hij

ft

a * * m
e> * # &
S I w & s #
if

witli his military

w ^

:fc

f*

ill

fll

ifc

Ifr

degree.

What

does

Even

a military degree signify?

if

he had a civil degree of the second

rank, I would not go and make suit
(owu up) to him.
5 Judging from the first hearing, this

ought certainly to have won

but because there was not enough

suit

money

When

in

used, it was lost.

I think of the time 1 wasted

school, I feel

very sorry

for al-

though my talents are inferior, yet if

I had
beeu willing to apply myself,
I might
have known many more

SHI

# *

me

4 He need not think to frighten

* m
pf

I, o

IS
ffl

by nothing, you could not cast him

off.

characters.

7 Judging from this language, he probIf

ably has some money after all.
not, wonld he be thinking of opening
a pawn shop?
8 To say uothing of his having had some
experience, even if he had had no ex-

VOCABULARY.

some- P

To present congratulations

J@g l|p Ch'ing* shou*.

on the birthday,
times accompanied by a present.

fH $~ Han*

cki*.

W* $n Ohao1 p

tT $&
'xj tcf'

ei*.

To confess and make amends,

to confess and apologize.

To be worsted,

Ming-

tou*.

to lose.

Intellect, talent, genius

telligent. brilliant.

fa

Ta'aP/en*. ...

Talent, parts.

To distinguish ; to pick out

and assort to separate.
;

RK

P*'

Wt fflK

To repress ; to obscure ; to screen.

Ming* pi*. To cover up, to screen, to smother

Vfi

7K

fifjj

W.

("ban 1 jan*.

to blind, to

hoodwink.

To contaminate,
corrupt.

in.

...

yj

language,

expression.

fa ffi Ftn1 pien*.

cold, indisposition caused by

a cold.

Ta* sku 1

Style of speech,

pft JT'0M htoa*.

jfciy

iSc flu*

tie*.

moth, a miller.

butterfly.

to soil

to

m *

550

i)

it

Hf

I i
s n

a m
* >

i&

%k

12

10

51

ft

& W
. f/L.ui^ %> ft ft
K 1 5! i tt $ * ft
x t& m. ft &, m %, m
^ A o ^ m #. ft w>
A A A IB worn mi
Ml ft t #
|$ %
a m m &. ft ft *! m
m n & m
.ft
U
Hfif^^

Si

m
#W ft
m * J-H
iw
a ft &>

ms

KR 7o

si?

xa.

&

#.

i*

i i

ft

iii

&*&

ig

7>*n&^

ft

T>

$fc

M M * a.
* to #
IP
-&
m m
&
a * ft

ft

i\ ft

ft

1ft

ife

A & M

&
IP

ft*

ft

sfto

I*

* JB

tt

5
^

Iff

iff

yfc

ft

#> ft IS

A # # * K
M IS. * H

IE

W.

fflL

as

tt

J.

#
*

ft. ft

ft

ft.

u*

mm%

w
lift ft # *
3* f ^ ^
a 7
i n t. a
I at a
1? up* 4"
* ft o ft A * ft ft. #T ft.
ft *. a !* m m s ^ a o
$ft

T>

fll

promise at once.
10 Although we say that conscience can
distinguish right and wrong, yet because of the blinding effect of Inst
within, and the corrupting effect of
the world without, it comes to pass
that trne right and wrong, even the
conscience is not able clearly to dis-

ffi

fJL

%.

"tfe

tinguish.
11 It is only a

moth: and even if it

were a butterfly, is it worth while for
you, a great thing over ten years old,
to set up such a bawling about it ?
12 Probably he is not unjustly accused,
seeing everybody reports it in this
way. If it were not true, although
one man might be his enemy, yet
surely all would not be his enemies.
13 No magistrate refuses the privilege
Even although the
of a settlement.
are already summoned, only
there be someonetoactas mediator,
and a notice of settlement be presented, and the case may be arrested
14 When a man has not been renewed
by the Holy Spirit, although he wishes
to do good, he does not understand
parties

let

what it is to do good.
Having put all these gentlemen to the
trouble of coming to mediate in this

15

3e*

business of ours, to say nothing of

our not suffering any serious loss,
even if we should lose three or five

14

|J$')

{JA
fl^ij

3?

prolonged sound.
An open month.

La*.

Pa 1

HA

See

la 1

As

cA'u 1.

1m in Ju'

Fu* ch'u

ally

re-

Yu*

Hsiny

jJgJK)

CM

s/ian*.

tung*.

An

Pien*

To

Chien* ying*.

put

to

trou-

fat*.

Connected with

Bti

$L

Chi*

cft'ou*.

as before.

was

originto begin again, to revert.

acci-

whereas, (w.)
To hold a grudge, to cherish
;

a purpose f revenge.

unforeseen occurrence,

s\n

emergency an accident.
To see a trace or indication
;

ble.

$f Wei*.

it

dent.

To do good, to do works of benevoleuce; to do righteously.

disturb, to

first,

To meet with danger or

hsien*.

generation.

ft

at

To restore as

trumpet, a clarionet.
1
To be born again
4fe Ch'ung* sheng

ft

perience, with his abilities, I warrant

he would manage it successfully.
9 Seeing yon, good brother, have taken
8o much pains about my betrothal, 1
but inonght by rights to assent
asmuch as I have not yet had my
father's consent, I cannot venture to

19:

gfc

+ A H -

f&

mm. QhHen*
1

Ski*

fa'

htin*.

or sign of.
A collector of taxes
surer or cashier.
Letters

a trea-

correspondence.

HAND.MUK

1.rx*w 18 J.

T.

*&

0r

ft.

W
*H

t*

ft

&

* *

m m m

I,IS80X9.

*7J*77

IE

ft

ft

tfc.

1*.

*n

-ife

IS

thousand cash, we ought to yield to

their wishes in the case.
16 The good point about Li Wei K'un is
that he never holds spite.
Even
though one offends hire, yet if au
apology be made, he will be just as

& % m
A i t
n m
# m m
m ^ ^ *#$

*t

#t

friendly as ever.
17 Although I am anxious to return home
as soon as possible, yef, because my
business is not finished I cannot {ret
away at present, but will be compelled
to remain till the end of the year.
18 Judging from the Shanghai telegram,
the Pao-ta should
have reached
Chefoo yesterday, but np to the

V.'A

ft

W & I* *. &<7 zm
. & A m m m.*t
ft a. % ~x m m m m h torn.
m r m ft MS if * s -o
-***!* is * # *

present time she has not come. Some

accident has most likely occurred. Tf
there had been no accident, could it
be that up to this time there should
be no sign of her ?

lfi

# # #
a ft *
^.
M
*?-

i1
^.

ie

a a

ft

ir

*n

ift

HI

ft
ft

as

i#

6>

in

ft

ft

#n

Jg

^. H.

ft

T.
o

li

*h

31

ft

$i

Jl

*w

A
R &
Bi ai

W ^ 4 *
^> & &

501

The

19

assistants

in

Chou and Hsien

Those
of one giado.
who have charge of recording petitions
those who
are called legal clerks
have charge of land and poll taxes
those
are called financial clerks
who have charge of writing petitions
and letters, are 'walled secretaries.
offices

are not

all

Although Chou and Hsien magistrates

for the most part, able men, yet
because the public business is more

are,

flJS ft

man can attend to alone,

they find it necessary to use thesa
three kinds of official assistantsthan one

NOTKS.
8 tR

2fc

$6 A

by the mediator or middleman, and embraces a statement

Tq| Or, II tnnst he no.

cold ailment,

any slight disease caused by

exposure to cold.

"jjt

g
suit

1JI

is

rarely

civil,

as opposed to a military, Ch&jeu.

hall or court ; that is, one hearing.

The magistrate
finished at one hearing.

One

case may,

7 jj.
money had

and often

rloes,

mills

up another.

16

clause, j5 adds emphasis to the question.

10 9k

&

9k

$p-

Trot right and

ON untrring discernment of what

in

true

right

wrong; that

and

is,

irrong in each

case.

13 Lawsuits are a trouble to magistrates, and rarely a

source

oi

much

profit,

*& ft

'8

hence they are generally quite willing

by compromise.

The

presented, in the

name

to have tliem settled

fl!

gf

f*

of the parties,

from the Pilgrim's Progress,

is

16 jl^ '!& ft HD Jl lot

plete their face ; that is, not put

have many hearings.

aB used in the first clause, implies that his having

been doubted or denied ; as used in the second

is

of

used to signify righteous living, but it is more commonly used by the Chinese to signify acts of benevolence
performed with a view to acquiring merit.
1~X

adjourns a oase at any point he chooses, ami

One

the terms of settlement.

14 In this sentence, which

-^T*

B VL

-rVo*

Oause tkent gentlemen to comthem to shame.

kuow how

Ut

hold spite

that

is,

not naturally given to holding spite.

'1'he Chinese name of Chtio >. Jiejng the name
18 'IS
of ttic fishing village which originally occupied the, site
The
"
name "Chefoo comes from a village on the other side of the
harbor, nt pjiiich it was originally supposed the foreign town
would be built, and which in fact has a much better anchorage.

i.e., an tiii/'oreseiH turn of affairs

hand and poll, whicli sums up taxes proper
in China.
Knildings and personal property are not taxed
Business men are supposed to pay tax in duties, which r*

g|

jjf

19

Jfll

changed ca/ue:
]"

levied afresh almost every time the goods ate

moved.

652

K H

IT

I - +

AI -

MANDARIN LESS0K8.

Lkrhon 182.

n.
c

jii
il:

10

a 5 # *r
^ i i ^
tf.

##
f&

to

ft

ffi>

is hard to
say [what may happen].
Although according to justice it wonld
be no more than right to punish him
fur coming in the night and stealing
our trees, yet when we consider that
he is a son-in-law of ours, and that
no one else saw him, we would better
it

Sis

* r*#
s #> m

it

o
(1
m ^ ^
#
$ ^. ^ A>
a S ^ f * *
m n * * n a
$ # # at.
**. m w> * % to
I
& fl ft &
ii * i ** im
%
# * ^ tt ^ id
i &!&* A $

&

66S

;(

after all be lenient with him.

If on that day you really cannot get
away, you need not feei troubled ; for

iff

although,
it will be

A.

3Sf

All.

tt.

I9f

*
*&
!I

*f

flt,

iT>

f#

o *g^

2g

!;>

m.

M
A

VE

ft

II.

^ ^ ^
& ft T a ft
*
& m %
$ t H [$
# m.
#:** # # ft $ * It Hi
si A *
& m
#.
at
. & ft & j> m
i *. $ # *i to m w
T. & # to m ft *& ji
R

jg

jtfc

fife

>ft

-f-

lai

#f

3*

&

afterwards, iu case she suits his mind,

of course all will be well; but in case

ft

t $

it

you can come and help,

better, still your not
not involve any failure.

much

coming will
Liu Tuen Lu being already so old
it will be
necessary to consult him in
making a marriage contract for him.
If we settle it up on the sly, then

i t i i
a is * w

if

$1

she should not snit his mind, will we not

have to bear his life-long reproaches ?
10 If we regard simply the fact that
Oh'in Ying killed the Emperor's

we ought by rights to
behead him in order to avenge the
death of the imperial father-in law
but if we consider the services of
his father Ch'in Shan, who isat present
besieged in Hsiliaug, we should reprieve him temporarily, and send him
to rescue and bring back home his
father, and so atone for his orime by
father-in-law,

&

m
m
m
M
&

&
#

to

166

to

m
s

te

m.

meritorious service.
Seeing he thus uses his power to
tyrannize over others, we ought by
rights to embrace this opportunity to
prosecute him ; but considering that
whilst "a thousand taels will buy a
farm, it takes ten thousand to buy a

II

l.
Vocabulary.

Lou? fang*.

two or more storied house ;

an upper room.

An

Chiu* iou*

Ch'i* se\

pression

Wei* nan*.

blunder, to

np-stairs saloon.

Color of the face, looks

;

To regard

Wu*

shi*

jH'JsJL

ch'ai1 .
To disappoint the expecta... tions of another, to fail, to

make a mess

Hwang*

ch'in*.

OH pt

appearance.
as a difficulty; in

$T

Kwoil* chang*.

"if Charfl thou*

x
Itllo K-wan jao*.

The same.

To fail,

break down.

The Emperor's

relatives

The Emperor's father-inlaw:Note 10.

To behead.
To deal leniently
show mercy to
;

MSli
to

of.

by marriage.

ex-

difficulty, in straits, troubled.

* Fan* nan*

2c Zxt Tiu

K'wan* jang*.

with, to
reprieve.

To make allowance
tolerate,

to put

up

for, to

with.

a ~ + a w

m m & &

#c

m & & ?

m4

sri

m
m

i&

35

Iff

# m
^ m m
m ft

-m

is

#j

iJ

B# *tyK

7.

#.-

*
u
im & #
#
*
* #
m * iW R
m m m
* m ^
m. %t
* ft
til

gfi

.w

^
ft

^P

a T
it

*&

A
o

*r

if

younger brother Shang was

every day wanting to kill him. When

Shun became emperor, although

^
w m X
& m &
% m &
& *

Jl

-ifc

the

to

cording

ideas

ordinary

acof

justice it would have been perfectly

right to put Shaug to death, yet Shun,
influenced by fraternal affection, continued to treat him as kindly as ever;

from which
not

in

13 Shnn's

it

clear that

is

be

to

unworthy

Shun

accounted

is

sage.
14 In the primary examinations at present, the popular thing is a sprightly
superficial style ; hence, while one
who is not diligent cannot of course
succeed, yet he who overdoes the

15

*. *

H *
K if * m ft m
7)> m & n m. m
Ji

they can indeed continue to live

peace, but if perchance they fail to live

together harmoniously and separate
again, people will make great fun
of (hem.

#13 @-

m.

don't entirely lose face.

Vi I hear that* Wang Yft K'un and his
elder brother are
living together again.
As I look at it, it is of course all right

*
% W

jft

to

*n

A - N.
#
^ 1 69 JE A
^ & # * & * a
* m. # *
fj

it will be better after all

put up with him, only so that we

neighbor,"

<

*.

ft

W.

PP.

matter will equally fail.

have a friend who is magistrate iu
I
the T'nng-pai district of Honau.
have been thinking these few days to
go and see him and ask him for something to do, but have not yet made
up my mind. If. when I get there, he
does not ignore the old acquaintance,
I would of course be provided for ;
but if perchance I should tail to obtain
recognition, I should have all my
1

journey for nothing.

$n K'unK

kind of precious stone.

P?

y]

Fei*

li*.

To expend

effort

to

take pains;

laborious.

^6 5t

AT

"^*

G4'* hsiao*.

Tien 1

it SAow

To langh oat of conntenauee

to ridicule, to 0<i / ^/".

..

The Emperor :Note

figure for brothers, or for

fifft,

<**

1
ft -^6 Chiu* cIimio

Former

friendship, old ac-

quaintance.

18.

To grasp, to climb, to reach up

Kao 1 p'an\ To claim acquaintance

1
!p P'rm

fifffl

fraternal affection.

friendship

to.

or

to aspire to.

None*.
3
mean*

ffl fiS "ems to say kttp or leave

to invite on* to ttaf/or a meal.

food, but

it

really

fife.

7 The
? RSj

structure of this sentence

2fc

fil

${

IP!

(1$

is

is

somewhott involved,

used parentbetically.

I
)E hare refers to the uncle, and is practically
wjual to a simple personal pronoun, though more definite in

"* the emperor's nephew, and though a

10
mere stripling, was of giant strength. While he was out

iu refarenca.

liehinjj,

one of the emperor's fathers-in-law came along wits

T.i

MANDAR1V LRKSOWS.

-sson 183.

= + A

m & 7
wt % Jt )t m n
& t&. m I t^ i
t< o m .
o M E f i A
M ^ 7, m W &
& m m m - n*
i ^ I &. nm o
T # ^
A. *B *
Ji * IE & ft ft
A
^ lie I
* * 2
ffi

<J

10

f|}

JI

7.

Hi

frl

t m m
& n n ^
o

&

7, ft
8

ft

B"

568

Translation.

H\

$,

Ifc*

I 6 m
ft *

Oh, my mother ! This pain is killing

me.
2 Because fie was mortified beyond
ewlnratice, he went, out ami hanged

'Jit

5f
ft

himself.
3 Last night ray mother stumbled and

ft

and almost

fell

?E

T.

ft

p* o

7.

ft

#
ft

ft E W.
o
%
I ft . H
m ft m
7 # fi

No

Anybody who had the least sense

shame would have heen mortified

Mr t

father to death.
of
to

death.
8

The

was caused by disa snpposable thing that

child's death

ease.

-an

my

poisoned

Jft

ib

killed herself.

ship has been wrecked outside the

harbor and all on board drowned.

matter how you urge him, he
never gets in a hurry. It is really
enough to worry one to death.
6 I of course supposed he was sincerely
trying to cure my father, when, behold, by one dose of medicine he

Is

it

life in your absence?

dog will not watch the house,
and is always filching something to
We might as well strangle him
eat.
(with water) and be done with him.

took his

9 This

it

the case in the West, not so much for the sake of gentility
as for security and help in difficulty.

making a great ado, and frightened away the lish.

This angered Jr 5% and, being spurred on by liis companions,
he set on the offender, and dashing him down, rent him
asunder by his great strength. The story is recorded in the
history of the Tang dynasty, and being frequently acted in

13 J$t was the half-brother of

being the offspring
of the father's second
Both the father ana the
marriage.
younger son sought to compass the death of the elder son.

theaters, is familiar to the people.

|gj ^C State father-inThe fathers of the Emperor's wives and concubines are
law.
"
so called, perhaps because the "state" has the
privilege"

~y Son of heaven, the Emperor is so styled because he

supposed to reign by the direct appointment of Heaven,
and to be the representative or vicegerent of Heaven.

his retinue

of maintaining

them and

their families.

J(J

Return

to

tw J-y
palace, or the immediate society of the emperor,
'' make amends for crime by meritorious deeds,
a'
Jff 5P
recognized principle of Chinese governmental policy.

the.

11 wi 5j I0C
rely on po>'*r or prestige and so
In China much
tvsult or oppress others.
/ ^E '[! 1$
more stress is laid on having good neighbors than is usually
-A.

To

^,

J\.

is

Common

the commonly accepted principles

lower as contrasted with the higher

JJ!
reason,
of right or justice, the
ftf

law or principle.

14

lift

i T:

Ji

swift horse

and a

light sworrl.

used to set forth a sprightly and incisive style, jjf "JJ

-J ^i Put forth loo much effort ; that is, by excessive pains
and oare make the essay too heavy and labored.
figure

LB8S035T dj3C2C2CIII.
The Auxiliary Verbs
^E To

die,

is

osed as an auxiliary after verbs

denoting the means or manner of killing. Though

properly an auxiliary, yfc is not unfreqnently used
In has already been used a
as a mere intensive.

number of times

in

previous lessons.

and

j&.

is
used as an auxiliary after
JfS To kill,
verbs denoting the means or manner of killing.
It is frequently, perhaps
generally, used as an
intensive, though it, has the form and construction
of an ordinary auxiliary.
It is rarely used iu

Southern Mandarin.

H + A

a a a t

65C

* J:
A IK *
w
ff T A A *
JW ft & a##
s& i t % #
A o
n mw&u a
*p A I"
#. AS. # A
% ^ i$! T.
o ff i ^
- A A
& *B
^ ^E
**& fa A
% ^ & ij^ & p T tr W. 7.

IE
n
1* a ^
T
J
US
f
'> A
#j $ ft na
A * T
S3 ft A&AA M
* A A.
*
* it A t A 7JAA.*
^ ^ J
*e ra # tr A *. &
- W *
T. 3l 9 T A A
A A. A *.
o ^ $*, W
tt I T> A A * A**
A A ^
51 ^ $ o * A
S i.
s #15 # # I
tU %t JE
A "F *j # it

10

8f

killed

ii.

14

they
If they
took it by the legs and dashed it to
death on the ground.
Jnst in the depth of winter, and without a stitch of wadded clothing How
are there who would not freeze
1

many

to death [in the same circumstances] ?

12 While I was sheltering myself from
the rain under a large tree, there

the
suddenly came a clap of thunder
near
killing
shock of which came very
me.

ISt

]3

tf

ife

did you [happen to] kill him ?

Ans. He drew a knife and was
about to cnt me. when I gave him a

How

kick from beneath and killed him.

When chickens eat poisonous worms,
the poison all collects in their brains;
hence when chickens get very old,
their heads are poisonous.
15 I was boxing with T'ang Jen Ohie
he gave
and, failing to guard myself,
the
ribs
on
floating
blow
me a
my
killed me.
which
of
nearly
pain
a cold
16 Wang T'ien Hsi's "child took
and "his whole body was feverish,
Hsi prepared
whereupon Wang T'ien
a
him
sweating draught, and, giving
with fonr o
it to him, covered him
out the
force
to
order
in
five

14

fc

JEflft

#ij

the rebels entered the city,

saw.
every one they
a
child, they
came across

When

"S

17

12

ffl

quilts

5*0

Vocabulary.
bear
m&
m
m Nan* tang\....Hard
a
ranee,
to

To

Ghiao

trip,

P^f

To watch
home.

To

1$Nao*.
B&
Lung* tung\
'

Wl
-h
^7L

emu
Shu* chiu
ante

H &

...

[Li'

HH.

s.

or gas or

of skill

at boxing, to box.

harbor, ajort.
the house or

(.)

poison.

Intense cold, the depth of

winter.

The nine times nine days

poisonous va|K>r
poison.

essence

PP c/r&en* chiao*. To make trial

fol-

^.^ the w nter 6olstlCP

A clap, a report the crash of thunder.

A clap, a peal.
;

of thunder.
clap or peal

ft#Oha'L*

oh'i*.

strait.

to stumble, to fall.

#*<*
ttJPo#dtfa*
m

$$, Tu-

in

beyond endu-

...A clap of thunder, (s.)

^ Tad*

ck'iien*

^ Ti\

to
dike; to oppose, to guard;

B& IfiEf

Ti\ fang*

The

fill

up.

ribs.

The fluting

hi*

To fry iQ oil
Ghien
..'.... medicines.
1

Wu*.

practice

To guard against; to be ready

^ ^ Ma* hwang*
To
i&

to

box,

boxing.

\j] Lei*.

^\j\ Jwan*

To

''

to simraer
See chien*.

The

ribs.

t0 decoci
'<

horsetail.

cover with the hand, to muffle.

Lesson 183.

MANDARIN

J> K.

^.

#J

^D

ft

*ft

yj>

**.***.
&

&
m %
^ jg

&

m *

tt

7*

- &

^J

19

A # * ^

ft

ffl

-'

was arrested by the

Chimoa magistrate and sent back
nnder guard to his own district.
19 When Yung Ta Lao Yie tries a
case
he is
exceedingly positive. Whenever

it

finally

he forms an
opinion, as he thinks
it must be.
If any one dissents
from the verdict, the
lighter punishment is slapping on the
face, and
the heavier, a
beating with he light
bamboo, one thousand blows, or perhaps eight hundred. Even if
so

flf.

his

and

sleep,

$19lf|

W.

could

not get his

breath, and ho
simply smothered to death,
18 When Ma Wu had
choked old Dame
* death he fled at once t0
the
r
Lao
Mountains, thinking that there he
would be safe
but, behold, all unawares he let the secret out in

T.
o

m n

49

when wh.it should he do

bnt smother the child to
death.
He had no other disease, save
that
his throat was so
swollen that he

m*

|pj

567

perspiration,

% & m #**$
?$

LBSSONS.

wronged

to

ft

ft

*.

wm

*.

* *
*K I *
ft^tr & ^ a
w ft *.&&
m m g, &
A

Pie\

*b

suppurating nicer ; to hold in, retenesmus ; to smother.

J

stra,n

Lao*-

Certain mountains

Ti* chi*.

W # Tie*
miSl Mwa'
MW
^.^r
m
r
?T

^ CI

*<*

jnnsdiotion to another.
swan*.

To weigh,

to estimate , to con-

*ider, to form

?'

'

se

To send under
gr.ard from one

ifc*&

7J

: Note 18

To 8end nnder * mr(l

"

m2ft'
m
m

Ef

hwei*.

To pictore

in

an opinion

the mind, to

conceive, to imagine.

kao*.

To make a

first draft;

to

t0 Project, to estimate.

191

TV

~
^
Wm

Chang*

*,* pal
tswei*.

plan

To beat on the face ._

Note 19.

To

slap on the face,

beat on the face.

death, yon have to make a

settlement.
20 Mrs. Ke of the Pi
family with her
paramour, Yang Nai Wu,
conspired
together and procured the death of
her husband
by poison. Being accused Yang Nai
Wn, who was very
bribed
wealthy
both the lower
and the higher
officials, so that after
a suit of over ten
years, carrying the
case from the district,
magistrate to
tne capital, no conviction
was obtained
for the
murder of the hosbaud.
Verily money is all-powerful.

Mr $ Ch**

To draw up and sign a

nwnt of a lawsuit

tht*.

^
mtSOAV chut.

To arrange and draw

up

settlement of a lawsuit.

M:

Ohien\

Illicit

intercourse of any kind

to

debauch.

Mlt

GAien l fu\

$m

Ok'wan* Vung*.

:*z

husband who is
guilty of
adultery, an adulterer.

To connect together

hand f o ally.
r

to

Tu*

gf Mo*

t/ao*.
1

Poisonous drugs, poison,

km*.

To harm
seriously or fatally
!i

i'

to

settle-

P Tung*

shin*.

8eCT et plot

Moving

to plot against.

the

gods

all

powerful .-Note 20,

&

5ft8

H + AIH> A
a $ $
am
o m fa% iz
fj
#
A
M MM *
o ^ *
6

+ A

ffi

pupil.

brighter than he really is.

3 1 told him with the best of intentious,

(ft

a"

Pi -

and got snnbbed for my pains.

what makes
4 Yon little rascal, yon
without
strike
any provopeople
yon

fig

cation T
5 Thev two

iw

IB!

resolute man dares to act and to

bear the responsibility (jj undertake).
2 There is something outlandish about
He looks a great deal
this

fft

&
A *

&

?S

TSAMHLATIOX.

*fc.

1.1

If

IS

ifc

% mm

=8

til

ftit

m
1$

^# U

m, o
o it 2
IW 1

affec-

lost

the proper con-

were at home?
Only let a family be free from trouble
or sickness, and although they live
still keep in good
frugally, they will

&

ft

fact

in

jugal feelings are ail gone.

can
Having hired yonrself to another,
von still be as indepeudeut as if you

IS

IW

have

tion for each other

spirits.

NoTBfi.
I |t W}-, as here used,
definition given in Los. 93.

goes somewhat beyond the

It is here an expression of

&

often

used instead of

mingled surprise and pain.

doubled. When a man is in trouble he calls
4j|, though never
another he
on his mother, and when one man wishes to revile
in China, affection for
reviles his mother, thus indicating that
the father.
the mother is ordinarily stronger than that for
which is
7
ffii
J& is equivalent to ~% W. &>
thus amplified for emphasis ; see next lesson.
9 til 9E to strangle by pouring water into the mouth,
water.
or by holding the head or mouth and nose under
tinier,
II W.
Mi ~)L 1$ the nines f the ascendant
nines from
It is customary to count time by
in mid-winter.
are
the 2 IL or winter solstice, until nine times nine days
which includes the coldest weather and brings tbe

is

counted,
spring.

(fc

Jl

$t

use

of

'

'

LESSON-

verb. ?C f@ ^S
being used as a principle
is colloquial, but quite t'una-hoing.
f|

contraction for

"T Thu
It

is

jf\)

f|Sj

in the district of
range of hills or mountains
side of the Shantung promontory,
southern
the
on
|P |i>
Ill
temples.
noted as the site of many Taoist
" let out the truth.
ovt the fads, or as we say,

18 1^

ill

TKW

Spit

and less
18 Beating on the face is considered a lighter
1 he
shameful punishment than beating with a bamboo.
leather strap of two
a
short
with
done
is
heavy
beatinft
a Chinese leather
thicknesses sewed together, mid resembling
A common and very neat form
shoe sole. $i|f
and severity. Ihe same
the limits of
-

H#

lightness

of expressing

form

is

20

draught made by the decoction of a

the principal one is the
variety of herbs, of which
horsetail^
and used as a domestic sudorific for the cure of colds, fff
am
but
r
him
*** t0
9
aooa not "ean, at* ** f
flfe Pfe

16

eot,

used with other adjuncts,

~fc

>J>

^f

$Z The husband of the woman

in

^Ji

etc.
Ill 10

question.^

documents, jl jl|l
terms here used are those current in legal
armor. >)
means properly to connect with the gods, to affect
dimne effect
to be possessed of or endued mth,
and
hence,
gods,
or power, all-powerful

OXi2C2C2CI-V.

Quadruplet Phrasbs.
Both written

and spoken Chinese shows a

fonr character phrases.
They

strong liking for

as in
in all kinds of writing, as well
Though extensively used
colloquial Mandarin.

abound

have their origin in

in colloquial, they generally
Those most, commonly used have been
books.
and one lesson will be
arranged in four classes,
givu to each.

lesson illustrates such quadruplet

the first and third characters the
phrases as have
or
same, the second and fourth being analogues ;

The present

vice versd,

the second and fourth the

and third analogues.

a phrase,
analogous words form
the

first

rhetorical

same and

In most cases the

effect,

is

which,

for

the
separated into parts by

fesssoN

5c.

ft

ft

tf.

fi,iRI ^4 1
# #fllft?! & * ft.
ft f iii. Jw*#Ef8i
a smp flu**M
^ w. m & * m
a m
}B fi > *

&
m
&

MANDARIN tKSSOM.

184.

&

e
s

a m Mb m m

$ if

7>
ft

a &

a'

$s

d.

-1*0

te

W. o
f:

18

M
*

m&u
14

$>

ft.

*H.

A&

17

Ji,

mm o m
- <|H^ fti> ft a

ft

l&lBJB#-#

IT,

11

to

^.
v2

bri#

pj&

tively, to

- *
m n

11

i*i^

speaks extravagantly.
I saw him
stealing on tip-toe to the
back window, and listening a long
time.

12 Although what he says is nothing bnt

rattling declamation, yet he has the
knack of gaining the complete confidence of people.

13 Don't be misled by his simple appearance, his heart is very deceitful.

14 Well-regulated boeiness is easy to
manage; methodical speech is pleasant

#
<t

He

promised at the time, most posipay this account for me.

How is it that he has never given
you a cash ?
9 There is no enmity between yon and
me. Why then do you come without
any apparent reason to throw the
blame on me ?
10 Mr. Pa is very sedate ; he never
8

>i>

^fs#J>i$PfftlWftt

559

Ji

pA

to listen to.

15 Take care to be unpretending in all

your deportment. If you are ostentatious, you will provoke the aversion
of others.

What

16

is

uncertain.

rumors
repeated word. Dialectic differences have cansed
the introduction of several phrases belonging to
the subsequent classes.

W'fflKS
self-reliant

Ready

to

assume

responsibility,

decision of character.

Wi tf AX 7!| Ready to undertake, resolute.

j'UflHMUa Outlandish, ludicrous, comic;
The same.
With the best

fff i \j*Hf'

JS?-

intentions, in the

kindness of one's heart, well meant.

$S?

ft $ 3t Wiihont

^ft^^ft^f' Without

is

heard

without

l&^mM
W P IS

language,

To
walk
lightly,
stealthily on tip-toe, to tread gingerly.
Full or

brag-

walk

to
ra

pp rova

hearty assent,

cordial

^SljirtfliS Lumpish, lubberly; gawky.

8@$PjJra Simple, silly, vacant, maudlin.
* lua
regular and orderly way.
'

Proper, reasonable, regular.

cause,

unprovoked

Methodical, systematic.
In everything, in the

fflrrytflft^ Free from trouble and sickness,

a
y
[reserved promise.
lL SJ
VwS iS M) g^ To promise positively, an nn$S3t$RvL Without enmity, on good terms.

te

what

is

it ~a $. tm Extravagant
gadocio; rudeness, incivility.

cause, unprovoked.

^& IW $&-& Affection lost, estranged.

Hffl H ?E At liberty, free, nnconstrained.
-

real;

flft;WflftftSC Causeless, unprovoked,

extraneous, irrelevant.

We

is

What

a reason.

'L>

lackadaisical.

i$5li#y&

seen

there that is
worthy of credence in these floating

is

deportment.

A^A
fflt

If Jllvrm

whole

[pons.
Ostentations, pretentious, pom-

Floating rumors, hearsay.

ffikjiKjjttj^ Boundless, illimitable.

7m0krm'M Foolish,
hazard, topsy-turvy.

incousiderate,

hap-

ft0

S5

^ 4 t i i IS
* ^ ^ fi i t
- 7
+ W ^
B&SI
^ + * i
* ft*
#* A 1i.
ft ft o 4g ft*
a * ft 1 M,&;
I 1 i f I i
fi

at

ft

sftim&fa

17 This azure
sky has no definite boundary, but is illimitable.
18 Why should one be over-conscientions

^.

5(50

wis

Hi

is

incorrigible.

mi 4Sjb

How few trne and faithfnl friends

there are.
The great majority are
hollow-hearted.
When the time of
trial comes, they are fonnd wanting.

20

m % m*m

To

21 Lin

#j.

>J\

<&

^\

Nf

wu

# *

f^iil-il
p i i
f a i
w,

fi

The same,

#&#*&'%
^J IS Jff

Equitable, honest,

With

WS1WM

-^ HU

Bf]

*S

same.

unemployed, indolent,

Idle,

[ioa8frivo-

same.

$E J|!$[E$

Foolish; unlawful, criminal.

l^f^v$T Mfa

Exaggerated, extra vagaut, pre-

posterous, bombastic.

96

>^ ^L ^T |0!|

fair, just.

Iusolent, saucy, abnsive.

?#$j| JljJS To evade,

all its parts, in detail.

The same.

tl S@$Bi24

Half-grown, medium

In logical order, systematic.

Bfl#$] 30C The

Hypocritical, false, hollow.

When the trial or test comes,
the hour of trial : Les. 1 95.
Les.

rf

Iff

Sincere, true and faithful.

not a

Interesting, fasciuating, spicy.

incorrigible,

is

them being beginners.

24 This one speaks in good logical order,

W ^^
^ W ^ The

Lawless, insubordinate, reckless,

The same

when there

shadow of foundation for it.

23 Sun Kwoi Jwei has this year seoured
a school of eighteen pupils, all good
sized boys in their teens, the most of

W^

Indistinct, confused, vagne.

four five six ca-

class of bnsy-bodies is trnly deThey will fabricate a story

in all its details,

mm

(s.)

testable.

if/em

T nng An has a

talpa coffin, for which he wants fifty

thousand cash. A fair price would
be forty-five thousand.

22 The

It is bet-

with half-shut eyes to flounder

liap-hazaul across its narrow span.
19 He is all the time getting into a
rumpus with somebody; moreover he
will not listen to advice, uor is he
afraid of a whipping.
He is simply
ter

B>

ft

mw&fo +

#>>*.

fl| t

22

ww*

^ ^
* ^ K
&
ft ft
BB

*
f 1 T. f

tft

a + a * -

If

in the affairs of this life

{ft

f.

tS

D5J

sised.

Ill

to shirk, to slight.

Faint-hearted, fidgety

green.

The same.

Vocabulary.
$j jUi

Wu*

Out of countenance,

cfril*.

tied; snubbed; no fun

iffif

Shi*.

To

ford a stream

eern

mortsiin

to implicate, to conconnected with.

;

V'l

US

Ch'ing* ch'ang*.

sympathy

Affection,

feeling* emotion.

it.

S
j-

Efef

Tsi* yu*.

Pu*.

At

liberty, one's

To divine

to guea*

own master.
;

a surname

MANDARIN

Lesson Ih4.

m m T> & Hi
m % n # * fc ji ^
*
^ *
* * # tt
51 * ^ A, A. 1t 3 # #
#
$ &. ^ m m ^
A

*l

-it

flf

ffl

3ft

A>

ia^J
**7t

til

$>

li

J*/ift,j,ff

ft

flB

*
if &
a i }b k i. 4t
*# 3tt p * * a
S K ft IS *
nttte* tt *
tf&imtt # jl =

fcRSSOHS.

and that one is very interestiug. The

two are really very well matched.
25 Whenever a man departs from the
line of duty and takes to extravagant
living, spending his time in idleness
and frivolity, he will presently be
guilty of many foolish and unlawful

.
J
tt

ft
f

Jib

things.

ftt

speak the truth, he does it in such a

bombastic way that one does not

venture to believe him.

27 Tiao Ming Ch'un not only will not
admit his fault, but he even talks in-

3\

ft.

ffi

solently.

26

28 There

slight everything they do, having

no idea of doing good honest work.
I dislike exceedingly to work with
such people, t

29 To-day

Oh'ihwa gate,
my bag was
stolen by a pick-pocket. Arts. That
was your own carelessness. Even old

ffi.

the

<

tant; serious, grave, sedate.

Vnih

To

Fu? fu*.

fall

on the

face,

to

bow

ffjft

]$L

ChHen pet

ffi

RR

Okie* hsien*.

Boundary,
Shore, bank, beach goal.

An*

1
j>g$t Kwan

^^

-Sod 1

coffin.

To

sh'i*.

set

at

jUj*

chien 1

The world; human

to brag, to boast ; vain;

glorious; exaggerated, extravagant.

hsin*.

3
$jl L,ae >*.

..... To rob

To

To

t"r(

pa

% Hsiao

believe implicitly, to coufide in ; to really believe.

down

lie

See

'h

To enter school for the first

time ; to give the first lesson.

to plunder, to raid.

flat

to crawl

lUe 3 tr 2

'

to sneak.

petty thief,

pocket

(n.

piclc-

The same, (c.)

The same, (s.)

Ch'i* shou*

\k&^ p

jfS^

meddle, to incite a quarrel.

TO :? K'aP- mtng*.

affairs.

To praise

Jf 1W ShV

coffin.

variance, to inter-

need to have

about

Twei* shout. To euconnter an opponent; an

opponent, a match, a rival.

}/\ P'a*.

ts'at*.

the city

in

wits

limit.

Ktcan1

Sh$

TIL fJ

modest, m-

pretending.

in

them, mnch more

such a clodhopper as yon.

ffi HsUen*.

Meek, humble

had

money

their

in

submission.
1

the

outside

residents

ft*

Weight; weighty, impor-

class of easy-going people

is a

who

OH*

chung*.

when Wang the Third does

26 Even

m *.
A o SI IB
* A
# j # 9*
= W, S
flM**ifco - h ^ ft
4K
m * &
4^ M tt.
3F, T
ft * ^ :* o
ft W if
^ # fc - *
25
Si IF ft> # $

i/t! Ch'tn*

561

a2 ir * * ho

Notes.

2
If
If Tnlelligenct developed externally; that
a preoeciouely intelligent look or expression but with no
mind or talent corresponding.
is,

iff

contented,

l\i*

or iff

thri/ly.

Tg Have heart that is, hopeful and

The more common meaning oi fj )\J%
)\j>

is,

intentional,

good

iff

M Have joy

that

i,

hopeful, cheerful, in

spirit*.

12

]Ii

18,

fKJ

f Speech

point* from which the ivindt

13

iif

B IS

hikI

that turns about to the tight

How. specious declamation.

&3AM Wi

are

not

quit.

a i + a i -

m m m t

Mi2

AW&
m
m

Pjg.

ft

&>
9

Jk

fifi

j&

m n

ft

ft

#. #.

a.

It

& m

The former

the idea of a

given

$.

19

fSL

fe

What is troubling yon, my friend,

that you go sighing around these last
few days ?

ft

ffc

#n

Oho Kwoa

full,

fat,

ex-

doltish, half -witted look.

iX

relative or appositional particle.

near

to the [time

f. iar

Approaching

Ihe affair and drawing

when the time of need or

of] anxiety ; that is,

connection shows that

The
trial comes.
sense of trouble.

used

is

it

ft

^'** heaven which is the blue sky, as

17 if '^
distinguished from Heaven as used for the presiding deity.
is not, as commonly, a possessive, bat serves rather as a

20 f& -^

late;

#,

iu

the

possibly anticipate his movements.

9 Thong hearing for nothing but to benefit

21 R9 M. /\ is used to designate a coffin with bottom

four inches thick, sides five inches thick, and top six inches
Coffins are made heavy in order to resist decay.
thick.

The chess-player meeting hi* match,

24 tfl JS; Sj
said of competitors or opponents who are well matched.

87 'F
-^
comes to mean what
28 ?$
the east w

"fu

all of

proceeds from
-1

Liang's handling of troops

No one could

was truly marvelous.

W 4
ft, &

pressionless face, the latter that of

must work early and

will

ft

is

IS.
equivalent.

5 Farmers

never do to lie abed long in the

mornings (like a sluggard).
6 Do not be misled by his plausible
talk.
He has a honeyed tongne but
a cruel heart.

o
#3

ft

4 This copy of the History of the Three

Kiugdoms is so imperfect that one
canuot read it

*
K *
ft. &
*S

ft

A & ^
ft>

# #
# *
* ft

SS

ft

All official matters ought to be transacted in accordance with justice, but,

at present, there is nothing connected
with them that is not a uham.
2 Their talk was nothing bnt a lot of
scandal.
8 Although the governments of different
countries are not the same, yet wheu
1

A &
& A

It

carefully examined they are found to

be alike in the main.

4-

Hi

ft

B5

Si
ft

\%

A
m
-

7
S

m %

Tbanslatiok.

It is not easy to see

how

this phrase

it does.

I) is the more southerly of the two gates in

Peking. The stone road leading to T'ungchow

it.

<

XjZEBSOUST CL2C3CX:V.
Quadruplet Phrases.
The phrases illustrated in this lesson are such
as have the first and third characters either analogues or opposites, the second and fourth being
usually related in the same way.

^J

^ $S

tC

^116.7 Neighborhood

fit Illusory, deceptive, unreal,

APH'J'*^

Nearly

only slightly different.

^fiU^&fli

gossip,

sham.

scandal.

alike, essentially alike,

tapwfec*, incomplete,
jfe^-BiilftKiirty and late.

[tive.

defec-

*t -- *il

jH^'fr

Wi The
iff

same.

words

Honeyed

but

cruel

heart, hypocritical, double-faced, false.

:p| PJ* $5 Pjl

W$ \M }nL
accountable.

To

sigh, to groan, to lament.

&L

Marvelous,

astonishing,

un-

To benefit self at the expense

of others, to overreach, to defraud.

HIATUS
3jc

i!i

% f& To

misfortune.

attain

happiness aud escape

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lebkon 185.

m m * ^ n $ k E
& 7 $>
toft ^
i* f ft W. & f*
& * w* $
n
o
& ft m o *
n
ft * W t *. ftp*
* m & m o ^ *.
$
* m
Hfc*t
m b n m *& m m
fi
& m & &
itL &
o t ^ w *r e.
- a w m *
wm
n & m
$ w w
S5 . & iP > # &
* * *&#. o m *s
- w %
* w *.
* & # * 9 % w 3e a ii ^ ^
fc

ifc

i#j.

16

14

ffi

fife

3fc

15

563

564

sb

*F

*. %
o ft

*.

m *

tt

5S

tt

ffc

o^ft^^^^^r!!*
m
24

A.

/I

|ft

Dl

ft

fit

14

it

w.
o

**t7>

&>

#**&

*.
o

j&

"F

ft

3 ^ S

tr

* UK *W

flB

ff

X -

then should
yon

better than Others ?

are twisting this way and that

throw the blame on

in order to

Ytlen,
father

20

mi

some

me, and yet I cannot feel that I have

done anything wrong.
19 Everybody says there are no [pnissant] gods but just look how Li Tst

lif

ft

You
way

18

?e

Why

against you.
treat

= mMm & m m % m h *r
W ft tirtt i* H m. # - *> &
A0^IA ^ o tf
+ mW&B # ^ i * 41
3 ft> ft. & W. T * ft JB ft
2

Tf

respect each other, and not violate

propriety by continually scolding and
quarrelling.
17 We are all on the same footing, and no
one of us has been guilty of any offence

lill, *, A.
A o #
4> ^ T>
# m m m m w*u
ft

+ A

5.

who was constantly abusing

his

and mother, was struck dead

Was not this a manifest

retribution ?
There are plenty of people in the world
by lightning.

20

who

will spread

evil

reports, but very

abroad both good and

few who will
the
evil
and
tell the good.
conceal
really

21 This class of deceitful people

ffi

detestable.
22 I cannot say that he has

%
*

'ft

fault, save that

he

is

is

very

any other

always disposed

toshirk,and hasn't a particle of energy.

23 The

Jtfc

effect of iron rust is to invigorate

It is an excellent tonic,
free from all danger.

the blood.

- *

and

^ P A T.Mf' %

il

24

How

can those who are constantly

Vocabulary.

^
i$(

i#

Kwan

Governmental

ch'ang*.

business; legal,

Ching*

t!P 'H| Lan* han*.

Hsu"1

|fl|l

To seek a better situation,

to throw up position, to

T*iao* ts'ao*.

strike

:Note
Shhr

15.

Divine

ling*.

gods;

lazy fellow, a sluggard.

Ugh humph;

to sigh, to

Difficulty, trouble,

/<*.

'

Nan*

and

official.

Government, administration
of law civil affairs.

ski*.

PJ

offices

HsP- shao*.

groan.

Chin

embarrass-

Very

.5Z flsiien*.

Rung

j/ung*,.

Twei* ckHn 1

iff C'htoig

Wk Br
rior, to

^ $h

To remonstrate with a

superior.

To reprove and advise a ruler or superemonstrate.

T'ov? lu*.
,

Opening,
.

ener-

resort,

resource

chancr, opportunity.

The same.

Ghod* chin*

chick, a young bird, a fledgeling.

" The
'14 Ch'ang* hting*.
gift of continuance,"
perseverance, grit.
To reprove^, to urge to reform.
&d Chien*
jjp Gh*u*.

getic,

Dark, abstruse, profound.

A lofty house ; a surname.

lit P'ang*

few, rare.

Diligent, industrious

ch'en*.

ment.

the

intelligences,
divinity.

Effect, result, operation.

To break a marriage con-

tract.

Lai* hun\

mm

To seek

to

evade the fulfilment

of a marriage contract.

Sung*

sh'i

Ckwan*

...

pettifogger

To revolve,

tung*.

: Note
to

27.

torn, to

turn over.
I^?i2?

r* Am1

Hesitating, wavering, indistinct, con/used:

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Tksson 185.

565

* * *

associated together, avoid liaving some

little

m x
&
m ml
n & *
&> % ** * s i
91
W & to
h m f^
# m s. ^ it $&
'& w l& tt ^
ft 99
* ^
Jfc
^ HI H
* 7
to

t&.

fit,

ttE.

tft

that the Yang family are in adversity,

he wants to break the engagement.!
Is not this a clear case of despising
the poor and paying court to the rich ?
26 Since the ways of Heaven are perfectly just, the good will certainly be
rewarded and the evil punished. If,

JUL

=&

ia.

fliw

ft

m ^ A
m & n

to

i\

so

iJiS

7.

w
H

$&.

^ A

IE

therefore,

will reform and practhen blessings instead of

you

tice virtue,

it

iff.

jB-

&

A.

gifi

several proposals and [eventually] betrothed his daughter to them ; and now

nn

=*

misauder8taudings

Some time ago, when he saw that the

Yaug family were prospering, he made

calamities will be the result.

that Sha Ching Yttn
follows the profession of law.
He is
a man of really transcendent ability.

No wonder

3fo

ft

The most

clearly established facts are

entirely transformed by his specious arguments that one's mind is
so

all in confusion.

ft

Not kb.
1

wf-2;

Public business should be characterized

worthy of note that S>. which properly

means public, comes also to mean just, implying perhaps that
that only which is public, is supposed to Vie just.
fflt
is also used with the meaning,
That which pertains to all
should be managed in common, or with the concurrence of ail.
It is

by justice.

Q^

2 |(

k lu

Family

long, alley short ; that

criticisms of each other's shortcomings made

in the same family or in the same
alley.

is,

by those

the

living

1 ^.
iS A historical novel written during the Yuen
dynasty by |^ JJ tf*' The narrative includes the chief
characters and events of the period during which the rival

houses of $|. jj) and

were struggling for the mastery,
the heroic epoch of Chinese history.
It is regarded by the
Chinese as their best novel. It is written in easy Witili, with
an occasional flavor of Mandarin.
Jtt
gods and demon* appear and disappear ; that is, in the surprisiug and unaccountable manner in
which gods and demons appear and act and then as suddenly

UJ 55 tx A*

dynasty, fg Jjg, $ was an officer of remarkable ability

under him, whom he at first appointed as a local magistrate,
before he had learned his commanding talents.

15

jB"

minister
vices,

is,

IS.

The Chinese theory

that

he ought

of the duty of a faithful

in case of dangerous
imperial errors or
to reprove his
even at the risk of

sovereign

his life

16 C

$1 dumped

the trough,

animals' feeding, when they

strive for a full one.

18 18

fflt

?t ft

leave an

The

jjflf

live

or

efficient

god

that

23

||fi

ifl

'/'"

by

his

imperial

title

BS

*)J,

'7&,

$L

differs

from

jgj

<#. in that the former

to

may

is.

began life as a
soldier with the

famous Chang Pei and Kwan Yu, in the period of the " Three
3E until he proKingdoms." He was known as Jg|
claimed himself Kmperor in A. I). 280.
H> is known in
history

26

oj the blood,

Chinese moral teaching, and well illustrate the terseness and

vivacity which such ready made phrases impart to the style.
27 iK SI is one who hangs about yamens and fattens
on the fees he gets for giving advice to anxious litigants,

f$j,

>l]

has the know-

and worship.

U M fM- better known as

straw shces. but roBe to be a fellow

who

26 7t 3 sometimes means the weather, but here it

the way of Heaven ; that is, the providential government
of Heaven. The four phrases here used are stock phrases in

refer primarily to the awards of the gods, as is in

dicated in the common radical with which they are written,
the radical under which are classed all the characters
7Jij|

seller of

one

supply the deficiencies

be justifiable, bnt the latter never

offices

is,

ledge, power and will to execute judgment on those who

offend him, and to hear the prayers of those who pray to him.

9 ^C S f& fS StA blessings and avoid misfortunes ;

that is, attain the blessings conferred by the gods on the
virtuous and escape the misfortunes sent on the vicious
Both

denoting divine beings, acts,

scarcely

invigorate the blood.

and

translation

conveys the full force of this expression. But you set, J think,
if spoken with
proper emphasis, will approximate it.
19 Itf HI Divine intelligences, a term commonly used
to
designate the whole olass of (supposed) divine beings.

vanish.

mk

a figure taken from

empty trough and

of

the

Jjjjj

$|

means

as well as for assisting them in various illicit ways by

collusion with the underlings.
Such business is illegal, and
such men are held in detestation by magistrates.
Lawyers
or counsellors iu the Western sense are not known \m
Chinese courts.

f>fl6

m n t

Hi

AW

m #
& m

lib

Translation.

m m a *

H.!i

Ifr,

^t

ffi

#44
7>

oa

H ^

Wm

it

for anything.

He came again and again, importuning me in the most annoying way.

6 You should behave properly, and not
keep meddling with things.
7 If a man ignores the human relations,
in what does he differ from the brutes?
8 "Act as head of the family for three
days, and the very dogs will be disCan you expect
satisfied with you."

*fc

to escape all criticism ?

9 It is not worth while

til

Ift

ftl

ft.

m
a

jawflf.

too

flL

.=

entirely

He hasn't the slightest

pig-headed.
idea of how to adapt himself to
circumstances.
2 How can he make progress when he
stuiies in such an irregular way?
3 What are yon dissatisfied about that
yon keep up snch a grumbling P
4 This piece of wood is bent and
twisted out of all shape and not fit

^ M H T> A
H9
* H
m n w
H o * 1
ft. S ft
H &
A
A if ^ if,
m m. 4;

is

Hsiug

AJ-M0

ft

Viic

Ch'fin

jl

m.
o
8

/T1-

/\

u!K

it

m * m
# A * Si s

-b

o
#, 2

M ^

LESSON

to get in a
not a matter that can
be finished up in three or four days.
10 I afterwards asked him privately, but
he still tried in every possible way
to evade.
How is it that these cherries of yours
1
are so unequal in size? And what is
more, tbey are chiefly stems.

hurry.

This

is

CXJ3C3C2C-VI.

Numerical Quadruplets.

Many fonr character phrases are formed of two

numbers combined with two analogous words.
These numbers sometimes have a reason for their
use, but frequently seem to be chosen quite at
random. The lesson embraces the most commonly
used phrases of this class.

^.l&stifyfy Adaptation

to

'circumstances,

resources, expedients.

=. ft

T?y

fits

and

starts,

by

spells,

irregularly.

r^ZlllH

^=1 Hfc iE The same,

ftg

r iH R^j

fH^ffl

find

(s.)

fault,

The same,

~tl3l A;j2fc Bent or

crooked, gnarled.

"ti^

PPl

"A Several times, time and again.

= To snatch and grab; to med-

dle with, to take without leave.

to

[croak.
grumble, to

(s.)

twisted

out of shape,

three relations,
)$l z/JL rfi The
prince,
father and husband ; and five virtues. benevolence
(1. rectitude (H). courtesy (jjjg). knowledge (^).
.

and faithfulness

fjj).

-tlHf

Arm

The whole phrase

of

human

Diverse

is

a com-

duty.

opinions,

criticisms,

conflicting views.

Three or fonr days, a few days.

rr: H[ [^ This way and that way, up
ami .lown, back and forth, every way.

5Ei5v3l

The same.
To

prehensive summary

% $f The same.

i^=j^L^9

^-

-^A A/b Irregular in

iH^Ffa^H

Mistakes,

^ ZL yak The same.

size,

different sizes.

misunderstandings.

MANDARIN tKSSONt.

rissoN 188

I tr o %% To *
JB m o
ft m
H % # ,;
= S ^ o m # * $ # #
ff KM* w - ^ at u #e ^

it tnras out that there are any

mistakes, I will hold you responsible.
13 He is too old his speech is rambling.
14 Prepare and plan as yon will, you
will find that the purposes of God

12 If

l3

3fc

19

til

587

i7

come

will still

to pass.

15 I administered a few kicks and blows,

which gave me a sense of supreme
satisfaction.

$.

ft

A;t A.

Jt

ft

A>h

7&

*r

16

A
to

systematic piece of business is easy

manage, bnt in a complicated affair
is
hard to know where to take

~ ;g*i & -t^ 7 ^

^M
*. Ifc* ^ 7. JURIS: ^ Iri
There
an immoral member
whole
a
a * m
# ^aaat> w mm,
(no
In my
18 Don't be
K ^ ,^ a ^hK* - =
work.
1#. ##tt. fc^tS W 19 chances
much
two
Hardly earning
thousand cash
# g
month, when
+ & ft * ft
m

it

ift

hold.

17

gfe

^ m
^ ^

ifti

# ft $
~
SiWKRA K A #P. ^ n
o ftfrffc
8ift 0 A-b A ft #
*. ft, # $+ 41 l m
W.
81ft.
#f f o
a fr.*^^-t=

16

15

-(6

disordered,

confused,

^"<i>TO <{& To devise various plans, to think

anxiously, to scheme.

^p fm jvy A few blows and kicks, a belaboring a drubbing.

~fc*Ux AtX. At loose
complicated, tangled.

ends,

heterogeneous,

~T~l7L HXi

Nine ont often grow and mature.

Eight or nine chances in ten,

Two

To
W Bc-fe
Note
\

PPJ H>

21 This collector was most unrelentiug,

and he came, too, just when I had no

"

tH

1A;EE$! To
-

cry

out

again and

up, to

distribute:

The same.

-pf mfl-|i*!| Again and again, over and over

again, time ttud again.

again

clamor, hue and cry.

B^riHSH

^P^^^

The same.

T ils

privations,

hardships,

inconveniences.

El Ifir [5j The

piled

same.

If m A few
summary.
A 4P Seven
Tj
Note
rrJ

another,

words or sentences,

in

short,

thr
26.

11).

-tR/\

have anything to do

To " make a raise by sacrificing

"t>
/
this for that, to scrape or get together.to gather up.

slU

or three thousand cash.

divide

loth to

3^iSr3

The same.
The same.

" ten to one."

am

O ne thing upon
op, in close succession.

-fctXAJK
-fcSSAtX
r^Pf AyL

with his affairs, but he has importuued me over and over again, so
that I caunot but speak a word for
him.

ffc

(ft

Inverted,
rambling, incoherent.

20

in
is not
the
It is
clear case
family.
of nine parts in ten
leakage).
overcoufident.
there are eight or nine
opinion
in ten that it will not
as
or
as
three
per
divided up I find it insufficient to
make the ends meet.

-tltst

A|0]

Ah

or eight parts in ten

In confusion, topsy-turvy.

"t 'w
Conflicting
laneous criticisms.

opinions,

HBtr:$r!Bli*$
unproductive.

miscel-

Ux.pi stable.

m m

58

ts

the house

in

money

+ a s ~

-a

by borrowing

and another and putting odds

and ends together I made up five
hundred cash, and managed to send
him off the best way I could.
22 Quickly give liira some cold victuals
and send him away. Why
keep
him here crying after us without
of one

xa.

# # #

Jjh

fls

#&

Ifr

gfc.

ac

is

# H ^ KM W W
^H m, # *i j* n. * a &
o

fc

(ft

****.

PPl

Jf,.i&J( ffi

>

flfc

&

it

ft

ft

IE

t*

&J

&

#j

_t

"SHrfifi,

gj

&

H
* * * tt * *

&

*.

travels

hither

and

thither, subjecting himself to all

sorts of inconvenience, solely for the

& o.SM tt * -b **&

n %#m. & ##*** o a %
w ^

ceasing?
28 The merchant

sake of gain.

24 Business has been poor these few

and besides all this my sons
daughters have been getting
married, piling up matters on me
until it is about all I can stand.
26 I am sorry I was not at home last
years,

and

If I had been there, I could

have wound up the gentleman in
a few words, and there would hare
been a good laugh, I'll warrant yon.
night.

doing a credit business, when

pay-day comes, what with small cash

26 In

Vocabulary.

To spread out in order, to marshal

... to state in order ; stale, used up

(Win*.

^rfsj Wai*

a surname.

~7^W-

#t|ft CM*

niu*.

self-opinionated,

3c

pig-headed.

%L Ok*
Ting

'*

.... fdent.
To
Tao*
ftH
ckang*.

pan*.

Stiff,

The cherry.
The

t'ao*

The peduncle

set,

pig-headed.

j^ ii

<7T

!.,

Ti*
.

debts

collect

always stands

cherry, cherries.

or stem of a

flower

$fz

or

With the object

Ch'i* chienK

the sake of;

the end of a clause.

at,

Ohia* lung*.

To

fruit.

% }2

outside one's oall-

or

ac-

counts.

TV*.

is

ingor duty, misdoing, immorality.

Chief idea; sanguine, elated, con-

^$$fc Ting

^*

Obstinate,

'^a

That which

uni*.

pa\
.

And,

Oh-a 1 shou 3

stem of flower or
also,

moreover, likewise, (w.)

To take or eatch hold;

buckle

to

3jj

Chit* shi*.

meddle, to interfere.

To

To
to

sell

vie\v,/or

motive

to

endure, to stand;
pretend, to brag.

$t Ml Fano* chang*.
^U K'ou*. To deduct,

fruit.

in

on

credit.

discount; to hook

to

to button.

control, to superintend, to

be the head.

Notbs.

4 /F
TJ ft Not Jit for material, not Jit for me.
6 %> JR
a sometimes means, to snatch or meddle

in a hnmorons way
enemy or an opponent is put

applied

Aan

with thing* in
uncivil or disorderly v>ay ; sometimes it
means, to take in a surreptitious or underhand way.
8 The dog is dissatisfied, because the master of the
house is so economical that nothing is left for him to tat.

16 /J> W^fH ^_ / it not pleasure? an expression

quoted from the Analects, and there used of the pleasure
experienced in meeting a friend from a distance, but here

18

~mW

6$

to the satisfaction felt

to the worse.

W fa An

affair

when an

on one thread ; that

is connected in a

following one chalk line, that which

regular order, "one line of things."
is,

+?

'

17
and

Jt $, Of

grovi

yield grain.

leak; that

is, all

pro/It

the

seeds

#! Tfc

and no

^>

loss.

sown, nine out of ten

The vessel does

{if

L E6BON

87

MANnAItlN

LXSS0H9.

m%mm-m-m.
xx
H
i
f
M
A,

ff

i, o

IR

and short connt, catting off fractions

and deducting discounts, yon realize

ft

only seven or eight parts in ten, so

that finally there is no profit left.
27 A straightforward matter in the hands
of an incompetent man, soon gets so
involved that there is no head or tail

& mimai. # & t if*.**

^ *r ii:^ o s ^r. #
.
o
to M #r X
!> A-fc

n.
^ ^c -t m A ^
^ If A ^ H 1*. ft ft
K & # ft =? A n* ft m.
-t.

to

28

Pfi

Jf .

it.

Sis

will be impossible to get along.

it

29 In whatever he undertakes, a man

should be persevering and exercise
If he spends three days
patience.
fishing and two days drying his nets,

# #

it

it.

28 Though the family be numerous yet

If each one
it has
but oue head.
wants to have things his own way,

fl#

&

56fl

make but

he will

S J6

neveu.

seven and eight seem to be used at random.

Jgjf, besides
many other meanings, means also to count out in order,

This

check over.
StJ

2P

which

that

'

it is

is,

is its

inxiijncient

its
to

the expression Jj
is
to meet all of the carious use* for

meaning

in

each case for small amounts, really lepresent yjg Wt- full
count, but the payment being in the round sum and conse-

required.
dialects give us nearly all the changes

quently subject to

23 Different

that can be rung on jfC

meaning the same thing.

|!|

fjj

w>th fS

iffc,

and

count.

^f, all

h Mk

Thin, imperfect oaah are in

tlie

the

cut

If;

becomes

in fact a'dis-

down

to seven or eight pails in

the losses, and may include,

is here used to summarize

besides those here mentioned, unsaleable goods taken in
exchange, partial payments, insolvent debtors', etc., by all of
which the gross amount is discounted.

daughters.
I

T,

J@&

/\ jH,

-fc jjf

ten,

24 J J 3C IB The male taking a wife and the female

marrying a huxband ; that is, the marriage of sons and
28

progress.

-& WL- In paying casn i quantity, especially when paying

aocounts at the end of the year, it is a common thing to pass
$ 3?
off strings of cash that are 9H. SSCj short in count.
The debtor pays the round numbers, neglecting the odd numbers, and expects, indeed in a sort compels, the creditor to
in
ocept that much less, jfl JtS The sales having been

'fc ^Ae Whji Aree ports rf Ae subject

icierring originally to the proportion paid in taxes,
but commonly used of apportioning anything according to the
requirements of the case. In the Southern form, the numbers

16

little

20 J|

South called

JS>

model

after the

'

ffi?

transposition of
18&

%.

ffl,

of the phrase* in Lea.

CLxxxvii.

LESSoisr

Inferential Phkasep.
$1?

sum

AS

W *w

In

in

word,

^ifcbW^R From
appears or

is

which we

see,

it

is

which

from which

it

appears, thus

it

it is

or

being nsed

evident, thus

# &

Jf
it

for

3fc

appears, from

would seem.

such a case, putting

il#ffcfe5fc Tbe

evident.

Jg

IS fft jJli 5f$ From which

see, in

it

The same.

original book sense.

##&*

ill.

which

is its

if
From which

[evident.

which

evident.

^itblS.^ From
is

which

jlfc,

I" general, to sum up.

H?
^H jtfc'ff 2l5 Thus we see, from
it

m~fWL,

to

conclusion,

np.

it iir

8amfe

statement

we

this way.

Vocabulary.

3$ fin

Gil**4 miiuj*

"Ja (Jh'iamj*.

To

Commandments
irritate

the throat

to suffocate

$tlh||

mn*

chanp*.

to

to

smoke

choke

i)&

ifetT Kung

&

out.

mosquito

net.

#f Pod1

^R

st 1
1

To aftaci,

ta\

To

Ni*.

M&

Persia.

Hsi 1

follow, to accord with

li* ni*.

to fight.
;

Greece.

a nun,

&T0

m m t

x.

+ a s - %

MANDARIN

Lesson 187,

LESS0H3.

from
very great misfortunes;
which we see that although the taste
of wiue is luscious, yet it is a poisou
in

ft

*>

ft

% & . to
mM&jK m
i I i ^
m z %
^ Ji m.
= & nt
n # ^ &
& m & m
m * & &
m ^ m #
%

ifri

Hi.

a,

m #
^ & .
%i

T S
f ^ |
& # ~f

^
s #

is

Il^^^^-W^A

ft

flt

tr

is

&
m.

#.2tM$*

fiii

ffl

ft*

^lewif

^
^ $j

reproach his father; and reproachhis father, how can he honor

him? Moreover if a man thus dishonors his wife, by and by the sou
will

ft

ing

ft

%
vl&
m *.
^
* *
%
* S
* s
ft

ifc

ship yard

T.

in'

&
m
tt
fa. m

To cat out

a w

a navy

Implements of war, arms.

The highest excellence, ex;

To make use
adopt.

ingenious.

her
ern

learning,

A Nhig-

5C

f|f

W&pei*.

I2A.

ffi

Wod* fang\

of,

to apply; to

Wl mi
f$
$r if
$fl

sJK?r?

ffsin

efficient; for

army

ft

ff'"l

she can never make

without Westalthough the people

scientific schools,

to fabricate, to make.

quisite

Yiln* i/ung*.

China merely establishes a fewarsenals and bnilds a few navy yards,

but does not lay stress on Western
science, and have the people establish

*
i f

To manufactnre.

Chi 1 tsao*.

1
typ Ghing miao*.

be undutiful.

10 If

jin*.

lang"

fain* fu

'1'ioxf fang*-.

mi\

A man

of ability.

A bedroom.
A bridegroom.

ffsin1 lang^

Tien'1

... ...

Military fo^ce or strength ; to

recruit and organise troops.

To

ffi

secure an efficient solto

strengthen the army.
dtery,

chH*.

will disregard his mother

and when
he disregards her, how can he honor
her? Thus it is evident that whoever
maltreats his wife, teaches his sou to

fc

yard.

ChUn 1

him to give up going.

9 If you wish yonr son to be dutiful,
you must not maltreat your wife ; for
if a son sees his mother ill-treated, lis

ijfe.

Ck-wan* chang*.

IpL^jl

harrow he will not put up with ; a

jinricksha cannot go, and he is himself unable to walk.
What do you
think can be doneP Ans. In these
circumstances there is no way but for

ffl

ffil

children.
is not willing to
spend the money
to hire a chair; the jolting of a wheel-

8 We

//>

tft

ffi

f$

I have not yet disposed ot

and children." From this
it.
looks as
he probably would
even his wife and
sWcrifice
eventnally

wife

my

-y-

0A*

"

replied.

iffi,

s * & m m &
m % m # n ^
^
# ^, a $l
w. * # . ? k
# & AS ^ W
R I 8 1 # W
T. ft A ft #

|^

of the
health.

faculties

7 Yii Hsiao Hsi, becoming dissipated,

squandered .'ill his houses and lands.
When his mother scolded him, he

a *t ****#
* % m &> m $t
ii
ir
#
li. & ft.** m *.
is
& jg # ir
#
* #. *& *
#- ii &
i*

&,

ping

the

disorders

mind and undermines the

it'

i\

5 Jfe Ok'iang*

that

M.
o

T.

571

hwan 1

The same,

(s.)

A bride
A bridal chamber.
Private, retired ; secret, close;

non-committal.

M W

572

m m m m &> &
m & m *. x
#>

I*

J:t

m>

la

*.

ft

T^

+ A W

may uianufacture arras, they cannot

make really good ones although they

ji

H.

rw

have engines, they will not be able to

use them; although they have great

$9

guns, they will not know how to fire

them accurately ; although the) have
a multitude of soldiers and numerous
generals, yet there will be few men of
In a word, learning is the
ability.
foundation of military strength. If
learning flourishes, the nation, as a
will
natural consequence,
become
-

#>*

mi

#j

'>

*^ n tt T.
# ^^fi^^'i^m o
R 'j&ijfcfe A
g A. ft fl JH o '*,
^ ^ 3l fl
i 1 i (^ T I ^
* w n ir j* m
*i
A 3\ *
^
& s*. s> *g
# fc . r ft fc H
'

11

ffi

18

Ift

fli

m m
m *
Ml. *

powerful.

A>

The room where cne sleeps is called

a bed-chamber, the bedroom of the
bridegroom and bride is called the
bridal chamber ; from which we see
that a nuptial chamber, as compared

11

ni
ffo

& ^

fr

3E

(El

with a bed-chamber, suggests the idea

of privacy and quiet, and has also a
specially romantic flavor.
12 When you visit the family of a rela-

2v

$ m

%>

w
7$

tive or friend, even those of inferior

station whom you meet, should be

in a becoming
manner.
For example, the man who watches
the door should be addressed as porter:

addressed

& W ^ ^ . ft
* ft 7 f*
2. * * sir #>

the man who makes purchases, as

butler
the man who keeps the accounts, as clerk; the man who oversees the affairs of the household, as
steward; the cook, as professor of the
culinary art; the school-room waiter,
as footman; and others who are raenof-all-work, as waiters or attendants.
Even to address as old Chang, or old

% m

T. W

A * A. ft *n # m
i ^i
* m m m #iZto
& *r m m
ifc

i%$
sr*

Reverence; awe, dread; courteous.

Su*
Quiet, undisturbed.
JU j!|p
eking*
abode
neighborhood.
JjJ Ching*. Boundary ;
district, place ; state, condition.
1
Fairy-laud; romantic, uuili|*5S Hsien ching*.
jUl Su*.

yw
^^
MS*?
& Aung
A

quite admissible.

f*\

fj Lao-

lad1

people's

contempt

J^f ife

Mai* pan*

Tung

fl|

fK Shu

hutler,

a purveyor.

A slave boy ; a slave girl.

A school-room servitor v

9
.

t'ung*.

attendant.
*f

Ta

tsar.

To serve as man-ot-all-work,

to

act as coolie or waiter.

Relatives and friends.

In general,

incurring

thereby

spirit,

-&

real.

Ch'in 1

\% Men*

is

|*J

Li,

you should treat all you meet with

courtesy and deference, and not exhibit a haughty and self-important

1
idt $$ Ch'ien kutig

doorkeeper, a porter.

burly old man.

doorkeeper,

Respectful,

deferential)

unassuming.
fUjfiiJC

(a.)

Kao1

ao*.

f=l -)%_ Tsi* ta*

Proud, haughty, imperious.

Self-important conceited

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 188.

573

TRANSLATION.

AS m.<mn. m
c ^-ft # *
& m m &n
i m & *. n m n # #
*s.

ft

fir

If

sisters-in-law

not
become
not easily

do

estranged, the family

it.

is

divided.

2 If husband and wife have not confidence in each other, no jealousy can
compare with theirs.
3 Ting Hsiie Lu, father and sons there
is not one well-behaved man amongst
them.
4 It' he, a man, when placed in these
circumstances could not endure it,
how much less coald yoa who are a

fli

#*

9i

t>

#*-

n
^

&

* s ^r-ft **
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ nmf# a. ^ ^
tt # ^ A i I o n $
* & f# n
.iw t i 4>.
# *. * ft- ft it 4 # # *
ft.

woman

How

impossible it is for evil doers to

escape the consequences of their sins,
how much soever they may abstain
from meats and repeat prayers, build
bridges and repair roads
6 The literati and the wealthy freqneut-

is:

NOTBS.
1 SB mTJ "" 1c. is * bonk phrase, but is in constant use
Mandarin. It usually stands after, and sums up several
particulars, but is so used in this sentence that it may be
in

This sentence was written by a Christian. It ia

doubtful whether any heathen Chinese ever constructed
such an argument.

fairly rendered,

3
made

tummnrily.
Mosquitoes are smoked out by burning a coarse rope

of flagrant weeds, which will smoulder a

long time,
giving out a plentiful smoke, that drives out the mosquitoes,

but does not seriously inconvenience the sleepers.

3 fit is here used to express that which is held to constitute the highest excellence in a soldier, viz., perfection in
discipline

and

skill in

the art of war.

JC

bookish.

6 )& )K

Heart-belly

man ; that is,

is

slightly

one whose friend-

ship enters into his innermost feelings, and iience

is

real

and

sincere.

ready made couplet,

excessively given to drink.
7 It is not iin uncommon thing for gamblers and opium
smokers to sell their wives and children in order to get the
^f-

^>

9W. 3a.

3h

vividly describing one who

means

T>

Wk

?Sf

^ m JK
a^ready-made

10
dant,

of gratifying their evil propensities.

many and

generals abunidea of aa

the

extensive military organization.

11

f$i

J& and $f &!

are

both

being rarely if evernsed in colloquial.

used colloquially in the South.

ffi(

decidedly
)

is,

J\ 8
IS l&
general term signifying
and including subordinate* of all classes. yQ g-,
this
is

case,

>

,l

bookish,

however,

inferiors,
is

used in

service involves writing,

fj fjjf
characterizes an office only known in the

because the

a book term and

is

Soldiers

phrase expressing

houses of the very wealthy.

it? t "V applies to a servant
or helper hired for a special occasion.
Such a mode of

5 iR, would only be allowable

were acquainted with each other.

address aa
parties

in

case the

Special Dsbs of Certain Words.

jn Though usually found only with the personal pronouns, -fpjj is sometimes used, as noted in
Les. 3, with other words denoting persons.
In
this lesson are illustrated some of its more unusual,
bnt perfectly legitimate uses.
^f; In Mandarin books, :g is not nnfreqnently
found used alone in the sense of :g fe.
It is
2
simply an attempt tp write the. colloquial s/ta .

which, as noted in Lea. 17, is a widely nsed

Thus used :g
colloquial contraction of j$ Jj$t.
should be read ska*, as it is spoken.

This character is occasionally found in

Ifffl
books, as a col loqnial contraction for ff- %. More
commonly this contracted form is written simply
which in this case is read ma in the North and
Jj,
Mi in the South.

574

fl. #!. *h

&

te. 3R

ift

ftt

J&

& % m &

&

ft

^c

# W

in.

is

f&

At

ffi it

*t

"m

^ A lift

n
ft

m a & -

A + A

IS

take advantage of their position to

oppress the common peoplo. If, however, they happen on officials who
are not respecters of persons, they
punish them jnst the same as they
would any one else.
With a sudden report there spurted
up several drops of [boiling] oil and
scalded the faces of the young acolytes,
raising a nutuher of large serous
ly

a
w.

blisters.

Every year during the several days

of the feast of lanterns, the business
houses all hang up lanterns mid
decorations, exciting everybody in the

?i

whole
to see,

^ * m p *
^sfn f i A I f, o M
** & m ft m. a aslant*
jQ, Normally, Jg always takes either jgj or $|
it
(and ffi |j| is really a contraction for *,
hooks it is sometimes used alone,
JS HI)' but

after

rarely in colloquial,

either

by

fl,

|fc

and

is

or

fft.

then generally followed

Pf:
colloquial contraction of f ff- Jg. chiefly, though not exclusively, used as a reply when
another calls, as " What is it ?" is often used in
It is extensively used in Northern and
English.
Central Mandarin, but not in Southern. It must

and suburbs with a desire

and maluDg a season of un-

city

equaled gayety.
Brothers and sisters,

- $

"S

and nephews

and grandchildren, are

divided into
those of the first degree of consanAsguinity and those more distant.
the
same
to
elders,
principle
cending
all

be distinguished from tfcha, which

and

is

is

Pekingese,

simply an affirmative reply.

t}^ When S stands at the end of a clause,

either alone or joined with UK or other similar
word, it means, and such, and the like, and so on,
including all of the class of persons or things reWhen ^$ is doubled at the end of au
ferred to.

enumeration of particulars, it is equivalent to etc.

When joined to a pronoun, as in fjt %, it is
practically equivalent to a plural.

Vocabulary.
IfflC

A colloquial character used as a contrac-

Ma*.

tiou for ff-

|fp Cha*.

jj

hoarse noise

ff

Jj*

1
Xh'L* Wai* ksin

see Sub.

1*5

a contraction for f

see Sub.

Disaffection, alienation, es-

trangement.
a good character, to
be virtuous, to be well-behaved.

1
IP fjgi Hsiu te*. To maintain

y&

Chat 1

To abstain from;

fasting,

penance;

dignified.

W% 5Pi
^5 $?

Cft"'

chai

Nien* ehing 1

1
%x Chin

W ^t Shin

chin 1

Fu*

Vp fP

The literary
try.

class, the

gen-

Common

Mitfjin*.
Chi*

P'tng

To

ZH

wealthy.

men, the people.

To condemn,

tstcei*

boil

4$ PHng1

to

to decoct

punish.

to scald.

report, an explosion.

To dash up, to sputter,

.... tinge to soil.

Ckien*.

spurt; to

to

$f
jfS

To abstain from meat.

To repeat prayers.
The same as ^.

A.

The

hi/*

To splash,

Tsan*

Liao\ To scorch,

to

to spurt, to sputter.

burn; to illuminate; a sig-

nal light.

ffi^ffl

Liao* chiang 1 p'ao*.

blister

.by

1f[j

Titiff

chie*.

The

feast of lanterns

16th of the

first

month

raised

fire.

on the

Note 8

MANDARIN LES80NS.

l.KPFON 188.

A.

a &

&W S

* # *
i $ $ I I i
a * ^ I il tr 1?
tt # ft m m %
t

itu

w*

&

ft

tt'tt

I,

i!i

tr

*$

*.

*.

Hi

ft

576

% M

$8

ft *. 7.

S78

n m &

m m

ft

& o x a
#* ra
m * &**** * n ft >s n
4V A J* **. a. tt i lw I ic,
o o SJ
f f
4 - il
M
w s ps * i^ ft a raw
. tt

A + A W ~

ff

Mii

18

being the first favor you have askeu

of me, how could I send yon back

i9

ffl

him sons and daughters. How should

I Dot kuow him?"
Haviug come a longdistance, and this

empty-handed

He

has already drawn his salary, but

is unable to control his subordinates.
Wliat advantage is there in retaining
such an incompetent officer ?
20 Why must you go into the city just
19

now, when farm work is so pressing T

Ans. I have a little special business.

*. q

a
&

H 4 *W
2

23

* *

ft

ft

.*

*& #*

a w

tt

#.

*a

ft t

is

tt

p. o

i>

*
ft *

.*

ffc

Ho

wounded you nor irritated

yon; what are you striking him for ?
22 Hung Hsi, are yon there? Ans. Yes.
Hep. Ho and buy four ounces of
water-pipe tobacco for me.
23 The officer gave judgment that the
head of the clan, with the middlemen,
etc., should make examination and
21

neither

report.

24

My

cousin

going to yonr place to

have the leather
trunk, bamboo basket, etc., left with
yon, put in his care to bring back.
is

trade. Will you please

ft

: /

fj3 $=j'

To

Chie* tat
4

Swei*,

JJ8 |f|

LP lun*.

lend, to loan.

loan money.

Wv. f&

A base fellow, a ruffian.

t'u*.

shang

To wound
To

accord,, to follow; then; finally.

tow*.

$jj^

fr

To

(?&**

^ m m m ^
m St Kun*
(h
To
M YUm*
YUn*
baud W

Tai*

$%

jit

To gather

<HJ

together, to
together, to confederate.

To reason, to argue,

to

remon-

strata.

ming*.

in

fight.

die, to perish, (w.)

To

to perish, to

lose lift,

die.

ip| H&n*.
f| >Jf|

Shang

scar,

a mark

kin*.

a trace
scar,

a flaw.

a wound.

Nous.
8 $S 51 ff! Father and ton or sont. It is unoertain
from tliis term whether one or more song is meant, though
the subsequent part of the sentence implies several.
4 3W A. lP9 aB here used, > B a Pekingese term, and
means a man as distinguished from a woman. The term is
not heard in Eastern Shantung nor anywhere in Southern
Mandarin.

The term J6 ft

jfj

U formed in the same way,

and mean* a woman as distinguished from a man. ft is to

be regarded as an enclitic. This use of fr9 is anomalous.
6 Pf? 5iJ To eat abstinence ; that is, to abstain from
meat and eat only vegetables. f fjff fll pp To build bridge*
and repair roads, done in order to acquire merit with

the gods.

7 This
character

sentence

?3ft

is

to burst or resound.
is

is

from the History of Uobbers.

incorrectly used, as

it

means

The proper character

rather a particle than a drop.

or falls from its attachmeut

or isolated state.

a Jfl

is

43

The

but not

HA "P

drop as it drips
a drop in its detached

f(5

is

is u

to boil,

8 Wt 15 The feast of lanterns, whioh is held on the 14th,

15th and 16th of the first month, when the business streets of
towns and cities are illuminated, and frequently covered with
matting.

j|

IK 5

1SS

To hang out lanterns and transand gateways with clo>h or

parencies, and to festoon doors

paper hangings.

The children of one's $% and (ft, that is,

cousins of the same family name, are called shu-pod brothers
and sisters and starting from this point the term shu-pod is
9 $L (6
;

extended through father and mother, until it eventually comes

to be applied to all terms expressive of family relationship,
The
except that of futher and mother, son and daughter.
extension is made by assuming the heirship of all who are
shti poti to father or mother, as well as all to whom they have
become heir through their fathers and mothers, and so on, the
special term expressing the lelationship being in each case
Thus your
changed to suit the difference of generation.
shu-poa

ilr

"?

are your shu-poa

father's shu-poa

SB.

Wji

mother's shu-poa

jjft

are your shu-poa

are your thu poti

father's

J/J

7C W' y our
^5 %' y our
J4

M'

y ur

MANDAttIN

I.KSSON 189.

I.K8&OHS

n m * # . ^ ^ ^C ^
3* # Ul Ml t? ^ ^* a la.
* * #
te s &
i m n
f&*7gfl
m
98 # b
^
m
f
^
-k BP ft * * W
* . I ^ I I, it.
-*

tig,-

nil>

25 The birds of the air and the fish of

the sea were created by God on the

ft

26 The parallel

ffij

ft*

fi u

m z m
m &
* * at
aw i
n n .
^
n

15

0f

*S

sb
to

father's

shu-pod

ihu-poH

Q?

# *
a M
% .

s 5
- &

ffi; -p are your shupoH jg|

1, your son's
are your shu-poit J -J, &c, &c.
These
relationships are carried out to the fifth generation, and the
intricacies involved in them are not inferior to those involved in
the handling of an irreducible equation of the third decree, notwithstanding which, every old woman in China can trace them
out and rattle them off as glibly as a smart boy can say the
multiplication table.
working knowledge of these relationships is well worth acquiring, for the sake of the great
advantage it affords in social intercourse, especially with the

women.
17

Saf 'SI

tied

in

up

y$

little

Betrothed

knots or

form found only in books.

18
of

fid

$G

1)3

Tl

from

fillets.

the time

when

H^j is

the hair

an obsolete

Open your mouth tome; that

of money.

is,

ask

me a favor, especially a loan

22 The tobacco smoked in

water-pipes is prepared from

inferior or refuse tobacco by softening with oil, coloring yellow
i

such

as

the

all

arranged by
astronomy, geoetc.

Wen Chou, because I would

not lend him the money he wanted,
pub himself in league with the rogues
Wang Lien Ch'eng, Tswei Chen Shan,
and came in a company to my door
Sun

reviled me outrageously.
My
eldest son going out to reason with

and

them, was set on by them and beaten

almost to death ; in proof of which
there are his wounds and the testimony of Li To Mao, Li T6" Shfing,

nr
3l

Tl J uii and

Li

others.

with sulphide of arsenic, or green with sulphate of iron and

copper, thou compacting in a press and shaving into shreds.

2,

mat

.18

A &

3ffi

subjects,

iu

given

all

alike in possessing a desire for riches.

fl*

Mb

book are

graphy, biography, botany,

3f

passages

reference

were

27 Look at the people in the world, will

yon; although they all differ greatly
in rank, wealth, etc., yet they are all

tit

Hi*.

day, while the various kiuds of

fifth

beasts, with the insects, etc.,

created on the sixth day.

25

577

26

beads, a term applied to books of

from celebrated authors. Sometimes the

vfi StruS

classified extracts

l$>

confined to the classics or to certain classical books.

to signify marginal

'a

The term has been adopted by foreigners

references.

- Kind kind not alike ; that is,

*$ ^
87
classes.
lands, many
28 This sentence gives the principal part of

indictment

~P\

and the style

is

of course

varioui
a short

somewhat

Win. fg jj /[ JBB bt lending not accordant that is, not

accommodating him when he wanted to borrow. fjf is commonly used in writing for the pronoun I, and is generally
;

written a

little to

after

jj|

is

*m\

it.

iif

is

the one side.

little

1S takes fft

more bookish than

understood

m 9L and

used in a somewhat different way.

i

Malk anu Fkmale.

Special terms for designating the male and
female of various animals prevail in Chinese, very
much as in English. A few have already occurred.
Others are brought together in this lesson. Foreigners often make themselves ridiculous from not
knowing these terms and their propel use.
rY7\
1

jJj j9C

are confined almost entirely to persons.

are the most general terms for desigand

nating
distinguishing the male and female
of birds and animals.

4j i%

itfp.

nsed

|l are

in

Wenli to desiguate the

male and female of birds of

loquial

Q aLR

"U are used.

all

kinds.

Iu col-

S 1

f>78

K% + AW-#
ft & W * 31 #

pS

If the conduct of either men or women

be unduly frivolous, they cannot avoid

UJ

* & & & m mrwM w

T . ^ H SB gE#fl& *
S. 41 ^^tr IfttiPttft A 11

*s|

$>

^ 7
m n

3fcg HH. II

x &

m.

$, *a

*V

^>^

i i I i
5

pM

being lightly esteemed by others.

How can you distinguish the male and
femaleoflittleducksjustoutoftheegg?
3 A male pig is called a tsung ; a
female is called a Pun. A male hog
is called a boar, and a hog that breeds
pigs is called a sow.
4 As far as watching the house is con-

*.

$ & *
i

cerned, a bitch

it

is.
^ ^
f.
jf

a #

#> n.

dog

ttj

* * #

m.
q i$A

m jk a * #5 it
*n r w
m. ^ # *&.
i T i o s t i !
^ **# #. * a, m # #
ft

SBft.

* * *

,!

ffi

A # A m * st w
x m $> m % $ m
8

#.
o
>>*

same as a

quite the

is

but every one objects to having

a bitch, because they dislike her pups.
5 This he mule is too unruly; it will be
You may
better for me to ride him.
ride this she mule ; she is a little safer.
If we fanners had no cocks to crow
in the night, how could we know
what time it is ?
7 I have had enough of keeping tomcats
they will never stay at home.

1-

J*
s

+ a b a

Translation.

5A-

*.

How much

better to keep a tabby.

8 " Where people are many, there is
confusion
where dragons are many,
there is drought
where daughtcrsiu-law are many, the mother-in-law
does the cooking where roosters are
many, the morning goes nnannouucfl>;
where hens are many, no eggs are

m
A

it

m>

m*

'?L^t are used is Winli to designate the

bale and female of domestic animals, especially of
such as are used in sacrifice. In colloquial
and

n.
o

laid."

9 The

not

common
fit

to

saying

"
"

is,

go into battle

mare

which

is

is

are used, except where special names exist.

special names used in the lesson are defined
in the vocabulary.
fl:

The

Vocabulary.
The female of birds ; weak.
The female of beasts.

/'*?

ft

P'in*.
1

$t Ch'ing piao

Frivolous, gay, rollicking;

light, slender.
1

jpL

Ch'ing

To esteem

shi*.

down
1

Tiao

Ch'ing

Tsung

Tun*

%K

Yang

Wla

MM

Young

Yung

Chiao 3 chu 1

1
1
Jj& tfc Txi shing

lightly,

to look

on, to despise.

Unsteady, careless, unreliable.

tiao 1
Frivolous, trifling, lightminded, gay.
.

A shote, a mate pig a litter.

A sacking pig; a female pig,
;

3& Fan 2
2
f ~& Fan
-

To

bear, to produce
tiply, to teem.

Luxuriant
1

sM.ng
a
3 m>l * chx 1
^
sfc "Pr Wa
3
J
>f <$J ^* kou
.

$$ $J /V^
]&!$ Fr l

henfi

loa*.

grain, sprouts, shoots.

A boar, (n.)
A boar. (c. &

chit 1.

to increase

to

s )

mul-

numerous.

To generate,

An

to bear.

old sow.

A male dog. (c. & n.)

A bitch, a slut, (s.)
A male or jack male.

Lesson

MANDARIN LESSONS.

189.

% 7

&

&

m.

SB

ft

&

a #

ii

i2

a $
*B $

m &

ft.

ji

=#

95

t.

tt

ft

f&

woman caunot do the business of a man, jnst as

a mare cannot take the place of a
stallion in war.
figure to indicate that a

*r#

m>

ft.

^ #
m m *nim

ff

*&

il
n s

57ft

10 Although jackasses and jack males

are stronger, yet for draught or for
farm work it is better to keep she
asses and mules, for the reason that
she asses and she mules are more
docile and do not become unruly.

A
at

nii%w * % *
to & * * *

Do not be

*
IT

it

# * # &
g
us
*$ ^ *
mmft ft. m
& & m m -k>
* ^ r. ^ ^

fl

*.

m ^ #

m
m

w.

a.
wi

AMH

1\

ici

fii

#.
o #.

li

fi

il

M a

It.

l3

i4

a * * *

ra

IE

t*

m
m

$i

yon have

many

themselves without descendants?

12 All living things on the face of
the earth,
birds, beasts, insects and
are
divided into male aud
fishes,
female, and all are propagated by the
union of the sexes.

$
*

mm.

#>

dissatisfied that

daughters. The saying runs,

" Minus one
half, the world could not
subsist."
If all reared sons and none
daughters, would not mankind find
so

13 These four goats are all billy-goats

but of those eight sheep, three are
rams and five are ewes.

14

man had a dream one

He dreamed that one of his

certain rich

night.

came and said to him, " I

have come, good sir, to pay you your
"
account
and when he had said this,

debtors

he disappeared into the cow-stable.

When the rich man awoke he heard
some one outside saying, " Our cow
has given birth to a bull-call'.'"
Fie
afterwards made inquiry and found
that this same debtor had in fact died

^ a
fjj?

Leng*. ...

1% K'e*
it Wk K'^
^T PJ? ^ 3

rafter

A
l <"'<

To
-

P$ V$

an edge unruly,

Ti* ming'

f$ Lang* mad
3f |g IV mao
^|S

crow

ft

4!I

il Chin

It*.

*?qfil Ts'ao*

lii*.

(c.)

she cat.

A jackass.

l<l*

(s.)

A mare.
A stallion.

fir* ma*.

Strength, muscle.

Fan z

she ass, a jenny.

fpji

Lin*.

7T
$1

C'/tie*

hsing*.

W^T
%%
iS*

to

grow cantankerous.

The scaly

)\

Scales of fish; overlapping like scales.

To aid to involve mail, armor

..

!J2p 7'sj*.

to

manage, to manipulate.
To become unruly or violent

The same,

ma*

Chiao*

To transpose and arrange,

ill Tiao* tod*.

A he cat, a torn cat. (n.

^Cfffi Nii* mao\

?.*

UD

2$C 'IS

especially as
cock does at night.

H& U K

she mule.

The same,
1

vicious.

mare.

ming*.

* * -

tribe,

fishes, tuftles, etc.

sometimes used in books for

cow,
the female of other domestic animals.

Tsi* niu*

Chien1

^ Tou*

sheng

bull,

an

cow.

ox.

To come

into the world, to

be born from another

state
jj&c

of existence into this.

SweiK ...... Quiet, modest

coy,

amorous, (w.)

580

*.

Lessoi*

MANDARIN

190.

LK830NS.

581

TRANSLATION.

- n m m
ll

* n m

a*

He is not au hoaorable
back on his word.

f f

i o ^
a * m n
io

15

m #

M'jKff

*,

It

31

ffe

ttf&

ff

*
If

ft

7
ji

*.

It frequently
e estranged

mere

*,
tt*r

*ffl

t&

7 T

trifle.

withont

knows the

crossing his
the

affairs of all

They all regarded him doubtfully for

a little and then asked, " Where do

yon

hail

from

"

that you do not

without turning
about and driving us away P
man's virtue is regarded as an
endowment ; a woman's waut of endowment is regarded as a virtue.
10 Because he knows a few passages of
the classics, he imagines himself a
Is

it

not enough

invite us to lodge,

IS

Sfc

A ii *n o ff
* T 7. - &. $P
Ml &
^ $! & & #
5a #. * ft n ^ * ^ if
3fei

happens that persons

from each other by a

hsiu-ts'ai,

threshold,
world.

ft

true or not.

m *
* a

W
o

I ask you to make careful

inquiry,
and you will find out whether it u

j^

. 1?'
o 7

ing up your nose and leering at us ?

The several lines of descent from an
ancestor are called the nine claim.

m.

fUE

t $
# # *. ^ I o |
W * *

$B

goes

Tt is enough that yon get off withont

begging onr pardon why do you tarn
about and show yonr ill will by turn-

^ a a *

*. w.
o o

* w. a
$ a
I

n, u

in

man who

J#

profound scholar.

Whoever takes unjust gain, is gnilty

of theft.
12 If I yield this one time, the whole
11

neighborhood
upon me.

will be

ready to impose

LE8SOIsr G3CC.

m
01

(j'ien), is

the higher

Mandarin equivalent

It
of certain uses of the more colloquial g.
marks the logical dependence of two clauses. It
may sometimes be rendered, thus or in that case,

but

is

generally not translateable by any special

word.

It

is

much

used in book Mandarin and

occasionally in conversation.

Vocabulary.
P-ei* ts'oa*.

To

apologize,

to

make

ft$t

Fin1 ckt\

Hinff* pi*.

To turn up the nose as an

7L

jjjf

Ohiu*

tsu*.

expression of contempt.

itf

Shu* yien*.

To stare

in

anger or contempt

to Leer, to glare.

To divide
Note

amends.

into

Nine generations of a family

connexion
Note 3.
:

fp

Tjfo

Ku 1

ts'ai1 .

branches:

3.

To conjecture,

to

wonder

tore'

... ...... gard doubtfully or inquiringly.

B83

fit

*.

st

nf

ft

#.

Ml.

ft

lb

jr

*r

ft

A.

$ w

Hh

$^*S.

itfc

a W #
22

ft

beheaded.

415 fc.
B o

15 Your rescuing me to-day, sirs, is as if

yon had given measecoud.termof life.t
16 If he does not ask, let it pass; but if
he asks about it, my reply will not be
mild.
17 Since civilization has prevailed, all
kinds of people in the world have

been reduced to uniform order.

18 Speak the truth and tell me whose
servant boy you are, and who told you
to say these things, and I will let

^ M & &

7,

yon

w.*n.it
m o o

si

f^

a. *.

*
*

na

<>

21

# ^

^^

ft,

^ ^

# m n
i ^, i

n * # ** a
#. 5e a

as
ft<

well-versed scholar, a
of large attainments.

pp Liu*

tswei 1

To

^p Chan*

7 a 1 chin*

^f|j

Ta

twei*.

that

#
fff'fjfc

is hell.

Ch'ing* ch'ang*. Affection, attachment:

;(<0=p^

ffl

HP met*.
1

as

f|t'} K'toan k'wod*.

Wide, extensive, roomy;

magnanimous, great-souled
To stir up, to incite, same
as ft 8t
.

v& $fc Sod

reply, to answer; to retort,

to respond.

20.

Peaceable, harmonious; unrnffled family affection, (w.)

Same

K'wod 1

t'iao*.

save, to rescue,

To

comport

22 I have a domestic recipe that is effective in the worst cases. I'll guarantee
that it will cure him.

Note

steal, to pilfer.

this

know that to have an enlightened

while
intelligence that is heaven
a beclouded intelligence,
to have

crime punishable by de-

To

and how would

with the affection of a brother ?

21 If you had a clear understanding of
the principles of right, you would

p.

man

capitation.

i& $C

sities,

#.

Neighborhood.
crime punishable by
banishment.

tswei*.

I should take your silver, it would

be taking advantage of your neces-

20 If

afe

ks&e*.

off.

19 Please sit a little longer and listen till

I finish, and you will know the facts.

n m m w

20

f$}$$ T'ou ch'ie*.

1
It*.
IjiJJ Hi Hsiang

i^ff

^t

n m w& # a

jr
Pao3

ffiTj

i8

it

just the same as if you treated

your parents rneauly.
14
robber who gets no money, is condemned to banishment; while a robber
who gets money, is condemned to be
is

. t
ffilf o

17

~s

13 If von treat your brother meanly,

it

if

# ft # Bit o
* to ft 4 M * L
5 I 1 t ^ # O f
.#*&.*- g *
at

is

#i

+ X

IS

ijjfc

Tsai

&

year, a revolution of the seasons.

See tsai*.

Notes.
8 st tt ~f
Una,

To dtteend

in eotutantly tvbdividing

a peculiar expression only used as here.

The 7L

4*j

are usually defined as including four generations of ancestors

uil four of fleacuuduniu, which, with the tfunuratiou of the

individual in question, makes up the nine. Thib jeems a little

inconsistent with the evident meaning of the sentence which

contemplates nine generations of descent in regular cider

from a common ancestor. It is a peculiar fancy which
makes the count proceed from the middle.
It must b

MANDARIN LB8SONI.

Lksson 190.

% + *

>l>

% %
a

ft

23 Look at the family of Ch'Sn Pao by

their harmony they have moved the
Do yon
very dogs to be at peace.
mean to say that men are inferior
to dogs ?
24 There are amongst the number several
;

H o tr
ft M A & ^ft *. 1

* T> ^ A o
&,
- ft
W
JJ
* #*!
\%

583

35, JE

'I*

men

of the most fiery temper.

If by
speaking a few words we should offend them, it might rain important

ffi

**.*.#

#
IS. it n *
ft W ###
i - t I 4 i
7. $
H
^ +
a 7.

A
M o
th ^ m
m w m 7 A Ut
I i I I H ^ P b ft a m. $,%!*!
* #
*t ^ S # RftM
#w ft
IP. >K T. #
ft &
o o f f ii,
Rio *.
3*

interests.

tit

When we heard that

25

Jwei Lien's repuhad been assailed, and that

she was meditating suicide, we at
once sent some one to comfort her,
and to exhort her to exercise a little
more fortitude and not be too much
tation

jfe

it!

ffii

depressed.

26 Peace of mind is what constitutes

If you are scolding and
happiness.
quarreling every day, even with your
hands full of money, your mind will
be ill at ease.
27 "A discreet man will not tell everything to either party, but an inconsiderate man carries tales for both
He who incites others to
parties."

fll

quarrel,

o
$.

n & g s

fe

m
ffl

it
ft;

# B

if ;

24

a mean

villain.

a month has thirty days, it is

said to be great
and if it has only
twenty-nine days, it is said to be small.
29 Please do not worry, father. After

ft

# $
H ft #

remembered that each generation includes the

is

When

28

remaining a year, more or less, in

order to collect outstanding accounts,
I will return home.

collateral de-

21 This sentence, which is taken from the Sacred Edict,

intended to combat the idea that there is any veritable

scendants from previous generations.

A very common saying, intended as a compliment to
the general information possessed by the educated man, yet
in point of fact the average graduate knows absurdly little
about anything beyond his own neighborhood.

has nothing to conceal, either from human law or from the

ears of society, and so does not fear the light.
Moral
feelings as in the sight of God, are not intended.

8 fj5 is more freely used

North or South.

recipe

in

Shantung than

it is either

9 This sentence is a play on the words jf and fJ5The meaning is that a virtuous character is a mau"s best
endowment, while a woman's want of special endowments is
the best assurance of her virtuous character.
clever women do not have the best reputation.

In China

is

heaven or

22

hell,

jfr

jfc

BJj

fljj

#j

mind which

SjL 1 Jl H, A recipe of herbs; that is, a domestic

made up of common herbs, which can be procured

without buying.
lent of

^| Ji

;H

fflt

'

24

uS

~7* is here the

more stately equiva-

^r

words, a word here

Iff

and

One word and half a

clause,

a few

there.

to <Z T Oain gotten by unrighteousness, unjust

m *tk Has done theft ; that is, is guilty of theft,
ff

26 is
a- in the case of a woman, generally means
reports impugning her virtue.
28 In China all months consist of either twenty-nine or

commonly used where we say "gnilty of."

14 The principle here enunciated is well recognized in
Chinese law, viz., that the money aspect of a crime is of
prime importance. A murder for money is held to be a
greater crime than a murder from malice.

thirty days, and are called i\t or

The
accordingly.
respective mouths are not the same, however, from year tn
but
are
varied
in
accordance
with
the
time
of
year,
new moon.
If the change to new moon occurs before
midnight, that day
to
the
old
and
if
after
it
month,
belongs
midnight,
belongs to
the new month.

20 fw rft Affection principle; that is, that affection

which accords with the 31 >W' ^rfive relations.

seasons

11 3B

mm
fj

is

29 ~ s
;

that

One year and a half revolution of tin

a year or thereabouts, a year more or less.

^J5 j|U

is,

584

MANDARIN

LttKRON 191,

&n

T *

II

B#

*.

*r

& &

fc

ft ft
o A. n
IF* Ts

3fe

16

3fc

19

jit

IK

tt.

^M

but have everlasting life.

Ma Oh'tog loved his master so mnch
that lie gave his life for him.
14 The first occasion of misunderstanding was a quarrel of the children's,
this they gradually became
estranged, until at last the two

and from

families became enemies.

15 At the time of the long-hair rebellion,
my house and effects were all burned
by the rebels, so that even my family

a*.

#$ tt?S
& &
# 3$
* if
**. w * a # n^s
o * m m ** t*
> 4
<a * * * Jt. m m - a
m 4> t\ j& ft. m m
o
4> B# & T
*r
# w& m ff if
M it # X & i*. J ^ 1$
o HI 1 i
tt
ft A
?
tfc

Jtt

Jii

$11

1?

gfe

flL

14

i(d

ftt>

:fc

115

3c

$ m mux m % m tr. o
** MS ft>
ft &
n ^ #n %**** & % m m
m

n&

f'*

jSt

God

13

nfc

I will make a bed on the floor.f

so loved the world that He gave
His only begotten Sod, that whosoever
believeth on Him, should not perish

then

12

*
t m tc 7.

*K
& . o ft
o #. # H H # ft. A M
m o IT m * w fi
- jgu# - ^ *a ut m * #
fu in
T
% . ft ^ ft
#
#*fc A. m _h
*

586

LESiOWS.

12

register and ancestral tablets were lost.

should not be taken to

16 Medicine

When my elder brother was

young, he took so much medicine that
he injured his constitution, and in
consequence of it he has all his life
suffered from rheumatism.
17 These upbraidings of conscience are
truly terrible. You try to quiet them,
but they will not be quieted ; yon try
to suppress them, but they will not be
suppressed ; insomuch that you are worried by them to the verge of madness.f
18 Tribulation worketh patience
and
excess.

and experience,
hope; and hope maketh not ashamed.
19 We were in fact too heavily loaded
on this voyage. In the morning,
however, when we set sail, we had a
fair wind and sped along quite briskpatience, experience

but in the afternoon, quite unexpectedly the wind turned suddenly

about to the north and began to blow

ly,

Vocabulary.

To be born from a previous

r* [HI Chiang* shi*.

SKf

iff

Gk'in*

Ic'u

Unwearied

vT J

effort

untiring

Ht

diligence.

jE fJc Kwoa* tu*

ft Kf Ch'a* lu*.
f

W tS
W^
$r|

Extreme, excessive.
in
thr
road a divergfork
.

To change

u>0'rl -

... ence

T-tng* woa\

Yung

Wj wk ^a ^ yung

to

ISP

Wei*.

To

Lien2

animals

feed,
sick.

ai*.

up

to

or children or the

To compassionate,
derly

Wk

llT

jj

'ff.

the place or resid-

move, to

stir.

The same,

An

out, to use
harass, to jade.

to love ten-

kind-hearted.

ing road.

y'P

To wear

Ohi* mod*.

descend to the world.

state, to

(s.)

Mie* wang*.

abscess.

suffer

destruction, to
perish, to be lost utterly.

Ch'i* hsin*. Origin of a quarrel, occasion of

trouble or misunderstanding.

i^ j5 Su1

abscess, a carbuncle.

A mammary

To

yiien*.

Distant, cool, estranged, disaffected.

Ch'ou*

Enmity,

same as

ft,.

ssft

IS

tt

m m

a - +

If

Iffi

M M M *
*
T # i>
flu #
m $
m m
$ tf ft va m. A
t m m
#

*i

&

Pfr.

&

Jtt

#
* #

in

it

m
* m %

4i>

& #

*F.

husband and wife generally springs

from the folly of the husband. He

\%

dissatisfied with his wife because

she came of a poor family, or because
she is homely in appearance, or because she is naturally dull, and heuce
does not [try to] live peaceably with
her, insomuch that on every occasion
he is ready to scold or to strike or to
revile her, as if she were a slave.
Why do yon not consider f Do yon
suppose it pleases your wife that she

m to* W M
n ? m mmm

is

iiu

m %

im

m m
3i

jtb

'I*

*$

'If

m #

f*

# ^

AS

,Hc

@ &
* m
*
S i ^ *
# a? f* m an
m *
* * I
a I I f 7 *
2

ttj

ift

<*

a*

WC !K Fang 1
hb

P'u*.

ffBS

To

ktaoa*.
-

list,

Tsung 1 p'tp.

set on

fire.

or

SfB*|-

JS^^

P-ai* wei*.

7C M.

Yilen*

The

That strength and vigor of

vital principle which bethe individual by birth the constitution.

To reprove,

nan*.

to

admonish; to

Trouble, misfortune, tribu-

ffl

ill

!H Shun* fbig

^ -^

to*.

Experience, wisdom.

To

set sail.

fair

$| ^J Kbi
2s *$

j$L

boat.

source

rise

Origin, source, ground, cause,

occasion.

yiu\

jfil

Appearance, looks.

Jung* mao*.

Nu*

$5t#$

slave.

slave girl; a maid-servant.

Male and female slaves

Skwod*>*.

a female slave.

go-between in arranging marriages. (w.)

wind.

The captain of a

ship.

Root, origin
occasion.

1$$. Pei*.

lation.
1
Jpf Lao* lien
1
#ft K'ai ckvoan*

Lao*

Kin* yUen*.

scold, to upbraid,

The mast of a

ch'i*.

longs to
fif Iff Tsi* pei*.

M< 18 Hwan*

lighten a ship by casting

cargo overboard.

Wet*.

ancestral tablet.

shout

call out, to

To

tsai*-

genealogical

register.

To

Janfchiao*

JA I Pal

a register, a record.
family

A% * M

iff

dissatisfaction ?

this

all

Moreover, the betrothal was originally

made in accordance with your parents
wishes and upon the representations
of the go-betweens and if you had
cause of dissatisfaction, you should
not have made the betrothal. Having
betrothed her and married her, you
should not now be dissatisfied with
her.
Consider now, if this is not the
proper view of the ease.

ft.

*!

yon

gives

Jit

2E

i -

stronger and stronger; the waves ran

mountain high and the vessel seemed
ready to founder, insomuch that the
whole deck was flooded with water.
The captain.seeingthat the danger was
imminent, called oat to lighten the
ship, which was done until half the
cargo was thrown overboard. This
proving still insufficient, the main
mast was next cut away, after which
we managed to outride the storm.
20 The' occasion of disaffection between

im

ae

*,

W%

%ft Met* shwod*

The tame,

(w.1

587

MANDARIN LESSONS

Lkskon 192.

Translation.

t A

- a

T.
f.

fg

% m
# *
Sift =.
#
* t
A. t *

A.

tt

SI

* * A
- ^.

1
When was there ever a good man there ?
2 Before the thought has arisen the gods

3G 1

51

know (God knows)

man

ir

5 It

* f #' ^ $
Q it Ml ft
tr I
t a t *
ic
Mfom
i
^
wi.-k gg
o m. m & o
*
O
o
m
I,f ^8
as.
m no O
^ It o
3H
* * *
i

*$>

ijJB.

H
#

A.
o

was

really very kind of you

to take the medicine.

to

me

Ir was he that was

unwilling
was I ever unwilling ?
Chou Hsi Hung has, from time

when

to time,
deal of raouey, but he

made a great

has accumulated no property.

m *

***
*

several

in

days

my

village; did you see my father ?

9 Not being on my guard, I was knocked
heels over head by one flop of his tail.
10 That man has endured great suffering,
and has also enjoyed great prosperity.
11 Even before I have begun to scold

You remained

12

11

single

to death.

exhort

it.

once suffered a similar loss.

He never wrongfully put a

3
4

# f

Iff

ifc

you

yon,

throw yourself down and

begin to play off.

591591

He pretends that he did not hear,

though he heard well enough.

12

Notbs.

7 In Peking, the two forma j* and 5 do not differ in

sound, but iu Shantung, the two characters belong to different
syllables, and the use of jg{, as here, would not be intelligible
as spoken, and as written, is regarded as Win. Sign-boards at

cross-roads or forks in the road, are

unknown

in

China ; hence

the term Jg S ffa is a made-up term.

10 Said by a magistrate to a man who
engaged in
a lawsuit concerning the marriage engagement of his daughter.

wu

13

JW was a bondservant of
tH Q- a noted
Ming dynasty. The servant was so much

=S*

minister of the

attached to his master that when, through the machinations of

Mk $A T'ang Chin, an unscrupulous

imperial favorite, the

master was ordered to be put to death, the servant freely

gave himself to suffer death in bis master's stead.

16 The
board bout

Jp tSL, or ancestral tablet, is a small painted

five inches wide, and from twelve to fifteen

inches long.
It is usually surrounded by a flaring carved
frame aud is fastened upright on a small oblong wooden base.
On this board is written the surname and title of the deceased.
17 The xS is to be regarded as applying to the whole

J^

expression

>\ji

fp|.

rather than to

Wi Waves

J{

alone.

"\i*

mountains falling over, in

allusion to the falling over of the crest of the waves.
20 5(* JK)
iff The words of the middle-men ; that is,
the bargaining and arranging which took place through them.
k \J is ouly used in Mandarin in this particular book phrase.

19 SI

fl

III

like

TjESSOK cxcii.
Special Forms fob Past Tims.
'ff"

Sign of indefinite past time, nsed

Mandarin and

occasionally
always precedes the verb.
~%>

in

in

colloqnial.

book
It

^|cii* Not yet, before, never before.

When? when

'fSfa
occasion

ever?

why? on what

osed as

and occasionally
Mandarin is confined

past in Wfinli

use iu

Never, never did, not in any case.

if*

Jf Formerly, usually,

phrases

^c'ff Not
'J5T

'jf

in

Why ?

in

a sign of the

Mandarin.

any case, never.

when

for

Its

to the following

what reason

588

I o
$
22

Iffig.

ft.

18

,7

13 Ever so

Mi

jft

fff

tf* 15

J*

ft

15

18;

were

- #

. #.

all

open,

but

nothing

was

missing.

2.

to

preparation.
Have you ever heard this story ? -4m*.
L heard it when 1 was a child.
16 I do not know how it is
the doors

tt

ft

H*

tried

4 Look at Liu T6 P'ei the rea9oc he

has made a failure and cauuot get hia
degree, is simply because he is suffering the consequences of his irregular

*#HA*raa#w
*
^
^
A.

many men have

settle this trifling affair, but without

success.

. m
16
o .

i9

r + ^ w -

si

Tif

ft

& m j
w
r. ft ^ * # tr o
& 9 # ^ % IE *
W 9. te N ft
*U
21

st

it

flB

He once

filled a position in the yaroSn,

he is thoroughly posted in
official matters.
18 Heretofore home letters have not
usually had this stamp on them, but
were simply addressed in the ordinary

17

hence

U
fe^m^K*.
* & s

IK"

p,

*.&* #

f-

it

demn

consistent with reason to cona man before his testimony

has been heard

ft

a
* * *

ft

way.
19 Is

ie

20 You need not translate with slavish

There is no reason why
literal ity.
deviations
may not be made.
slight
21 My brother has never been subject to

How is it that he has

taken cramp in the stomach and died ?
22 The Bible says there is not one
righteous man, no, not one ; and carethis disease.

nf.

* v

a, S.

M ^
VOCABULARY.

Past, already, finished, once

Sub. Also tseng x

if* Ts'tny*.

see

$R WC Wu*

Without cause

hu*.

3fc

^ Wang*

sha 1

To put

JSC ISi Gh'an* yie*.

Hr Sha} kai*.

to death unjustly.

demand
trumped-up offence
j

TV.

$ff^

Lie*

...

tf&^rf Lie*

to

}fa P'ao-,

pao

a path

a pursuit.

by

The

tvht*.

To

^ftfSa Pan<f htooa*.

to

roast, to bake.

JftJ

Tien* hsing"

Cruel

punishments,

tures.

death;

to

region, a country.

States and kingdom?, natruths, axioms.

ultimate truth or reason,

Self-evident

rW?

Gigantic

To coDtecd

& (hS 9.B

?K
tor-

li*.

K'wei*

Lei s

tfk
1

put

especially moral truth.

irregular.

original text.

to

tions.

'

To leap over, to overstep; to oiMt.

To leap over and omit, to
teng*.

Yuen*

31 JH Ohl*

skip, to pass
J* "^fc

kill,

satisfaction for a

play of.

A road,

Pang

ffl

To become obstreperous

nnjnst, unpro-

to slaughter.

tate.

...

To

Inheritance; property; es-

jfc $$k Fang* lat*.

voked; fortuitous.

K'we?

lei* t'ou*.

A JH Mu*jin*
$$ TV
i

fiercely

puppet

show,

Punch and Judy.

The same, (s.)
The same.

hsi*

hsi*

Tier? chu % .

a monster.

To consecrate au
tablet

ancestral

Note 27.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 192.

589

observation shows that this is

actually the case.
23 Robbers never fail to repent when the
time of punishment comes, bnt having
once fallen into the toils of the law,
repentance is of no avail.
f'nl

#,

z-

m>

!K

fr

m
m^T> %
^%si^i m m.

tft

itt

*/*& -

* m

o
83
jtt

24 Ohou of the Shang dynasty, was an

unprincipled and reckless prince, and

m>

m &

ff

4.

- & * =&. M. ft m &

*ii flflfo

ra

br

1^

ft

7H

JR.

I,

7.
7

IB

iB

Tien*

o '%,

*. ft $- ft

# a

ft

26

ft

Presents offered as homage or tribute

Kung*.

Hung*

m&n*.

of scholarship.

?K't?? Ching* hsi

To gather up

carefully or
as paper.
reverentially,

superior, the best of its kind.

1g

Note 27.
graduate
Name of a famous college built in the
tlun<f.
... Han dynasty by the Emperor Shun-ti.

Pa 2

hung*.

selected
:

or

first

honor

all.

and

Literary, academic; in virtue

to

fundamental

why speak of the country

from which it comes ?
27 The tablet must of course be consecrated, but I have not thought of any

IT f&

common

is

ultimate,

officiating minister in the cere-

kwan 1 The

chit*

ultimate truth
Since truth is

of consecrating an ancestral tablet.

mony

and without any cause pat faithful

and virtuous men to death.

25 A good company [of actors] is beyond
our means, and uo inferior company
is at present available.
If there is no
other way, we might engage a puppet
show to come and perform.
28 I have always considered that fundamental principles are not confined
by national boundaries, and that

# w

Hi

Hi

rfR

He used the
cruel to the last degree.
torture of the red hot pillar,

inhuman

$J

Pei*.

Paper or cloth

...

#RUf

pasted together into

pasteboard

W pei* U*.

Pasteboard.

NOTKS.
2 This sentence is a common and very useful taying, not
however derired from classical sources, but frequently found
It is often said jjc $ ip
in Taoist and Buddhist tracts.
The term jjflf will of course be taken as
singular or plural according as the speaker is a tnonotheist or
a pdytheist.
s sometimes used instead of flf,
5i sZ
especially in the South, and, in this connection, is as near an
to
the
ida of the true God as is often made by the
approach
Chinese.
3l

it

j /S&-

'

not k-nd of you to exhort me to take the mewas really very kind, etc.
3 Or, How many days were you in my village ? Did you
As written, the Chinese expresses either
nee my father?

6 Why was

dicine

it

14 fR i Tht therefore ; that is.

% To fail half way, to make a
a book phrase in common use.
nothing,
nn

as spoken, the stress thrown on j^

very different in the two cases.
9 ~~ jfc EL On* tail ; that is, one stroke or flop of
the tail.

18 When a stamp
seam on the back which

is

used

it is

the reason.

failure,

to

^%
come

to

struck twice across the

seals the letter ; otherwise the date

ia written along the seam, so as to be
partly on one side and
partly on the other.

20

? tii at is, It

meaning equally well;

is

11 The use of ||B- as here, seems sum* what ridiculous,

it is vouched for by an
experienced teacher as good
.Southern Mandarin.
but

it

is

Tji gf /p tf Not in
allowable, uo objection to,

any cam may not; that is,

may, a common and very

expressive phrase.

24 ( &t The common

title

prince of the Shang dynasty,

is

by which

ft

3*. the

commonly known.

An inhumau mode of torture,

4fi

last

j$

consisting in compelling
Uie victim to embrace or clitnb a red hot hollow copper pillar.
Jgj iff

5<K)

IB

$s

* m s *
n 7.
tttt.tr
* n *A
ft
**. *> at ^
^ & X
tt * *.
$ * &
* 9
7. *. ** # ^ if
IR * M m
$ *P ft
T. * a ft
* tt # o $
A
ft ia A *r
?
m tt K 7, m & w ft
a

ft

28

*,

M,

ft

# A

&

a
t t t

pf

^.

*
be

28 Iu these times in China, there is much

stress laid on the careful gathering up of
paper with characters on it. It is considered that all odds and ends of such

ft

m
A.

9g

rj* *ft> This is the first senteuoe of the introduction to Dr.

Martin's Evidences of Christianity, not Mandarin, but

elegant Wtnli.

the ceremony of consecration by

which the ancestral tablet is invested with its special and
The last letters of the inscription on the
sacred character.
"3L designates

divine lord, oi

The
black

the

M-

then uncovers the tablet and places it before the H|j ] 'g,',
takes up a vermilion pen and affixes the dot to the 3E
making it a ^E at the same time the master of ceremonies

who

virtuous people.

or throne of the divine lord.

written on the tablet with

Yet

"'" ir*r lordship

coffin, he calls out fS J fj| $j sfl
An attendant
please advance to the front to the official desk.

calls out,

fs)

full

i^

inscription

ink, save that

&
is

jfif

*tat
first

written iff 3E- A literary graduate (the higher the

better) is then invited to come to the liouseof the deceased and

is

This personage is called J5j

jfi!j jb*gT' and performs
the ceremony in full official dress.
Several friends serve as
attendants, one of whom acts as master of ceremonies. When
all things are ready, the SH
*B is invited to a raised seat

ixdiind a table, in imitation of official form.

The master

of

ceremonies then calls out to the son or sons, ){ kneel, which

'Jjefr dt. in front o the Ubly.
Kuxl, addruasintf himself to the

fH

S St tt'

"M/

your lordship please protablet is then removed to its

proper place, and the sons light inceuse, present offerings and
make prostrations before it. No tablet is worshiped until
after this ceremony of investiture, which is in fact a sort of
ceed

tablet are either jpf

ings, or use it to make pasteboard, is

to dishonor the characters used by the

books, and in my opinion

people at the present day lay quite
too much stress on it.

26 '$) here means to hire or tnfage. It is only so need

connection with engaging theatrical compacts*.

87 sa

paper should be reverentially gathered

up, and, wheu a quantity is accumulated, burned with fire. To tread it under
foot, or scrape it up with the sweep-

and is a very great sin.

no such teaching is found in

in

- *

We

sages,

and only used by him. t fi.

It was devised by jpj
sometimes means, faithful and good men in general, and
sometimes it is used as a contraction for j3> |n Ji j-

and

~8

classical

m m $
faithful ministers

&

ft

JL

we can iuvite
have iu our family
botli advanced and first honor graduates, but at the present time none
of them are at home.
Wang P'ei
Chi, of lower Wang-chia, is a chii-jen,
but he was not. on good terms with
the old gentleman.
I cannot think
of any one else we can ask, except
simply a hsiu-ts'ai. Ans. Seeing there
is no available
graduate of a higher
degree, whom we can invite, I see no
reason why we should not invite an
academic graduate.
to officiate.

W.

b.

tt

suitable person vliom

7.

-tt

it

"
fr

fiff

to

your

spirit seat.

The

canonization or deification of the deceased.

* At each

triennial examination of the hsiuts'ai graduates,

$jf
this special degree of J$ J[ is conferred on the one who

* or

stands

first.
Besides the honor, it entitles its possessor to the
privilege of competing at the Capital for the degree of
chin-shi, without first obtaining the degree of chii-jen.

Confucian Phariseeism come "out

in the care taken to avoid deseChinese school-rooms are
crating printed or written paper.
always provided with a box or basket in which all scraps of
writings are carefully put. At city gates, and iu other public

28

In nothing does

more conspicuously than

places, baskets inscribed with J jg ^f jjj\; are often (rang

up for the reception of stray hits of minted paper. If a scrap
ot such paper ou the ground meets a Chinaman's eye, he will
generally pick it up and tuck it away in some safe place. To
gather up such paper and so prevent its desecration is considered a work of merit.
Les. '29, Note 19.
;

MANDARIN LISSONR

I.IFFON 193.

4f-

+
o

tf

ifc

it
o

T>

&

s f# w #
* ##-#-&

tt

M
m %

A.

a.

>P

iR

41.

-^

@
%

# $.#

m.

Bt

Ji

&.
o

W
#%K.

IB

MW

p[S

A. E
o 7

&

^ & ft.
^ jh o a 11 * *
*
4
* t tt * @ # *. *r - b
a . * . 91
8

5fP

ffl

fcOl

Translation.

It is better to learn a little less

to

aim at getting mnch and so

to learn

it

than
fail

thoroughly.

wonld rather go out and beg for

my bread than put up with your
scolding and beating.
3 I would rather be a devil in a great
temple than a god in a small one.
4 We would rather get the name of
being churlish than have anything
more to do with them.
5 Iwould rather be without money for a
day than be a vicious man for a day.
6 He who is a really faithful minister will
die rather than serve a second master.
7 Better give money to save others than

covet

money

to the injury of others.

would rather go to law with him

and spend my money in yamfin fees
than have him wrest it from me for
I

nothing.

9 I would rather be tortured to death

by the magistrate than take a knife

and kill myself.

10 Yon should make up
that

Pf

it

is

mind
him than

yonr

better to offend

to tell a lie.
is
better to put up with one's
own, and so avoid losing face by
begging of others.

11 It

12

He

prefers

to

suffer

wrong rather

m m

i>9k

A.

fi ii

tt>

w
fc ft
4

s
m.

m
a
#

fflU

yg

_t

ft

*r#w4
*t

than to have yon

treatment of yon

m*3em

fit

ttt

rather

give

better to

to get into

him a

little

vain display.
[fine house.
Better elioose a good husband than a
18 He is a man who wouM part with
his life rather than with his money.
1

He would

subject his body to hardthan spend a cash.

rather
ship
19 Chiang T'ai Kung preferred to go into retirement and fish in the Wei
rather than support King Chon.
20 In my opinion one would better

16

is

it

wrong than

something for traveling expenses

and send him off at once thau have
ihim reruainhere sponging indefinitely.
15 Such a termagant of a woman as
this I
I would rather go without
wife
than submit to her hectoring.
any
16 Better be unassuming and not affect

til

it. W
m M

worry through the work himself than

hire one who will not obey.
It is better to lose one of the members than that the whole body should
be cast into hell.
22 "Better be a dog in time of peace
than a man in time of anarchy."
23 " To have a rich patrimony is better
than to have a big bouse." A somewhat

ffy

iisfiA,! A>
* a + a s h.*ib
^"t m *
^
31 #

SR

little

a fight.
14 I would

IS.

suffer

ifc

exceedingly

indeed,

# # **** A $
f ^ ^ W.****:
is
* II lf T^
#
& p. s * *
-* # # #. L #.
jm i i t o w o
m o
a nt u k m*&
* w. m
m. m u
o A. i, i * o * IB #
"o o . ft JI
-a

His

injnred.
is

fenerons
n all circumstances

3S

$s ^ * f-.
- $fc*t* fgft

+ a v - *

a*

Vocabulary.
Rest, quiet, to soothe;
rather :
see Sub.

Bf-Ning**.

"P Of

Ning*

k'i 3 .

...

"P "^

Ifing* k'tn*.

tfi. ${&

<

^"J

Xl

<E> fS.

Hsincf*

reject, to repel, to cast

To
.

reject, to cast off, to dis-

Actions, conduct.

2
1
Chung chin

faithful

or

ffc

Ski

ts'ai

2
.

devoted

To contribute in charity ;
ral,

be covetous;

To cot

Wht*.
tyfa

mercenary,

cross-wise, to divide.

To cnt

Tsi* win*.

one's throat, to

kill

j$|

Exhausted, debilitated, feeble; rude,

uncivil :
Note 1 5.

P'ai* lai 4

Slatternly, filthy; ill-tempered;

vixenitk.

Jjf J^p

j^

Tan 1 shin 1

Chi1

libi -

large-hearted, generous.

Alone, unmarried, (s.)

... To ascend, to
1

35J {(gf

Chi tsao

1
.

rise; to fall, to ruin.

To worry,

to

annoy

to bad-

ger, to harass, to hector.

minister or public officer.

3

To

fe'ai*.

off.

own.

chfr.

i| P'ai*.

W.

c/i&e*.

^ 7V

oneself.

Same as g? -f.
Same as
vj,
To

hi'

pre-

The same.

& # Ntng* k*n*

T^L Gh&*

j^

f Ning* tsV

g Pj Stog*

venal.

rather,
see Sub.
Would rather, would
see Sub.
ter

fer

prefer,

would be bet-

Would
.

to

{if!

She* ming*.

To give

one's

life,

or lose the

to part with

life.

MASDA1MN

19 3.

fir.ssoN

contracted honse

*.

ft

35

si

in

& #
m A g -

lit

*t.

ft

n
ft

2*

pT
31$

ft

IB

A,

I o^l
^
7
~
T %
& % K m
it-

Hi 27

W #
q&

an

m &

ft

A
^
*

m.

* &

2S

25

ifc

ffc

HI

jfi Yin* tun*.

Wei

ft

you see that

bear

ite

poverty

28 People's ideas are very

instance, during the

ra

some

* * W

fp[ Cheng

|fj

river in Shensi.

... Anarchy.
Lwan* sft% 4
1
ChaP pa
Narrow, contracted ;

313R&

eued

to

summon;
Also ich&.
business

collect; to

evidence, proof

K'ai 1 citing 1 . To open official

especially the collection of taxes.
Ch'&

chHn 1

Nearly related

a very near

relative.

@ 3E:
JB ft

^'**

c hu 3

own master,

One's

CfcP

**

at liberty,

To take up an
tion

Narrow, contracted.

Chat* hsia*.

For
year

free.

sUvutcircumstances.

in

famine

" It

said,

To levy;

different.

is
better for the
family to separate and each one flee
for his life than for all to remain together and starve;" while others
said, "It is better to starve together
than to separate."

^ ^

111*

the whole body.

^G
^ ^5

better cheerfully to
than to harbor the

it is

thought of robbery. f

To support, to uphold, (w.)

All the members of the body,

[j?$ (5j Fu* pao*.

3
@" ffi Po&* t-i

HI, tit

a living relative separated by

half the globe, is better than a dead one
separated by [the boards of] a coffin.
27 Just look at the case of robbers.
When they are arrested, not only
are their own persons and property
say,

ft

retirement ; to hide.
yf|

qua

beyond their control, but also their

wives and children
from which

To hide; to vanish ; to retire.

To disguise oneself; to go into

Tun*

If he made justice a sine

non, he could never effect a
settlement.
26 " It is better to be separated by a
thonsand ranges of hills than by the
thickness of one board;" that is to
justice.

tt

A
*5

This year, after business is resumed,

it will be better to send him again
than to pass him by and send others.
25 A mediator seeks to bring about an
agreement, rather than to secure

SI

*
a

a small matter.

m ft
a w. m
- i
a

is

24 Daring the whole of last year only

one warrant fell to Chang Chfi.

*
\ m
b

ft

!W3

-MCSSOtfij.

-fjfjij

i& Tou

to

idea, to get a noharbor a thought.

To

too*

steal, to rob.

Not ES.
S A jl "

"

servant or waiter

that

18,

in

a temple he

occupies a subordinate position, attending on the commands

A Jplfl is a master or lord ; that is, in a temple
of the god.
he sits in the seat of authority and commands his subordinates.

This

iud I

one of the characteristic distinctions between a

Jfr'

The sentence

gives

Jj

the Chinese view of the

"

"

comparative desirability of reigning in hell or serving in

heaven." Milton probably expressed the characteristic spirit
of his race when he attributed to Satan the opposite sentiment.
6 The Chinese hold to an exceedingly high standard of
devotion in a public servant of the Emperor.
12 }&>
iill
|I| Favor as weighty as the hills, rtrp
a book phrase.
great favor,

!>94

SS

SI

SS

IH + JlI-*

M * & 4 * * - #
7

ft)

^
* # & # . % m
in m
H5 m m m. a n
* T A
J ft A
& # a & *.
I IE * I ^
** * # HI ft g
iR # # ^
m $> % m a i&
W T

il

ffi.

ft

A.

tt

lii

3(ta

o j&. s * *E & m w m # m
ft * * 91. * a o
O

$ ^ I

1|4

'&

+ & a -

at

MANDARIN

Lesson 194.

fe

15

4H

jj

SB

ilirK

'#

5E

&

IS

lif

ft

ft

11

good nursing, than to keep taking all

sorts of medicine to no purpose.
10 Och
but a man who can't read is no
Hereafter
better than a blind man.
I will hire help to do the work rather
than not give the children the opportunity to go to school for a few years.

7-.

*
ft ft A *
m mm m m
it v

How mnch

better to be a good citizen

laws, than to be a
fellow who tries to evade

who keeps the

$ & m ii n
# m m m
ft!

ft

?E

*
&
O

7.

ft

ft

ft

<&
jp

ffn

ifc.

12

|S,

# # * *
,b

i2

ft

Ma Kwei

certainly a queer
fellow. Although, as yon see, he is so
poor that when he eats his breakfast
he does not know where his supper is to

ShSng

is

come from, yet whenever a feast day

will pawn the shoes

comes round, he

on his feet rather than fail to have a

good meal.
13 You should measure your action by
your strength, and not lightly go to
war.
Rather than waste life in vain
to conquer, it would be
better to sue at once for peace.
14 How much better while your parents
are still alive to supply their need
and follow their wishes, than to wait

by

failing

much

they are dead aud then sacrifice

till

7-.

his taxes.

paying

1 a #

WIS

slippery

m - # * pg
m m w #
& 3 * #
n & 7 ft ft
ft #. a. *
^ ft & n i*
% m m jl
m m * m &

*p

7. a
# p
^
#n * . us
If. * ft X

ft

little

% ft
#

je

with a

less profit iinil sell for ready money.

9 It is better to wait ou nature, with

It is better to be content

m n

596

LESSONS.

hogs and sheep to them.

15 Although edncation is a good thing,
yet it depends on what the person's
abilities are.
Rather than make a

and be unfitted

failure,

for anything,

Vocabulary.

As compared

YtiPch'i*

TO

To

Ch'i/ig

1*k 5E

with, rather.

To

To pour out

3f{

Antiquities, curios ; curious,

odd, singular, queer.

tung*.

'/"a*.

2
2
jfc -p T'h tu .

bitter herb

Poisonous

harm.

to

weeds

to

destroi/

To pour out ;

to deliberate

& H SMng

li

ng

Animate

beings, all living

tilings, life.

deliberate, to consider, to reflect.

To

ffc Kvmg*.

Kip

slippery fellow, a hard

case, a knave.

wantonly, to slaughter.
to choose.

$|4fi\)

Jfe

to deliberate, to con-

sider.

>} Choa*-* chao l,i

ha*

lose everything, to be-

come bankrupt.
.

p Hum*

overturn, to subvert; to tquander ; to pour out.

1
1
ChHng ehia

1
8ft Chin

jfff

K'ang* Hang

1!$.^ Wan*

/at*.

2
.

resist, to oppose, to rebel.

To resist or evade the

payment of taxes.

Chi*

To

vj>

iflfi

Wi

K'oififa*

l5jf

1H

Bsin1 yiien*.

-f^

til*,

sivei

2
.

Food
To follow ;

necessities.

to agree with, to ac-

qniesce.

An

obstinate or slippery fel~

low, a hard case.

offer sacrifices ; a sacrifice.

"Hi*

Wish, desire

698

It

19

+ i I - I

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 195.

%.

tfc

3l

to

+%wm m to

4 8 a %%$ a % i.
# $ m M Mr o
I )l A, I I l I

#.
o

**&.*
^

ffi

# * ^ m

#ffi#

;.

ft

-fc

ffl

^ #
6

ffl

*r

I P H A I i,
&* s a. m m m mi j ^ ^ a is
tfeftiB *& &
H
HRBR

ifr

tt'.',ji

ip

m
m m n
bI

hi.

#.
o

%.

ai

n
# * &
is

697

m m

608

1s
cing), one

tt.

.
o

il (I
xwi

a
t # H

T,

w * a

ft

ft

m a *- w % &

aia

ib

ifc

S ^

10 Yesterday you kept on the whole day

reviling the dog over the heads of the

11

ft

a
* a a a
# & * UN.

i ^

m *

i* k

you have all fared so

Ana. Far from it I assure
We have to-day eaten and
drunk our fill. Excuse us for the
trouble we have given you.
14 No matter what he does, he docs it in
a slovenly manner. He never gets
auything properly done.
15 I'll not, for the sake of these few
thousand cash, go meekly and subject

a.

^1

Hi
of another.
*tll

wfi^i

<f6j

eye and a quick hand.

sharp eye and a quick hand.

revile one over the shoulders

'lj*aMltfc

Self-conceited, hanghty.
^ti^ljfeliSC Frightened out of one's senses,

scared to death, bereft of one's wits

Note

12.

am

myself to his disdainful looks.

75|l

eat nd drink to the

full, to

partake heartily.
flii

V& flr 5}C

m. 'li*

P 3R,

Slovenly, negligent, hodge-podge.

Meek and submissive, with bated

[out gaudily.
'"StBntJ*** To
powder and paint, to trick
4*ljC$lK^r To take advantage of being
amongst friends and so insult strangers,

^rOiSI^W

JiEJiPjffl^tj

P^godas^

and

erect
j-

TO WlWLSL
condemned

aiMl^ls^
on a shadow, to

aiXa^F

abundant

temples

rain.

rQads

To repair (bridges ami ujend

To dispense food and release

rrj?1fffli$8

those

build

to die.

To look at the wid a*wi pounce

speak or act at random,
bullies

nd

gutters

full,

To

conform

the

to

follow the routine, punctilious

draw

^fcixBlB^R To
5$ Jj| To
$?

to

rules,

[Note 21.

out

in

detail:

follow the prescribed order,

well-behaved.
orderly,

l&pfcWJlfik To

aud

fa*

fl

high,

an

extravagant idea, a wild adventure.

'

1Si$|iR|| To

sorry

poorly.
you.

A keen

flU ^c j'l/fc A.

did not

hard indeed to work with that

It is very

13 1

i^ 12

*;.

phi

'CTv

made her so nervous that as sopij as

she heard the mmor of rebellion she
was frightened out of her senses.

^ a
ff tt f 6 H
4*
ilTiolllitlT
a S0 a*ia"#f
a a
tr #
a. a a a *
#

you suppose

class of haughty, self-conceited people.

12 The ruthless violence of the rebels has

oa
**#.
w
a
&

Bl^ TF?

Do

chickens.

know what you meant?

a.
o. a. a,
17

order to attain pro-

iu

ficiency.

^aaaa.ajiaa*
5N

must have a sharp eye and

a quick hand

& <>>

to

Mi

^5

"S

jl

~f

Wt^k f&L$L

oneself in the

place
!$pte 24.imagine
with the stream, to drift
IHtK^^ Toto ro * with
the crowd.
with the

of another

current,

go

W*ffi^ffi To endure
iu a state of fear
JSS

less

4jn

*P JJs

anxiety

fright

and

suffer fear,

and alarm.

state of trepidation, breath26.

:Note

Cf$ ATj Property

lost

and

life

gone, ruin-

ed in person and estate.

]J7^J[

J(ll Forgetting

favor

and abusing

grace, ungrateful.

^^^jft-pj" Nothing uncommon,

ordinary.

^F^M^f

The same.

^^[1]

Kxtraordinary.exceptional, above

$$.

the average.
}j~j

^C 93

climax,

t?L Excelling

others,

first class, .excepitiQn&b

capping Ihe

MAWDAR1N IKSSOK8.

Lksson IBS.

fft

21

$ *

tt

ja,ffc

m m
* w. fe
& - m ii
$
I M .
i n
II * mm
M fr m ^
m. ft ig. *
7 o # q ft
&
# m *g # $

H ft o ft
* a ii *w#
m>m mm m
t & a * &

ffi

ft

ftj

tt

ft

tt

m.

*>

ft

m #j.
ft ^ o

19 Is

facts ?

We

20

Just think how vividly he pictured it

out in order.
Who would have
thought he was telling a pack of lies ?

21

all

35

also had a great rain at our place

filled all the gutters and gullies.

which

# A
* ft $
o n ft
*
* IS

right for yon to speak at random,

are not acquainted with the

it

when you

ft

in

it

to paint

22 Chao Oh'ang Oh'un is an exceedingly

good pupil. He observes the rules in
everything, being most regular in his
habits and[without theleast misconduct.
23 Please tell me what wonderful idea
yon have got of late, that yon are
willing to leave good ueighbors and
go alone on this wild adventure.

*fe;

m & $

know how

ing the stranger, yet people will surely

say it is.
18 Building temples and pagodas, repairing roads and bridges, dispensing food
and saving life ; these all are ways
of making merit.

ft

flL

only

heavy (coarse) work

powder
they cannot do at all.
17 If you have a fight with a stranger,
even though it is not the native insult-

and

I t I
* *. ^

ft

4fe

women

16 City

$,

ft

^#

59t

tt

ft

Vocabulary.

ja

F'oer*.

flat

fj| Loo?.

fa HI
z$?

K'ao*..

open basket without handle.

An open basket without haisdle

^^
"fg

ffsin* Asi 2

|H

Tsao

J^fffl Lod*

P&3#
next

pang*

News; report

To make an ado,

jao*.

B&

ft]

in

A moat, a ditch, a gutter.

To engrave, to carve; to adorn.

% % Hwoa*

To

I'ao*.

yien* er*

Li fe-like,
tieid, realistic.

c/iien*.

comply with,

to

accord

Ts'oa'1

tread on, to disregard to tread if

t/w footsteps of, to conform to.
;

Iwan 4

Confuted,

7t7i|J

1
CAtcany* ski

disordered,

lawyer, an attorney, an
advocate
Note 24.
:

3H

Pien*

To

li*.

J$.

the eyes of the

gods and available in the

Merit

to

irregular.

$ji$

as an offset to sins.

1
gj| Tiao

Jfj

li*.

J5B

to trouble.

In order, same as

The same.

Asien*.

To follow

to create a dis-

|H Hao*

Hwod*

Hsiin*.

jig gjL

Yin 1 kung 1

life

(s.)

The throat rouge.

To beat or ram down hard, as in
making a mud wall; to rect, to build.

P@
^Chu*.

f$l

Boxing and fencing.

tnrbance; to annoy,
Yien 1

'jff

docile.

The animal sonl; the senses, as distinsruished from the reason.

P'oA*.

Elf f^l

&i

flat

Ch'iien*

J|>

open basket without handle.

wide open basket: a sieve.

"^ 2i Kan
-ft

Chou\

Iffa

CA'iany

contest or argne the right

or wrong of a thing.

To concern

cAi*

ship, a vessel of

|H LUK

oneself.

any kind.

spear, a lance.

Bright, gleaming; elegant; majestic.

WJrWt^^H Hi

At* yiu*

miny\

Illustrious

brilliant
>
reputation; prestige.
1
to
To
excel, to surpass; to
leap over,
j|S CA'ao .

save, to release.

H S ^ G

eoo

to

fill

T
tt

& a

JM
g

iS

ft.

^i

T.

Sv

tfi.

ur

P %

^
9
*Am
27

fft

ft.

*;;

^ #. ft 1 &
$ $ * # *
A J #&#j

*#.t;

8k fe

WW a

ib

28

hi

& n to % to. #
t, i i s 5? s
M* n & . # # ^

^.f ^

^
1

to

m m m ^H7-*
it i mm^m

m m m m &.***&

a * + x

"B

- m

MANDARIN'

Lessoh 196.

I.

601

EftSOtfS

Translation

ft

in 7

m E

SIS

o
6

m*
2

0?

i=.

3tf

*.

Hi

#>

ffl

fi

II

IS

yft

i ^ i
k tt tf

II

ft

fc

flf;

fit.

ft

N.

a.

IB

Right and
falsehood justice and truth.

^r

itt ifi!

and

#ft^t

$jL'|i*

HfcH^Hi

Carpenters' tools.

Wfffl$ki&

Ptry of

Mla^Hi

Mythological monsters.

llftiS^

kingdoms

four

springs

action.

of

living

'$bf$&'% 9fe

of

humau
[feelings.

The four common

chants, songs and

not inferior to others.

odes,
is

Hj'

Jfr

Vieiojia appetites or passions.

Ifr

/fc 2fc jJC

things.

^fe^EfllffiS The

his essays improved, but

in writing

iE5 frtflfr The four principles of morals.

$!<$Jttil i| The lesser domestic animals.
^rWi^^j The greater domestic animals.
%fe 7J M\
Weapons of war.
<L^'%k'vL Euphonic particles : Note 18.

'li

disqualified classes.

four

Not only are

poems, he

VPl

Marine animals.

#111 Ift^"- Tne

ffil'f^SIl ilil The

W
M
tE
^@n|.'lj The
W B The
X. The
^

Evil spirits, hobgoblins.

all kitlds

elves,

10 The great turtle, gavial, serpent aud

truth

wrong,

and

8 There is no need of carpenters' tools.

I
have in the house adie, chisel,
hatchet and saw.

1ft

Yftffif.wfin Condiments, trimmings.

:Hk

up almost entirely of stories of

fieuds, demons and ghouls.

^ m

ft

propriety

able to produce these changes ?

flour are all ready, but
the oil, salt, sauce aud vinegar are
uot yet prepared.
6 He who would be a magistrate, must
be able to judge between right and
Look at
wrong, falsehood aud truth.
that man Wang K'wei Wu. What does
he know P He is really nothing more
than a receptacle for wine and bread.
7 That book called Liao Chai is made

mfc

*n

w nm

justice,

is

&
* #
m ~x

m m

expand, illustrate, combine.

Who has not the natural instincts of

6 The meat and

KB

ft

the
four
to
distinguish
possible
cardinal points.
In order to write an essay, one must
first understand the four words : state,

benevolence,

>F

it

ft. '*'

"5.

*
&
m
i f i

ft

ft

#,

*
A

W,

^
$ #

ifr

a ship is in the midst of the

without a compass, it is im-

reason? Who is there who should

not value education ?
4 Look, if you please, at the ceaseless
revolution of the tour seasons ; spring,
summer, autumn and winter. Who

ill

^ ^

When
oceaD

# & o *
i, 4t *a #
#. W IS L
ft Z
'H
i i f m * +.
a fi m 4. n . *
* w * # &
tf

IB

m
8$

Aft

passions

or

HifcW&flk

The

tUlfi-ii'ft The
fiiffi-ftpfrM

%W

The

$ft The
Hf l$J
]K j?3 f$M(5 ft* The

five senses

:Note 20

five viscera.
five

elements.

five colors.
five virtues.

five tastes.
fi

ve musical note*.

five quarters.

S I S

<*02

* # m

ff
to

o
ft

&

I?

HI

Bo

#
o

8fe

Au

ft

ft

IB

4ft

^B

IBS

m m
f w

ft

*r

x m m

0f
k

ft

tt

ft

sr

a + x n -

II

MANDARIN

196

l.FsSON

17 Whenever the Empercr goes ont, his

attendants ami bpdy-gnard all carry

$1

m %
m
m %
Jft

3E

*B

# m

jp

m p

M,

$ m

iUt 4

iUu

ft

ft

*?. *i

#t

to.

&

95

Yt

*P

To

TCL Gfe**.

Lien*.

plant; to set up: erect; vegetation,

f|[

7L Mao*

To pretend,

ch'uwp-

play
jftft !=

Si 1 hao\

J$C""J"'

Fan*

fi<

RE Fa 1

tat

off,

iva/Kj*.

sham;

tittle,

an

To drive a

chariot; to wait upon; to

superintend; imperial, royal.

Fti*.

Yi&

pPhB

ch'ien*.

...

Tula
SxlJ

The imperial presence: chamberlains, imperial attendants.

Near

'pf Ski*
1

Slti

wei K

PW
^vt Ckhig

?*

to;

an attendant, a

waiter.

Imperial body-guard.

Ckien*

To
The

two-edged sword; a rapier.

two-pointed lance, a halberd.

kwany

x
.

Very bright,
splendid.

tones; a surname.

curl up, to coil

Pad1

flat

squirming.

whorled peach; the

fabled tree of

iota.

(iql

$B P'an*
/"*

Tsu

To

tang*.

brilliant,

cl ffao*

si*.

$J

*
3t H ao

ts'ai 2

$p3j, Hao*

ck'i*.

To

prevent

j>

love

Given to

life.

t0 -

To

ffao* ehiu*.

5(r

to

hinder,

#*

FriS

avarice."

to

"If the Royal

Dazzling, glittering.

A musical pipe;

given

Yao* yien*.

Lii?

to

dealer in any commodity.

To prosper, to flonrish, to get on
in the world, to make afortune

not

replied,

to personate.

A jot or

to

am

Tnug Pjn

$ B&

Economical, frugal, pure, incorrupt.

lust,

plants.
Jfl|

given to wine, I am not given to

" If the
lust? Lii Tnug Pin replied,
is
to
Mother
not
lust,
Royal
given
then who gave birth to the Nine
Celestial Fairies?" The Royal Mother
"
If I am given to wine and
replied,

ft!

How

am

$!.

a n

i&>

The Royal Mother answered,

do you make it out that, I am
given to wine, lust, money and anger"?
Jjii Tung Pin replied, "If the Royal
Mother were not given to wine, whence
the wine nspd at the P'an-t'ao Feast" ?
The Royal Mother answered, "If I
them."

fii

m $
& n #
m m

[seeing him about to enter], qbjected,

"
Such a genius as you, who
saying,
are giyeu ^Jike to wine, lust, avarice
and anger, cannot be allowed at the
Tan-t'ao Festival." Ltt Tung Pin re" It is not
I alone who am given
plied,
to wine, lust, avarice and anger, but
the Royal Mother is also given to
"

& m % m m

tit

m>

Jt
truly a glittering pageaut.
18 In talking to farmers you should use
common language. How can they understand this grandiose talk of yours ?
19 When Lll Tung Pin went to attend the
1'au-t'ao Festival, the Royal Mother
is

m m
ph.

knives, swords and 1ml herds.

spears,

#fc

& #. ^
m m
i *
# # &

# m

$*

s i9 .

m * u m
& & m m #
at * #

fft>

>

003

I.KSS0NS.

to

drink.

wine, given

lust, lascivious.

love money, covetous.

Given

to getting angry, acting from the impulse of

anger spirited, touchy.
per mone y.
1
Incense and pa!K. Ifsinng hwodfl.
;

|-

l
]% Fu
1
ffip Kan

The skin ;
,

Pf

Shhi*.

fp

Chip.

The. liver

The kidneys

One of the
ehtng

1
.

superficial.

irritable.

five

to harden,

musical

notes.

Se

604

flits.

15

to

a + n

&

- n

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 197.

i-b +
ft

1!

ft

ft'

AHo

SS

Translation.

ft

i*.

&

ft-

tu

a fight ?
Li Ts'nn Hsiao died, it bronght
Yien Chang to the front.
8 Instruction should always be proportioned to the ability of the student.
To urge him forward beyond his
raise

powers of acquirement,
sult in

Ipl

is sure to rethe greater confusion of

all

mind.
9 Mr. Pi is an adept at pointing out
other people's peccadilloes, but he is
qnite unaware of the dirt on the back
of his own neck.

10 I won't submit to this style of underhand assumption. You must come

out on the street and discuss it with
me.

You had a ready-made pattern. Who

could not sketch a dipper (a shadow)
with the gourd before him ?

11

12 Trusting merely

diatonic scale.

were added,

viz.,

In the

at
Sj

&

is*

Han dynasty two additional notps

'M.
tt .4.
or ft flat; that is, F, and
f| "g

or
or

fl

.*V

at;

y^ ^ g j^

k<,y. note.
.

'

to

When
Wang

ta.

scale consisted originally of the five notes here given, which

correspond respectively to C, D, E, G, A, of the Western

is

rain is over.
I will not
accept his psendo friendship.
6 A single palm will not clap. If bat
one is in the wrong, how can yon

fi

32S

delights in

after the

wpj.

5*1

Kwang Ta

through ?
4 In yonr conversation yon should not
be always hitting the tender spot and
patting people to shame.
5 He is simply bringing me an nmbrella

III

Li

wear a tall hat.

2 I'll have it oat with him this time.
Either the net will break or the fish
will hare to die.
3 When a thing is ouce done, is there
any wall that will not let the wind

ft.

What

#
4
A
ft i&zMm> m & m A * ft
^ * n w # b
f *
* gE S
*r> ft & A~f8 *. *
a m a ^ ft. % T" *& ft
^\ ft. w
* ft m ft
4t *j ft $> m 5
f J> 3? o
m m
^ Srir S
ip'ftft* a JG 3& R ft m ?$l
ft MffJI I ^ - IE ^ o
t* mm & * m m. m
m&ikn ft w o a m ja ft $ ft' ft # ft
it
II W a R 7. K *
3*
m
*. m
*.
o * a #* m * m ^ o ft
&#\ m & % m m ^ ft* ^
m * # ft tr m m m
m ft * * ft m ft *
% m.m^ %. * m *
% o Hft. o ft # $ is m ft
# m m % * ^e
I f I * i T

605

81Ten

poo d to do,

r,

.-_

ability to

^
"
X
R

K
....

completing the scale with

The seven

in your

syllable.

mi, fit,

and correset of Western musical notation.

ln '**8on '"<, are used in singing,

*
Pithy Metaphors.
The Chinese have in cnrrent nse a large
number of common, but expressive, figures and
allusions by meaus of which they add both force
and spice to their

ideas.

few such have been

introduced in previous lessons.

A number of the
most common and pithy ones are collected in this

lesson, as

ing in

specimens of

many

cases

is

many

others.

evident.

The mean-

In the case of a

number, hints are given in the notes. When not

understood, a Chinese teacher will take pleasure
in explaining them.

M6
IT

ft

IS

* * * A
us ^ m -b
oj m *e
*?. # m
* A
# ff
n a. a. x *.
M ^ ^ f "F
Oj HI
W
T a? & tt & &
I H *n
t >U.
*i
ft m

#.

ip-

M
m
m a #
-
H P ft
ft m H
## $ A.

20

fii

fti

ft

*fe

i?>

ft,

will

not

15

your fire-crackers ? Do you suppose the spectators are afraid that the
funeral will be too grand ?
16 When one is on this hill, he always
thinks the other hill the higher.
The fact is, when you find another
situation, it is not at all certain that

9
ft

ffi

S.

3B M

6.

under the dead man stirring him up.

Why do you allow other people to set

off

ffl

will better yourself.

yon
17

"A

meat."
tiger does not eat stale
settled the account with him,

Having

tSi

21

too shallow

T>

# W *
n - m ft.
K
JfVfS o
Ji T> A o m
ftft m
n m tk m. &
o ft %
'#. * m. *. # n m
o m
m. $> a m
m. M t
m o * if * *
m 1. ft, m %
O
S? IS I o
m *
m ^ *"ui m ft
*n it m ^ a.
sB

is

For him simply to

support- fish.
invite me to stay, without raising my
wages, will not answer.
14 Chang Ji Hsin is not a factions man.
It must be that there is a live demon

a.

fil

fl&

13 Water that

gfc

b -

*,

beyond T'ung-kwan.

ffi.

-t

talk will not answer.

A parrot's lips
are clever, but they will uot serve

*.

Jft

"S

I'll

not go back to him again.

better tell him at once.

Can you conceal a dead body by
burying it in the snow ?
19 If he calls well on the hill, we will

18

lb

You would

respond well from the valley. If he

does uot blow well, how can we beat a

16

good accompaniment?
20 This money is the contribution of the

22

19

If I should

Church.

Iff

make a

profit,

out of it, when the water falls and

the rock crops out, a few mouthfuls
of spittle would drown me.
21 He insults me as being a tiger without teeth, does he? but let him

i8

VOCABULART.
Vien*
itt ill Ts'toei

Kwod %

[Ha fjg

pi

Elegant; excellent, (w.)

..
To urge, to press, to drive.

1
.

National

hao*.

A parrot

53| Ying\
I{

Wk

A
A

it is

1
($ O/n'ao

$H yf"

name

or style

To gnash the
.

JJ5t

^tj Ch'u*

money
To take interest

UK

Yellow River.

noted pass on the Yellow River in Shansi,

joined by the T'ung river.

To

eat, to

chew, to

fife

i^-

\%

ST'w

To

S Tsao

$J JH

mod*

to

make a

spit

ff

$t

K'wei- hsing
Tti Tien*

saliva.

Sooner or

ch'i*
1
.

The

chwana* yUen

1
.

To attain the degree

or

first,

later, (s.)

chief star of the great

Note 26.

dipper
bite.

Saliva, spittle.

Ckiao 1 ya*. Disputations, captious, touchy,

querulous.

the

profit.

fi T'oa*, t'u*

ji

ktoan 1

To contribute money;
contributed.

a cockatoo.

A tributary of the

teeth; petulant,

snappish, captious.

Chiiin 1 ch'ien*.

dy-

title.

where

Yao*ya*.

wild goose; a parrot.

parrot.

\% T'ung*.
lM $8 T-ung*

nastic

Kt 1

f^^

graduate of the Ilnuliu.

of

$%

r,KFJHlN-

li*

MANDARIN LFSSOV3.

07

B08

fro

33

Ml

*.

:JS

tt

"3

a ^

ft

*.

Pn

111

15.

ft

tt

tf

ii

*
m

ft. {ft 41 ft
ft
m w
& ii
A
su
m *
i ^
n ft IS
i * * #
* *
& o
<p ft
Ml 0f* A * T\ m\
n ^
^ ft o * *

#,

H-

li
ft

-ifc

SR

&

&

ft

1*.

*.
VI

H-,

!&

ft

Mi

ft

m k

BO

IV

ft

m *
(M.

7\

I?

A.

* * A

ft

iH

0r

no

29 In these times everybody pushes at a

crumbling wall hence when fortune
fails a. man, every demon blows a
whirlwind at him.
l(f
" A valiant man does
30 The
;

saying is,
not invite defeat with his eyes open."
How is it that you persist in flying
in the face of T'ai-swei ?
I'll
Ant.
risk it. I will have a round with him,

even if it it smashing an egg against

a stone pillar.
Ts'ung T'ien Chn is constantly spinthe
ning out old wives' stories

31

wonder is where all his talk comes

from and moreover, he rattles on in
a bap-hazard way that is most on-

tfl:

30

ft

91

>

% m H
tt JUL

B -

*,

Ant.
Your basket has no rotten
apricots in it ; your wheat never
makes dark floor.

Oh

ft

Ml

sis

silly piece of business as this.

ft

pleasant to hear. |
32 If you regard his manner of speaking,
his face beams with a celestial benediction ; but if yon look at his condnct,
his beart is filled with violence and
uncleauness.
38 I have already been to the shipping
office and made
The ship
inquiry.
that was wrecked day before yesterday, was called the Most Filial Son,
the ship that our boy sailed in was
called the Water Rabbit so that you
may set your heart at rest. Ans.
AmitAbha Buddha ! Only so that our
boy hasn't fallen into the hands of
;

A
i m

*,
o

HR

it

Wtnli expression, bnt frequently

usedi in colloquial.

question.

83 5^ f

it is

all right.

He is not considered a valiant man who

himself
himselt to certain defeat. He should be shrewd
enough to submit temporarily, if necessary, and await a better
is a star god who
opportunity to exhibit his prowess.
He moves or turns about each year
presides over the year.
to a different quarter North, South, East or West. In breaking
ground for a grave or a honse it is important to avoid offendThe interpretation of
ing him by digging in the wrong place.
his movements and his preferences forms a part of the art of
30 4?

oses
exposes

22 The bridge is above the water, otherwise it would

not be a bridge. You oannot avoid consulting the man to
whom it legitimately belongs to control the business in

si-

Neptune

contracted combination of

^&

and

^^

26
Jr This star is regarded as the palace of the Feng-shwei He is very irascible, and when angered visits with
God of Literature, and is put by metonymy for the god himself. calamities.
He is the patron divinity who presides over literary examina-V"<
such
.

and directs

the

of degrees on worthy
"] ft Jjjj) having beeu murdered, is supposed to
appear as a vengeful ghoBt, and his apparition is a sure sign of

tions

conferring

candidates.

ill-luck, (See Les. 83,

27
drill is

Ifl 0jj

hound

29

Note

9andThe

to get in,

19).

is

drill stele* the track ; that

sure to find a crack if there

fjf refers to the wall

is,

is

the
one.

down in places.
demon eve* the least

being weak, and

equal to jj ^E %,, every

here equivalent to |5}< Whirlwinds are attributed
to demons, and, especially iu certain circumstances, are
regarded as ominous of evil.

5^ 9i

one.

is

81

7A4

entering the ear ; that

as the

is,

ear dislikes to hear.

32 5C la AS IS The president

of the

^t

pft>

n <>w

called a f5f g-, was in former times called J^ g', and as

he was the head of the bureau of civil office, all the
emoluments of office came through him, aud to enjoy his

Others say that ^C

favoring smile was to be in luck.
as here used, refers to a guardian spirit or patron divinity of
each family,; through whose agency and by whose favor
blessings are' obtained.

33

iff

devout expression

AmitAbha Buddha, here used

of thankfulness, similar to,

>

as a

Thank Ged

fvKSSON 198.

MANDAIUN

lMMtt

IA+AI -"S
^
4C-

W.
.?

IK

-*.

TJ ^
^

"*'

3fc

S - ~ W * ^
"*
-*3ft;

"J

Un

J *

^ *
e

T.

r)

3k

*W
IP

fflj

v ou

'^^
t:^'
^at3-i?Urnl
^
6

JaSt

iQ

RF

4-

SUdl gnt ahead.

snppose I intend to
C0Q tmne permanent
Di<)
ld
Y

ffl, k

*U

2
*

VJai

f^^ifi^S!
#
* *
* f *
^K**!*??^^
^ *% ^ $ A
ft

- hers can mk<' shifts a l

badness?

Wfi

?"

rrah

'

correct

Catch -

Cddlm mother
Pole's
Mother Li Kon Phi
l

LBSS N OXCVIH.
Tf>e

Chinese

Witticisms.

erm h

aW

'

'

P^entabieinpri^
iff

7,.

VoCABtTLART.

de8t cnrr

^oy. aDd are

BIO

m *

fm

^^

to

# m m m
%

A + X

9 This party fears that, party's ability

to plead ; and that
party fears this

[gin

m % ?
n bj> * s wa & m wt ft
& * at # * & m w. ta
o if
& * % & IK *
* a m n & & o A ^ A
*. # * # w ji m ^
* m ai a at a fi # m
w m n o
* It W W,o"
it
%& ?. n m. A **. * if. 0f
# SB
* A m 1
* m m m m *r # & m
Ji pm ti HP 35 ^
W ^. Ml. IS * *.
#j* o % : ft an T Ji ^ m
fi .m 5t (*';?
^ *E A> &
to
i T 7
f I
m m m> m m m
B* IB if ^ # i X * II. *f.

hence
party has a friend at court
they are [like a man] attacking a
wolf with a hemp stalk both parties
;

afraid.

10

Bte.

'

ChMng*.

species of hemp growing rive or

six feet high.

2$; Ch'un* pin*.

Obtuse, stupid, dnll, thickheaded.

S219C Kan* mien* chang*

Ckwan* lien*. To come

A
off with a

S*
9j&

M
m

To heap up earth

Of course

12

all cannot be bright and

none stupid, and yet stupidity must

be within reasonable bounds.

With
this fellow it is like using the rollingpin to blow the fire
entirely" im-

penetrable.

13

He hoped that by spending a few

thousand cash in a lawsuit, he could
put a fair face on the business, but iu
the end he spent his mouey and lost

In fact it was the young

the saloon girl and
money both lost.
14 As soon as he gets a little money, he
Evibegins to make all this spread.
dently he is, after all, only the god of
a small temple.
Que*. What does
his suit.

lady

visiting

Tsod* Pang*.

To

sit

Any

To kneel on chains

Ktoei* sod*.

fig H"?,

$E $$ ir Kwei*

Igt

Mb* ma

good

face,

}M.yL~1r Ya kang*

ts?.

to cultivate

to

*S &I
$! Tien

frog, a toad.

frog, a toad.

frog, a toad
1

oa*.

Also hsia 1

$3^1 ~JP

Ts'ai 3 kang*

?I $H
^0 ifil jJjfe Hi 2

*'*

Ktt*.

W^t9L^ao*
TJSft Tao

crane.

Us. ZV* ...

elii

16.

The same.

tst*

.To wear a caugue.

Following the current ;
compliant,
kwei*.

pliable.

dare-devil, a
reckless genius.

pi*.

mode of torture

Note

1
leprosy, scabies, (s.) See lai .

Note

The same.

lien* tst*

1
K'ang* chid .

fit*

16.

pustular eruption of the skin

mange,

on the judgment seat,

a case.

to hold court, to try

[pin.

rolling-

assist.

ft! **.

to get well oat of a difficulty.

J PW".

is

to eat but hot to catch.

#5

that

foot, raised by his own

has none to blame bnt

the best of food and clothes.

How
do you think I can make a living ?
Ans. Sure
It is a case of
enough.
hawk's beak and duck's claws able

IIS

him badly

11 I could put up with her utter inefficiency, but, in addition, she wants

5jn

He

walking.

ft*

on his

himself.

,4

others treat

If

blister

10

11

- *

"9

To

Apenlikeaknife,apnngentwriter.
specialist in writing indictmeuts.

see face to face, to have audience.

Lesson ]08.

# #

JIANIlAniN

m fly

&

* x ^

& #

ft

e &

ft

tc

&

3%

&

ft

#>

A I

ife

'$

>f>

ft

ft

Pi

j|

lei

^J

4H

$15
jf

jfc

W. %.

Ping* ch'ing*.

i^,

ill

iF

* n

fc

X A

A.

ma\

step-mother.

HouA Iwtp'otf

second wife.

Who

required him to

18

Although one should not simply float

with the current, yet in these times it
will not do to be too
unyielding,
When it is a case of covering the well
with a square table, you must accommodate the square to the round.

19 Tseng Fn is one reckless

He
genins.
goes at everything like a tiger enter-

* #31191.

Face to faco. (w.)

To compliment, to flatter ;
t0 pay court to.

doings.

When the trial comes on I will

neither be partial to you, nor will I
be partial to him.
Like Tsao Wang
when he goes up to heaven, I will
speak' according to the facts.

IE

ft

own
steal

17

115

pf

in

Tfl mien*.

\fk-

I?

i^

M @J

'

Hg

^ m
T M

ft

TIou*

*.

ft.

ft,

4*.-

^
4

ft

jfift

!.

ft.

a a

&

**

ft

1!,

'a

#11

that
ineau P ,.4*. He haa
never
enjoyed any large sticks of incense.
15
man like Li P'ei Chi thinking to
marry a daughter of the Ch'un family !
Isn't that a
leprous toad wanting a
crane for a roast a vain wish ?
16 I went to the court-room
yesterday,
and happened in when the officer was
on the bench
extorting a confession
from Lien-tsl. They made him kneel
on a chaiu and then pressed him with
a pole until he fainted twice. It
was indeed a pitifnl
Ana.
sight.
That was the carpenter wearing the
canguesuffering the result oif his

ft

m
m * *

-?>

m &
w
If *t *K
4
% m m
m n 7, o & iu #
$ &
A *
& f# $ ag ^
S

te

It. ft

Ul

m. ft

LESSONS.

ing into a cave

cares

for the front,

not for the rear.

S.EE

Siting shlng

Simply; just, sheerly; Ute-

rally.

Wi T?r Hwo#

hwod*.

/ J? Chung

hou*.

The same.
Large-hearted,

generous,

kindly.

NOTBS.

IfTI
MM;
hand

more
right

Straight strike straight, or, straioht and stiff

that is straightforward without
turning to the

or to the

8 Sg j| >\

left.

jg.

a long drawn out

dtsiriny a Permanent
colloquial quadruplet phrase.

Looking

towards

ZtiZZf''
tntttmlnee,-r+f^LPj****
redundant
fl

frequently used colloquially in the sense of affair.

6 It is not known why the ideal fat man is called
Wane.
6 How big must that face be which
requires a whole
heet of paper to draw a nose
!-even such a face would it
require to receive without Mushing your
Jt.

is

extravagant praise.

Pomr,yor "* nHh ; that is, position in soriety.

-J^ ^S ;L
-f A prominent or influential man whose favor it
worth courting.
In China the tiger is the
king of beasts.

Xm

12

bamboo tube

is often used to
blow the fire when
a pun on the word
^, it being used
literally for a hole or opening
through which to b "?v and
S6Ve11
y

SUPP Sed aVeDUes of knowledge "o

tlfe mind?

kindling

lw
by

There

it.

is

3t

r es P ect bIe
irl
?
n
f
,
going into a wine shop.

wo l<i compromise her

reputation
riuun

14 ij $j fKf ff A god in a small

temple is not
supposed to be.accustomed to the
enjoyment of large sticks

of incense.

^ g

muoh more

ig

use( , ,

the North,
largely taking the place of

16 Notice how
other

ffi

the structure

WM$

To

,,!

and
I

jffll

fc

le

gouth

popu

^^

ai llsage

are balanced against each

he sentence.

hiHil u,ith hare knfes on

a pih qf coil**

612

* m
m
m. & %
$ m %> m
* ff 1
ic >* #
it, * *r
i ^ I tr
ffy

fc

^^

il

W - %

20 Although this indictment was written

by a specialist, yet it is like the girdle

m m Z o SI
* n m
7 *, JR. % m D

&

of fat

Wang loose

and ordinary.

21 In speaking thus I am not simply

As I see it, my
flattering yon.
are
like an awl in a
brother, yon

* m
# a i m m %
i I I
^

H +

<\

You'll show your head before

sack.
long.

22

m m m

Wang Hwa Nan

is sending his eldest

Manchuria. In my opinion
this is throwing a mutton dumpling
at a dog
all outlay and no income.
is thatP
How
Ans. How is
Ques.
it
Don't you know that this son has
suffered a deal of abuse at the hands

son

to

W ttft&K & M Rj o 1&\ m

a- . * w ^ >a
jf 4 & tefti ji ^
# ft
ft % ?
^ * S 5a i. * JI W
ii n tt * ^ *r tr $L m
J6 S t IE *
g. ft ^ ^ tt *e tt #0 ;&
SB * * *W 0. ^c NI ^
ia fi ^
* t. riftJMi

of his step-mother ? He could neither

get anything to eat nor anything to

4fc

zhains.

fj|

appears to be used for ;p( Jjj.

The Southern

A mode

the more

form
correct,
of torture iu
flg -tt t"
which the prisoner is made to kneel, while a carrying- pole is
laid across the legs behind the knees and another placed under
the arms, which are tied together and forced backward for
the purpose. One lictor then stands on each end of the lower
pole and lifts on the upper one. These modes of torture are
frequently combined. They are extra-legal, but are very
is

frequently resorted to by magistrates.

is

17 In making his report to

1 Jt *&> Tttao
generally credited with telling the strict truth.

Wang

wear, and was frequently beaten and

reviled.

Wang Hwa Nan

also

is

quite unable to control this second

wife, so that his son has been literally

driven away by his step-mother. Moreover, the boy is naturally very bright,

and he has a very kindly way with

he can succeed in the world
him
;

anywhere; why should he return?

~~

AS One reckless devil;

fg- as here
*fe
19
used after the descriptive term, is quite like the English use
of one before it.
20 J] ajt 5fc %L A writer who, figuratively speaking,
uses a knife for a pen.
Commonly applied to the Ir Bill

who hang about yaraens and manage lawsuits.

22 When you throw a dumpling at a dog,

instead of

lose it and get

hurting the dog, he eats the dumpling and you
no return for it. f ^| &[ P is an invention of $1 'ff
in the
f 69 Similar inversions are frequently heard
North.
.

LBSSOIST CXCIX.
Puns.
The Chinese word for a pnn is gg ]Jg, a double
The fact that nearly all the syllables in

relation.

the Chinese language are repeated in a large

number of words, greatly facilitates punning.
Notwithstanding this fact, however, punning is
not more frequent in Chinese than in English.
Perhaps the very facility offered detracts from
A Chinese pnn is spoken
the spice of the pun.
but cannot ordinarily be written, save by doubling

the liiie as I have done, which, however, is like

explaining a joke. Occasionally the pun turns on
the double use of a single character, in which case
the pnn becomes like a pun in English. (4), (10),
The translation of these puns, as such,
(16), (18).

of course impossible ; even to iudicate their

existence in a suitable manner, has been found a
matter of no small difficulty.

is

Lesson 199.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

61*

% + % w- *
o

$ $

-H

"^1

^ ^

ft

Translation

-^

3R

That man

the

^
m>

&

cabbage planted on
very hard to

wall,

{water,
keep on good terms with.

2 i cannot give

more than common, nor

It is still the nephew
,t n hi8Unc1 *carrying the lantern, p8! l 8
3 All we say and do is like the
pestle fall-

#.

like

is

of

top

will I offer less.

e m

gin. o

stone "P on stone

ing into the mortar
i
_
I truth upon truth.
4 there is no outcome to this
pupil
finally it will be a case of rubbing

'

T. o

$.

s
*

'

*r#^

tt

&

(clear blind.
t a total I08S.T

lime in both eyes,

'

5 In his employ,
tool-chest ofa

find

*#

flfc

ggfl

^ #
^ ^ ^
#&

SJ^

>J

^ w

BD

It

jn

# $

pfe

*, It

w
^
*

**

%
^
m * & M *

^ $t $j
% m m

{very
very reasonable.

8 Don't be misled
by his affability at
first.
all he will be like a
^After
barber's earning
stick,
wanting; in
I

m
ft

is

ft

* H

piety

like
presenting
longevity cakes with both hands,

ft

SB

gnfttfg*
What you say
polite,

&
*s

ftj

ever*

fil

-a
ft.

like the

movement isf a 8t r oke of tne (a mistake.

6 You are an embodiment of filial

its

myself

traveling tinker,

fiis

length and flexibility.

continuance.

If you go, you must be a

little careful
aud not let them use
you up. Am.
Let me tell you; wheu a

tiger pnlls
rives
the wagon,
nobody
10 For the older members
of the family
to reprove him is all
right; but if we
do it, he will be sure to sav
we are
eating water-lily root with one chop-

stick , ulftin 8 by a hole.

I bard to please.

Keally that child is not going to come

an t , n g- A is
!u
7 ?
only when
the Goddess
of
Maternity tears her

^ m m

60

satchel that the child

f dro P s out.
(comes to nothing.

VoCABULABr.
fft

^B

^p

<

In ordinary years,
monly.

h'ang* men*.

M SkP hwe?

>fJU

En'ang

P-hig*.

iu

Affable, agreeable, delicions, sweet.

.

both hands

to

present re-

spectfully in both /lands, to offer.

Ch'ang* ytien*

....

Continuous, lasting, per-

manent.

Sung* shtng niang*.

stows children

Lime.

t'ien*

To hold

MBLmxtk
.

ft

com-

: Note

% M Ts
J # xUxft
% Wa\ ToNote
$C W Gh'enf kung

who

Sung*

tit?

cry, to

be-

11.

sun 1 niang*

'

The goddess

niang

bawl;

The same.
The same.

to groan, to

sob:

1 3.
1
.

Accomplished, finished,

consummated.

814

ffl

m m m

f,

it

11

"5

LK6S0N

MANDARTN

199.

41 T,

te

ft

ffi

x
m z
* w & #

Wc

tb

&.

m>

-tfe

A,

if

m. &.
& *.

fa

* & to
m % &
A,
o

m A i
n a
a n *P * &
-^

3fe

r,BSSON8.

M ft
T>
X A
m t ^ i
IS *
A
A, ffc ^
tT n& 4 tt> if o & a
*S A. is
m
mm
W
E ft ^,
7 &
A 3^7. ft % m
% %. ^ ^ m.
^ H ^ a
#
A &
* 8 A
tt * * # ^ a.
I I i
#i R A * a m *
S i SH
T & # sn
* A Wi ^ m
8t> *
m 7. * #
m m & ^ g, t i I
*r $ ^ g
nr ft
# W! ^ f -

When San Pao An

17

he spent cash as
of common clay;

a #
| |

into a

*o

i
g

ft]

ifc

ffi

'j?

ifc.

fti

flr

fft.

IB:

jit

-T-,

18 In

HI

in old

age

my

hall a life-

{%%%>]

a man.

opinion he would disgrace himself less if he boasted less.

Who does
not know that his mother was a
sorceress, who took up with a yarnSn runner and
gave birth to him ?
Ans. His case is what is called carryhe
ing a child to the pawn bop,
( wished to
pawn a man }," . pawnbrokers?
"l

m to
n * #,
m m,
n &
*t

was a young man.

they were made

cofBn,_{fl;^ ing ]

time and

tt

if

but he has bow

and not only is
reformed,
suddenly
sparing in the use of money but is
That's a
diligently making a living.
veritable case of making a
ship's side

*fc

iff:

816

I considers himself a

do not
19

man

^ake man " pawn,

t consider him a man.

{ others

sick
tiger was once cured by Sun
ChGn Jen, and ever afterwards the
tiger served in his family.
One day
Sun Ch6n J6n sent the tiger to carry
ronn.l his card
inviting some guests to
a feast.
But not a single one of the
guests came. Sun Ch6n Jen asked the

"

tiger, saying,

Why

has not so and so

The

"I

ate

and

so.

II

comej"'
him." He

si,

The tiger said, "late him also." Upou

this Sun Ch6n J6n
got angry and re"
viled the tiger,
saying, You beast yon
Since yon do not know how to invite

*
^
*
f i
T

15SS) w "y do you go and ^{fgj

Wang Er Leng's father and grand-

20

father

were farriers by profession.

Meeting a traveler one day, he asked
him what line of business he was

tiger replied,
then asked for so

?#

xh.

in.

The

stranger

replied,

"I am

Notes.
is

a colloquial
intensive,

kit

4 There is here a double punone [a the use of

fa
and one in the use of B. To gratify
spite on an enemy lime
issmetimesthrownorrubbedin theeyes, produeingblindness.
6 When a tinker

an

he supports it on the top

of lus tool-chest, and also steadies his file
a handle
by
on its outer end, which works back and forth having
through a ring
on the top of the same tool-chest.

6 The

files

article,

-f" E9 5
book or tract containimtwenty-four stones of notable instances of filial piety. It is
sometimes distributed by zealous
asa work of merit.

WW

is

a small

religionists

are cakes

made

the shape of peaches, with

the character If imprinted on them in red.
plate of them is
sent as a complimentary present on the occasion of a
birth-day.

to carry their

is

TW

11
JS jfi The goddess by whose favor parents
beget children, and to whom women pray for the coveted
blessing of_beaiing children.

with

She

is

sometimes confounded

$B -ft though not by any means the same

known Goddess of Mercy. The term most
,

Shantung

is

j^

as the well

commonly used in
$c &, the goddess who presents or

brings the children to the mother. She is popularly rep

resented as carrying the children in a
bag or satchel thrown
across her shoulder. In the South
jS "? # ft| is also used.

12

in

8 The regulation pientan used by barbers

both short and stiff.

equivalent to

A
one

Up

pfa

Divide, into two at one cut of the saw.

single millstone, either

lift,

the

jj beinj;

upper or lower,

used as a

classifier.

is

called

jjJ

616

ft.

ng

is.

(PI

tt

m n

is

HZ,

$ #1

$&

7C

*h

ftj

>

A.

JK

I'M.

ip

5 ^
h m

ft.

# a

Ji

ft

m &

I am a mechanic."
supposing he said,
I make game of farriers," rnshed
at the stranger and knocked him

if

m
m

you?" Wang Er Leng replied,

"If you made game of me, I could
up with it, but do you suppose
futwill let yon go free when yon
make game of my father and grandto

ft

father?"
21

ft

ft*

(ft

ft

ft. W|.

ft

3&

3E

+t

f$

fl&

|^

21

a.
ft
Sit

^ * a

W.

ft
is

T
13

% ft IIofM,

the confused noise

<"-fll

PC.
H

*
and

children talking

and

crying,

hubbub, uproar. The D and RJ}" are added in each case in

order to separate and emphasize the other words.
IB "Mean" here makes the same pun in English that
)] does in Chinese.

-'_

16 /K is a colloquial character made by oilttiug off the

3j Wt. i 3 t h e most
top of 7fl which makes a wooden stmnp.
popular and universally worshiped god in China. He is
regarded as being the deified spirit of .fcfc -p, Pi Kan, a
relative of the famous tyrant ffi ^?.
Pi Kan reproved the
tyrant for his vices, upon which the tyrant ordered him to be
and
his heart taken out, to see if there were
to
death
put
really
Beven orifices (jft) in it, as was popularly reported. He was
subsequently canonized as the God of Wealih.

keep

jcash

all the

while smiling, when we

donotsee^^jforsolong?"

ft

foMhm and crying;

shouting

One

can speak."
22 A man named Sun hired a workman, and because for a long while
he got no vermicelli to eat, the
workman's face had an unhappy expression. His employer asked, "How
is it that you look so sad these days ?"
"
How should
to which he replied,
we, who are away from onr friends,
matter of course

- 9

Hit

sounds.

inarticulate

uttering

day he took two cash and went and

bought a drink of wine. When he
had drunk it all up, he said, "Give
me a little more.' The wine-seller
" Heretofore
said,
yon were unable
how is it that you can speak
to speak
to-day?" He said, "Heretofore I
had no cash, how conld I speak 9
and as a
To-day I have
w
;

- H #

fa

ft

certain beggar was aconstomed to

go along the street pretending that
he was dumb, pointing to his ricebowl and then to his month and

f . ft.

* m

%
IS *
it p

The stranger, picking

headlong.
himself up, asked excitedly, "What
did you strike me for?
Was my
saying I was a mechanic any insult

ft

rfl

ft

?f

Er Ling
Wang
"

#.

+ x

ji

not in bnsiiiess

#.

-ft

Wk

17 There

& mo

is

a.

18 3

here a double pnn

pi

in |B) ffe

To become companions

woman to
=?'

one

and one

in

>

as

applied to a

husband
and wife, without anj recognized marriage.
A famous physician of the Tang dynasty,
19
whose real name was Jft ,J jfj|. There is a-doitble-entendre

man and

live together temporarily as

in

wAA
both If % and P A-f
20 ^ ^f ^ To play

at

a trade

that

is, to

work at or

came probably from

follow a trade. This derived use of
the effort of the artizan to polish and ornament bis work so
as to please and gratify the taste of the purchaser.
91 The pun here turns on the double use of rf) f[S
and involves a fling at the egotism of those who have a litllt
money.

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 200.

Translation.

J*

H,

M*

ft

%.

*ft.

fft

Don't he naughty and

riddle for you to guess.

I'll

with spreading branches.

r --. m m m <z m,
m & *# t * * *s a
T #.*.%*. f. A K *r#
* A jr o - ^ f |g x i
* ft -+7W
m. ^ = #i # - #> s
IB. ft * 9 x m. ft %
o . 8*. # * #
ft y
^ ^, S i f.
It /h * I
*r ft -

When

3 It was
that

it

What

see,
is it?

you put a screen

Ans. Spectacles.

e y ou
ec
and now
made{^ r *7u t }eat,
is made you do not eat.
Fits an

A muzzle.
4 Washing makes it more and more
it is cleaner without washing.
dirty
Water.
FUa a Mug.
5 Looking at the left it counts 31, at
the right 13, and at both sides toarticle.

gether 323.
8

ff

fits

<*

character.
-Jj^,

Li's foot,

and

Mr. Ch'fin's ear set on the wrong

side.

Mr. Kao's head, Mr.

Fit*

m = # m />
-%>& w ***! & m
r. ;>$l &
*fc ft + g o o # M

a surname.

JS|5

wee wee Chu K6 Liang, sitting

an adjutant's tent, spreads out his

radial array, to take prisoner the swift

tiger braves. Fits a living thing.
spider.

boat as large as your palm, conDown

taining a lady dressed in red.
comes a shower of misty rain, but the
boat comes along and all is dry.
Fits a utensil.
A charcoal iron.

fi]

LESSON

you can't

between.

in

*r

It blooms,

stalk of cotton.

IE

and when the fruit is ripe, it blooms

Guess what it is. Ans. A
again.

*.

j,7

make

little tree

CO.

Riddles and Epigrammatic Distiches.

The Chinese term for a

enigma is |j| f, or oftener
jjj^which

fj

ft.

|j|SJ

is

pronounced

riddle, puzzle, or
in colloquial, simply

mA r as

if

written

A considerable number of riddles and puz-

may be turned up, if one gets hold of a man

who has a taste for such things and knows where

zles

go to find them. I have not, however, heard

any published book specially devoted to riddles
and enigmas. Some Chinese riddles evince con-

to
of

siderable ingenuity, while others are but indifferent efforts.

Many of their riddles contain puns,
and some are based on puns. Nearly all have at
least one rhyme.
Many of them are based on the
Puzzles are 'often made
dissection of characters.
by a ridiculous transformation of some passage

from the

classics, as (17), (19).

A much

more popular and widely cultivated

or Jf ^f, an epiplaying upon words is the fj
which
consists of two lines of
distich,
grammatic

equal length and corresponding structure, but of

though correlated sentiment. Nouns are
mated with nouns, verbs with verbs, particles with
particles ; also numbers with numbers, places with
The last words
places, virtues with virtues, etc.
do not usually rhyme, and the tones should be
opposite. The ^- -^ is a, favorite style of embodydifferent

ing and exhibiting weighty or complimentary sentiments, as in the common fj $$, or wall scroll, and
in PI
-p, or door mottoes. Some of these f$
are the product of much thought and skill, and exhibit the capabilities of Chinese
writing to its best
advantage. A number of collections of them are
published.
| J^ become a means of amusement
and a test of literary skill, when one person proposes the first line and challenges another to match
it.
The proposer is of course supposed to be able
to furnish tho required line if the other
party

fails.

~
M U

m &

618

A bright little slip of a fellow, constantly lounging in the ladies' boudoir;

e
" sei1 to
and satin,

a*,

5 m
&
m m m
6 * at.
eg. #
&
& 1 A

tfy

#b
ffi

jfi

% m
-5lr

WR

ft

&.

*r

$ij

It

m
m % m

I #
^ o *

a.
o

J*

A #1
I- J*
A *

A * EH
2 M X
fj|

the greater. Fit* an article. An abacus.

Two brothers just the same height
around each waist a sash of black
wait, brother, wait for me, while I take
a trip to hades and back. Fits an article.
A pair of water-bnckets.
12 A stick of timber in the wild woodland,
wrought by the artificer's
skillful hand.
A gentleman student
1

{SShjyoiLHitfcid.himtoit.

tt

breast. Fits an article.A bow-backed chair.

13 From youth I was ruddy and beauti-

jtfi

*.

"fe

ful,

# *
A.

wound me around

but a fellow

him and made me one-third black

and thin, and then would yon think

ungratefully

me aside for a
one, forgetting the original affiance Of youth. Fits an article. An old
red hair-string.
it

cast

new

Two men piled up higher than heaven.

Ten women together farming a half

14

#.

children in each, and, strange

to say, the greater were less than

the lesser and the less were more than

wt

-i*

beauties.
Fit* an implement. A needle.
A certain family lived in t woconrts with

SI.

many

*r

*Tf#

nn1^throgh}8ilk

and to being theooinpanion of blooming

acre of land.
1 don't ride on a sheep,
but a sheep rides on me.
Mates distant a thousand miles still drawn by
one line. Fits four characters. With husband and wife kind nessis all-impor taut.
15 An eye adding two dots, but don't
guess a treasure a treasure wanting
two dots, but don't guess an eye

ft

iojHI

#T

5^

4*

Hi

Fits two characters.

jS J

VOCAB ULART.
P'u1

la 1

To spread oat with the hands

soattered aboat, wide-spread

m $s K'ai

Wt K*

P$l

ftwa

Ku1

To bloom,

-A

hoop;

tswei*.

lUPjaf Lung* tswei*

yf\

Ckao\

f* Li*

/flnS

bamboo.

a fillet
.

to blossom.

muzzle. (H.)

muzzle

A bamboo skimmer
A skimmer.
perforated skimmer
A muzzle, a blind, (s.)

made

ifl

Chung

ckiin 1

The adjutant commanding

the forces under a

governor or governor-general.

/^*h Pa

to hoop.

Pp

(c.)

a ladle.

of wire or

The eight divining diagrams

invented by Fu-lii and which
form the ground work of the Book of Changes.
To catch, to seize.
-^ Choa1 na 2
1

kwa*.

1
3
Ill ffL-Fei hu

fcfc

flying
animal.

An

1
^EB Cki

Chu 1

insect

..The spider.

tiger

a spider.

fabulous

MANDARIN LESSONS.

Lesson 20u.

4^

% W

Wt

ffi

In

ItlAft

1,

ft

^.

to

>p

& &
o

ft

Ht

JS

Same

A Chid jM

\&
5^|5

f|

Ghiao

#p

3*.
*fc

ffi

yonng

mitt, spray.
Bin

ladies'

-A

chamber, a

'

Sa

<Mthe m,age]

[fields.

WhenL,*e "?m]
Sad Whe11
f

ls

'

(fh3,^ P^ed,

{fh

is

mage }also
mirror.
pleased. Fits an article.
) 8
He bored a hole in the wall to get light
.

Three Ki ng

in the

19

to study by at night. Fits

My
a
(

a character

doma{f'$$*

cow won't eat grass. Fits

sentence in the
Four Books.
uncle's

Pe-niu

cow j 18 S1CK
20 A blind man carrying an umbrella.
Fits two clauses in the Four Boohs.
-

i uncle's

/Perhaps there are, but I have not seen any.

\ I have a cover, but I have never seen it.

_;
1
-f" Ck'iien

W% Ja<M

common

waste
erne88

To wind around,
jao*.

To

or wild-

i* tsi*

[chair

bow-backed

to compass.

wind around,

to

wrap;

to coil.
J|t

Gh'ung

tie

Xasi' Pat* shou 3

sacrifice to

wilderness, barren

the work of somebody's

b,lt y heart is clear asa

is

towards the north.

woman

an edging.

The unseen world, hades

know

Yonr(2*}me,

mirror, it was simply on account of

A lantern.
the road. pu s an article.
17 It sits on the south side but faces

ifjUlii Ch'an

beautiful

Waste land, common; a

heaven and earth.

Yip* wai*

TO 5Jh Hwang 1 chiao1

as If.

a a a
& a a fo
^ a . &

sash, a band, a fringe

Yin 1 chien 1

Hf"

. .

marked

[!!Sating];

lady's boudoir.
1

1
$ Tao ,.

ft

* a ft
*&
& M a a * %
je a. a. - i

r?o

suspected they had some secret inthe house

trigue and went hack into
and told her son, and he in turn gave
The woman rehis wife a beating.

A.

The spider : Note 7.

-Fog,
J|l!i Wu* lu*

'|

#
m

-7".

W> Hsiu* fang*.

16

*5

^p^
Hf!

ft

ffi Hsiu*

i8

Wn

^,

ft

j&

it

the woman to speak, she pointed out

the road by a motion of her hand,
and the stranger passed on. But,
"every freak of fortune gives rise to
a story," and so sure enough the
woman's mother-in-law came out just
in time to see the
motion of her
daughter-in-law's hand and the man
hastening on his way. She at once

ft

A *
M $

4#

Iff

ft

I*

3fc

quite well

n
ft ffi

*n

^a *!*

a M
Z

*r

yonug womau was at the mill

suddenly there
rice, wheu
came by a stranger asking the way.
Because it was not appropriate for
hulling

ins

16

^
i
# $, *r $ A A
A a. h t ft * ft M
o
a*20 1
* a - n * It a.
a k a. * W * *
# m. 7 *. * A
^ o
I Li
#r A
*r
^J. * m %
- -ifr a *d ^

619

In layers, in folds
donbled.

piled up,

To wave the hand, to beck

on.

#$

yon

secret agreement; an illicit in

trigue.

620

# S i n
^ ft ft *o W B ^. & o
* *r
n *. # s *h . o n it. m ft n o ^*m> = ia
% m m> Hi "*& ^ ^ # H ft
^ # n t t$ & m & a m
- gt, g. i *t. ft
ft. *
iift H ^ - A I
t I

W, o

& S ~ $

IS

A distich for awine-bibber ran thus-

21

-tb,

with a bottle iu his hand he don't

care for the east, he don't care for
the west, he don't care even for death
itself; with three cnps in his belly
lie's not afraid of heaven, he's
not
afraid of earth, he's not even afraid
of bis wife.

21

22 Study

24

i^i^iS?

3E

+6

tfl>

IE

in

*\

IfR

a * i ^ a t
it
$31

gg.

&

4*.

It

fc.

*n

IS

*E

55 ft?!
>E

/B
ftsb

H
'

Oh'i

m &

To know,
Note 16.

hsiao*.

P'i* p'a*

''*'*

An

Met*.

Liang

~f ^Jt

3
.

~t

elf,

three dots : a clove's fragrant blossom ; the head of a hundred, the

head of a thousand, the head often
thousand.

25 The dandelion growing on the common like a golden nail stuck in the
a white pagoda in the city
earth
like a pearly drill piercing heaven.
26 The Emperor K'ien Lung once pro:

posed [one line of] a distich One

great heaven above, sun and moon
[make] bright, the fair moon gives
radiance.
He Shen matched it saying, In the long curtained tent sons
and daughters are good, but the little
maiden is the fairest.

When Mr. Wang was very ill, knowing that father and son must soon
separate, and both being filled with

27

f.

Skin1

To extend^ to expand the 9th Chinese hour

3 to 5 p.m.

XT wf Fen 1

li

To

a brownie.

fj

demon.

water-demon, a nyx.

naiad.

Ting
Hsi 1 2

1
1
Ting hsiang kwa\

diverge, to scatter, to sepa-

contracted form of

Evening, dusk

'

2
/HfQO Chiang hu

The

clove.

clove blossom

lilac.

dandelion, etc,

2fc

% Ptn

W+Wik

jig.

late.

A lake.

$J Hu2

1
Hwang"- hwa

*
;

gnitar or viol.

the

pf

aware

pawniug{^-

23 Lute, harpsichord and guitar eight

great kings, heads all alike ; a brownie, an ogre, a nyx and a naiad ; fonr
little imps, each with different viscera.
24 Ice, cold, wine one dot, two dots,

Ting* hsiang

~T^F^E

ogre, a

to be

pawnshop,

a,

tum

rate.

mountain

JUa Wang*.
JflB

%.

^A

keep

tft.

w&*%

and autumn
i

ft.

*tfe

- i*.
* *. * ft, **.
- & H $
=. .

the

study iu

spring,

spring

upstudy, studying{|P; '^n

}
a pawn shop on the east, a pawn
shop on the west, east and west a

rh

>l>

the

in

autumn,

Rivers and lakes; wandering,

Jar-traveled, peripatetic.

shin 1

Shi* yie*.

Oneself, oivn,
Calling,

pursuit,
profession.

self.

occupation,

MANDARIN LESSONS.

fiKSSoN 200.

a
A.

PI

$9

ift

021

hegaveadistichtohis son, raving,

am sorry my son that your heart is grieved.

grief,

The water-lily seed is bitter within.

II
son fills your
renlierl f Leaving your
repliea ^Thepear bwroratthecore.

28

The
snn
ine SOD

breast with sadness.

m. p. *.

*
H

ft

Ul

ft,

Ul

28 This wood makes firewood, and every

hill yields it
a stick on fire makes
a lamp, and night by night there are
many.
29 The tide in the sea-water flows,
one
morning by morning a tide
morning it rises, another it fells. The
pine on the monntain grows, day by
day it grows, and it grows ever green.
30 Two brothers-in-law, the elder a
literary man and the other a merchant
traveler, agreed together to make each
a line of a distich, each adhering to
:

p
p

4%

P.

a = = a

* I'm

25t

* m

4?
4?

^ *

*.
o

59

. .

$8
'

jpf

T
m m a
. ft

19

ft

his

ft

= m w & * *r
m. ^> ^ . *
A. H * o y

n m e ^ ^

& s A
M

5l

elder said,

all clothed

with the

silk,

and

satin

gauze, then they become the family

of a statesman. The younger matched
it thus,
Three characters with the
same side, river, sea and lake
three characters with the same top,

ft

The

profession.

^.

& si o
/*
ss m
A A - PS *
o tl
* * #. ft is. m
Si *. A A 19
$32 &
m - fl * * W
IB:.

own

Three characters with the same side,

and three
satin and ganze
silk,
others with the same top, officer,
statesman and family when they're

rod and man ; when you've

traveled over all the rivers, seas and
lakes, then you become a valiant man.

great,

Three men agreed to

31

make

distich

lines, each adhering to his own profession and basing his line on two

characters.

The

who was a

first,

carpenter, said, Corpse arrive makes

a hoase
one forest of three trees,
;

trees, it's hard to tell how

many houses they'll build. The second, who was a liquor merchant,

trees

re

tft.

1
J~* SAt

^
$j

tf

Pin
Yiu

I&

To

Yieri1 tao*. ...

t&$& Hwang

VS'T

corpse; an effigy

An

jan*.

useless.

auusoal writing of ff

float

to drift

To speak,

to rove.

to declare, to say.

Fluttered, startled; with a

a flask, suddenly.
The Jaw of the drink :

start, in

C/tiu 3

ling*.

Note

3 fjg

-mm

To

3. Yao*
yL. Ck'd

vt

Ok'a 1

...

to mix.

To cross the arms a crotch afork.

To prod to stick ; to nip.
;

fW Kwei*
l
Ijs Ai

lay crosswise

An

The juniper

tree.

exclamation or sigh of sorrow ; an

See at*.
expression of deprecation.

1
4j* Sang* htin

To do wrong knowingly;

33.

trial or examination;
at the time, then and there

Tang* ch'ang*. During

upon

violate conscience.

Ts'wei*.

To smack the
pugk! bosh
!

lips

to spit

to

pish

62*

n m m m &

- a m
.
% m M
=l m m
* &

P3

nt

s ~ m

is

^ m
t

liquor they'll drink. The third,

who was a farmer, said, A bean and
a leaf make a head
one scurry of
;

32 Miss Su shut the door of the bridechamber and put forth one line of
a distich to her husband Gh'in Shao

ft

When you've matched

open the door, and not till
then. .Opening the paper her husband
found written, " I close the door and
snut out the moonlight in front of
the bed," which put him at his
wits' end for half the night to no

Yiu, saying,
it,

ft

-*;*#
#

ft

= * ft,
H t *
i A i II

*0

@>

shimmer and shake.

m
IS

ft

I'll

At last Su Tnug P'oa, in

purpose.
order to suggest an idea to his
mind, took a piece of a tile and,
holding it over a flower jar filled
with water, dropped it in, causing the
image of the moon in the water to

T
04-

OT

or tear open, and seems to

as here used,
ipply more naturally to solving a riddle than,
It is in fact used in both
to making or propounding one.
senses, and Chinese scholars differ as to which is the original

1 $. means properly

to

spiff,

and more appropriate sense.

Thrusting put a
$'lj f$ \k.
spread, a peculiar phrase, coined apparently for this special

In reading the accent

case.

3 ff ~"

is

thrown on

an

6 This

Such

riddle

is

based on the short hand method of

writing numbers. The numbers one, two and three, which

consist of parallel strokes, afe distinguished by being written
horizontally and perpendicularly in alternation.
7
?V 'jC-' being one pi the most renowned of Chinese
geneials, is made to represent the spider. With the Chinese,
stiategy is the fuiylam.eji.tal idea of generalship and of the art

of

war

Jifli

Xjc is the

book term

for

a spider.

The

collo-

re-

Central Mandarin, is
quial name, both in Northern and in
times
or
rather
the
The
eight, diagrams
eight
4SJCeight,
ijjijc
in
are generally arranged by geomancers in radial lines
concentric circles, making a figure not unlike a spider's web.
on disJO The understanding of this riddle depends
both of which are
tinguishing between value and number,

expressed by ^J and **?

13 There

!pj

article.

jit-

Strikes, (or refers to) an article; that is,

to rjddjea
a phrase is
generally added
as a guide to the solution.

fits

failed to

ffl
id

Whoever

spond then and there, was to drink

The first one said, A
three caps.
two
shed composed of two months
frost and snow
things of one color,

JJL

da

this

open the sky beneath the water.

33 Three men were .drinking wine together, and agreed to match distichs
as a forfeit.

*fc

Upon

bright thought flashed upon the bridegroom, and he at once took up his pen
and wrote, I throw a stone and split

ft

If*

8R

three cows, cows upon cows, it's hard

to say how many bobs of their heads
there were.

*.

liquor

much

ft

ft

Water and grain make

said,

one series with three mouths, mouth

after mouth, it's hard to tell how

throughout this riddle an underlying

the hair-string
marriage alliance, as if between
is

reference -to ft
and the wearer.

16 &

is

a facetious combination of 551

M. and

Igg

in light literature, or in witty sayings.

Why
fff only found
under file circumstances the woman made the riddle she did,
is far from evident.
and was said of
IT Hi 5E vf E 8 froln Menciue,
brother Hsiang. It
Shun'* noBle treatment of his unworthy
,

>

the person standing bejoye the

necessary to take Hi for
iis the meaning of the word
mirror, not for the image in it,
would more naturally suggest. The words are very elliptical.
is

MANDARIN LKS*0M8.

Lesson 200.

M & Si
- n> m
m & *
t, m *.
*& * V,
m M *

P3

IS

f1

ft

19

- * >&i

Hi

J*

Iff

ft

&

ft

ft.

T; *n ft

PS

ft

ft.

1i

ia

Sfc

-a?,

If

*. A.

ft?

- #

allowed his neighbors' light to shine through on his book.

19 The sentence referred to is from the Analects. 10
of

Confucius.

colloquial rendering of f(3

jg, or

y$

jfll

tjf,

*y

is

The Emperor K'ien-lung was noted

for his literary

and accomplishments. This distich is ingenious in

that a mere dissection of characters makes a continuous sense.
was a Tartar prince, able but unscrupulous and
\jjf Ijl
He was subsequently put to death by K'ienavaricious.
lung, and his enormous wealth confiscated.
taste

29 The

alliteration (in sound) is here well carried oat.

M >b M A

Su Tung P'oa, who had u

share of her brother's genius.
Her husband was also a
literary man of some celebrity.
33 When friends are drinking wine together, thy resort
sister of

End 07

when they

urged

he

If

replied,

him

tell

repeatedly,

yon

mine,

yon two may be offended. The

two, however, said, Only so yon
match the line we will take no offence.
Upon this he went on and said, A. mixture, composed of two forks; two things
of one color,
you aud he one fork
sticks yon, and the other sticks him.
34 Because Yoa Fei suffered.. death by
the instigation of Ch'iu Kwei, men

in

after-times

a distich

put

effigies

of Ch-'in

at the right, and wrote

their mutual

expressing

recriminations).
Th&t at the side
where Ch'iu Kwei was, ran, Alas
I did indeed do wrong, but
}{ I had
!

a prudent wife, I should never

have come to tjhrs
That on the side
where the wife was, ran, Pngh
I had a long tongue 'tis true, but if
I had not married a traitorous minister, I should never have seen this day.
ha'd

When it came to the

yields lead.
third he declined to give his, and

and the other

ft

tt The words here quoted refer to a noted scholar of the

not
Han dynasty, named
$f- who, because he could
itford a Jight to study by, made a hole in the partition and

was a disciple

Kwei and hi* wife at the grave of

Yoi Fei, one kneeling at the left,

ft

x
# & ^

38

ft

ft

ffi

one month the frost falls and the

The second said.
other, the snow.
Oatcomposed of two hills ; two
tin and lead
things of one color,
one hill yields tin, and the other

fear

ft

2fl

J*

^ - n A
# * # x p at.
^ ft A* $ ft tt. R
n ft ft W ft. - K

$p

ft

to

% it
m
# - . *

Jit

m
^

ft

n #
#.*:*
% m %
m & ft
^

PS

&.

si

ft.

923

to a variety of games of
enjoyment of the occasion,
not to pay the score, but
The object of each party is

chance or skill to heighten the

the forfeit paid by the loser being,
to drink so many cups of wine.
to make the other drunk.

34 flf TO- a noted military chieftain who flourished in

the Sung- dynasty during the reign of the Emperor Kao-tsung.
He was the implacable enemy of the Tartars, who were then
invading the country from the North, and for his patriotism
has been much extolled by Chinese historians.
4)1
a noted statesman who served under the Emperors Kin
tsung
aud Kao-tsung. He was taken prisoner by the Tartars and
treated with great consideration by them.
After his return
he counseled making peace with the Tartars by partitioning
the empire, and his advice prevailed with the Emperor Kao-

^,

Because tlf Jfc opposed him and his policy of

to be accused and, on a shallow
peace, he (Jaused {jfr
For this treacherous act, and for his
pretext, put to death.
unpatriotic counsel to make peace by dividing the empire,
ho h*s been execrated by ali succeeding generations.
tsung.

Lkssons.

6*4

is

ft

SUPPLEMENTAL VOCABULARY
*

SECOND READINGS.
i

of the second readings noted in the

vocabularies, it was not found convenient to intro-

number

Sucb readings of

duce in subsequent lessons.

43 Kk*

0C

<SArei

4.

To persuade,

Tsang*

storehouse

a retreat

To

rule

Mnd

daub

to

dirty

stop

np, to

To

settle

to

To put away,

She*.

See

%X

To

Yie*.

hinder

criticise

to collate

to neglect, to set aside.

See

chtoai*.

To

Pg| Ou*.
!|| Tou*.
pjj"

Chi1

quiet, to pacify.

clause

Odd, single

$fc Ts'ao*.
j|J Lei*.

...

To

tie

up
of meanings

See ou1

a stop. See tu*.

a remainder. See ck

is unsettled.

H
WP

to dribble, to slaver.

filter,

See

i.

to rise, (w.) See mi*.

To

to rive

Ku*-

To

$fr

Hun*

Confused, chaotic.

^
4?

ChUen*.

pig

An 1

...

sell to traffic.

bullet,

To

ball

To rake

A vine, a tendril,

Wan*

To

|]jf

Ch'ep
Chile*.

to

iron clothes

See

clamp.

See ch&en*.

See

chile*.

to

lou*.

See chHa*.

y\\*.

in the reign

ch'i*.

crack, a flaw, a joint.

To stumble,

See

e*.

(w.) See man*

a charcoal smooth-

The name of a statesman

of Shun.

kun*.

See tan*.

pill.

together, to drag.

To pinch,

Hsie*.

ckia*.

See

roll up, to curl.

-f; ChHa*.

Yiln*.

See.

apart.

To gobble np with the month. See

...

See ming*.

Mongolia.

open, to uncover
See p'ei1 .

Tan*. ...

See ksien1.

Bare, scarce, (w.)

To mix,

ing iron.
i*.

See ek'i1

wife, (w.)

ft

|j

to accumulate, to heap
lei*. The distribution

often. See

To give to
To

See mod1

to smooth.

tin*.

1
principle, a purpose. See ts'ao

together

Gh '*Lin*.

1
jig Lou

to drag after, to pull.

See pul

office.

Second-hand, no fixed price. See ku1.

Ming*.

Bee liu 1

eht*.

trail,

&
m

See ting1

to adjust.

&

obstruct,

T* Polish,

Ku*.

fl|
B K&-

See jou*.

See si1

Jf
Tg

Hsien*. ....

See tu 1.

to

are the insignia of

and p'u\

to

throat, the gullet. See yien*.

dnll, stnpid.

Ting*.

np a erack

curreDt, a stream.

The

To

Si*.

fill

to blot out.

1
H( Yien

fj"

to

Cinnamon.

Ju*

V{8 Liu*.

H;

See

(w.)

king,

The square embroidered

patches which

*-

Wang*.

^ Pu*.
|^I

as

MoA%
safe.

See Wang*.

3E Wang*.

They are here brought

together and defined for the information of the
student, and are included in the geueral index.

solicit

nrge ;
drum.
See shtooa 1

course remain undefined.

WP

he*.

to

to

patronage, to
ij$.

See

snrname.

>

slip;

to

Seech'a 1
leap.

See

MANDARIN LESSONS.

$t

To

Ghiao*.

collate, to revise

stocks for the feet.

$fc

Ma*
To

ftf Hsii*.

feed, to rear

See

(w.)

Chid1

To

ma s

See

locust.

judge of
See hsiao*.

to

J%

;ff

To

Lun\

Jtg Hsiien*.
1
8A P "

See

ftfj

hsie*.
;

by

Ts'wei

turns,

rotation.

See

proportional

K'ai*

K|; Liu*.

....

Chinese

part in

See shwai x

See

in

official

UK

revolve, to whirl round

|j$ Ghi*. ...

documents

fall

To

Tie1

Kwan*.
Tsing

1
.

To
...

or

fall,

lie full

See ch'i
for

-ft.

fijjl

>jj

Hsia

iff.

dizay.

See p'a\

See

tien*.

See
See

hsi*.

kwan 1

Great said of generations as great-

P'tng*.

down.

A temple, a hermitage.
grandson,

length.

to dart

tie, to fasten on, to bind.

Delighted, joyous, (w.)

Used

-To

HH

alligation.

The same as

See AsUen*.

clasp uuder the arm, to pinch ;

hide away, to appropriate.

select

To

ch'u*.

lun\
1

Gh'tng*.

See piad*.

float, to drift.

A scale or steelyard.
See eking 1.

to

f fl|

To

P'iaoK

to lay up, to hoard.

25

To

See

etc.

ts'tng*.

shrimp, a prawu.

ford a river

/v-

See ha\

to rely on.

Se

* m m

028

n t

a * + -

SUPPLEMENT.

i I.

IJSTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY
1

ing

was originally intended to print the follow-

lists in

connection with the several lessons to

which they belong. Inasrriweft, however, as they

are intended chiefly for reference, or as exercises
for advanced students, it has been deemed more
suitable to pnt them iu a supplement.
They recan
The
student
dialects.
of
a
variety
present
ascertain from his teacher which words or phrases
are current in his

own

dialect.

H * BE

tt

H!l

*R

examination of these

lists will give the student a

useful, general idea of the range of* the several
idioms involved.
It will also give nsefnl employment to a teacher in off hours to have him

construct short sentences illustrating these examples, which can then be read as exercises.
The lists are not exhaustive, but are sufficient
for all practical purposes.

Even a cursory

x,Esso3<r

ffi

WORDS AND PHRASES.

**&

**** *

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:

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xxvn.

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mm

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lxxiv.

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ixxv.

LESSOR LXXVI
V

35
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^ m m m m m m n n m n m &\ j m \ ^j ^i ^i ^) ^ ^ ^i m

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LSSSOK LXXX7,

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635

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LESSON CXIV.

H # *ph # J* * t& W W # n

i #p ^

si*

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j*

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m m mmm -%& n m * m m

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LHSSOU CXXIV.
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39

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45

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49

II.
DIALOGUES AND ORATIONS.
was primarily intended to accompany the
fnllowiug dialogues and orations with a vocabulary and notes, but the great pressure of other
It

will

The

engagements has prevented the accomplishment

of this

They

purpose.

and profitable reading

orations are selected from a

pared in the

will

prove interesting
the studeut.
They

for

be found to contain a large variety of useful

terms.

Tnugchow

number

pre-

College, as specimens of

Chinese oratory.

DlALOGUS.
1

Inquiry into Western Affairs.

Preparations for building a Foreign House.

Domestic Conversation.

4
5
6

m
m m

ft

it

Go-between arranging a Marriage Engagement.

Collecting Accouuts.

Specimen of Litigation.

Wind and Water.

Making Bargains

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Syllabic 3noq: of Characters ant) Ipbrasee.

In the following index the single characters under each syllable are arranged in order
according to the

number

in the order of the

that

it

of the strokes in each.

number

of strokes in the second character.

has another reading.

proper readings.

The phrases pertaining

The arrangement

marks always follow the primary

The phrases pertaining

of

letter.

the syllables

The numbers

tone

to

mark

each character follow

to

it

a character indicates

to

such characters are distributed under their

is

strictly alphabetic.

refer to the pages.

Letters with diacritic

Oli'ang

#1

9v

Ofci

18

58

mm
m
m

71

213
191
41

420
564
593

at

105

**

602
56
183
298
502

Hi

167

85 ft

Si

56
268
291
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J5*T

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22
275
153
478
359
183
298
613
423
424
371

248
137
75
193
344
J* At

$11

304
546
371
371
157
184

mm

615
498
15

256
197

*M# 601
59
^ligjgft 496
474
ft
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322
575
tx

79
140
351

149

***

743
170
282
284
283
193
568

744 <3h4

Chiang
438

200
362
200
620
23
49
73
242
585
389
81
2

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568

292
292
59
68
133

139^JfAjn567

1555

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566

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603
1

138

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188|-tttAfl|567
115
478

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114
227
231

rfc US

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567

:SAffl566
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fc

WAS 567

tig A^l

567

MSB

172
159
303
535
105
209
439

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1c

ft

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1G4ftW

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195

re

174
174
28
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31

137
174

ff^ng

f-$

f|f ~4M
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174
372
529
14

61
15
15

128

15

619
479
479
624
32
533
34
34

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nam

m
m

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16

115
102
93

ft

129

*
$

129
165
42
536
117

541
391

mm

576
575
429
42

3'6$^KM496
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184
234

579
318 f[-j@
131 lifv

128
179
47
102
124
508
435
434

165 is

131

340
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58

374
J5T
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*5?8 480
244
jfltft
267
363
vjm

131

101

480
286
557
498
498
277
191
286
286
168
569
343
412
412
238

408
44
243

mm
%
m
mm
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55gfc
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468
469
468
339
339

15^

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ft*

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ftjfcft

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102
21

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304
363
462
112
431

451
171

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404
415 tii
49
146

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508
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fl|

47

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66
436

134

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434
56
115
197
334
485
277
346
578
270
445
470

CI rie

223
383

262
139 $g'
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223 ^PE
378
177
616 |g
96
543 &$2
543 |g|g
73 f*

290
579

is

577
26

413

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434 jjg fg
441 fiS
435 '$
434 $TfT

430
184

mm

379
252
576

fg^

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I
7

18
8

~
2

303

S
g
1

351

83
154

445
2

256

all

given.

The numbers

When

Gbaractera.

tonal the tones are

refer to the pages.

marked

when

syllabic

tht

Il

ft

307

I
m
m
I
I

64
603

u0
64
372
248
346
70

54 J_
Si

K-

#f

3P

&

778

88

^
89

X
$
%
90

ft

91

Jt

K
416

&
621

86
324
J*

252
50?
28
fr

28
81

92

if

193

^
ifc

72
5"8

tt

HI

39

ft

m
215
580

284
300

1
i
m

If

583
619
130
607
84
30
47
83
331

296

Clii'

**

*9

m
i
i
i

314
58
90
287
477
625
13

453
318

im
213
115
23

234

121ft
ft

81

501

242
619
475

49

50
174
205
339
67
351
436

124

tt

ft

7P0
147

~
1

f
!&
IS
If
1S

f
Ch'ing'183

J;*

61

339
125
202
245

610
1
ft 547
ffl 625

i
i

ft

I
m
ft

92
502

W*
$*

38
33

Tiao 1

If
It

W
ff
1
IT

fP

ft
ft
IE

m
m

Ok
l!9!

16

a
Uf

88
62
99
624
123
63
26

It
ft
IS
ft
It
f?

19

ft

526
507

120
173
208
391
303
8

It

293
202
199

624
110
585
61

162

162
25

ft

200
462

M
a H
Pi

3.

294

&*

445 Sg
625 ft
88 ft
J 63

'*'

m
|
f?

18

62
205
261
219
56
165

SI

18

ft

493
120
239
63

154

H
5

ft

K
^
ft
f&

ft

9i

416
247
599
j

34

&
j
157

go

511

227
485
329
277
229

3
ft

ft

483
95
435

m
w

47
358
205
375
582
48
477

I
1
I
I
I

511
6')

m
m
m

jg
gg
II
ft
ft}

it

505
229
469
264
304 ft
49 ft
599
49
160
543
376
370
624
229 ft

gt

Ts'eog 276

m
5

161

351
599
149

86 158
86
69
38
34
356
IS
83
33
103 It
287
366
23
18

75
|H 473
1
625
SJA
JB

gf

&

ffi

g
IS

18
108

Tie

14

155

533 156
85
417 -i
52
589
343
314
470
290
178

127
55
18

^ I
f[
#
*

#,
ft
ft

556
86

96
516
220
423

317
402
118

ft

210
25
52
530
625
398
376
88

63 |$
69 I*

152

^r.

ft.

21

241

1
1

IK

ft
JK

44
30
38
67
564
81
185
209 153
261
261 ft
564 ft
297 |%
462

ioi

151

6 ft
473 9$
502
542

557
i8Q

1*

149

624
20

11

ei

11

Ki

Tou<

*
ft
187 ft
88 ft

3niao 4 97

148

IS

159

42

42

450
73

416
170
120
482
327
34
177
134

25
519
152
113
134

*
123

439
48
y

108

P?*

73

Hsiang* 504

m
&
m

77

83
609

95

si

171

jfc

1*

slT^plementary notes

>

The numbers

indicate pages.

V. stands

for

vocabulary, N. for note, S. for sentence, and Sub.

fol

subject.

&

V. In Peking "gf is read pai*

number it is read poa 2

0.

V.

7.

means lacking in capacity, foolish.

Sub. In some places in North China

when

it

means a hundred

strictly

when used

for

an indefinite

When

an adjective meaning excess (such as

l!

f|

is
j

or jg

jjft,

joined with

is

etc.)

^ U

added to words denoting animals and things.

would be an inestimable gain to the language

made

-fa

if

it

It

the use of fj as sign of the plural were

general.

21.

V.

#J jg

29.

S. 19.

^%

reason,

i e.,

used of distress of mind, as well as of distress of body.

j|
g U. To take what is not right and use (flfc)

is

to

it as if it were right
on
an appearance of sincerity, and with cool assumption affirms to be right
put

that which

100.

is evidently
wrong.
V. }. The Chinese rule paper by folding it to a sharp edge, running the pen along to
blacken the edge, and then pressing it out again.

108.

S. 18.

122.

Sub

The "ends" here

referred to are the baskets suspended to the ends of the carry*

ing pole.

The same principle which

applied to adverbs, as in

is

here applied to verbs, nouns,

and adjectives,

to prepositions, as in

is also

like, to conjunc-

q (^J
-g
permanently,
moreover, and to interjections, as in | ffi, Dear me !
S- 13.
It is necessary to insert a "not" in order to bring out the force of the Chinese.
If the PJ| at the end of the first part were changed to g)g, then the two sides would be evenly
tions, as in US JJ,

137

balanced, and a "not

187.

S. 17.

"

would not be required in the translation

g| , hear (not see) a play, derives

its

significance partly from the noisy musical

accompaniment that attends every theatrical performance, and partly from the chanting
manner in which the plays are rendered. Hence they do not say to "act," but to "chant"
(HI)
144.

PWs.

S. 31.

This sentence

explanations of
family,

One

it.

her dutifulness

is
ia
is

an

epigrammatic exaggeration.

The Chinese

give

different

member of the
when parents grow

that the daughter-in-law, not being by birth a

the

more worthy

of note.

Another

is

that

old, the ministry of the daughter-in-law in regard to food and dress, is more immediately
important to their comfort than that of the son. In the case of the daughter, not being
her own master, she can do but little for her parents, unless her husband (the son-in-law) is

in

177.

sympathy with

S. 12.

jjft

Jj|

than a reply

her.

^p fg $}, that is a fact,

to

the question with which

to the question.

which the reply

is

literal

to the

is

an assent to the whole preceding statement rather

concludes.
English, however, requires an answer

it

translation would confuse the English reader.

meaning rather than to the form, are not infrequent.

Similar cases,

in

784

The

II

ft
..

translation of this sentence

is

__

somewhat

liberal, for the

i-

reason that a literal

196.

S. 20.

198.

The reference is to the unprecedented and

translation will not bring out the meaning.
unheard-of things that men occasionally do, which would never occur to one as possible
is generally a noun, as denned on page 133, but here p does not combine
S. 5.

QH

with

199.

is

More

8. 5.

literally.

In

annoyance.

212.

it

as a classifier, being used in the sense of anger or resent-

following translation would perhaps bring out the idea

more

clearly

It is not

18.

This

child certainly

raising such

people relieved

grown
206.

applied to

for the sake of these few taels of silver, but in order to give expression to our resentment.
r
S. 22. \ For the explanation of how Chefoo comes to be called $|} j$
see page 551.

Note
204.

but

The

ment

an

is

remarkably good, not causing

easily-cared-for child as this, of

how much

the

toil

least

are the

tne name indicates that the

of
r |J 3R
person was regarded
the
an
individual.
rather as the head of
family than as
The first clause is evidently an admission, resulting from something that preceded
S. 12.

The addition

8. 20.

'

If the ff were omitted, the sentence would then be properly translated,

What I owe you

I cannot now pay you.

230.

8. 22.

250.

S. 13.

So

| 5S

also

sit

&

^f Jf

i]$.

Night before last,

means in some places

Tbis form of speech

going rapidly- and decidedly wrong

circumstances
255.

S. 20.

263.

K JJ

riflht

ship of friends.
5.
/ JH nere

reason

means

in

its

is

last
is

most places understood to mean

night, but in most places to-night

in

much used

to express the idea that things are

meaning being more or

this case the duties

practically the opposite of

last night.

less

and obligations

inyol ved in the relation-

it says
You don't
" the fact is "

what

very nearly equivalent to our phrase

weighty according to

273.

but you ought to

bere refers to the person or persons who acted
S. 6.
by whose instrumentality () the suit was settled.

282.

S. 6.

as

seem

to

know,

's

middle-men or peacemakers

Judged by Western standards the Chinese of this sentence is very awkward.

That which
following translation brings out to some extent the peculiar construction
:

The
those

who

give exhibitions of jugglery all depend upon, is sleight of hand, not anything supernatural.
here used as a verb, yet it carries the conjunctive idea with
The same is true of (|3J in the 20th sentence.
take with you.

being rendered

306.

S. 7.

316.

Sub.

321.

S. 26.
fg equivalent to J $jj (ft $j jfg. That is, trusting to or in virtue of the reward,
The phrase is supposed to
or good luck, which you convey to me, or invoke on my behalf.
be used in response to a wish expressed or implied. For
%, see note on 481. S. 17.

356.

S. 34.

is

|pj]

2|J

or

is
JjS 35?

'ess indefinite

than f.

it^

It is used of recent actions.

883.

To make a profound and prolonged bow. Mostly used when inferiors

ff |jjj
their
official
meet
superiors, or when very especial respect is to be expressed.
In common
8. 26.
35. ^f* lw a road (i.e., distance) of from three to five thousand li.

speech !j[ $$ is often used for distance in miles

In translating it
is omitted and $& stands alone.

(li),

is

as

""
-f- 35.

M Rr-

necessary to put mile

Here, however,
(jg.)

j|[

for road ($).

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
386.

lb

S. 20.

785

necessary to transpose the clauses in the translation, and they might be trans-

18

posed in Chinese without serious detriment to the style.

389.

20.

8.

_t

The use

here translated go in.

is

jfc

of _ implies that the party to be visited

or interviewed was superior in rank, or in social position.

Look after us in our livelihood-making.

^ f fp<j jg
-^p.
the jg seems to indicate the continuance or habitual nature of the action.

389.

S. 22.

392.

S.

As

16.

it

stands, this sentence

but
398.

899.

it

is

really incomplete.

It requires

not an easy term to use properly.

cannot always be used where we would use unless.

or ^5f ^T at tne end.

Jfc is

S. 21.

g $g

M much

used in the same way.

8. 32.

The ordinary $} S has only two

Let

#j.

it be

mine,

i.e., I'll

be responsible.

strings

I'll

The

repetition of

like /f,
ft
rendered unless,

something

It is here

% ft

pay the damages.

#j

hence the fact that this one had four

is

mentioned.
402.

S. 22.

Chinese merchants frequently do business in another city or province from that in

live.
Merchants also generally go in person to distant cities and markets to

which they

408.

412.

buy goods, and to supervise their transportation. Hence it is that ft P*J is here equivalent
to merchandising or doing business.
"
8. 16.
By no means." The insertion of this clause seems necessary, in order bo complete
what is implied in the previous content, and to prepare the way for what follows.
12.

S.

jg

H Jl $?

addition of

ft

jjjl

A more

(ft.

g{j.

literal

The second

})J

a verb turned into a verbal noun by the

is

translation would be, It is

from

the

purging of

this

few

day8 of diarrhoea.
441

Calamity and happiness have no door, that is, they are free from any
antecedent bias or determination of fate, as to whose door they enter- The Chinese are
The words are those of a religious exhorter
strongly inclined to take fatalistic views of life.
S. 8.

|B

jpg %fc

f^.

opposing the common view, and referring the good and bad fortunes of men to the consequences of each man's actions. The radicals of both jg|| and jpg indicate that what they
445.

represent comes from the awards of the gods.

S 18. The Chinese of this sentence is grammatically out of joint, though the writer did
If translated
not probably realize it
according to its grammatical structure it would read
:

Wang
It

The
473.

S.

assumed by

is

daughter was from

the Third's

th<>

writer that the

the first

common

unwilling to give to Til fifth's son, etc.

betrothal custom* will settle the meaning.

translation gives the correct sense.

1 1.

%&

&

tfj

6$

X ^c-

More

literally -.

Your time was

expressly set apart

(lit.

split

off>

475.

S. 26

;p

$.

An

animal called a

imperial park south of Peking.

It is

$ J-

has long been kept in the jf

^, or
to
combine
the
of
the
popularly reputed
peculiarities
ffl

7f

Those who have seen it, howevar, say it has a head and horns
cow, horse, deer and sheep.
like a deer, a neck like a camel (i.e., curved), hoofs like a cow, and a tail like a
It
donkey.

is

481.

not

S. 17.

known

i^

to exist outside of this park

a conventional

phrase, used especially by fortune tellers, and cor" is a

responding in meaning, though not in form, to our
sign of bad luck."
jr is uaed
as a verb, meaning the dominant idea indicates.
/p

jj^

is

786
482.

487.

the right, that

#}

jfe

the successful,

is,

method

Somewhat like our phrase "No sooner said than done." It means
done on every slight occasion, and without due consideration. JSjj /f, j]
You should know, don't you know ? a book phrase frequently used by literary men.
!
S. 28.
B "f To stay at home and make one's own living, as opposed to those
f

S- 20.

fj

fjfc

jf

jgifc

is

MM

who roam about and

521.

If

ffi

^ j. Having found or attained

of treatment a highly idiomatic phrase.

S. 8.

that the whipping

521.

ff

Sub.

Iff

J|

or

live off others, or

^ ^g

make money

rapidly by trading.

most frequently heard in Pekingese.

In Chihli it is mostly on the /fi, in Shantung

lg the

latter being

524.

The emphasis is different in different placeB.

on the JJ- The phrase is frequently contracted into fif ^.
The >J> is added because the per
S. 13.
zi
>h ft -f

628.

Chinese business firms often hire clerks or salesmen at a low wage, with the
provision that they each get a certain small per cent of the profits of the business.
S. 2.
To spend money to no profit, or to one's harm whether in the eyes of
!j!g 5S U-

cent, is a decimal fraction of one

per cent.

others, or subsequently in one's

529.

S.

19.

own

eyes.

M without savor the feeling of

$<

being put to shame or mortification

For

fall

definition see page 560.

648.

S.
is

19

ft

ft 7^ j&

Jj fjt

Lit.

as to believing

we cannot

believe

him.

The ft

fjfc

}f>

jg

a rhetorical inversion of the usual order.

561.

S. 28.

565.

S.

582.

S. 15.

}ft

JL

ifi-

phrase

in

or a duty in any haphazard labor-saving

25.

made

fg

A-

fe

Engaged

585.

S.

S. 17.

11.

bereft

way

that

the service*

may

offer.

of several parties (in

succession;, that

is,

several proposals.

$g J.

Lit. It is

etc.,

rearing by another papa and

585.

to express the idea of getting over a difficulty

book form

$j $.
"

giving

"

More

floor,

as

is

and mothert a new

often done in emergencies.

literally, as if dazed

In circumstances of great

reason.

birth by another father

very bold metaphor.

temporary bed spread on the

To the verge of madness

of

me a new

mamma a

((g)

or crazy

embarrassment a Western

man

(ft), that
is

is,

driven to

madness, a Chinaman to stupidity.

593.

S. 27.

694

S.

3.

594.

S.

4.

608.

S. 31.

%1

flfc

commit an indictment, that is, to be arrested on a warrant or charge.

To have a tilt with him, that is, to try conclusions with him.
fif.
Lit. Have set down to my account a proper creditA
]g|
ftOld grain and tangled flax, used of old threadbare stories
JH JjJJ j$H

Lit. to

2B j
?|i

fH

-^
p
drawn out in a tangled and irregular string
7f J| Wfe, putting a donkey's lips for
!f[
a horse's mouth, that is, miscalling things, or putting one thing by mistake for another.
S. 4.
A total failure, a dead loss. In order to vent his spite, a man will sometimes
fi f&.

613.

enemy and rub quicklime in

pun is to this fiendish custom.

catch his
in the

615.

S.

19.

never

This story
offers

any

is

his eyes, thus

producing

total

blindness.

The

allusion

supposed to be told to one who accepts the hospitality of another, bt

It is only from this point of view that the allusion in intelligible.

in return.

L.

/
Mateer, Calvin Wilson
A course of Mandarin
lessons.
t 2d ed., rev.^

PL
1111
M37
1922

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