Proceedings of Conference: Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort

Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 9-11 April 2010. London: Network for Comfort
and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk
Title: Investigating Energy Requirements for Lighting: A Critical

Approach to EN15193
Author(s): Szczepaniak R., Wilson M.
Affiliations: Low Energy Architecture Research Unit, Department of Architecture
and Spatial Design, London Metropolitan University
Abstract:
Our internal environment in all newly-built structures is shaped by Building
Regulations and the related Standards. These normative documents are nowadays
being updated with energy savings measures.
The paper investigates the accuracy of predictions of European Standard EN 15193
Energy requirements for lighting, which applies to internal lighting conditions in all
newly-built structures, by comparing the standards mathematical approach with
computer predictions of Daysim.
Daysim uses Radiance reality matching algorithms and Lightswitch a unique feature
developed as a result of field studies. It couples annual weather data with one of six
lighting and/or shading scenarios available to predict annual lighting energy
requirement. Shading device has not been used this time.
The same model was investigated using both, European Norm and Daysim
approaches in six lighting control scenarios and three levels of luminance maintained,
and then results were compared.
Keywords: energy, requirements, lighting, EN 15193:2007.

1. METHODOLOGY BACKGROUND
DAYSIM
DAYSIM uses the Radiance simulation algorithms to efficiently calculate illuminance
distributions under all appearing sky conditions in a year.
Radiance uses (backward) raytracing simulation method, where rays are emitted
from the point of interest and traced backwardly until they either hit a light source or
another object. There is another simulation method called radiosity, where
calculation yields the total luminance distribution in a room independent of the
point of view of the spectator, but decisive advantage of raytracing over radiosity is
that only the former approach is able to simulate specular and partly specular
materials. If physically correct results are needed, only raytracing based methods can
succeed as most real surfaces exhibit specular components.

DAYSIM CALCULATIONS FLOW CHART

[2]
Annual occupancy profile
Annual occupancy profile is defined by software input parameters arrival, departure
and daily break time user-defined parameters are needed to commence calculations.
Annual illuminance profile
In order to create annual illuminance profile, one could in principle use the standard
Radiance programs and start thousands of individual raytracing runs for all sky
conditions of the year, but to keep simulation times short, Daysim uses the Radiance
simulation algorithm coupled with a daylight coefficient approach.
The concept of daylight coefficients was originally proposed by Tregenza as a method
to calculate indoor illuminance levels due to daylight under arbitrary sky conditions.
The underlying idea is to theoretically divide the celestial hemisphere into disjoint sky
patches. [2]

[2]
Afterwards the contribution to the total illuminance at a point in a building is
calculated for each sky patch individually. The key advantage of using a daylight
coefficient approach is that once the daylight coefficients for all segments of the sky
have been calculated for a reference point, the illuminance or luminance at the
reference point can be calculated within seconds for any possible sky condition by
combing the daylight coefficients with the luminous distribution of the sky. The
luminances of individual sky patches for a given sky condition can be calculated by
using the Perez sky model, where direct and diffuse irradiances (firstly imported from

Energy Plus climate files and converted from 1 hour series down to 1 minute time
series using a stochastic autocorrelation model) are converted into direct and diffuse
illuminances and then into a series of sky luminous distributions of celestial
hemisphere for all sky conditions of the year.
The Perez all weather sky luminance model has been developed in the early nineties
by Richard Perez and requires date, time, site and direct and diffuse irradiance values
to calculate the sky luminous distribution for a given sky condition. The model
consists of two independent models:
- The Perez luminous efficacy model calculates the mean luminous efficacy
of the diffuse and the direct sunlight for a considered sky condition. Input parameters
are the solar zenith angle, solar altitude, direct and diffuse illuminances as well as the
atmospheric precipitable water content.
- The Perez sky luminous distribution model yields the sky luminous distribution
based on date, time, direct and diffuse illuminances. The model comprises five
parameters which influence the darkening or brightening of the horizon, the
luminance gradient near the horizon, the relative intensity of the circumsolar
region, the width of the circumsolar region and the relative intensity of light backscattered from the earths surface. The inlet below shows the same bright overcast sky
conditioned for Freiburg, Germany on January 1st at 10AM modeled with Perez and
CIE overcast.

[2]
The comparison of the two sky conditions reveals the superiority of the Perez sky
model compared to the CIE model. While the former distinguishes between dark
and bright overcast skies and provides some details in the sky luminous
distribution, the CIE overcast sky is rotationally invariant. The correct modeling of
overcast skies is a crucial quality aspect of a sky model, as in many densely
populated areas worldwide more than half of all appearing sky conditions are
overcast. For very dark or bright sky conditions the Perez sky model reduces to the
CIE overcast or clear sky. [2]
User behaviour model
Daylighting energy savings depend not only on the annual daylight available in a
building (which can be predicted with a high accuracy, using the Radiance raytracing
algorithm and the Perez sky model, providing building geometry and optical surface
properties are known) but also on when and how occupants use their blinds and
lighting controls, such as light switches, dimmers and venetian blinds over the course
of the year to adapt to changing indoor environmental conditions.
This is simulated by a unique feature of the Daysim - a user behavior control model
called Lightswitch. It combines annual illuminance profiles and occupancy profiles

with behavioural patterns that are based on field studies in buildings throughout the
Western world. A key finding from field studies on manual lighting and blind control
in commercial buildings is, that even though occupants behave differently, they use
their lighting and blind controls consciously and consistently. The finding that
occupants behave differently lead within Lightswitch to the development of four basic
user behaviour types, which approximate individual switching behaviours that have
been observed in field studies.

[2]
Input parameters are a description of the lighting control system (manual wall switch,
occupancy sensor, dimmer, etc), blind control (manual, automated) and the type of
occupant (energy-conscious/active or passive).
Based on the above, annual illuminance profiles are coupled with the occupancy
pattern, user behaviour model, choice of lighting control and shading devices by
Lightswitch. As a result we obtain predictions of electric lighting usage within a
building and overall annual lighting energy requirement. This can be further
optimised by choosing the Active, Mix or Passive behaviour, representing
different levels of users controlling activity.
BS EN-15193:2007, prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 169 Light and
lighting, has the status of European Standard and is used as part of the
implementation of the Energy Performance Buildings Directive in twenty eight
countries, including the United Kingdom.
EN-15193 CALCULATIONS FLOW CHART

1.1 MODEL
A comparison was conducted for identical room models taking special care to match
exactly the conditions of computer predictions and calculations.
DIMENSIONS: A 11.0 x 7.2m room has been chosen as a reference model, with 5.7 x
1.85m window opening at 0.85m above floor level to achieve the Daylight Factor
from practically zero to its maximum values. Two positions of the window were
investigated: Front and Side, to compare computer-generated results with the mean
value of daylight penetration conditions.
MATERIALS: Reflectance of materials used in the model is similar to the typical
values:
Ceiling reflectance = 80%; Wall reflectance = 50%; Floor reflectance = 30%;
Window transmittance = 0.72
Position of sensors has been derived from Daylight Factor calculations, checked
independently for the Front and Side options (see Appendix A for details) to
choose the better scenario (the aim was to locate the sensors further from the
window, to place them in the darker rather than lighter area to avoid turning the
lights on too late and turning them off too early). Sensors were introduced within the
2-5% Daylight Factor zone (furthest extends marked with white lines in the pictures
of Appendix A) and then in the rear of the room. Two sensors have been removed
from the Side lit option (comparing to the Front lit one), as they were too close to
the window and would cause misleading results.
1.2 CONDITIONS
Some environmental / location conditions needed to be established, to make sure that
they are the same in each case:
location London latitude 51.4 degrees
facade opening only (roof light excluded)
no overhangs, no vertical fins, no courtyard or atrium, no double facade, no other
linear obstructions (resulting in obstruction index Io =1)
1.3 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
For the purpose of computer simulations appropriate models have been created using
ECOTECT software. Models have been exported to DAYSIM and after loading
annual weather file data from Energy Plus database [5] and processing daylighting
simulation (see Appendices D and E for details) it was ready to be analyzed. With
minimum illuminance levels of 300, 500 and 750lx with each of six lighting control
scenarios were investigated. Additional simulations were conducted with the
Passive, Mix and Active lighting user behaviour sets (for 500 lx lighting level
only).
The setup screen of the simulation software with the available options is shown
below:

Note: An arrival time of 8.50 corresponds to 8.30 AM and departure time of 17.50 to
5.30 PM
Daysim has implemented a non-changeable model to calculate break times, where it is
assumed that If the working day is longer than 6 hours, the user leaves for two 15
minute breaks and a 60 minute lunch break[2]. To keep time values close to the 8
hour-work-day, it has been assumed that working time starts earlier than usual and
ends later to achieve 7 hours efficient work-time. Exact values used during
simulations are shown in the chapter 1.3 table.
Installed Lighting Power Density has been delivered from DIALUX lighting design
(Appendix B).
Zone Size reflects room area in square meters.
Blind Use and Blind Control options were not changed (assumed as Passive and
Static respectively) as there was no shading device taken into consideration in the
calculations.
DAYSIMs Lighting Control scenarios:
This describes the type of lighting system installed in the office. The following are
supported:

Name

Description

1-Manual
ON/OFF
switch near the
door (reference
system)

This lighting system corresponds to a standard manually

controlled electric lighting system with a single on/off switch near
the door. According to chapter 27 of The Lighting Handbook
(2000) of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,
this is the reference system relative to which the energy savings
potential of automated controls should be expressed.

2-Switch OFF
occupancy
sensor energyefficient (off
only)
occupancy
sensor

This lighting system corresponds to the reference lighting system

combined with a perfectly located occupancy sensor with a userspecified switch-off delay time. The lighting system can only be
activated manually through the switch. It is switched off either
manually by the user or automatically by the occupancy sensor.
The occupancy sensor permanently consumes standby power
of 3W.

3-Switch
ON/OFF
occupancy
sensor

This lighting system corresponds to an automatically controlled

lighting system with an ideally located occupancy sensor with a
user-specified switch-off delay time. The occupancy sensor is
permanently in standby mode and activates the lighting whenever
occupancy is detected. The occupancy sensor permanently
consumes standby power of 3W.

4-Photosensorcontrolled
dimming
system

This lighting system corresponds to an ideally commissioned,

photosensor-controlled, dimmed lighting system. The photocell
dims the activated lighting until the total work plane illuminance
(daylight and electric light) reaches the minimum illuminance
threshold. At the minimum lighting output of 1% the system
consumes 15% of its full electric power. The lighting is manually
activated via a single on/off switch near the door. The photocell
consumes standby power of 2W.

5-Combination
switch OFF
occupancy and
dimming
system
(dimmed
lighting system
with an energyefficient
occupancy
sensor)

This lighting system corresponds to an ideally commissioned,

photosensor-controlled, dimmed lighting system combined with
an on/off switch and a perfectly located occupancy sensor. The
occupancy sensor has a user-specified switch-off delay time. The
photocell dims the activated lighting until the total work plane
illuminance (daylight and electric light) reaches the minimum
illuminance threshold. At the minimum lighting output of 1% the
system consumes 15% of its full electric power. The lighting
system can only be activated manually through the switch. It is
switched off either manually by the user or automatically by the
occupancy sensor. The lighting control module consumes standby
power of 5W when the lighting system is switched on.

6-Combination
ON/OFF
occupancy and
dimming
system
[4]

Respectively as above

Standby power consumed is different for each scenario. With manual control parasitic
power consumption does not occur at all. The occupancy sensor permanently
consumes 3W. The dimming system depletes 2W when the light is on. Combination
of the above solutions results in combined power consumption.
1.4 EN-15193 CALCULATIONS
According to EN-15193[6], the measure of energy required for lighting in a specific
area is the LENI indicator. The total energy required for lighting is the sum of
luminaires consumption and parasitic consumption, as below:
LENI = W/A [kWh/(m2x year)]
Wt = WL,t+ WP,t [kWh]

, where:

LENI Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator, numeric indicator of the total annual
lighting energy required in the building
Wt total energy used for lighting in a period t in a room or zone
WL,t energy consumption used for illumination required in a period t in a room or
zone
WP,t parasitic energy consumption required in a period t to charge circuit of
emergency lighting luminaires and for standby energy for lighting controls in the
building
A useful area inside the outer walls excluding non-habitable and un-illuminated
spaces =79.2[m2]
C A LC U LA TIO N S O F P A R A S IT IC P O W ER (W P ,t)
WP,t ={PPC*[ ty (tD + tN)]}+( Pem* te)}/1000 [kWh],

,where:

WP,t luminaire parasitic energy consumption

PPC total installed parasitic power of the controls in the room or zone
Pem total installed charging power of emergency lighting luminaires in the room or
zone
ty time taken for one standard year to pass, taken as 8760 [h]
tD operating hours during the daylight time, measured in hours [h]
tN operating hours during the non-daylight time, measured in hours [h]
ty= 24[h]*365=8760[h];
Pem=0

PPC, tD and tN as per Daysim values;

S C EN A R IO [1] WP,t = {0 x [8760-(2182+242)]}/1000 = 0 [kWh]

S C EN A R IO [2] WP,t = {3 x 8760}/1000 = 26.28 [kWh]
S C EN A R IO [3] WP,t = {3 x 8760}/1000 = 26.28 [kWh]

S C EN A R IO [4] WP,t = {2 x (2182+242)}/1000 = 4.848 [kWh]

S C EN A R IO [5]=[2]+[4] WP,t = 26.28 + 4.848 = 31.128 [kWh]
S C EN A R IO [6]=[3]+[4] WP,t = 26.28 + 4.848 = 31.128 [kWh]
C A LC U LA TIO N S O F E N ER G Y C O N S U M P TIO N F O R I L LU M IN A TIO N (W L ,t)
Total energy used for lighting WL,t has been calculated from the formula as below:
WL,t ={(Pn* FC)*[(tD*FO* FD)+( tN* FO)]}/1000 [kWh] , where:
Pn total installed lighting power in the room or zone
FC constant illuminance factor
FO occupancy dependency factor
FD daylight dependency factor
tD daylight time usage [h]
tN non-daylight time usage [h]
Three cases (300 lx, 500 lx and 750 lx maintained within the room) were examined
with both the Front and Side window location to investigate whether that
influences the results obtained.
Six further options were calculated for each luminance maintained, to obtain results
for each DAYSIMs scenario (depending on manual or automatic ON/OFF lighting
control switch and dimming sensor used refer to the Computer Simulation chapter
for details on each scenario).
Results are shown in the table below:
EN15193
300lux(1)
300lux(2)
300lux(3)
300lux(4)
300lux(5)
300lux(6)
500lux(1)
500lux(2)
500lux(3)
500lux(4)
500lux(5)
500lux(6)
750lux(1)
750lux(2)
750lux(3)
750lux(4)
750lux(5)
750lux(6)

tO
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806
1806

PN
864
864
864
864
864
864
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1728
1728
1728
1728
1728
1728

FC
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95

tD
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626
1626

FO
1
0.8
0.9
1
0.8
0.9
1
0.8
0.9
1
0.8
0.9
1
0.8
0.9
1
0.8
0.9

FD
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.61
0.61
0.61

tN
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180

WL
1176.13
940.90
1058.51
696.35
557.08
626.72
1634.23
1307.38
1470.80
1098.02
878.41
988.22
2563.00
2050.40
2306.70
1933.62
1546.89
1740.26

Wp
0
26.28
26.28
4.848
31.128
31.128
0
26.28
26.28
4.848
31.128
31.128
0
26.28
26.28
4.848
31.128
31.128

Wt=L+P LENI
1176.13 14.85
967.18 12.21
1084.79 13.70
701.20
8.85
588.21
7.43
657.84
8.31
1634.23 20.63
1333.66 16.84
1497.08 18.90
1102.86 13.93
909.54 11.48
1019.34 12.87
2563.00 32.36
2076.68 26.22
2332.98 29.46
1938.47 24.48
1578.02 19.92
1771.38 22.37

In order to achieve maximum consistency with computer simulations, the total

occupancy time tO is matching the values generated by computer (provided in
Daysims reports). Non-daylight time usage (tN) has been assumed as per EN-15193
default values tN = 0.1x tO
Daylight time usage tD= tO tN
Total installed lighting power (Pn) has been gained from DIALUX simulations (the
same values were introduced during DAYSIMs calculations). This value is constant
within each lighting category.
Constant illuminance factor (FC) is related to the changes of input power over the
maintained time and thus was assumed as constant and equal to 0.95.
Occupancy factor (FO) is dependent on the existence of automatic controls sensing the
presence within the space. With the absence factor for an open office room FA = 0.2,
the occupancy factor is expressed as FO = FOC + 0.2 FA
FO values as a function of different control systems are then shown in the table. It was
important to match each DAYSIM scenario with the relevant coefficient (refer to the
next chapter Computer Simulation for details of each scenario).

[6]
Daylight dependency factor (FD) is related to the room and window geometry and lux
level inside. The presence of a daylight-dependent lighting control system is important
as well, that is why the values differ between 300, 500 and 750 lx scenarios and
through no 1 to 6.
For details of how the FD factor was calculated please refer to Appendix C.
2. RESULTS
The DAYSIM software simulations were conducted for side and front lit room and
then averaged (refer to Appendix D for details). They were considered as reference
when compared to the results of EN 15193 calculations, the difference () was
calculated, graphs and charts were created.

10

2.1 TABLES
Influence of luminance maintained:
300lux 500lux 750lux

1
2
3
4
5
6

EN15193_300lx DAYSIM-300MIX
Wt
'LENI' Wt
LENI
[%]
1176.1
14.85
1450.85
18.3 -23.23
967.2
12.21
1066
13.45 -10.14
1084.8
13.70
1651.9
20.9 -52.59
701.2
8.85
708.8
8.95 -1.09
588.2
7.43
534.3
6.75
9.11
657.8
8.31
768.5
9.7 -16.78

1
2
3
4
5
6

EN15193_500lx DAYSIM-500MIX
LENI
[%]
Wt
'LENI' Wt
1634.2
20.63
1930.7
24.4 -18.25
1333.7
16.84
1419.9
17.95 -6.60
1497.1
18.90
2195.9
27.7 -46.54
1102.9
13.93
1192.1
15.05 -8.08
909.5
11.48
883.55
11.15
2.91
1019.3
12.87
1283.75
16.2 -25.87

1
2
3
4
5
6

EN15193_750lx DAYSIM-750MIX
LENI
[%]
Wt
'LENI' Wt
2563.0
32.36
2901.75
36.6 -13.10
2076.7
26.22
2127
26.85 -2.40
2333.0
29.46
3283.9
41.5 -40.88
1938.5
24.48
2119.15
26.75 -9.29
1578.0
19.92
1560.15
19.7
1.13
1771.4
22.37
2302.1
29.05 -29.88

Influence of user behaviour:

PASSIVE MIX ACTIVE
DAYSIM_PASSIVE
Wt
LENI
2743.8
34.6
2176
27.5
2195.9
27.7
1564.4
19.75
1241.2
15.65
1283.75
16.2

[%]
-67.68
-63.31
-46.54
-41.83
-36.28
-25.87

1
2
3
4
5
6

EN15193_500lx
Wt
'LENI'
1634.2
20.63
1333.7
16.84
1497.1
18.90
1102.9
13.93
909.5
11.48
1019.3
12.87

1
2
3
4
5
6

EN15193_500lx DAYSIM_MIX
Wt
'LENI' Wt
LENI [%]
1634.2
20.63 1930.7
24.4 -18.25
1333.7
16.84 1419.9 17.95 -6.60
1497.1
18.90 2195.9
27.7 -46.54
1102.9
13.93 1192.1 15.05 -8.08
909.5
11.48 883.55 11.15
2.91
1019.3
12.87 1283.75
16.2 -25.87

11

1
2
3
4
5
6

EN15193_500lx
Wt
'LENI'
1634.2
20.63
1333.7
16.84
1497.1
18.90
1102.9
13.93
909.5
11.48
1019.3
12.87

DAYSIM_ACTIVE
Wt
LENI
1125.8
14.2
664.2
8.35
2195.9
27.7
828.15
10.45
526.3
6.65
1283.75
16.2

[%]
31.18
50.41
-46.54
24.96
42.09
-25.87

2.2 GRAPHS
2.2.1 Comparison of 300, 500 and 750lx luminance maintained (MIX user
behaviour)

Wt - Total Energy for Lightning per

year (kWh)

- Total Energy for Lightning 3000

3000

2000

2000

300lx - 500lx - 750lx

luminance compared
DAYSIM vs EN-15193

Daysim 300lx (MIX)

1000

1000

Daysim - 500lx (MIX)

Daysim - 750lx (MIX)
EN-15193 (300lx)
EN-15193 (500lx)

0
1

EN-15193 (750lx)

2.2.2 ACTIVEMIXPASSIVE user behaviours compared (500lx luminance

maintained)

12

3000

50

2000

40

1000

30

20

-1000

10

ACTIVE - MIX - PASSIVE

user compared
Wt - Total Energy for
Lightning per year (kWh)

Total Annual Lightning

Energy Reguired per sqm
(kWh/m2 year)

60

-2000

DAYSIM vs EN-15193
( 500 lx )
Daysim (PASSIVE)
Daysim (MIX)
Daysim (ACTIVE)
Wt (Daysim - PASSIVE)
Wt (Daysim - MIX)
Wt (Daysim - ACTIVE)
Wt (EN-15193)
EN-15193

-3000
1

Wt - Total Energy for Lightning

per year (kWh)

2.2.3 FRONT and SIDE lit room compared (ActiveMixPassive user behaviour)
3000

3000

2500

2500

2000

2000

1500

1500

- Total Energy for Lightning ACTIVE - MIX - PASSIVE user

FRONT & SIDE lit room
compared
DAYSIM vs EN-15193 ( 500 lx )
Daysim - Passive (FRONT)

1000

1000

Daysim - Mix (FRONT)

Daysim - Active (FRONT)

500

500

Daysim - Passive (SIDE)

Daysim - Mix (SIDE)
Daysim - Active (SIDE)

0
1

EN-15193 (500lx)

2.3 COMMENTS
General trends
Lighting Energy required per year and Total Annual Energy Required per square
meter are proportional, as the second value comes from the first one divided by the
number of square meters in the zone (refer to graph 2.2.3).
Generally speaking, predictions of European Norm are in most cases lower comparing
to Daysim simulations. Deviation spans between 1 up to 52% of the values predicted
by the EN.
Higher Norm results appear in only three out of eighteen cases, but difference is not
significant from 1% up to 9%. This relates to scenario 5 only (OFF occupancy and
dimming).

13

If we treat the difference up to 10% of EN calculations as not significant we can

state that EN-15193 predictions match with only half of Daysim results. This
substantial difference - more than 10% of the value predicted by the EN relates to
Manual and Fully Automatic modes only (1, 3 & 6).
The biggest difference between EN-15193 predictions and DAYSIM simulations
arises for scenarios 3 and 6. It reaches approximately half (50%) and a quarter (25%)
of total energy needs predicted by EN. As these are fully automatic modes,
anticipated power consumption does not depend on the user behaviour profile (refer to
graph 2.2.3), but when dimming device installed like in scenario 6 it depends on
window location.
Illuminance influence (graph 2.2.1)
Changing level of illuminance maintained has no effect on relation between Daysim
and EN15193 results. The smaller value remains smaller through all the illuminance
range. Similarly higher value remains higher with any illuminance maintained.
Illuminance level does influence how big the difference between EN predictions and
Daysim simulation is, but this change in varies way.
This difference reduces with increased illuminance in scenario 1 (Manual ON/OFF)
and 3 (ON/OFF occupancy sensor) and 5 (OFF occupancy and Dimming) from 23%
to 13%, 52% to 41% and 9% to 1% respectively.
In opposite way, the difference grows up with increased illuminance for scenario 4
(Dimming) and 6 (ON/OFF occupancy and Dimming) from 1% to 9% and 17% to
almost 30% of the value predicted by the EN respectively.
User behaviour influence (graph 2.2.2)
EN 15193 calculations are closest to MIX user behaviour of Daysim simulations
within all the relevant cases (scenarios 3 and 6 fully automated ones are excluded,
as they result in exactly the same values for all types of behaviour).
Side and Front window location influence (graph 2.2.3 and Appendix E)
The difference between side and front window location in Daysim predictions is not
significant when in Manual or OFF Occupancy Sensor mode (1or 2). It even
equals zero when in fully automatic ON/OFF Occupancy mode, what makes sense,
as the lighting depends entirely on occupancy pattern then. It becomes more
significant in all Dimming modes (4, 5 and 6) as in these cases the energy for
lighting strictly depends on interior daylight conditions.
It seems that side window simulations are closer to EN predictions as it is true in four
out of five scenarios (excluding ON/OFF Occupancy one - when results for both
window locations are equal).
The difference is not constant in value.
3. SUMMARY
Comparing the results within the Manual category only, we can see a huge
difference between the PASSIVE and ACTIVE user behaviour cases the total

14

energy usage predicted differs by approximately half/double (depending on which one

is the reference). It shows that just changing our habits and being active about light
switching could result in significant lighting energy savings. More interestingly, that
could be achieved with no extra expenditure on additional devices or lighting system
upgrades and would be more effective as well (refer to graph 2.2.4).
EN calculations of Total Energy Required are usually lower in comparison to Daysim
results. The difference is significant in fully automatic modes (3 - ON/OFF
occupancy sensor and 6- ON/OFF occupancy sensor and Dimming), reaching
approximately 50% and 25% of EN predictions respectively.
EN overestimates energy savings, especially in fully automatic modes. In reality (as
Daysim logarithms were developed from field studies results) the advantage of using
automatic control devices is significantly lower. It is worth mentioning that software
relates to ideally maintained and commissioned lighting systems, what is quite rare in
real life buildings, so the possible savings become usually much smaller from
simulated here.

4. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
R O O M S IZ E , S E N S O R L O C A TIO N S
C A LC U LA TIO N S

10
AND

D A Y S IM D A Y LIG H T F A C TO R

APPENDIX B
A R TI F IC IA L L IG H T IN G D E TA ILS F O R 300, 500
M A IN TA IN E D

11
AND

750 LX L U M I N A N C E

APPENDIX C
C A LC U LA TIO N S O F D A Y LIG H T D EP EN D E N C Y F A C TO R (F D )

13

APPENDIX D
DAYSIM S IM U LA TIO N P A R A M E TE R S

17

APPENDIX E
DAYSIM S IM U LA TIO N S C A LC U LA T IO N S

18
O F TH E

A V ER A G E

15

APPENDIX A
R O O M S IZ E , S E N S O R L O C A TIO N S A N D D A Y S IM D A Y LIG H T F A C TO R
C A LC U LA TIO N S

16

APPENDIX B
A R TI F IC IA L L IG H T IN G D E TA ILS F O R 300, 500 AND 750lx L U M IN A N C E
M A IN TA IN E D
Luminaire Data Sheet: Thorn 96202400 Diffusalux II G 2x36w HF PS OP [STD]

- 300 lux

17

- 500 lux

- 750 lux

18

APPENDIX C
C A LC U LA TIO N S O F D A Y LIG H T D EP EN D E N C Y F A C TO R (F D )
Daylight Dependency Factor is calculated according to the chart below:

[6]
According to the above, if we do not specify monthly values of the factor, it is
calculated from the formula as below:
FD = 1 FDS x FDC

19

O B S TR U C TIO N I N D E X
As we noted earlier, with no overhangs, vertical fins, atrium or courtyard, double
facade or any other linear obstructions Io =1
T R A N S P A R EN C Y I N D E X
IT = AC / AD , where:
AC area of facade opening W x H = 5.7 x 1.85 = 10.545 [m2]
AD total area of horizontal work planes benefiting from natural daylight [m2]
AD = aD x bD
, where aD and bD are specified as below:
a) FRONT LIT ROOM

[6]
aD max = 2.5 x (hLi hTa) = 2.5 x (2.7 0.85) = 4.625
bD = 7.2
AD = aD x bD = 4.625 x 7.2 = 33.3
IT = 5.7x1.85 / 33.12 = 10.545 /33.12 = 0.3167
b) SIDE LIT ROOM

[6]

20

aD max = 2.5 x (hLi hTa) = 2.5 x (2.7 0.85) = 4.625

bD = 5.7 + 2x 0.25 x 4.625 = 5.7 + 1.15 = 8.0125
AD = aD x bD = 4.625 x 8.0125 = 37.058
IT = 5.7x1.85 / 37.058 = 10.545 /37.058 = 0.2845
D E P TH I N D E X (IDE)
IDE = aD /(hLi hTa) = 4.625 / (2.7 0.85) = 2.5
D A Y LIG H T P E N E TR A T IO N (D)
D = DC xD65 x k1 x k2 x k3

, where:

D daylight factor of the zone [%]

D65 direct hemispherical transmission of fenestration (for double glazing = 0.82)
k1 factor accounting for frame of fenestration system (typically = 0.7)
k2 factor accounting for dirt on glazing (typically = 0.8)
k3 factor accounting for not normal light incidence on the facade (typically = 0.85)
DC daylight factor for carcass facade opening [%], where:
DC = ( + 20 x IT 1.36 x IDE ) x IO
a) FRONT LIT ROOM
DC = (3.14 + 20 x 0.3167 1.36 x 2.5) x 1 = 6.07
D = 6.07 x 0.82 x 0.7 x 0.8 x 0.85
= 2.37
b) SIDE LIT ROOM
DC = (3.14 + 20 x 0.2845 1.36 x 2.5) x1 = 5.43
D = 5.43 x 0.82 x 0.7 x 0.8 x 0.85 = 2.12
Depending on DC and D values, we can establish daylight penetration within the zone
from the table below:

[6]
MEDIUM daylight penetration conditions should be assumed.
D A Y LIG H T S U P P LY F A C TO R (F D S )

21

[6]
According to the table above, and the formula below it is possible now to calculate
Daylight Supply Factor FDS for any maintained illuminance condition required
(results follow in the table below).
FDS = a +b x SITE
, where: SITE = 51.4
D A Y LIG H T D EP E N D EN T A R TI F IC IA L L IG H T I N G C O N TR O L F A C TO R (F D C )
This factor depends on daylight penetration within the zone and type of lighting
control used.
Its value is taken from table below:

[6]
The table below shows the parameters used and the final values of the Daylight
Dependency Factor (FD = 1 FDS x FDC)
Scenario
300lux(1)
300lux(2)
300lux(3)
300lux(4)
300lux(5)
300lux(6)
500lux(1)
500lux(2)
500lux(3)
500lux(4)
500lux(5)
500lux(6)
750lux(1)
750lux(2)

a
1.3097
1.3097
1.3097
1.3097
1.3097
1.3097
1.2425
1.2425
1.2425
1.2425
1.2425
1.2425
1.0054
1.0054

b
Latitude
FDS
FDC
FD
-0.0106
51.4
0.76486 0.3 0.770542
-0.0106
51.4
0.76486 0.3 0.770542
-0.0106
51.4
0.76486 0.3 0.770542
-0.0106
51.4
0.76486 0.77 0.411058
-0.0106
51.4
0.76486 0.77 0.411058
-0.0106
51.4
0.76486 0.77 0.411058
-0.0117
51.4
0.64112 0.3 0.807664
-0.0117
51.4
0.64112 0.3 0.807664
-0.0117
51.4
0.64112 0.3 0.807664
-0.0117
51.4
0.64112 0.77 0.506338
-0.0117
51.4
0.64112 0.77 0.506338
-0.0117
51.4
0.64112 0.77 0.506338
-0.0098
51.4
0.50168 0.3 0.849496
-0.0098
51.4
0.50168 0.3 0.849496

22

750lux(3)
750lux(4)
750lux(5)
750lux(6)

1.0054
1.0054
1.0054
1.0054

-0.0098
-0.0098
-0.0098
-0.0098

51.4
51.4
51.4
51.4

0.50168 0.3 0.849496

0.50168 0.77 0.613706
0.50168 0.77 0.613706
0.50168 0.77 0.613706

APPENDIX D

DAYSIM S I M U L A T I O N P AR A M E TE R S

-ab N
Set the number of ambient bounces to N. This is the maximum number of diffuse
bounces computed by the indirect calculation. A value of 0 implies no indirect
calculation.
-ad N
Set the number of ambient divisions to N. The error in the Monte Carlo calculation of
indirect illuminance will be inversely proportional to the square root of this number.
A value of 0 implies no indirect calculation.
-as N
Set the number of ambient super-samples to N. Super-samples are applied only to the
ambient divisions which show a significant change.
-ar res
Set the ambient resolution to res. This number will determine the maximum density of
ambient values used in interpolation. Error will start to increase on surfaces spaced
closer than the scene size divided by the ambient resolution. The maximum ambient
value density is the scene size times the ambient accuracy (see the -aa option below)
divided by the ambient resolution. The scene size can be determined using getinfo(1)
with the -d option on the input octree.
-aa acc
Set the ambient accuracy to acc. This value will approximately equal the error from
indirect illuminance interpolation. A value of 0 implies no interpolation.
-lr N
Limit reflections to a maximum of N.
-st frac
Set the specular sampling threshold to frac. This is the minimum fraction of reflection
or transmission, under which no specular sampling is performed. A value of 0
means that highlights will always be sampled by tracing reflected or transmitted rays.
A value of 1 means that specular sampling is never used. Highlights from light
sources will always be correct, but reflections from other surfaces will be
approximated using an ambient value. A sampling threshold between 0 and 1
offers a compromise between image accuracy and rendering time.
-sj frac
Set the specular sampling jitter to frac. This is the degree to which the highlights are
sampled for rough specular materials. A value of 1 means that all highlights will be

23

fully sampled using distributed ray tracing. A value of 0 means that no jittering will
take place, and all reflections will appear sharp even when they should be diffuse.
-lw frac
Limit the weight of each ray to a minimum of frac. During ray-tracing, a record is
kept of the final contribution a ray would have to the image. If it is less then the
specified minimum, the ray is not traced.
-dr N
Set the number of relays for secondary sources to N. A value of 0 means that
secondary sources will be ignored. A value of 1 means that sources will be made
into first generation secondary sources; a value of 2 means that first generation
secondary sources will also be made into second generation secondary sources, and so
on.
-ds frac
Set the direct sampling ratio to frac. A light source will be subdivided until the width
of each sample area divided by the distance to the illuminated point is below this
ratio. This assures accuracy in regions close to large area sources at a slight
computational expense. A value of 0 turns source subdivision off, sending at most
one shadow ray to each light source.
-dr N
Set the number of relays for secondary sources to N. A value of 0 means that
secondary sources will be ignored. A value of 1 means that sources will be made into
first generation secondary sources; a value of 2 means that first generation secondary
sources will also be made into second generation secondary sources, and so on.
-dp D
Set the secondary source presampling density to D. This is the number of samples per
steradian that will be used to determine ahead of time whether or not it is worth
following shadow rays through all the reflections and/or transmissions associated with
a secondary source path. A value of 0 means that the full secondary source path will
always be tested for shadows if it is tested at all.
APPENDIX E
DAYSIM S IM U LA TIO N S C A LC U LA T IO N S
FRONT
Wt
LENI
1482.4 18.7
1094.3 13.8
1651.9 20.9
785.6
9.9
591.8
7.5
836.5 10.6

SIDE_300mix
Wt
LENI
1419.3 17.9
1037.7 13.1
1651.9 20.9
632
8
476.8
6
700.5
8.8

AVERAGE
Wt
LENI
1450.85
18.3
1066 13.45
1651.9
20.9
708.8
8.95
534.3
6.75
768.5
9.7

FRONT
Wt
LENI
1972.5 24.9
1457.5 18.4
2195.9 27.7
1324.6 16.7
980.7 12.4
1405.3 17.7

SIDE_500mix
Wt
LENI
1888.9 23.9
1382.3 17.5
2195.9 27.7
1059.6 13.4
786.4
9.9
1162.2 14.7

AVERAGE
Wt
LENI
1930.7
24.4
1419.9 17.95
2195.9
27.7
1192.1 15.05
883.55 11.15
1283.75
16.2

FRONT
Wt
LENI
2964.8 37.4
2183.4 27.6

SIDE_750mix
Wt
LENI
2838.7 35.8
2070.6 26.1

AVERAGE
Wt
LENI
2901.75
36.6
2127 26.85

O F TH E

A V ER A G E

24

3283.9
2282
1678.7
2431.6

41.5
28.8
21.2
30.7

3283.9
1956.3
1441.6
2172.6

FRONT_500pass
Wt
LENI
2743.8
34.6
2176
27.5
2195.9
27.7
1730.4
21.8
1365.2
17.2
1405.3
17.7
FRONT_500mix
Wt
LENI
1972.5
24.9
1457.5
18.4
2195.9
27.7
1324.6
16.7
980.7
12.4
1405.3
17.7
FRONT_500activ
Wt
LENI
1228.3
15.5
739.4
9.3
2195.9
27.7
942.7
11.9
596.6
7.5
1405.3
17.7

41.5
24.7
18.2
27.4

3283.9
2119.15
1560.15
2302.1

SIDE_500pass
Wt
LENI
2743.8
34.6
2176
27.5
2195.9
27.7
1398.4
17.7
1117.2
14.1
1162.2
14.7
SIDE_500mix
Wt
LENI
1888.9
23.9
1382.3
17.5
2195.9
27.7
1059.6
13.4
786.4
9.9
1162.2
14.7
SIDE_500activ
Wt
LENI
1023.3
12.9
589
7.4
2195.9
27.7
713.6
9
456
5.8
1162.2
14.7

41.5
26.75
19.7
29.05

AVERAGE
Wt
LENI
2743.8
34.6
2176
27.5
2195.9
27.7
1564.4 19.75
1241.2 15.65
1283.75
16.2
AVERAGE
Wt
LENI
1930.7
24.4
1419.9 17.95
2195.9
27.7
1192.1 15.05
883.55 11.15
1283.75
16.2
AVERAGE
Wt
LENI
1125.8
14.2
664.2
8.35
2195.9
27.7
828.15 10.45
526.3
6.65
1283.75
16.2

25

REFERENCES:
[1] Richard G. Mistrick, 2000, Desktop Radiance Overview, The Pennsylvania
State University
[2] Christoph F. Reinhart, 2006, Tutorial on the Use of Daysim Simulations for
Sustainable Design, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research
Council, Ottawa, Canada,
[4] DAYSIMs help glossary
[5] http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data.cfm
[6] BS EN 15193:2007 Energy requirements for lighting

26