OMEGA TUITION CENTRE, JOHOR BAHRU

Name of student: _________________________

Murti

Teachers name : Sumathi

Class

: F5(Science)
Lesson no
: 28
Date
: 20/7/2016(Wed)
Time
: 3.45-5.45pm
REVISION FORM 4
CHAPTER 7: LIGHT, COLOUR AND SIGHT
7.1 Formation of images
A. Formation of Images by Plane Mirrors
Image formed by a plane mirror are caused by reflection of light from the mirror
surface.
The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror are:
1. Virtual
2. Inversed laterally
3. Upright
4. Same size as the object
5. Image distance and object distance from the plane mirror are the same
B. Formation of Images by Lenses
Convex lens

Concave lens

Type of lens

Biconvex lens

Biconcave lens

Role

Converges light rays that

passes through it
- For a distant object: The
image formed is real, inverted
and smaller than the object.
- For a near object: The image
formed is virtual, upright and

Diverges light rays that passes

through it
- Image formed is virtual,
upright and diminished

Characteristics of images

bigger than the object.

C. Ray Diagrams
Ray diagram: A diagram which shows the paths of light rays passing through a lens.

Object distance (u): The distance between object and optical centre.

Image distance (v): The distance between image and optical centre.

For convex lens: Light rays that are parallel with the principle axis will converge at
the focal point behind the lens.
For concave lens: Light rays that are parallel to the principle axis will diverge after
passing through the lens causing the focal point to be placed in front of the lens.

D. Construction of Ray Diagrams

All rays from the object should be drawn with solid lines with the directions marked.

Virtual rays should be drawn using broken lines.

Real images should be drawn with solid lines and virtual images should be drawn
using broken lines.

7.2 Formation of image by Optical Instrument

A. Optical Instrument
Optical
Explanation
Instrument
Periscope
- Used in submarines to look at objects on the water surface.
- Consist of two plane mirrors arranged parallel to one another at an angle of
45.
- Light rays from a distance object are incident to the surface of the first
mirror at an angle of 45. Then the rays are reflected to the second mirror at
the same angle.
- The second mirror reflects the light rays to the eyes of the observer.
- The image formed by a periscope is
a. Virtual
b. Upright
c. Same size as the object
d. At the same distance from the object
Magnifying - Used to observe small objects. The image formed is larger than the size of
glass
the object.
- Made of a biconvex lens.
- The image formed is
a. Virtual

b. Upright
c. Larger than the size of the object
Microscope - Used to observe tiny objects.
- Consist of two convex lenses (objective lens and eyepiece with a short focal
length)
- The objective lens forms an image which is
a. Real
b. Inverted
c. Larger than the size of the object
- The eyepiece acts as magnifying glass to enlarge the image formed by the
objective lens. Final image formed is
a. Virtual
b. Inverted
c. Enlarge
Telescope

Camera

- Used to look at distant objects.

- Consist of two convex lenses (objective lens and eyepiece)
- The objective lens has a long focal point
- The eyepiece has a short focal point
- A distant object is focused by the objective lens and forms an image at the
focal point. The image is
a. Real
b. Inverted
c. Smaller than the size of object
- The eyepiece acts as magnifying glass to enlarge the image formed by the
objective lens. Final image formed is
a. Virtual
b. Inverted
c. Larger than the size of object
- Consist of three main parts: Lens, Shutter and Film
- The lens focuses the image of an object onto the film. The lens is adjusted
by the focus adjuster either towards or away from the film to obtain a sharp
image of an object.
- Light rays that enter will pass through the diaphragm (changes the size of
the aperture to control the amount of light entering the lens.
- When the shutter opened, light falls onto the film. The length of time the
shutter is opened determines the amount of light reaching the film.
- The film which contains photosensitive chemicals will capture the image of
the object.
- The image on the film is real, inverted and smaller than the size of the
object.
Part of camera

Function

Lens (convex)
Aperture
Diaphragm
Focus adjuster
Shutter

Film

Focuses the image of a distant object on the film

Allows light to enter the camera
Control the camera aperture that allows light to enter
the camera
Adjust the lens by moving the lens inwards or outwards
of camera to enable a sharp image formed on film
Control the time of light that entering camera. The
aperture in front of film opened and then closed when
the camera button is pressed
Acts as a screen to receive an object image that is
captured on it

B. Comparison between Eye and Camera

7.3

Eye
Eye lens
Iris
Pupil
Ciliary body
Retina

Function
Focuses light to form an image
Control the size of aperture and
amount of light that enters
Allows light to enter
Changes the size of lens to obtain a
sharp image
Acts as a photosensitive layer to
capture image

Camera
Camera lens
Diaphragm
Aperture
Focus adjuster
Film

L
i
g
h
t

dispersion
A. Light Dispersion
A process in which white light is split into its colour constituents called spectrum
when it passes through a prism.
A spectrum consist seven colour in this order: RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN,
BLUE, INDIGO and VIOLET.
Light dispersion occurs because each colour constituents travels at different speed
through a prism.
Therefore the coloured lights are refracted at different angles.

Violet light is refracted more by a glass prism compared to red light which has a
longer wavelength. This is because violet light travels at the lowest speed.

B. Formation of Rainbow
A raindrop acts as prism.

A rainbow is formed when sunlight passes through raindrops. The sunlight is refracted
and dispersed into its colour constituent.

7.4 Light Scaterring

The earths atmosphere contains particles like gas molecules, vapour and dust.

When white light incidents these particles, light rays are obstructed and reflected.
These light rays scatter in all direction. This occurrence is called light scattering.
Light scattering is related to light colours. Blue light is scattered more compared to
red light. This is because blue light has a shorter wavelength.
Lights with shorter wavelengths are refracted more.

Example:
i.
The blue sky during the day
ii.
The red sky during sunset

7.5 Addition and Substraction of Coloured Lights

A. Addition of coloured lights
Primary colours
- Colours which cannot be obtained from mixing other colours.
- Red, Blue and Green.
Secondary colours
- Colours produced by adding primary colours.
- Yellow, Magenta and Cyan.
Primary colours + Secondary colours White light

Example: Yellow light + Blue light White light

B. Subtraction of coloured lights

Is the absorbtion of coloured lights by coloured filter

Coloured filter consist of primary and secondary filter.

Primary filter
- consist of red, green and blue filters.
- only allow lights of the same colour to pass through them.
- example: A green filter only allows green light to pass through it. Other
coloured lights are absorbed.
Secondary filter
- consist of yellow, magenta and cyan filter.
- allow lights of the same colours and primary colours that form them to pass
through them.
- example: A yellow filter allows yellow light and primary colours that form it,
namely red and green light, to pass through it.

7.5

Principle of Substraction of Coloured Lights to explain the Appearance of

Coloured Objects

An object of a primary colour (red, blue, green) only reflects light of the same
colour.
Example: A blue object only reflects blue light.
An object of a secondary colour (yellow, magenta, cyan) reflects light of the same
colour and the primary colours that form it.
Example: A magenta object reflects magenta, red and blue lights.
A white object appears white in white light because a white object reflects all
colours. No coloured lights are absorbed.
A black object appears black because all coloured light are absorbed by it. No
coloured light is reflected.
Absorption of light by coloured object is based on the principle of substraction of
coloured light.

Function of Rod Cells and Cone Cells in The Eye

The retina contains two types of cell that are sensitive to light stimulus:
a) Rod cells
- Sensitive to light of low intensity
- Not sensitive to colour
- Only a black and white image is produced
b) Cone cells
- Sensitive to light of high intensity to detect colour
- Three types: Each is sensitive to red, green and blue light

7.7 Effects of Mixing Pigments

A. Pigment and Their Uses
PIGMENT: Materials that absorb some colours of light and reflect other colours.
Field
Construction
Industry
Art
Food technology
Transportation

Use
In making paint
In making colour dye for cloth and textile
In making water colour and oil paint
In making food colouring
In making spray paints for vehicles

B. Effects of Mixing Pigment

The primary colour of pigments are red, blue and yellow.

Mixing pigments is based on the principle of substraction of coloured lights.

blue
green

violet
black

orange

yellow

red

Pigments are not pure as coloured lights. Pigments have the property of absorbing and
reflecting certain colours when shone on by white light.
Example: Blue pigment reflects violet, blue and green light.
When two pigments are mixed, the colour produced is the colour reflected by both
pigments.
Colour of pigment
Red + yellow
Cyan + yellow
Magenta + yellow
Blue + yellow
Magenta + yellow + cyan

Revision Exercise

Colour obtained
Orange
Green
Red
Green
Black

Structured Questions
Section A ( 5 marks each)
7.1 The Formation of Images by Plane Mirrors and Lenses
SPM 2008 Question 2
1.
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show an experiment to measure the focal
length of two convex lenses.

a) Measure and write down the focal length in Diagram 2.2.

___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
b) Observe Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2.
What is the difference between the focal lengths of the two convex lenses?
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
c) State one inference for this experiment.
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
d) State the variables in this experiment.
i) Constant variable
________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
ii)

Manipulated variable
________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

7.2 The Formation of Images of Optical Instruments

(SPM 2012 Question 2)

2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show an experiment to study the effect of
coloured filter on
white light.

a) Based on this experiment, state the colour of light observed on the white
screen. Write
down your answer in Table 2.
Diagram
Colour of light on the white screen
Diagram
2.1

Diagram
2.2
Table 2
[2 marks]
b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
c) State one manipulated variable in this experiment.
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

d) Predict the colour of light observed on the white screen if blue filter is
used.
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
7.5 The Addition and Substraction of Coloured Light
( SPM 2014 Question 2)
3. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show the coloured light seen on the white
screen when
two primary coloured lights are projected.

a) Bas
e
d

on Diagram 2.1, state the coloured light seen on the white screen.
_________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
b) State one inference based on the observation in 2(a).
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

c) Mark (/) in the boxes provided the responding variable in this experiment.

[1 mark]
d) Match the coloured light with the type of coloured light.

[1 mark]
e)
Based on Diagram 2.3, predict the coloured light M which can be seen
on the
white screen.
___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

Section B (6 marks each)

7.5 The Addition and Substraction of Coloured Light
SPM 2010 Question 7
4.

Diagram 7.1 shows three coloured lights projected on a white screen.

Diagram 7.1
a) Based on the coloured lights labelled in Diagram 7.1, state
i)
a primary colour
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
ii)

a secondary colour
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

b) What is the colour represented by Q?

_______________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

c) Diagram 7.2 shows a white light projected through a glass prism

In Diagram 7.2, write down the colours of light X and Y.

[2 marks]
d) A green filter is placed as shown in Diagram 7.3.

What colour is seen on the white screen?

_______________________________________________________________________[1
mark]
Section C (10 marks each)
7.1 The Formation of Images by Plane Mirrors and Lenses
SPM 2009 Question 10
5. Study the following statement.
The focal length of a convex length depends on the lens thickness
You are given one thick convex lens, one thin convex lens, a lens holder and a
white screen.
a) Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement
______________________________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark]
b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 4 (a) based on the
following criteria
i) Aim of the experiment
[1 mark]
ii) Identification of variables
[2 marks]
iii) List of apparatus and materials
[1 mark]
iv) Procedure or method
[4 marks]
v) Tabulation of data
[1 mark]

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
SPM 2013 Question 11
6. (a) Explain the process of light scattering.
Give two examples of natural phenomenon that occur due to light
scattering.
[4 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____
(b) A student carried out an experiment to form a virtual image by a convex
lens.
Explain how the student can form the virtual image based on the
arrangement of the apparatus shown in Diagram 11.
Your answer should include the following aspects:
i) Identification of problem
[1 mark]

ii) State the location of an object(at X or Y or Z)

[1 mark]

iii) Using an arrow ( ) as an object, draw a ray diagram to show the

formation of an image. Complete Diagram 11 to get your answer.
[2 marks]
iv) State two other characteristics of the image formed in 6( b) iii
[2 marks]
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________