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1) Nationalists talked of revolutions that would create nations where all citizens would have equal
right.
2) After 1815, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Italian nationalist, conspired with others to achieve this in Italy.
Q6. Why were socialists against the private property?
A6. Individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned only with
personal gain.
Q7. What ideas were given by people to form a socialist society?
A7.Some believed in the idea of cooperatives.
1) Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative
community called New Harmon in Indiana.
2) Other socialists felt that cooperatives could not be built on a wide scale; they demanded that
governments encourage cooperatives.
3) In France, for instance, Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the government to encourage
cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises.
4) These cooperatives were to be associations of people who produced goods together and divided
the profits according to the work done by members.
Q8. What were the ideas of Marx and Engels regarding socialism?
A8.Marx argued that industrial society was capitalist who owned the capital invested in factories, and the
profit of capitalist was produced by workers.
1) The conditions of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private
capitalists.
2) Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.
3) Marx believed that workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was
socially controlled.
4) He was convinced that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists.
Q9.List two difference between the capitalist and socialist ideas of private property.
A9. Socialist:-Property is owned by state.
Main aim of production is welfare of people.
Capitalist:-Property is owned by private individual.
Main aim of production is to earn profit.
Q10. Discuss the growth of socialism in Europe since 19 th century?
A10.By the 1870s, socialist ideas spread through Europe. To coordinate their efforts socialist formed an
international body namely, the Second International.
1) Workers in England and Germany began forming association to fight for better living and working
conditions.
2) In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party.
3) By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in
France.
About 85% of the Russian empires population earned their living from agriculture.
This population was higher than in most European countries.
In the empire, cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs.
The nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties.
They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (Mir) divided it according to the
needs of individual families.
Industry:1)
2)
3)
4)
Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St.Petersburg and Moscow.
Many factories were set up in the 1890s, when Russias railway was extended.
Most industry was the private property of industrialists.
Government supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work. But
factory inspectors could not prevent rules being broken.
5) Wages were low and the working hours were very long.
Q14. How was the relationship between Nobles and peasants in Russia different from that in France?
A14.During the French revolution in Brittany, peasants respected nobles and fought for them but in
Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them.
1) Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.
Q15. Discuss the growth of socialism in Russia?
A15.The Russian Social Democratic Worker Party was founded in 1898 by socialist who respected Marxs
ideas.
1) The party was divided over the strategy of organization. Vladimir Lenin thought that the party
should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.
2) Others (Mensheviks) thought that the party should be open to all.
3) The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and then re-elected second Duma within 3
months.
4) Tsar packed the third Duma with conservative politicians.
Q20. Who were Jadidists?
A20. Jadidists are Muslim reformers within Russian empire.
Q21. Name the two groups during World War 1?
A21. Germany, Australia and Turkey (the central powers) and France, Britain and Russia (later Italy and
Romania).
Q22. How did World War I made Tsar more unpopular?
A22. Russias army lost badly in Germany and Australia.
1) Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were labour shortages.
2) For the people in the city, bread and flour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread
shops were common.
Q23. What were known as Fashionable areas?
A23. On the left bank were the Fashionable areas, the winter palace, official buildings including the
palace where the Duma met.
Q24. State the immediate cause of February revolution, and also list the main events of February 1917
revolution.
A24. IMMEDIATE CAUSE
In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt. The winter was very cold, there had been
exceptional frost and heavy snow.
EVENTS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1) Soviets like the Petrograd soviet were set up, though no common system of election was
followed.
2) Thus these measures show that socialism was not established in Russia soon after February
revolution.
Q27. What was April theses?
A27. In April 1917 the Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin returned to Russian from his exile.
He declared that:
1) The war be brought to close.
2) Land to be transferred to peasants
3) Banks be nationalized. These 3 demands were April theses
Q28. Discuss the condition in Russia after February revolution.
A28. In industrial area, factory committees were formed which began questioning in the way the
industrialists ran their factories.
1) Trade unions grew in number.
2) As the provisional govt. saw its power reduced and Bolshevik influence grows, it decided to take
resist attempts by workers to run factories and began arresting leaders.
3) Popular demonstrations staged by the Bolsheviks in July 1917 were sternly repressed.
4) Many Bolshevik leaders had to go into hiding or flee.
Q29. Describe the events during and after the revolution of October 1917.
A29. Lenin persuaded the Petrograd soviet and the Bolshevik party to see its power.
1) A military revolutionary committee was appointed by the soviet.
2) Pro-govt. troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the winter
palace.
3) The ship aurora shelled the winter palace
4) There was heavy fighting especially in Moscow but by December, the Bolsheviks controlled the
Moscow Petrograd area.
Q30. What was the immediate consequence of October revolution of Russia?
OR
List the measures taken by Bolsheviks in an attempt to establish socialism in Russia?
A30. The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property.
1) Most industries were nationalized.
2) Land was declared social property.
3) Peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
Q31. How did Bolsheviks resort to dictatorship? OR Russia was becoming a socialist dictatorship.
Explain.
A31. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted the elections, but they failed to gain majority support.
1) In January 1918 the new assembly rejected Bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the
assembly.
2) In March 1918 despite opposition by their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with
Germany.
3) In the years that followed, the Bolsheviks became the only party to participate in the elections to
all Russian congress of soviet.
4) Russia became the one party state.
5) Trade unions were kept under party control.
6) The secret police punished those who criticized the Bolsheviks.
Q32. Why did civil war break out in Russia soon after October revolution? What was their outcome?
A32. Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
1) Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight Bolsheviks.
2) The greens and whites controlled most of the Russian empire.
ITS OUTCOMES
Such actions led to the loss of popular support for the non-Bolsheviks
Q33. Describe the steps taken to make Russia a socialist society.
A33. A process of centralized planning was introduced.
1) On the basis they made the five year plans. The govt. fixed all the prices to promote industrial
growth during the first 2 plans
2) Centralized planning led to economic growth.
3) Industrial production increased. New factory cities came into being.
Q34. Were the impacts of socialist measures taken in Russia all positive?
A34. Rapid construction led to poor working conditions.
1) Workers lived hard lives and the result was 550 stoppages of work in the 1 st year alone.
2) In living quarters in the winter time, at 40 degrees below, people had to climb down to the fourth
floor and across the street in order to go to the toilet.
POSITIVE POINTS
1) Centralized planning led to economic growth
2) Industrialized production increased (b/w 1929 and 1933 by 100% in the case of oil, coal and
steel)
Q35.what was Stalins collectivization programme? What were its outcomes?
A35. Peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock.
1) Those who resisted collectivization were severely punished, many were departed and exiled.
COLLECTIVIZATION PROGRAMME
1) All the peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms.
2) The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms
3) Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared