Magnetic Forces,

Materials
and Devices

INEL 4151 ch 8
Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dept.
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/10/spintronics-discover-could-lead-to-m
UPRM
agnetic-batteries.php

Section 8.2

Magnetic Force

Forces due to Magnetic

fields
B=H=magneticfielddensity
H=magneticfieldintensity

Force can be due to:

B on moving charge, Q
B on current
Two currents

B is defined as force per unit current element

 Forces on a Charge
Analogous to
the electric
force:
We have
magnetic
force:

Fe QE

The total force is given by:

F Fe Fm

Fm Qu B

Stationary and
Moving electron

NotethatFmisperpendiculartobothuandB
If the charge moving has a mass m, then:

du
F m
Q E uB
dt

Usually Fm<Fe

 Forces on a current
The current element element
can be expressed as:

dQ

dl
Idl
dl dQ
dQu
dt
dt

So we can write:

Fm Qu B Il B

For closed path Line

I=[A] current element

Fm Idl B
L

Fm KdS B Fm Jdv B
S

For Surface K=[A/m]

current element

For Volume J=[A/m2]

current element

Force between two

currents
Each current produces a field B,
which exerts a force on the other
element. Lets find the Force on 1,

by 2.
due to the field produced
I1

R21

I2

oI1I 2
F1
4

dF1 I1dl1 B2

o I 2 dl2 a R21
dB2
2
4R21

dl1 dl2 a R21

L1 L2

2
21

P.E. 8.4 Find the force experienced by

the loop
due to the field produced by the line,
if I1=10A, I2=5A, o=20cm, a=1cm, b=30cm
z

Divide loop into 4

segments.

z
F2

I1
F1
I2

Apply
superposition

F3

F4

Fl F1 F2 F3 F4

For segment #1, Force #1

Since I1 is infinite long wire:

o I1a
B1
2o
z

F1 I 2

I1

dl2 B1

z 0

F1

I2

+a

F1 I 2

dz a z B1

z 0

b o I1
a
F1 I 2
2o

For segment #2,

The B field at segment #2

due to line current 1.

o I1a
B1
2
z

F2 I 2 dl2 B1

F2

I1
I2

b
a

o a

o I1
F2 I 2 da
a
2
o

For segment #3, Force #3

The field at segment 3:

B1
z

o I1a
2 o a

F3 I 2 dl2 B1

I1
I2

b
F3

+a

F3 I 2

F3

o I1
z b dz a z 2 o a a
0

o I1 I 2 b
a
2 o a

For segment #4,

The B field at segment #4

due to current 1.

o I1a
B1
2
z

F4 I 2 dl2 B1

I1
I2

+a

F4

F4 I 2

o I1
da
a

2
o a

o I1 I 2 o a
a z
F4
ln
2
o

The total force en the

loop is

I1=10A, I2=5A, o=20cm, a=1cm, b=30cm

The sum of all four:

Fl F1 F2 F3 F4

F2
F1

F3

Note that 2 terms cancel out (F2= -F4):

F4

boI 1 1
1
Floop I 2

a
2 o o a
They Attract!

7.14 [ N] a

Find the force on the current element due to the filament of 15A

3a x 4a y

a aI a az

3a y 4 a x

3a y 4 ax
6 10

y
4

15A

12mA
0.02m

Distance between line and element.

Element is at origin (0,0,0)
Line is at x=3, y=4

a=(0,0,0)-(3,4,0)

=5

86.4 10 12 az

Section 8.3-8.4

Magnetic Torque &

moment

Magnetic Torque and Moment

Inside a motor/generator we have many loops with currents, and
the Magnetic fields from a magnet exert a torque on them.

The torque in [N m]is:

T r F m B

Where m is the magnetic

dipole moment:

m IS a n
Where S is the area of
the loop S=r l
and an is its unit normal.
This applies if B is
uniform

I
B

SIDE VIEW

F
B


m IS a n

240 Nm an aB

Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field

CD Motor

Magnetic Torque and Moment

The Magnetic torque can also be expressed as:

The torque in [N
m]is:

T m B

Qml B

m I ( S )a n

Section 8.5, 8.6

Magnetization

Magnetization
(similar to Polarization for E)
Atoms have e- orbiting and spinning
Each have a magnetic dipole associated to it

Most materials have random orientation

of their magnetic dipoles if NO external Bfield is applied.
When a B field is applied, they try to align
in the same direction.
The total magnetization
[A/m]
N

M lim

v 0

k 1

mk

Magnetization
The magnetization current density [A/m2]

Jb M

The total magnetic density is:

Magnetic B
susceptibility
is: )
o ( H M

B o (1 m ) H
The relative permeability is:

B o r H
Permeability unit is [H/m].

M mH

r (1 m )
o

Classification of Materials
according to magnetism
Non-magnetic
r=1
Ex. air, free
space, most
materials in their
natural state.

Magnetic
r1

Diamagnetic

r1
Electronic motions of
spin and orbit cancel
out.
lead, copper, Si,
diamonds,
superconductors
( r=B=0).
Are weakly affected
by B Fields.

Paramagnetic

r1
(air, platinum,
tungsten, platinum )
Temperature
dependent.
Not many uses
except in masers

Ferromagnetic

r>>1
Iron, Ni,Co, steel,
alloys
Loose properties if
heated above Curie T
(770C)
Nonlinear:
r varies

mr-1 at 20 C
0

Pure iron 150- 200,000

Steel 50-100
Iron oxice 720
Iron Amonium alum 66
Uranium 40
Platinum 26
Aluminum 2.2
Magnesium 1.2
Sodium 0.72
Oxygen gas 0.19
Amomia = -0.26

MagLev
magnetic
Levitation
Use diamagnetic
materials, which
repel and are
repelled by
strong H fields.
Superconductors
are diamagnetic.

Floating one magnet

over another

Regular train
187 mph
Maglev train
312 mph

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIwbrZ4knpg

P.E. 8.7 B-field

in
a

10
e
z
mWb / m
magnetic material.
y

In a region with r=4.6

Find H,M and susceptibility
m 1 r

B
H

m 3 .6

M m H
y

M 6230e z A / m

B o H

B o (1 m ) H

How to make traffic light go

Green
when driving a bike or
http://www.wikihow.com/Tr
Stop directly on
top
motorcycle
igger-Green-Traffic-Light
of induction loop on
s
the street
Attach neodymium
magnets to the
vehicle
Move on top of loop
http://www.labreform.org/edu
Push crossing button cation/loops.html
Video detectors

B-H or Magnetization curve

When an H-field is applied to ferromagnetic
material,
its B increases until
saturation.

But when H is decreased,

B doesnt follow the same
curve.

Hysteresis Loop
Some ferrites, have
almost rectangular B-H
curves, ideal for digital
computers for storing
information.
The area of the loop
gives the energy loss
per volume during one
cycle in the form of
heat.
Tall-narrow loops are
desirable for electric
generators, motors,
transformers to
minimize the hysteresis

Section 8.7 (not covered)

Magnetic b.c.

Magnetic B.C.
[Boundary Conditions]
use Gauss Law
&
Amperes Circuit law

B dS 0

H dl I

B2n

B.C.: Two magnetic media

Consider the figure
below:

B dS 0
S

B1n B2 n

B1n S B2 n S 0

is continuous.

B1n

1 H1n 2 H 2 n

B1

S
B1t
B2
B2t

1
2

B.C.: Two magnetic media

Consider the figure
below:
H dl I K w

h
h
h
h
H1t w H1n
H 2n
H 2 t w H 2 n
H 1n
2
2
2
2

H1n

H1

H1t H 2t K

1
1

H2n 2

b
K

H1t
H2
H2t

if no current
at boundary

h
c

H1t H 2t

Section 8.8

Inductors and Inductance


B dS [Wb]
S

If flux passes
thru N turns, the
total Flux N
Linkage is
This is
proportional to
the current I

Inductors

So we can define the

inductance as:

LI
then:

N
L
I Joules:
The energy in

1 2
Wm LI
2

Units of Inductance

When more than 1 inductor

12

B2 dS
S1

M 12

12
I2

N112

M 21
I2

*Dont confuse the Magnetization vector, M, with the mutual inductance!

Qu son Cargas
Fantasmas?

Self -inductance

L1

11
I1

N11

I1

L2

22
I2

N 2 2

I2

The total energy in the magnetic field is the sum of the

energies:

Wm W1 W2 W12

1
1
2
2

L
I

L
I

M
I
I
1
1
2
2
12
1
The positive is taken if currents I and I flow2 such that the
2
2
magnetic fields of the two circuits strengthen each other.
1

See table 8.3 in textbook with formulas for inductance of common

elements like coaxial cable, two-wire line, etc.

P.E. 8.10 Solenoid

A long solenoid with 2 x 2 cm
cross section has iron core
(permeability is 1000x ) and
4000 turns per meter. If carries
current of 0.5A, Find:
Self inductance per meter,
L
BS
In SL

L'

N / Il n

BS
IN
B H
In
l

n S
2

Note L is Independent of current

1000 o 4000 2cm

2

8.042H / m

Energy stored
It can be shown
that
Energy stored in
Magnetic Field is:
1
Wm
2

H
dv

Units=Joules

Section 8.10

Magnetic circuits

Magnetic Circuits
Magnetomotive
force
In units of ampere-turns

F NI H dl
Reluctance

l
R
S

Like V=IR

F R

Ex: magnetic relays,

motors, generators,
transformers,
toroids

Table 8.4 presents

analogy between
magnetic and
electric circuits

Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic Circuits

l
R
S

F R 1 2

Ex. Find current in coil needed to produced

magnetic field density of 1.5T in air gap.
Assume r=50 and all cross sectional area is 10 cm2
10 cm

10 cm

10 cm

1 cm
400 turns

a BaS
I 44.16A

8.42 A cobalt ring (r=600) has

mean radius of 30cm.
If a coil wound on the ring carries 12A, calculate
the N required to establish an average magnetic
flux density of 1.5 Teslas in the ring.

F NI H dl
NI Hl

radius of 30cm