R COLLOQUIAL BULGARIAN George D. PapantchevThe Colloquial Series **Colloquial Albanian *Colloquial Arabic of Eeypt *Colloquial Arabic (Levantine) *Colloquial Arabic of the Gulf and Saudi Arabia *Colloquial Bulgarian *Colloquial Cantonese *Colloquial Chinese *Colloguial Czech *Colloquial Danish *Coltoguial Dutch Colloquial English *Colloquial Estonian *Colloquial French Colloguial German Colloquial Greek *Colloguial Hungarian *Colloquial Italian *Colloquial Japanese **Colloquial Persian *Colloqual Polish Colloquial Portuguese *Colloquial Romanian *Colloquial Russian *Colloquial Serbo-Croat Colloguial Spanish *Colloquial Swedish *Colloquial Turkish * Accompanying cassette(s) available Colloquial Bulgarian George D. Papantchev London and New YorkFirst published 1994 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 (© 1994 George D. Papantchev ‘Typeset in Times by Transet Typesetters Lid, Coventry, England Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Lid, St Ives ple All sights reserved. No par of tis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known of hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage of retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-415-07963-2 (book) ISBN 0-415-07964-0 (cassetes) ISBN 0-415-07965-9 (book and cassettes course) Contents Introduction 1 Nosqpasu, senpocn u orrosopy Greetings, questions and answers 2 Bcamonera m na aeporapa Corban On the plane and at Sofia aixport 3 Sanoshasane u npeacranane Meeting and introducing people 4 Crpanu, Haynonannoctn wnpodecun ‘Countries, nationalities and professions 5 Bxorena At the hotel 6 O6ukHoBeH gex ‘An ordinary day 7 BcnagKapHnyara Inthe café 8 Bpectopanra In the restaurant 9 Pasrosop 3a Heuja MuHanoto Talking about things from the past 10 Hosata ctaa ‘The new room 11 Perucrpayvonnata kapra ‘The registration card 16 31 16 ut 12 132vi 12 Nocetutenute The visitors 13 Tom He e Ao6pe Tom is not wel Nip se6oneKapa At the dentist 14 Cocbniicxuat rpaqcKn Tpancnopt Sofia's public transport 15 Mexayrpackusr tpaxcnopr 8 Benrapua Intercity transport in Bulgaria 16 Nogrotoska 3a nbtysave c Kona Preparations for travelling by car 17 Pasnw4Hv marasnHn Different shops B 6pechapo-ppnabopcKus canon [Atte barber's andthe hair salon 18 Mounexa, cnoptysave # paspnevennn 8 Benrapusi Leisure, spots and entertainment in Bulgaria Grammatical summary Key to the exercises English—Bulgarian glossary Bulgarian-English glossary Grammatical index 143 154 164 175 183, 191 Introduction Bulgarian and English Bulgarian is a Slav language and like some other Slav languages (for instance, Russian and Serbian) uses the Cyrillic alphabet, This must be leamed first, However, as soon as you have Jeamed the alphabet, you should be able to read and write with confidence because Bulgarian spelling (unlike English) is phonetic: most words are pronounced the way they are writen and Bulgarian does not present the student with the problems of written English, Bulgarian is also the easiest Slav language for any speaker of English to Jeam as its structure is very similar to English. There are no declen- sions, Bulgarian has a definite article and the word order in a Bulgarian sentence is similar to that in English. However, there are also essential differences between the two languages and you should be aware of them before you take your first steps in Bulgarian. The main differences between English and Bulgarian, other than their use of different alphabets, are their differing sound systems, differing systems of verbs, nouns and adjectives and the existence of grammatical gender in Bulgarian,The Bulgarian alphabet ‘The Bulgarian alphabet has thirty letters. With the exception of the letters 44 G kratko), » (er golyam) and s (er malak), Bulgarian letters have no special names. Letter ‘Approximate sound in English Aa (@) @ a in Manchester B,6 (6v/6e) be) in baby Bip (wu/ne) ve) in vegetable Tr (w/v) @e) eg in go Wa wise) ee) in did Be © © e in let XK, x (ew/xxe) (he) in pleasure 3,3 GB/s) fe) in ero Hn oi in bit Wei (axperro) y ieee Kx (b/xa) ka) kk in kind Ja Galery) in lot Mm (sto/em) (em) sm in me Hox (/en) (en) in no Oo ©) @ 0 in odd Tm (m/e) @e) op in pepper Pp (pe/pe)e) ork in room Ge (lee) (e) ss in 0 Tr (re/re) we) et in too vy w oo in put Db — (bv/de) (fe) t in fit Xx (xb/xe) he) in hot Lu (ww/ue) (se) tz in quartz Ux (ufo) Ge) chin chip I,m —(ur/ime) (she) shin. shop Um —(ure/ute) (she) sti ash tee B® (ep roms) a in aboy Bb (ep mame) y in beyond (never at the beginning) 10,10 (0) ow ou fn tune Aa (a) ya in yard |As soon as you have leamed the alphabet you should actually be able to read Bulgarian. Try to read the following: Visdni e muxér (Ivan is a pilot). Toit seri 0 Amépixa (He is ‘lying to America). Tlécne toit nevit 0 Adppuxa (Then he is flying to Africa). Téene no Anerpémix (Then to Australia). TIéene (then) 40 (to) Aurdperuxa. [dene 10 Adrasmerax. TIéene 110 Banépus. Mécne 10 Baxima. Mécxe 20 Bepmgaa. [dca 20 Bonvisns. TIéene 20 Buarépus. [dene no Barnrana. Méene 10 Ta6éx. Mécne 10 Paisroy. Tidene 10 Ipkaxépra. TMéeae 20 ‘AgGmm. Téene no Eerouns. Téere 10 3arpe6. Tiécne 10 Bum64Gne, Tiéene 10 Minami. Téere no Ka6yn. Téene 20 Kéiipo. Téexe 0 Kamepju. Tée1e 0 Kapaxac. Técse 10 Kénna, Téere 10 Kéxro. Téexe 20 Jla Banéra. Tiécne 20 Mérous. Técne a0 Jlecéro. Tiéene 0 Jima. Téene 0 Jlyanaa. Téene x0 IIycéxa. TIéene 0 Manpiia. Téere 0 Maxéo. Tocne 20 HaxaiGus. Hécne 10 Oma, Tide 0 Ocso. Tidcxe 10 Ordsa. Téene 10 Taxa. Tiécne 0 Tlepy. Tléeae 0 Tiperépus. Tiéene 10 Pélixasux. Méene 10 Caxépa. Méene Ho Cefn, Tiéene a0 Cémm6epu. Tiéere 20 Tatiana, TMéere 0 Tausdnus. Tiéene x0 Ten Anis, Tiéene 10 Toxuo. Tiéene 110 ‘Tptinosm. Héene 10 Yan Batép. Técne 20 Paépaza. It is equally easy to read and understand some other words that are similar in both English and Bulgarian: anapranéur, apryMéHt, apncroxpér, Gawén, caxdva, Ganzi, BaxyyM, napnanr, nanzazitsen, ranépus, neMoKpat ‘As you can see, itis perfectly possible to leam how to read and write Bulgarian even in this casual way and if this suits you, fine. But if you ‘want to approach Bulgarian in a more systematic way, you may find it ‘more useful to go through the remaining part of this Introduction and practise (preferably with the help of the tapes) the pronunciation drills that follow.Printed and handwritten letters A Aa 1 oo Tn B56 BS Pp Pap Bs £86 Ge Ce ror Se Tr Dm Aa Dy vy y Ee Ge © 2% Kx Wx Xx 2a Bo es uu ¥ Hun @xk 1. Be a ek mm We uw Ke Ke mow a ener ded Mu KL uw be 6% He Ax 0» Dw 00 Oe Aas Q 4 Letters and sounds Since there is practically no difference between the way Bulgarian is written and spoken, there is no danger of being misunderstood or ridiculed even if you mispronounce certain sounds or words. But it ‘might still be helpful if you know more about the way Bulgarian is pro- nounced, read and written, and the following pages are intended to explain the basic facts about Bulgarian letters and sounds. Some Bulgarian letters and the sounds they stand for are similar to English letters: Bulgarian English Bulgarian English A A K K E BE M M o o T T More often, however, Bulgarian letters that look like familar English ones are pronounced differently: Bulgarian English Bulgarian English B v H N P R c s y u x H Many Bulgarian leters look strange, but stand for sounds that are similar to English sounds: Bulgarian English Bulgarian English Bulgarian English B B Ty G x a n P a L 3 Zz ® F u Ts q cH ri SH b ER uy SHT 0 you # YA Essentially, all Bulgarian sounds are slightly different from English sounds and the parallels used as examples here are intended merely to give an approximate idea of their characte. For a more accurate grasp of Bulgarian pronunciation, listen carefully to the tapes (if you have them) and try to imitate the Sounds and sound combinations produced by native speakers. Consonants ‘Consonants are all those speech sounds or letters of the alphabet that are not vowels. In English all letters ofthe alphabet except a, e, i, 0 and u ‘are consonants.With a few exceptions (for example, B-IT, T-M1, X, Ll and Il) most Bulgarian consonants are pronounced in a mote or less similar manner to their English equivalents. The main differences are that Bulgarian consonants are pronounced less energetically than English ones, while the contrast between voiced and voiceless consonants (in English, for example, the voiced d and the unvoiced 1) is more important in Bulgarian, ‘There are 21 Bulgarian letters, which stand for as many consonant sounds, and they are used in a number of different combinations 10 express more complex consonant sounds (as, for example, JDK rendering the g sound in ‘range’) Bulgarian consonants can thus be grouped in four categories: voiced B (6), B (v), T (g) as in garden, JI (d), 3 (2); voiceless TI (p), © (/), K @&, T ©, C (s); sonants P(r) JT), M (m), H (n) and a few “speci cases, like Hl (sh?) Bulgarian voiceless consonants are rather similar to their English counterparts and a simple explanation or parallel is often enough. For example: K sounds like k in kt, ¢ in come or q in question sounds likes in sit, ¢ in cinema or ss in chess ® sounds like f in ft or ph in phone I sounds like sh in ship or shop 4 sounds like ch in check TI sounds roughly like p in pen UL (a sound that occurs rarely in English) sounds like ts inthe words Patsy, wants, and wet Socks or like tz in quartz ‘But some corresponding Bulgarian voiced consonants — B (B), B (V), T ), 1 @), K ZH), 3 (Z) — are alittle more problematic, although the basic pronunciation of most of this group is simple enough, as can be seen from the following examples: B sounds like b in baby B sounds like v in vase T sounds like gin get 2K sounds likes in measure 3 sounds like z in zer0 oF 200 AA sounds like d in do but rater different from it. In fact, neither 2 (D) nor T (1) correspond to their English counterparts, so any Pirallel between them should be used to suggest a roughly approxi- ‘mate sound effect rather than close similarity “The opposition between voiced and voiceless consonants in Bulgarian is important in two ways: 1 When the Bulgarian voiced consonants (B, B,C, JI, 2K, 3) are atthe end of a word or before a voiceless consonant (HI, ®, K, T, Ill, C, X, I, 4) they become voiceless and are pronounced like their respective voiceless counterparts (ie. B - II, B- ®, J\- T, K - I, 3- ©, unlike English voiced consonants which remain voiced irrespective of, their postion inthe word. 2 Conversely, the Bulgarian voiceless consonants (II, ®, K, T, Ul, C) ‘become voiced when preceding a voiced consonant and are pro- nounced like their voiced counterparts (ie. (II-B, ® ~ B, K -T, T-J,-*,C-3), ‘The Bulgarian letter If stands for two consonants: (H+ = SH+T) as sh and tin ash tree. ‘The Bulgarian X sounds like hin hit or hot but is pronounced less energetically and sounds more like the Scottish ch in loch. ‘The Bulgarian P is different from the English r and is pronounced much ‘more like the Scottish r, but the British and particulary the American pronunciation of r in rock can be used as a good starting point. The difference is that in Bulgarian te tip ofthe tongue should be against the upper teeth or as near to them as possible to pronounce r. {TL sounds like 1 in lip or lot H sounds like n in not or now M sounds like m in man or milk Vowels Vowels (a, ef 0, u) are sounds that can be pronounced continuously ‘without interruption. The Bulgarian vowels are: A, E, H, O, Y, 10 and 3. ‘most Bulgarian consonants are roughly similar to theit English ‘counterparts, Bulgarian vowels differ noticeably from the English ones in both quality and length. Since the quality of the Bulgarian vowels is also affected by the surrounding consonants, learning how to pronounce and read them if possible, with the help of the accompanying tapes, before beginning to study the language itself will help considerably. ‘That is why a few exercises to enable the beginner to practise thepronunciation of Bulgarian vowels and consonants are introduced at this stage. The underlying principle behind this pronunciation drill is to practise the use of Bulgarian vowels in all environments. However, these drills will make sense only if it is remembered that, apart from the correct enunciation of the separate sounds, attention should be paid to intonation, rhythm and the specific peculiarities of Bulgarian sounds. Note the following examples: © ‘there is no distinction between long and short vowels in Bulgarian, so the basic rule should be to assume that they are all short; © all voiced consonants at the end of a word or before voiceless con- sonants themselves become voiceless; © ‘more often than not, when a is at the end of a word it is pronounced ‘more like ®. Pronunciation and reading drills The Bulgarian a sounds like a in ‘ask’ but shorter or like U in ‘butter’ or like o in ‘mother’ (In the following drilsa selection of the examples are included on the tapes.) 6a ma a6 an kak xx ndwa_—pcava bapa asap Mak Mia wana xpantira ra ca ar acca = 66a ria Gpandéra wa Ta ak ar caM mia dpa mara xa a ax ab ram xd6a-Xéra_rndawara saoxa a3, ax ac sai awara Ka ua oak ats pac sna apaazta ya ya oan aw ac pa mina dcxata Ma ua am am pax —mdpamud6aMiicxara Ha uaa = amma pda mura acd Read and lear: ak how iica a table sewiara a book ‘xdwra a bag dia a lady ‘ram there Note: Most nouns ending in -a (stica, xwira, sdirra) are feminine in gender. The Bulgarian e sounds like e in ‘pen’ ora in ‘many’ Ge me 6 en mex G86e newt mnevéne Geni nex pe pe eB ep Tex néxe pené mérene éHa pend re ce er ec Cex steré céme wenécen rerd cera ge Te en er pex xené Téme ménene emi Tex xe de x et Men ane denép peméne end déca xe xe 2 ex ec éme veré cenéue 3éra_xéxTap Ke ue ex em mec stére uéne Térnene xéfa ew ne we en et pex méne uénen denépen nexé ménne Me me em em cea HeGé méwer menéne Meck wéxpa He me ex em Te6 mepé umiéue wienréne néxa véma Read and lea: ser child 66 baby ise teddy (beat) ‘Note: Most nouns ending with -e (nevé, 6é6e, éye) are neuter in gender. The Bulgarian v sounds likei in ‘it, ‘bit’ or ‘kit’ or like @ In ‘Peter’ (but shorter) or like ea in ‘eat’ (but shorter). 6x mm nO mn HM Giipa mim sucun Giipa pH mR mp oT wiqH pliner xMBMN BH cn mr Me MAT Tip cit sine ritpa TH Wa HT MHC aM GM Kui siBA Qu wx a> TH iio xn miNeH ina iG XH WO UX ame inet mM MCT sia ima I HK wm Mup xu wicTH cm cha wera Sw wx Bp sm x Tue sm ina UM HM mI cmt Nee unitTH mpm xc xin 1H ak MP rat pM HMM Hd KA Read and learn: xewGpirr (safety matches) _néeramn (a newspaper) Note: EEEESHERE 1 Most nouns (man, dog), adjectives (big, red) and pronouns (I, who) ending on M are in the plural. 2 Most nouns ending on a consonant (KuGpiir, BécrHMK, mmep) are ‘masculine in gender.10 The Bulgarian o sounds likeo in ‘lot’ 60 0 0G om Tox Gop noréx Gonecrré nonecs BO pO OB op coK pon péMoH wowitre — pomint To co or oc Tom roa cképo romiua cron HO TO OX OT COM JOM TémI0 oHecd — TonmMd KO ho OK ob KOH 305 éto HGxKOBe hororpic) 30 XO 03 ox Ton Kom xops monéam —xoTémH XO HO OK om TOP 108 1610 Hos — m608e 0 YO 1 O% Mop Hon HOMO NORiiKa —voRéKa Mo ulo oM our ton mon andro Pociiua saméro Ho m0 oH OWL Mor poG Koréro Tonmmd HEMIoTO Read and lean: sreraié a bed Hem a letter 26am a pencil ton achair momé a boy sitio wine and what ‘rosé e this is Kaxsé e Tosa? ‘What is this? Towd e mucmd, Thisft isa leter. Topd e ser6. This/It isa bed. Topd e piino. This/It is wine. Topé e Momné, This/It is a boy. Note: 1 Most nouns ending in -o (nue, niin, ster6) are neuter in gender. 2 Alll voiced consonants (b, d, g) become voiceless (p, t, k) when at the end of a word: 606 (bop) beans, po6 (rop) slave, més» (molif) pencil, rpas (grat) town The Bulgarian y sounds like u in ‘put’ or like o in ‘move’; or like oo in ‘room’ but shorter 6y my yO yn ym nya ILYM 6yajman nanjeraue ay py ye yp TyK pyst ayast st0pjmam napyuiéume ry cy yr ye Gyk pyc syK moryGxam uTepecyant ay Ty ya Yr ayk eye myw nonyeaw narjmpan xy dy yx yb ayx ctyn myp craxjeam dynnaséut sy XY ys YK aya emyrxjna paayaen Gyurjnane sy ny YR Yu yk Tpya Myr Gpaxjsan myworésnna " ay yy" YX KYM yr mypM ayajpam myporin My wy YM yu xyn yr apyM ysgpane mypesynane wy uly YH yi nypa Tpyn Spiro mpasuyam noGpynane Read and lear: ayk (an onion), puma (a pear), ve (a dog) ‘Tyxa here, tpya labour, yt foot Kaxné € Tosa? - Tosa ¢ ayx, ‘Kaxé ¢ Tosa? ~ Tosa e xpyuia, ‘Kaxnd Tond? ~ Toni e xy. Note: “Tlyx ~-masculine gender (itends on a consonant); Kpjmua ~ feminine gender (it ends on -a) Kae — neuter gender (it ends on -). The Bulgarian » sounds like a in ‘a boy’ or like o in ‘money' or like -2F in ‘bitter’ but shorter 6» om x6 on mew Ges ook her Gina Bb pb bB Bp KBr meu mot Gucréx wuxé Th ch wr te Kee rocr pser xbsTiK repOi ab TH BM BE ChM BIT cen Gépeaaépna xp ge wx wh con xEIT Ton Bip xine 3e Xb 30 BK BBN SBT XB Xba 3B Ke mb BK i cbT LG mpox atuekd Kone wb 4b BN 3% KBP MPSA BBB CTpBB Miron Me ur 3M BI Mik OBps MBcT Képna peat Hb Ul BH BIL MBX cBuL UpEcT Mbpua TBEpae Read and lean: ‘nox a man, pbx a peak, ré6a a mushroom Mor aroad, gueréK a peanut, Kwme where Kax6 e rosa? ~ Toss e mmx. ‘Kaxné € rosa? ~ Tosd e apex. Kaxné e Tosa? - Tosa e ré6a. Kaxoé ¢ rosa? - Tosa e mst. Keaé e rosa? ~ Where is that? Note: The definite article in Bulgarian (the) is in the form of an ending added to the noun (man, dog, box) and it has different forms in the different genders (BT for the masculine; -TA for the feminine and -TO for the neuter gender.12 13 nx — senor ‘xed — xenéra sere —aeréro (aman) (the man) (a woman) ~ (the woman) (a child) ~ (the child) ‘The Bulgarian letter 0 sounds like ew in ‘new’ or like u In ‘union’ or like eau in ‘beauty’ 610 mo 106 on tor Gopé mo biinene Bio plo 108 op fos Gropéx mmo dpuuTe Tio clo or oe tom = aon = avoutre mo TO OR or OM =— om‘ pronérxa x10 p10 10x =o) oR toTHin—_yrotuocrré 310 x10 103 OX Gmio0moGR—opemip MO MO OK ton’, oxeH = M0658 YoxHMTE mo oon OHM foam ouOMaTa Mio uno 10M = om yioT = ytoren ~—_sopiicruTe Ho myo on = Yom ToHK ~—TOHAYeH _soHduecTBO Read and leam: G10p6 a desk/bureau, Kmo4 a key, tor south Youu June, som July, sors an iron Kaxaé ¢ ros? ~ Toss e 610p6. Kaxsé e Tosi? - Toss e kos, The Bulgarian letter 9 sounds like ya in ‘yard’ 6a na x6 an Gatos ina SG uaa Ba pt sp appa fente Ta ch arm mpsme inon_aonitr ah | ast ané— otra nam anc xa ox mk mt TiraMiipxa rene oo xe x foa pina nda mpena xi om ok ota pinia actor aa 47 ow tH apn mpacua fpocre Ma wa mM Mima cMitram énopos ea mga AM oman ompsixa arduurre Read and leam: a1 (white), mw (to cat), Guana (an apple) ina (a turnip), sroga (a strawberry) Kaxaé e rosé? - Tons e i6nmca, Kaxsé e Tons? ~ Toad e firona, Kaxné e Tos? ~ Tond e pina. Note: Most nouns ending on -fl are feminine in gender: Gina a bath iu a mile The Bulgarian it sounds like y in ‘yes’ Popnin oii — x6itro. —nopolino —MHoro6péiio Wonka Got wittro erp Sito —_nditucTayBamL Vidura sok —miiro.-—«GElisGon—_necTpiinoTO Visto —Gpolk —Géiiuo crux —Mar06péitHoTo Tiéuo —cxpolt_expéitno —_es6itruino Gea6pOiimure The Bulgarian letter b has no sound value and serves merely to indicate that the preceding consonant is soft. It is never used at the beginning of a word. 2Kémo Térs0 —_cittbo Miso ers sanm6p Bao Héxto Bulgarian syllables Bulgarian syllables can consist of: © asingle vowel: a, 4, y © a vowel and one consonant: 0, 40, 3a, mt, My, OT, YM © vowel and more than one consonant: 868, Upell, KPBET, -CTBO Here are a few examples of words divided into syllables: eax, md-ea, Maal, O-nm-c4-a-e, mpeT-CT4-BH-Te:-€TBO iap-ra-wéur, ro-e-wu-né-ra, pas-u-pé-res-crn0-10 Stress in Bulgarian ‘The stress in Bulgarian is not fixed and its place can vary from word to word: ‘© in words of one syllable it falls on the vowel: 8, TH, TH, TOH, HOI, CTO, MOCT, TPBET; ‘© in words with more than one syllable, it varies: ica sparé ysirres pasnpocrpansinam HakassumeTo4 Since itis difficult to give rules for the place of the stress in each word, the stress of each mew word and phrase is shown in the Notes and Explanations after each dialogue to help you. Intonation Intonation in Bulgarian does not have as prominent a grammatical function as it has in English and so itis less pronounced, but ~ apart from that ~ is rather similar to the English pattern. The two basic intonations are: 1 Falling — used in declarative sentences: Masiu e rx. Ivan is here. 2 Rising — used for questions: ‘Avant sm xatira? Do you have a book? Handwritten letters ‘The handwritten equivalents ofthe Bulgarian letters once again, are: 4a, 5,06, Ta, 9, be, We, 3y, x the, tha In, se, hia He, be, a In te Bn, My, Bop, Le, Ya, Ue, o x u 4 uty, bo, be, Ww, He i m b &b wo a It will help if you try to practise reading and writing the following words. Practise writing letter by letter. MOEUTVER SE XMOCHNVRORENS AEE OKO Ie MD Kee HOUR OR EEA HH ERO RTE Oe eer eteeee Aaa Bplitras Bipaa Pepsin od Eerén Kenéna Bap Hains Hoopainus Kanda Moncey Soecnerdypt Moxréama Hopoéri ca0 Maparséal Pyiia Condimn ‘Tipu Yurépaa matin Pranaapecd onda pene Ana Tact mon Banna Finuases Dawes Comrorcerd Kenebo Faup Uenaved hoygones Kaxage Morons Hopbeeees Or0 Topabad Gycurd Cauases Paypigus Wapes TaLgoguk gee Worninas Meznae geg erne ‘bene Tierso Oto Sinonms gacnee Brscw Hevato Wagaca Inosed anand 15 axanac see | Sede Sune mie 0996 nia gasra cen xen e009 sams gereyo iran Hecx te wasp “eet on. sabpir 227d rant ace iow ceeeae manta WA 9EYEDA exon x00 amép 7eene pe nino pono cuopr nope omy efron yyted ero ep Bone cong ree | ies suds mene sua yo rep aca subar GG woe Gunto voce shenca1 Mo3gpasu, Bbnpocu wv OTTOBOpN Greetings, questions and answers In this lesson you will leam how to: © greet and address people © ask simple questions © recognise and use the masculine, feminine and neuter forms of nouns. © recognise and use the present tense forms of the verb ebm (am) Nlosgpasuvepnpocn ‘Note how Bulgarians exchange greetings, ask questions and give answers Man: Jlo6po yrpo. Ana: Tlo6po yrpo. VMinax: Bue sm cre rocnoxuna Bouena? Zia, a3 ces rocnoxmua Bouena. ‘Ho6xp nen. Ho6xp zeu. ‘Tyx sme rocnomun Baxes? Za, toil e tyr, To6sp nexep. To6sp nexep. Bue au cre rocnoxa Panena? He, ne coM, A3 CBM rocttoxuma Pastena. Sapaseit, Ana. 3apaneit, Miso. Kax cu? Braronapa, a06pe cba. A TH KaK cit? Baaronaps, a3 ceuto cbM 106pe. 7 Vocabulary Note the stress marked by // above each word. o6p6 frpe Good moming —_N66up nésep Good evening. Bite m cre ...? Areyou...?/ roemoasé Fenn Mrs Ganeva oceéxma MissBoneva He, eco ——_No, Lam not. Bonesa Sapanéii! Hello! aa yes Kax ox? How are you? nam Tan Baaronapé Thank you ‘MoGep nen Good aftemoon —_o6pé cut Lam well, Lam fine (Good day) Arweaxe ex? And you? How Tye ame Is... here? axe you? roenonéat Bénen Me Vanev ‘Ax chao ex Tam fine, 00. Toletys ——Heis here. op Greetings ‘The Bulgarians like to shake hands not only when they are being intro- duced but whenever they see a person after an interval of a few days. ‘The usual Bulgarian greetings are: 3apanéi! Hello! or its more informal version 3apdera! Hil used for closer friends, or 3apanéitre! Hello! when you are greeting someone formally or when Yyou are greeting more than one person. Other conventional greetings dlring the day are: J106p6 §xp0 Good moming — usually until 11 am, JA6Gup en Good day ~ any time of the day ‘T66ep nésep Good evening — any time after sunset Addressing people ‘The simplest ways of addressing people in Bulgarian are by using: Tocnonia (Mz) oetoaiin Tlonés Mr Popov Tocnoniat nocadnmx Mr Ambassador Tocnoxé (Mrs) ocnoasi Pénesa Mrs Ganeva Tocndacma (Miss) Tocaéaama Hsan6sa Miss Ivanova Tlésm w rocnons Ladies and gentlemen18 ‘There is also a special way of addressing people called the vocative case, which is formed: (a) By adding the ending e to male names. For example: Vindu ~ Visine; Baciia — Baciine; Pysten ~ Pfwene In some cases the last syllable of the name is contracted before adding the ending e to it: Anscersp — Iuocierpe; Hlérep — Térpe; Ténea — Témae When using someone’ title rather than his name you may also use the ‘ending e to address him: Tocnosiin mpoipécope (Mr) Profesor Tocnonim n6xrope (Mr) Doctor Toenozim menéxrope (Mr) Inspector (b) By adding the ending e or to female names, for example: Panwa — Dime; Péaxa — Péiawe; Ana Awo; Eaéna ~ Eatwo ‘The vocative form (ie. the way in which you address people) for Tocnéaxnua is Foenéasme and for Tocnoa it is Foenéao. You can use them both with and without the names of the persons you are addressing: Toenéxo Aurénosa Mrs Antonova Toendaco smpéxcrop Mrs Director Tocadaame Merp6sa Miss Petrova Tocnéaame pentixcrop Miss Editor Tocnosiue, Focnéxo and Toenéxnme are also the forms you use to begin letters: ‘para rocnonine Dear Sir (Cian rocnomime ‘Dear (or Esteemed) Sir Yaauciewu rocuonime Dear (or Respected) Sir Apéra rocnéxo/rocnéxae Dear Madam/Miss ‘Cicgua rocnéxo/rocaéamme Dear Madam/Miss ‘Yoarsiiewa rocnéaco/rocnéamie Dear Madam/Miss So, when used without names or titles the word Tocnostime usually ‘means ‘Sir (or the American ‘Mister’) while the word Pocnéaco usually ‘means ‘Madam’. And since you will see them quite often written in an abbreviated way, it might help to know that: r-m = rocnonint rata = rocnoaé; rua = roenéacmua. Gender and nouns ‘There are three gender groups in Bulgarian ~ masculine, feminine and neuter ~ and each Bulgarian noun belongs to one of them. Gender is very important in Bulgarian because adjectives (e.g. red, tall, good), pronouns (e.g he, she, it ete) and participles (c.g. writen, reading) also have to agree in gender with the nouns they refer to. You have already seen this in the dialogues. For example, the greeting JA6Gep nen consists of the noun sew (Gay), which is masculine in gender, and the adjective 2064p (good), which agrees wih it, i. is also masculine in gender. The greeting J06p6. frpo consists of the noun $rpo (moming), which is neuter in gender, and the adjective 1066 (good), which is also neuer in gender. The gender of each noun is very easy to recognise and use if you follow these simple and reliable rules The masculine gender With very few exceptions, all nouns of the masculine gender in the singular end on a consonant: 3K (aman) KOH (ahorse) croll (a chair) The feminine gender Again, with a few exceptions, all nouns of the feminine gender end on Aor: wend (a woman) K6TKA (a-cat) sii (a mile) The neuter gender Nouns of the neuter gender usually end on E., M, O, ¥ or 10: ner (a child) Giop6 (a desk) eurypY (a kangaroo) ‘There are a few exceptions to these rules and these are shown in the Grammatical Summary at the end of the book. However, if you are in any doubt about the gender of a noun, you should look it up in the vocabulary where an abbreviation in brackets after each noun gives you its gender: (m) = masculine, (1) = feminine, (n) = neuter, e.g. mbit (im), eeu (D, nev€ (0). 19Personal pronouns (1, you, we, etc) ‘The basic Bulgarian personal pronouns are: hare Hie we Tu —you(sg)(=thou) Bite you Tot he Te they Ta she To it 1 There are two forms of ‘you’ (Ta and Bae). 2. Bie is used both for the plural (ie, more than one person) and as a polite address to a stranger or a superior. The present tense of the verb coo (I am) ‘The first verb used in this lesson was ema (Lam), not ‘to be’. That is because there is no infinitive in Bulgarian. When you look up a verb in ‘an English dictionary, you will find ~ for example ~ “to be’ or ‘to read’, But a Bulgarian dictionary will give you only the form for the first person singular. Here are all the forms of cba in the present tense: Positive Negative Asc = Tam As ne com Tam not Ten ‘You are (thou art) Tw we cx ‘You are not Tole He is Toit ne e He is not Tae She is Tanee She is not Toe Itis Tone e Itisnot Hite ewe Weare Hie ne ewe We are not Bie cre You are Bite ne cre You are not. Teea They are Te we ca ‘They are not Interrogative Negative-Interrogative Asam eum? AmI? ‘As ne cba ami? Am not? Tu amex? Are you? ‘Tune cn mm? Aren't you? Toit ame? —Ishe? Toit we e am? Isn'the? Tame? Isshe? Tanee sm? — Isn'tshe? Tome? — Isit? To nee sm? —_ Isn'tit? Hie am eme? Are we? Hie me eme an? Aren't we? Bie zm cre? Are you? Bie we cre aw? Aren't you? Tesmea? Arethey? ‘Teme cam? Aren't they? 2 Asking questions In Bulgarian, asin English, there are three basic ways of asking question: by using a question word like ‘who’, ‘what’ or ‘wity” or how”; by using a special word like ‘do’; and by using a ‘tag’ like ‘are you?”, *hasn't he?", “dd we?" and ‘was she?". Using special question words Some Bulgarian words have different forms for the different genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), while thers have no gender forms. Here are the Bulgarian question words: Nogender Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural xaxés = kaked = axed = kaxmé what Koll oii 08 Koi who ‘at as sane wi whose eae — where ord when ax how samé why ‘x6aK0 how many? how much? ‘These words are usually at the beginning of the question: Kaxaé e rond? ‘What is this? Kax cn 1H? How are you? Koiie roi? Who is he? Kent e Hiniat Where is Ivan? Koré ¢ ryx Térep? When is Peter here? 3amé Ana ne e tyk? ‘Why isn’t Anna here? Using a special word ‘When there is no question word like who, why or how, the word sm is ‘used instead. JIu cannot be used at the beginning of the question. Tyx am e Créan? Is Stephen here? ‘Mépa ne ¢ sm TyK? Isn’t Mary here? ‘Tu am cu Toss? Is that you?22 Using ‘tag’ words ‘Occasionally “tag words are used to tur a sentence into a question that is intended to confirm something or to express some doubt and is usually answered with ‘yes" of ‘no: Toit e ryk, nami? He is here, isn't he? Bie cre rocnostia Fonds, wait? You are Mr Popov, aren't you? Dami-ra e tyK? wonder if she is here? Answering simple questions ‘There are many different ways of answering different questions. But it ‘might help to know that there are several ways of answering simple {questions requiring a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, any of which is perfectly acceptable: Bie 2m cre rocuoniat Ta, 23 com rn Tlonés. (e-#) Monde? Ala, a3 com. Ha. ‘Ty am e rocnoiin He, r-a Mapwon ne tyK. (-n) Maxon? He, ne e. He, Exercises 1 Read aloud each answer and write ga (yes) after the correct one Example: How does Anna greet Ivo? 3apasei! (Ila) How does Ivan greet Anna? Sapaséii! Dooep To6p6 sxpo! What does Vasil ak Katya! Bie an cre rocnéxuua Bouesa? ‘Tyke am e rocnoni Baines? Kax cx? How does Ms Ganeva answer Peter's question? Za, 23 com rocndéxuna Pénena. Baaronaps, a06pé com. He, me com. 2 Read aloud each sentence and explain who does what Example: Baca: Jo6ep sen. (4) Vasil greets someone Minax: J106p6 frpo. (1) Replies to a question Tlersp: Bae au cre ria Béwesa? (2) Asks about someone's health BACH: Tyk ame rou Bines? (3) Asks if someone is the person he/she needs Kara: Ja, rote tyx. (4) Greets someone Ana: Kak a (5) Asks if someone is here Miso: Baaronapé, o6pé cust. (6) Answers that someone is here 3 Turn the following sentences into the negative Example: As ew rocnoxin Taéwen Tén0p0s. ‘Aa ne com rocnoain FLxémen Té10p08. Ta cu n06pé. Hie exe ty Toit e rocozin Maaude. Bie cre 206p8. Tae rocnowé Ana Tapnéza, Te ca 1yx. ‘Aa cb Mapiis 4 Tur the following sentences into questions EX Example: A3 com 06pe. Alo6pé am com as? ‘Aa a06pé am cunt? Tu cx Ténop. Hie cme n06pé. Toii e Mapxo Téres, Bite cre ru Anapées, Tae rocnéxnna Merpésa. Te ca tx. Ana n Mapiis ca s06pé.5 Use the correct forms of the verb cba (cbM, cH, €, cMe, cre, ca) in the sentences below Te... 1yK. Brie mut. . . rocnomin Monde? Aa... rocndxuua Pawesa, Toll ue... TK. Kax... 1H? Minin... yx. Hie. . . 206pé. Ta no6pé sm. ..2 Tocnéanua TéMoza a3... TYK. Tocnoain Boxes, rocnoxa Béxesa u rocnéxnma Bonena we aH Ty? 6 Now use the appropriate forms of the personal pronouns (23, TH, TOM, TA, To, Hie, Bike, Te) at ere rocnomin Flon6t sm e rocnoxé Hisanéna? coM ANTORL ne e rocnoatin Paes. = eMe TYK. ax cH? + eme 06pé ne e rocndaxnna Terpéea. + € HOGp6 sere. eee raerere 7 Which is the odd word out in each of the following lines? © brie, To, TA, a3, Toi, cre, Hie, TE cate, e et, €2, 23, cb, cre @ ésep, nen, xax, Jrpo © kak, Koil, Kora, 3amm6, YTpo, KaKBO (© Mx, aeTé, aan, Kena, Mom4é, MoMiIe 8 Give the questions to which the following are the answers Mla, a2 cust rocuostin Manse, fla, rocnéxama Bénena ¢ Tyx. He, as we com rocnonis Panes, He, rocndxuma Ana ne © TYR. Braroaapa, 206pé com. Braronaps, a3 ciao cane 06pé, 9 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian Good evening! Are you Mr Petrov? Yes, [ am. Hello! Is Mrs Ganev here? No, she is not here. Good morning! Are you Mr and Mrs Boney? Yes, we are. Good aftermoon! Isn't she here? No, she is not here Ladies and gentlemen! Thank you. How are you? I am fine, thank you.2 B camoneta uv Ha aeporapa Coqua On the plane and at Sofia ‘port In this lesson you will learn how to: '* Ask and answer questions about names, native places, and professions {Ask and tell where something is ‘Ask and tell whether someone has something Recognise and use the definite article (the) Use the verbs nian (to have) and Hamam (to have not) in the present ‘© Recognise the gender of adjectives (e.g. big, red) and pronouns (2.9. he, she, it) Bcamonera ‘Mr Thomas Hill, an architect from Britain, is on his way to Bulgaria On the plane he meets Katya, a Bulgarian girl, who exchanges a few words in Bulgarian with him Kara: Kax ce xasnare? Tom: As ce xaspam Tomac Xuut, A Bue? Kara: Aa ce xaspam Kara Monona. Tom: Orksze cre? Kars: Aa cos or Bearapus. Tom: Or xoii rpaa cre? Kara: Aa coat or rpan Corpus. A Buc? Tom: As com oT JTomoH. Kata: Kawa cre no mposecs? Tom: Apxuexr. A Bue xaxsa cre to npoipects? Kars: A3 cha cTyaeHTKa. Tom: Miwa am ome auoro mst x0 Codus? Kats: He, waa. He cme noxrit » Coops. 65 zoguxyu LA 5-TH ANNIVERSARY = rouncas AIRPORT “@ AETUWE BYPTAC wEcrrzaroz HA CYMEP ABHOWOY CBC CYNEPCAMOAET esos GOH 767 HA ABHOKOMMAHHA ‘BAAKAH* CAMO HA 9 OKTOMBPH (METBK) {FHSEDA-BBRPTA APOE WPORAMSK 50% NAMAAEOIE TA SEAM CYREATH ABHOKOMTANAR AETHUE BYPTAC Ha aeporapa Coun Mary Jones isa the Customs Office desk ‘Murumuar: Tlacnopra, mons! Orxeae cre? Meu: Sanopsaaiite. As com or AMepuxa, Muramuar: Mnare sm Garax? Mepu: Za, was. Tosm crap xyap u Tasi Hosa wanrTa. Murumuar: Keae e xytpapur? Mepu: ‘Tyx wa Macara. Murauuar: Mare sm nemo 3a aexnapupane? Meer: He, naman Huo, Murranvar: Kaxno uma rast waxra? Mepi: ‘Muoro newta: roam mapiros, masa Kyra 3a Gira, nnyapa, 4epaiino, cmlcaHe, BECTHHK, MHCAIKA . . . Murnuuar: Baarosaps, rocnoxmue Jone. Joswxnane. 27Notes and explanations Kax ce xéspare? Whatisyourname? won (mm), ésa new Aa ce dspam... My name is (f), mmo (n) amcaled)... wfap(m) ——_asuitcase Orwené cre? Where areyou ura () abag from? scant e xfipapor? Whereis the Asewor —— Tamfrom suitease? Baap Bulgaria ‘Tye ma eicara Here, onthe table Or Koil rpax Which town/city mare am némo Do you have cre? are youfrom? 38 anything to ‘Kax-is/sii cre What is your tekaapipame? declare? ‘no mpodécas? profession? ‘He, wlstam wo No, I don't have apart an architect anything cryaéer, ama student, a néao authing, anything, ceryaéwmea female student something en has, theres ao nothing, anything won has nother isn't Kate ea 8 Whats therein nowt almost nearly Thaw ira? this bag? norrmmép Customs House Muro wens many things official; oni napéio aig (lerge) racndpr (m) passport perfume sacnipra the passport ashen xyrin a smal (ite) box da please Gus jewellery Banonsaitre! ‘Here you are! yap powder Help yourself! sepaixo a lipstick iware a Do you have any camedame ‘amagazine Garda? luggage? term newspaper Téa (m) rho hi aed. apen (0, 1084 () Baaroapét Thank you! crap (m),erdpa old Honisane! Goodbye! (), erdipo (n) Polite words, phrases and expressions ‘There are two ways of addressing people in Bulgarian: formally (by using the forms for the 2nd person plural like Bie) and informally (by using the forms forthe 2nd person singular like m) There ae also some words, phrases and expressions that are usually used in polite language. Sanonéutaiire! (Help yourself! Here you are!) or its more informal ver- sion 3anonaaait is the usual Bulgarian way of expressing hospitality. It js used practically always when you invite someone or when you offer him/her something: Banonsinaiire na récru! Please, come to visit me (us)! 3amonsizaiire ua obi lease, have lunch with us (me)! Banonsinaiire, este! Please, do come in! Banonsinaitre ems kage! Please, have a coffee! 3anonsaitre oF wiioro! Please, help yourself to some wine! Méam (please) is the usual and most neutral Bulgarian expression of politeness. Méaas is used whenever you would use ‘please’ in English — cither at the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Méas, nacnéprat Your passport, please! Tlacndpra, w6ax! Your passport, please! Méaa, euxé e renepémsy? Whereis the telephone, please? Kauée reseomur, méas? Whereis the telephone, please? ‘osnunére or its equivalent Mssmuisaitre (Excuse me, pardon me, | beg your pardon, if you don’t mind) is the most universal Bulgarian word for attracting someone's attention, expressing apologies or making Vosnunére, wnaé e Gimsara? Excuse me, where is the bank? Voanunsinaitre, yk am e Térep? Excuse me, is Peter here? [Not infrequently, instead of sapmuiaitre/sammére, the Bulgarians tend to use its equivalent npoutiaaiire/upocrére, which has the same ‘meaning but is slightly more formal. ‘And whenever you want to express deep regret you should use cuxasinam (I regret, Iam sorry). Other useful polite expressions are: Axo o6ieate! If you please! Would you mind, please! Biixre sm Would you...? Would you mind ...2 More am May I?Goodbyes ‘The usual words on parting with people are: Aonicxaane! Goodbye! ‘Tio cxépo wicxaame! ‘See you soon! Ho ¥rpe! ‘See you tomorrow! (or any fixed time) C66rom! Farewell! But more and more often young Bulgarians tend to use the more collo- ‘quial and slightly slangy word sso (the Italian ciao) instead of sosicxaiane (goodbye). Articles (a, an, the) and nouns ‘There is no Bulgarian equivalent of the indefinite article (a, an) in English. If it is necessary to use something like an indefinite article (for instance, to emphasise that itis a matter of one person or object), you should use the appropriate form of ‘one’: enian (m), emu (f) or ex6 (1): ‘Tyx fa ein wjbap. There is a suitcase here, ‘Tyx fina ennd dura, There is a bag here. ‘Tye ma ean6 comcdnme. ‘There is a magazine here. So, don’t worry about indefinite articles, as the equivalent of a is used only in some special cases and even if you omit it you will still be understood. With a very few clear exceptions which are shown in the Grammatical ‘Summary at the end of this book, you should not have any difficulties ‘with the definite article (i.e. the) because it is usually used where you would use the definite article in English. ‘The only obvious difference is that, unlike its English counterpart, the definite article in Bulgarian is always added as an ending to the noun and has different forms for the different genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) as well as for the plural. Masculine ‘There are two long forms (-s4 or -#r) and two corresponding short ones (-9 or -s) of the definite article (-wr/a; -21/s). sox aman ‘som a horse wow ér/wroxd the man wousr/k6na the horse ‘The long forms of the definite article (the endings -Br and -s) for nouns of the masculine gender are used when the noun is the subject of the sentence: Crémor e TyK. ‘The chair is here. Kéusr e yk. ‘The horse is here. ‘The short forms (the endings -a and -1) are used when the noun is any ‘other part of the sentence: Kaper ¢ na créaa, Muar e 10 xéus, ‘The suitcase is on the chair. ‘The man is by the horse. Feminine ‘There is only one form of the definite article for nouns of the feminine ‘xendra the woman Génara the bath ‘The bag is on the table. ‘The pen isin the bag. Gama a bath Usurara e na mécara. Tincésnsara e 8 udurara, Neuter There is only one form of the definite article for nouns in the neuter gender ~ the ending -r0: aeré a child aeréro the child G10p6 a desk Gropéro the desk sxéarypy a kangaroo émrypy70 the kangaroo “Yepaiiioro ¢ ua Gropéro. ‘The lipstick is on the desk. ‘Camedumero we e wa mécara, ‘The magazine is not on the table. The present tense of the verbs imam (to have) and HAmam (to have not) AAs you can see from the present tense of the verb cbt (Lam), there are different endings for the different persons (I, you, we), of the verbs. 132 ‘And that holds good for all Bulgarian verbs in all the tenses. Here are the forms for the present tense of two other verbs: iam (to have) and ‘ant (to have not) Positive Negative As fewam T have ‘Aa miotam I have not Tu dona You have ‘Tu wémamn You have not ‘Toit fa He has Toit nisea He has not ‘Ta iowa She has ‘Ta wioaa She has not To ia It has To mia It has not Hite fimame We have Bue fiwate You have Te fmar They have Hite nimase We have not Bie miimate You have not Te winar They have not Interrogative ‘Aa famamt mm Do T have? ‘Tw femaun am Do you have? ... and so on. Negative-Interrogative ‘Aa wisam am Don’t Ihave? ‘Tw mémami st Don't you have? ... and so on. Gender of adjectives Bulgarian adjectives always agree in gender and number with the nouns ‘they qualify. Just like nouns, adjectives have three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter): Masculine Masculine adjectives usually end on a consonant: rosin big nop new xjGas nice ‘aro small (ttle) crap old xpaciia pretty Minin faa os nacndpr. Ivan has a new passport. Ana fava crap nécramx. ‘Anna has an old newspaper. Teréro fia wésrox Kap. The child has a small suitcase, Feminine Feminine adjectives always end on -a roaima big 6ea new xiGana nice daca small (litle) eraipa old kpacima pretty ‘Tins iowa xjGana keira, Tanya has a nice book. ino wina misma Kye. Ivo does not have a small box. Teréro fiva sm wea sierra? Does the child have a new bag? Neuter Neuter adjectives always end on -0: roxiouo big éno new xfano nice sméaxo small (litle) erépo old pacino pretty Tow iowa su n6no cuncénme? Does Tom have a new magazine? Toit wivta xY6ano witeo. He does not have a good video. Gender of the demonstrative (this, that) and Masculine Feminine Neuter ‘v6 this ‘rdau this ‘ond this ‘ua that omiism that ‘ononsi that axée what axed what axe what xkoli who, which oii who, which ko who, which ‘uit whose suit whose sane whose Here are a few examples in which these pronouns are used: ‘Tosu xbap € nos. ‘Taisn sdnra e ua Tom. ‘This bag is Tom's, Tosé nivieo ne € uéno. This video is not new. Onsm rocnoain e apxuréxr. That gentleman is an acl Ondan xend ¢ or Cégus. ‘That woman is from Sofia. ‘Onooné seré fima Osa Tonka. That child has a new ball. Kaxoa nécrum € 1630? ‘What (kind of) newspaper is this? ‘What (kind of) bag do you have? ‘What (kind of) magazine is this? ‘Who is this gentleman? Who is this lady? Who is this child? This suitcase is new. Kaxad sinrra jiware? ‘Kaxé cimesnne e toma? Koi ¢ 163u rocnoain? Kod e résu saa? Koé e rosa aeré?“Unit xsipap e Tésu? Uni siwra e Tésu? Une e Toss wivieo? Whose suitcase is this? ‘Whose bag is this? Whose video is this? Exercises 1 Read aloud all the answers and put aa (yes) after the correct one Example: Kaxn6 witra Tom? Orxeaé cre. (Ila) What does Katya ask? Bie kaxad cre no mpopécus? Kax ce wésnate? Fivwa am due séro mor 0 Céspus!? What does Tom ask? Kaés cre no mpospécus? Bie kaxad cre no mpospécus? Bie or rpaa JI6uaou am cre? ‘What does Mary say’? Hite ete nowrit » COQ Timare an Garda? Tye wa wacara, 2 Read aloud who says what and note who does what Example: Kara: Kax ce wisnare? (4) Katya is asking someone about his/her name. Tom: Onewné cre? 1 Asking someone about his/her profession. Kata: As ce wisnam 2 Telling what your profession is. Kérs Ton6sa, Murranudr: Amare sm wéwo 3a 3 Asking someone where he/she aekaaphpane? ‘comes from, Tom: Or woli rpa ere? 4 Asking someone about his/her name. Mérn: Ty na mécara, _§ Telling someone your name. KAra: Kata creo 6 Asking someone if he/she mpodécns? has something. Murrinude:Kaxe6 fowa » rian 7 Asking how far it isto ‘edo some place, Tow: Fima am 6me wnéro 8 Asking someone if he/she mor 10 COspus? has anything to declare. Kats: As com eryaérxa, 9 Telling someone where something is. 3 Greet the Bulgarian Customs official and answer his questions CavKam: o6pé fxpo. BYE: vsesnenses CovKam: Kax ce xéspate? Bae: = Conpam: Orxoné cre? Bae: : Cavkam: Or xoit rpan cre? Bre: piste CavKam: Viware sim Garéox? i Cavkam: Vimare sm néuto 3a nexnapipane? Caskam: Baarozaps. Josibcaate. 4 Ask the questions to which the following sentences at the answers As ce xéana Cpa Tpit ‘Aa com or Anctpasis. As con or rpax MEnGEpH. ‘Aa cM arpiica mo npodécus. Ta, a9 tian Gar. B sdurrara una napdiom, ajapa m sepsiixo.~ et AUauNe Find the odd word out in each line nacndpr, ctyséur, Ousmecmén, rast, xSibap, crap, peux TomiMo, 106p6, Miko, HOBo, #Tpo, e”H0, Crapo auld, Mii, KaKBO, Koll, KaK, TYK, KBIE, KOAKO Make a sentence using the words in each line ce, Xu, késpam, a3, Tomac Tiéuzox, sie, rpaa, ete, He, OT, aN? nécrimk, Tao, mici.nea, ioea, aura, extra, Buarépus, rocnomia, aourin, Xn, 8, 206pé Guanecnén, mporbécus, coM, a3, 10 aexstapiipae, 9a, 1m, ware, néMmo ao Fill in the missing words, using the words Kjcbap, vara, napdiow, BécTHHK, crucéHne, NCANKa and 6WK) As vias enti Tova e exnd ‘Tw ian enna. . Ta toa ex B rdsu . .. viva end . Ha macata ria exit Ava siowa emi... w exH6 - isdn sia enn Use the correct form of envi in the following sentences Ha mécara viva (env, enn, end) wepsiiz0. Toii e o (eatin, exsd, extn6) rpaa » Bearépus. Ty sia (eatin, enn, exnd) apxnréxr. B wdurrara sia (erie, end, en46) sepaiizo. (Exim, exmd, eomd) crynéurea ¢ 8 rpa. Crisp ona (ea, end, exis) xfbap ut (ean, end, end) waar, Match each word in the first column with one from the second column exné dome xy6askwira romim ——nmcésika no6ip — wisrra Mama = pean enn pécrHinK n6pa cnmcdune 10 Ask someone politely if he/she has luggage suitcase adictionary a newspaper aperfume abag apen amagazine passport anything to declare 11 Answer the questions using the words in brackets Example: Kaxo6 fsa wa micara? (won, cnmcéume) Ha mdcara fava néno concdmme Kaxé sina a micara? (crap, xutira) Kaxn6 sina wa Gropsr0? (xGap, mucd.nKa) Kaxa6 sina wa ner6ro? (ion, BécrHix) Kaxaé sina ua crésa? (Masrox, stra) Kaxné sina » crisra? (rosin, sca) Kaxaé sisca 8 aérata? (Hon, Mémnp) Kaxné siwa » Gropéro? (crap, encase) 12 Use the words in brackets with the correct form of the definite article Example: (K§dpap) ¢ ua (sica). - Kfipaper e ua mécara, 1 (Mex) e 0 (6106). 2 Oem) m (neré) ca ty. 3 Tom es (rpan). 4 (Crynéurea) e wa (cron). 5 (Bécraux) e 8 (Kyibap). 6 (Baréx) e no (sata) 7 Mlapdow) e w (xéz1Ta) 8 (epaiicio) ¢ w (kyTis) 9 (Tlncé.nxa) e 10 (nécrumx).13 Make the words in brackets agree in gender with the nouns they refer to Example: Tom iowa (won) ura, ~ Tost fama néna witrra. ‘Mapiia vinta (sedurbx) séura. Ha sdcava sista (ead, crdp) pécramx. Topi e (wos) cnucdse. ‘Vimau sm (Hos) sepaii10? (Kaxisn) e (16am muro) xrrus? Tona e (xfGan) nucd.mea, Ana ima (Hop) 6mnxy. 14 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian What is your name? ‘My name is Ivan Ganev. ‘What is your profession? Tam a businessman, Where are you from? Tam from Sofia Do you have any luggage? Yes, Ihave. 3 3ano3HaBaHe v NpeactaBave Meeting and introducing people In this lesson you will learn how to: © Introduce yourself and other people Say that something is your property or someone else's Use possessive pronouns (my, you, hs, her, etc) Count trom 1 020 Recognise and use the plural of masculine and feminine nouns '* Use the present tense of verbs of the third conjugation S3ano3HaBaHe MNpepCctaBaAHe fH On his way out of the baggage hall, Tom is addressed by a young woman AuA: Mssmnspaitre, Bue sm cre rocnoams Tomac Xu? Tom: Za, a3 cunt. Kaxwo o6mvare? AuA: To6pe noursn » Baotrapus! Aa ce xassant Ava Tassoa. Tom: 0, aa! Bue cre cexperapxara, Koso TpsGna sia Me aKa. AWA: Tla, cera a3 nocpemam scwKi Hau rocTH. Tom: Moro ce pansam, ma ce sarosias ¢ Bac. AHA: Buaronaps! H aa ce panean., Mexare sum 2a rpprnane? To: Zfa, axo m Bue ucxate. AHA: Tpa6sa camo aa Bu npegcrans saums mopsop. Tlocne soemame Baus Oarax a Tpareane, Tosa sm e Baur Garax? Tom: Jla, rosa e Mos xyap, a Tona e Mosra wai, AWA: ‘A ‘ocranamsr Garax? ViMa ome ama xydapa w 1p sanrH, Tom: Te ne ca mon, Binxsare st onaatt nama 1 oxaH rocnoguH? Ava: Ja. 3amo? Tom: ‘THeara xyhapa ca Heroes, a 1pure 4aHTH ca Helis,‘Awa: Torasa, a tpurmame, Orupame wuy Bama xoren, @ nocse » pecropanra. Tam vaxat Banrre xozerH, Vocabulary Hianuuinaitre! Excuse me! iva 6me 8 ‘Kax6 oGivare? What can do for bapa ‘There are two ‘more suitcases you? Tene ca mou They aren't mine ‘Aobpé sourkx n Welcometo ——«Bitwaare am? Do (can) you see? Buardpus! Bulgaria! onda xia (f) that lady cexperdipxara (f) the (female) Gua rocnoaiia that gentleman secretary ) Muéro ce Tam very glad andra jipapa the two suitcases pismaw, we... that oy ‘au ce aanosnin tomect you ca méront are his Bac ‘plete wésr (pl) the three bags sséxan (3) to wait ca niin ae hers saénmser our driver Tordaa aa Lets go then iogp.6p (m) ‘pirmame Mésr, Mera, my oviname (3) we are going, Méero we zo Avccrdmammar — What about the Bama xoréa your hotel, Gari? rest ofthe luggage? Introducing people ‘The usual phrases when introducing yourself and other people to some- ‘one are: exam (wéra ma ce want to (may 1) introduce spercrina myself lease (néra sm) 2a Bu T want to (may Pintroduce npencréoa +10 you Tlosmaaére at na Bu ce Allow me to introduce myself upenerins Tlosnoaére seu aa Bu npeneréss Allow me to introduce... to you 2a Bu upeacrésn wend Let me introduce my wife (onus) cw (husband) Méam 1a me npeacrénnre na... Please, introduce me to... 2a sn sanosuis: Let me introduce you: rt Xna, rxa Ben Mr Hill, Mrs Benn Yiwaw vecrré sa npexerdes ... Tam honoured (have the honour) to introduce . Banoausire ce ¢... Come and meet. Péiapan ce 2a ce sanosués ¢ Bac I am glad (pleased) to meet you Tipuiruo (xpéro) sme... Tam glad (pleased) Asking people what they want In the dialogue, Tom says Kaxe6 oGivare? (What would you like?) which is the usual and neutral way of asking someone what he or she wants. There are, of course, a lot of other ways of doing it, ranging from the very polite to the quite familiar: C waxn6 mora aa Bu yexrfoxa? What can Ido for you? Méra am aa Bu yeayxa ¢ wémo? Can I do anything for you? ‘Méra am na Bu npeaéxa néwo? Can I offer you something? Weware sm weio? Do you want anything?” Kaxné exare? What do you want? Expressing pleasure at meeting someone Inthe dialogue, Tom says Mu6ro ee pésipass to express his pleasure at ‘meeting Anna. Other standard phases used for that purpose are: Panam ce, ve Bu niraqas. Tam glad to see you. a42 Zparo mm e, 4¢ Bu nicxnam. Tam pleased to see you. Tipuitruo wm e sia ce sanosuis. Pleased to meet you. Uynécwo e, we cre TyK! tis wonderful that you are here. Counting from 1to 20 1 ems 11 exmmétecer (exmiicer) 2 ane 12 anandatecer (ananiiicet) 3 1p 13. pmmiaecer (rpumicer) 4 sérapu 14 serupuninecer (xerupasiicet) 5S ner 15 neruiaever (neruiiicer) 6 meer 16 ucernazecer (miectusiicer) 7 céxem 17 cenenmnisecer (cestevmdiier) 8 bce 18 oceyménecer (ocewmiicer) 9 aver 19 aenernéecer (nenernicer) 10 aéver 20 awdiecer (assicer) 1 In Bulgarian emé (one) has different forms for the three genders: exit (rn), est (0, e216 (n) and can be used with the definite article: cei (m), exméira (f), exn6r0 (n). 2 ae (two) is the form for the feminine and neuter, while the form for the masculine is ma (two). 3 The forms in brackets: (e.g. emudiicer) are the more colloquial versions for the numbers from 11 to 20, Possessive pronouns (gender, number, and article) Gender and number ‘The possessive pronouns (my, your, our, efe) have different forms for the three genders and for the plural: Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural moi my = Mon omy = Me my = 6m my ‘raolt your, sg TBod your,sg Tmoé your, sg T6m your, sg nérop his wérosa his uéroso his éronu his ‘wen her méiina her imo her éliun her am our dma our ime our ium our eam your, pl sama your, pl ode your, pl mmm — your, pl ‘réxen their rstua their riixmo their réxam their There are different forms for the three genders and for the plural ‘because in Bulgarian the possessive pronouns just like the adjectives ~ always agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify, for example: This suitcase is mine (m), ‘This bag is mine (. ‘This child is mine (n). ‘These bags are mine (p). ‘Tésn Gardin © Twoit(néros, wenn, wat, wan, Téxen). This luggage is yours (is, hers, ours, yours, theirs). Téom xuira ¢ 1a6a (nérova, uéita, wna, ada, vitcna). This book is yours (his, hers, ours, yous, theirs). ‘ond cimcime ¢ ro6e (nérono, néino, wim, same, 1SxH0). This magazine is yours (his, hes, ours, yous, their). ‘Tes ronirn ca 1o6u (néroon, ud, ium, asm, 1éxuH). These books are yours (his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) ‘Tosm xsbap € moi, ‘Téisn inva e 6s. ‘Tons aeré e mée. ‘Téan sinrrm ca mon. The definite article with the possessive pronouns One of the main differences between the possessive pronouns in English (amy, his, ete) and Bulgarian is that, normally, all Bulgarian possessive Pronouns are used with the definite article e.g. Ton e mur emu (This is (the) my son), A3 cbm 8 Méa rpayt (I am in (the) my town). When they are used with the definite article, the possessive pronouns always agree in gender and number with the word they define.‘The forms for the different genders are the same as the gender endings of adjectives: Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural éero Moure ‘éero—TaOure nérosoro —wérosure nélinoro —nélinure niwero —ndumre aéumsr/a your pimero sume recmar/a their rixworo —_Téxunre It could be said that the forms without the article: moi, wma, riixno, ‘etc, correspond to the forms: mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs, while those with the article: Méar, TaGara, wimero, etc, correspond to the proper possessive pronouns in English: my, your, hs, her, our, their: Tod e moar Garicx. ‘This is (the) my luggage. mosr/a my mésr/a your éronusr/a_ his néimmrr/a her néumsr/a our Tond e ménra Kons. ‘This is (the) my car. Toné e méero ere. This is (the) my child Tons ca moure xuirn, ‘These are (the) my books. Too ¢ rear (néronusr, uéhimsr, néumsr, séumsr, TéxmT) Gari. This is your (his, her, our, your, their) luggage. Tosa ¢ Taéara (uérosara, néinara, uimara, sémara, réxnara) hua. This is your his, her, our, your, their) house. The present tense of verbs of the third conjugation You already know that Bulgarian verbs have no infinitive form (e.g. to read), What goes under the name of ‘infinitive’ is the form for the Ist person singular present preceded by the particle aa: for example 1a Gbaa (to be), a miima (10 write). ‘There is only one present tense in Bulgarian so it is used to render at least two of the four English present tenses (e.g. mitram =I ask =I am have asked = I have been asking). Since it is clear that the Bulgarian and the English names for the tenses are not identical, it will bbe more helpful to use the Bulgarian names with an English explanation in brackets to avoid confusion: e.g. cerdummo wpéme (present tense). ‘There are three classes or conjugations of verbs in Bulgarian. Each con- jugation is determined by the final vowel for the 3rd person singular present: e.g. ser (1) (he reads); ronépH (2) (he speaks); mirrA (3) (he asks). Here is another way of illustrating this: Conjugation Infinitive Present Stem Stem Vowel First (1) tviama (read) ninE (he reads) EB Second 2) paGrs (Iwork) pa66rH1 (he works) Ml ird 3) tmicram (Lask) — mirtA (he asks) A Although it isnot difficult to find out the conjugation to which a given verb belongs, for your convenience it is given in brackets after each verb: eg. werd (1), ronéps (2) It will be best to begin with the third conjugation, which should be famil- iar to you from the conjugation of the verbs want (to have) and witmamt (Go have not) introduced in the previous lesson, since most basic Bulgarian verbs (over 3,000) belong to it, whereas the verbs in both the first (over 800) and the second conjugations (over 800) are less numerous. Cerawio apeme (the present tense): third conjugation Verbs of the third conjugation are verbs ending in a or in the 3rd Person sg: e.,fitpa (comes), nosrpa (repeats) Positive Negative sg Aa mitras ask ne nitray I do not ask ‘Tw nitram you ask ne nitraut you do not ask ‘Toit mitra he asks ne mitra he does not ask ‘Ta mitra she asks ne nftra she does not ask ‘To mitra it asks we nia it does not ask pl Hite mirrante we ask ne nitrate we do not ask Bae mirare you ask ne mirare you do not ask Te mirrar they ask ne nirrar they do not aska7 ‘Negative-interrogative sme mirast smu don’t I ask ne nitramt mm don’t you ask and 50 on. Interrogative sg Aa miras am do I ask ‘Tw mitramm am do you ask «and 0 on. ‘The verbs with a stem ending conjugate as follows: orrondpaw (co answer), orropépam, Toit (ra, 10) orronéps: orronipawe, orrosapsre, orrosipar ‘The Bulgarians do not use personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc) with their verbs as often as English speakers do because, with the exception of the third person singular (he, she, it) the person is always clear from the ending: oGfeaan (I like, Tove) tpiraae (we leave) ioxniam (you see, $B) oGieuare (you like) svéxar (they wait) ceafare (you listen, pl) But: rol (1a, To) oGieua (He (she, it) likes) Plural of masculine nouns Just as in English, there are several rules and many exceptions in ‘forming the plural of nouns in Bulgarian. The basic rules are: Most masculine monosyllabic nouns form the plural with the ending oBe eroa—eréaone (chair—chairs) wax — sardxone (train ~ trains) Wox—néxone (knife knives) xa — xbamose(hill -hills) rpaa—rpayosé (town—towns) moa —_maoaoné (fruit - fruits) ses —sténone (lev, the Bulgarian monetary unit) Here are some of the exceptions: Mua—sewawé — (man—men) —Kon—Koné (horse horses) mer —abrmma (road ~ roads) Most masculine polysyllabic nouns form the plural by adding u to the final consonant or changing the final, iiton apxrréxct — apxwréxt ‘an architect — architects teacher ~ teachers ‘diplomat - diplomats a journalist - journalists ‘a Customs official - Customs officials student ~ students a cassette recorder ~ cassette recorders suitcase ~ suitcases a perfume — perfumes ‘newspaper ~ newspapers « passport — passports ‘policeman ~ policemen a genius ~ geniuses ‘aunaowdr — aun.towdirn sxcypuastiey — axypuaiicrn Narramdp ~ surraaripn ceryaéwr ~ cryaéurn kacevodon — kacerodout fbap ~ Kbapa nnapépiow — napdowm pécrimn ~ necramm nacnépt ~ nacnépra noamudit ~ noamdn évunit — rée All masculine nouns have a special form (called the numerical form) for the plural when used with an exact number, formed by adding the ending a after a consonant enim rpas ~ aa rpa.n ‘enii roa —Tpw er6. fone town — two towns cone chair ~ three chairs For nouns ending in ii, the itis replaced by a: poi — repo hero —heroes ‘nosmndit ~ noc. policeman ~ policemen Exercises 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs BioKgaM, TpbreaMm, oTHBaM, “éKam, KASBAM, pageam ce Moan n Térop .. . » pecropanra, Muéro ... . na ce sanosttis ¢ Bac. Ana... Town xoréna, Bile 8 pecropaura sm . 2 Hie... 3a xoréna. Kar ce... 1630 rocnosini? Crépan... Maplin Ty Kord... Awa w Tow 3a xoréza Huxozéit ... na ce sanosde Broaéra,2 Make a sentence using the words in each line ce, Bac, pimam, ce, a, ¢, méro, sanoswis © néiiau, andra, rpire, ca, w, xfapa, wéarrn © xorés, pecropétira, nécze, wa, 3, orkwame, Bauman © néumsr, ond, modsép, € 3 Read aloud each answer and mark the correct one with Aa (yes) Example: Tom wéapa wa Awa: Ja, a3 com. (2a) Axa mitra Tox: Tow mira Aua: Kaxpé o6jiuare? Biie xu cre Ana? Tiexare su na Tpéreanse? 3am6? Biixnare 2m onésu nésa Kaxsé o6uvare? usu roenomia’? Ana xésna na Tom: Muéro ce papam za ce samosnis ¢ Bac. Tom xispa na Ana; Za, xo u Brie icxare, Te we ca mou. Tordsa, 2a Tpéreane. Tiécae wsémame Banus Garéx — Piwant Sue apa xihapa. w tpérnaMe. 4 Read aloud who says what and mark who says what Example: Tons sm ¢ Béumsr Garé? (3) Tom: Tova e moar xsiap, a onond e Méara dna, ‘Ana: a3 ce pasipam, he/she wants. ve bit Biba. {G) Asking someone if something ‘Tom: Biie 1m cre rocnosvitt Témos? is his/her property. ‘Anta: Bitxnare su onda néma a (4) Asking someone if he/she 6x3H rocnomin? sees something. Tom: Kaxné o6tivare? (5) Welcoming someone. Ana: Tosa sm e Banmusr Garéxx? (6) Expressing pleasure at Tom: Pasmnam ce, 4 CTe TYR. seeing someone. AWA: obpé xouria » Buarrépus. (7) Saying that something is your property (1) Asking someone for his name. (2) Asking someone what 5 Read the following 3425 (Ipm noc spe e pasno na ner) 32=1 —(Tpu asinye ave e panno ua ens) 543-8 1244216 10-2=8 44367 113-149-326 54429 174219 8-355 G28 74613124618 T=} ITB 6 Put the last word into the plural according to the models Model 1: B créstra ions enim croa. (3, mnéro) B crésrra iowa rpu créaa, B crisra fowa wnéro crésione. B erdsra fima emit cron. (4, MH6ro) B crésra fina emiin crynénr. (15, wn6ro) B créara siwa emia xyihap. (6, mudro) Ha seicara ima esin yxé6um. (2, smiéro) Ha sécara iowa emis péaamx. (9, wero) Ha mécara sia enim sécrax, (12, mrdro) Model 2: Tyx fowa enim cryaéar. (névta, snéro) ‘Tys fia aia cryaéara. Tyk iowa mnro crys, Tyx siwa emit suntomér. (rpriMa, MH6TO) Tyk sia ema yuitres. (xevpia, Miro) Tyk sia emia axypHamicr. (neriina, a5r0) Tam siota exvin mpodécop. (mecriinta, miro) Tam ssa envi abxTop. (cEieM, miro) Model 3: Bicayamt esd wewd. (10, mméro) Birxaam agcer xemi, Bicokaam mu6ro xew, Brisa emu xwiira. (8, maxéro) Biokaant exp mtica. (9, muéro) Brixstam end wdrra. (4, muéro) Bibaaan emid nisa. (7, suéro) Brscranc enna mucdanca. (6, aabro) BioxnaM end end. (5, Mn6ro) Brixsam emmté cexperapra. (3, san6ro) 497 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of uoi, ‘Teo, Heros, HéMH, Haul, Baul, TExeH Example: Aa iowan ere. Tond ¢ méero sere. Hie simame Garéox. Tosa e . . . Gard Biie imate sm mopsdp? Tosd ame. . . moxsop? Te vimar pectopaurr. Tord e . . . pectopaur. ‘Aa imam kiibap, Tona ne ©... jap. ‘Ta ia sméro want. Tond ca... dnt, Tu imams Maéro kuru? Tosa am ca... xusirut? Bile insare wdutra. Tosa e. .. wdvra Te tiwar zeré. onde. . . neré. 8 Replace the personal pronouns given in brackets with the corresponding possessive ones (Hiie) mopsdp ce xésea Mnén Anew. (Tu) cexperdipxa iumsa xécxo. Toné e (a3) Garéxx; a onond e (roit) Gard. (Te) xorén e roxim. (Bie) xonérn waxat # (wie) pecropér. (Ts) séuera € na (1H) sca, (Hite) cexperapxa He © 1yK. (Ts) sana € wa (a3) 6rops. (Colt) neré cerd ne e w (re) xéua, 9 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian ‘Tom meets the secretary of the firm. Her name is Anna. She is very pleased to meet Tom. She introduces her driver. His name is Ivan. Tom. does not have much luggage. He has only a suitcase and a bag. His suitcase is new and his bag is old. Tom, Anna and Ivan take Tom's luggage and leave for the hotel. They go first to his hotel and then to the restaurant of the hotel. His colleagues are waiting in the restaurant. Tom is very glad to meet them all there. They all say: “Welcome to Bulgaria.” 4 Crpann, HayMoHanHoctTu vi Mpocbecun Countries, nationalities and professions In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘© Ask people about their jobs and tell them about yours Talk about countries and nationalities Understand and use the present tense of the second conjugation Use the plural of nouns in the neuter gender Use the article with nouns in the plural Use adjectives in the plural CTpann, HayMoHanHocTH Wnpodecun MH Paul Rix is talking to Maya, the Secretary of the Bulgarian language school he has just joined Ton: — Konko ca Monre xomeri i Kakbo pans Ty? Mas: Boe Baurara rpyna ua miecr yum, Te paGorar ® Bunrapus, Te yaar Tyk, samoTo ome He rosopst Grenrapexn eon. Tox: Kaxsut ca no mpospecus wma sanaTie? Mas: Jlekap, yawrrenxa, xypHamicr, mitxeHep, cTYMEHTKA H ss1oMar. Tloa: Or xou erpast ca u xaxpat ca mMenara uM? Mas: Te ca or passin crpanut: Jam e or AMepixa, Xaput ¢ or Kanaza, Jbxox ¢ or Asctpamis, Tom ¢ or ABTA, Karpmm e ot Morzanaus, a Tarpux e or Mpmanans. Tlox: Mima sm xopa u ot sapyri HannoHasmocr#? Mas: Mame anepmxana, Kangen, ascTpasmtew, moT-astaKa, anrmivannm mpmasiten. ToBa MaAKO Zu HaposHoCTH ca? Tox: 0, ne! TIpocro mura stam mwa mt naKxoll Mol cebntaposnK82 Mas: A Bue Kaxpp cre no naponmocr? Tlon: As cbM xonanzen or FOxua Abpuxa. To nporpecus cb unen uirxenep. Hcxam aia ya GbarapeKn, a cnest TORA na paGors » Buarapis, As cbM xeHeH, ¢ TPH rosieMit ena, A Bue? Mas: Aa cbM Gnarapxa or Coopus, cexperapxa, Heomsiketa Vocabulary Kéaxo....2 How many? How amos (m) diplomat uch? Or Kot ‘Which countries xeonéra (m, _acolleague-—-expanea? ——_-do they come veoxéru (p)_ colleagues from? ‘mer aagmm (pl) five people cerpand (1), ‘acountry — pins, todo expan (pl) countries pou (2) Kaxaica What are their passa, to work wwwenira we? names? ara (2) fine (n), name ~ names ross, to speak vet (pt) ronspau (2) ‘wn sm Opa? Are there any Ja, frum (2) tostady people? (Note: Gtorapexn Bulgarian There are two ‘eal (0) Tanguage Bulgarian words aaron thats why for people’ mpodécus (f),, profession, ‘xopa and syn) samirue (f) occupation maonimmocr(f), nationality, ies vap (m)——_adoctor “x (p) (feom Latin) ‘abeapwa() female doctor apamoer (0, nationality, ies yyowres (m), teacher, 4) (from Slavonic) ‘yviveaxa(f) female teacher mio exampizum some compatriot -xypuasnicr (m), (m) ere (D) exe T0808 after tat, then joumalist —2Kéwen, xp Married with mxenép (m) _anengineer,a room gen three big vuxenpra (9) female engineer children wine mining engineer eovetaena unmarried ‘mexcenp (m) cexperdp (m), male secretary, ceryaéar (m), amale student, a ~pxa (f) afemale cexyaéwrea (f) female student secretary Countries, nations and nationalities JIn Bulgarian, as well as different words for countries and their nationals, there are different endings for the three genders and for the plural. Take, for instance, all the words derived from ‘Europe’. ‘Enpéna — enponéeu ~ esponéiiun ~ esponéiixa — enponéiixa ~ espontiicxn/a/o ‘Europe — European (man/woman) — Europeans — European (peoplefobjects) Aperpamis (Australia) Asus (Asia) Anépura, (America) Adpura (Africa) Auroms (England) Boarapna (Bulgaria) Tepadinns (Germany) Thaw (ndia) Mpaanana (lreland) Menanna (Spain) Mrdams (aly) averpamien averpaziina ase aaniran awepnxanen awepuxésit abpuxisen apnea nro nro 6éarapa Géarapu repwénieu repmasu née GM serie sexi mpxénen padi wenden enna ramen wramduun ancrpamiiixa apcrpamilick avctpamiiixn — apctpamiiicxa ancrpamiiicxo aondrxa aomaTeKn aware aaméreKa aamaTeKo aMepuxduxa aMepixévicxn aMepHKdnxn — aMepwxdticxa aMepidnicxo adpmxdexka —adpaxdncn agpmxénxn —adppmxinicra anrausduKa — appHKaHcKo anrevénnn — anruiiioxa anr.miicxo Géorapea ——Gutrapex Gésrapkn © Gismrapexa Sénrapexo repmduxa repack repwanxn ——_repydnicka wescins néMext HeMaiiH HeMCKa éwexo/repMaxicxo mika mien natin wuuiiicKa/nmiticKo upmdwaxa ——upmdweK pniniaxn npnénizcxa/spadaacko emda wendaicxit remix endwicKa endHicKo wramimxa —ramdvieKst wramiucn —wramdneKa wramwancxo55 Kanda amen, xandaxa xandsleKH Popocnosxo appeo (a family tree) (Canada) kana xanax xandsicKa - saninono Guo] [aenwo] ——_[reorr]}-_{oranc ea) [era] ee ee ee oe] as a) (Russia) pycrdin: pyckrin pycka \Gpare wa axzo Ba Com cone = pycKo: bonaas = G6 Ba) [fmmconn) fara) [ca] ero] fares) [er Talking about marital status om Ba f 7 Ise a paral nr bee ] = me com mon ‘You have probably noticed that in the dialogue, Paul and Maya use dif- aaa ferent words to tell each other whether they are marred or not, That is because there are atleast two ways of saying ‘I am married/single’ in Bulgarian: ‘Aa (man) cba wénen (nexcenen) 1am married (single). ea ee eee coo Sr lam) a) Each of these words (aénen ~ weaéuen, owiaena ~ weombaxena) has =e quent all the characteristics of an adjective, with different endings forthe di ae = ferent genders and for the plural, that can be used whenever necessary: cna) [Een] [Fewo] — [emnso] © [ara] uname} frown) 2Kéneno sm € Trond Mosué? Is that boy married? 2Kéenn am ca éaw xépa? Are these people married? Ontéaceno am e rond Mowiive? Is that girl married? uso} Oneéaxeum sm ca Tésn xen? — Are these women married? am a In fact, the words ménen and ovkakesa are so similar that they are inter- ri changeable in colloquial speech and no one would really mind if you ‘onocNéBHO ARPES tse the word ssénex for both men and women nano ‘randiather par brother - 7 86a ‘grandmother Gpatosyég (male) cousin ‘Toii e wénen sonéx. ‘He is a married man. bau father 6paTosueéaKa (female) cousin ‘Tae wénena Keni. ‘She is a married woman. ania mother wypelt brother-in-law But in such cases, when you are not sure which word to use, it is much nina aunt (your wife's better to use the appropriate form of the word ceméet exéno uncle (your brother) ‘aunt's husband) nnéenwsika niece ‘Ceméen sm e Minn? Is Ivan marred (a family man)? fy eee ee Ceutina am e Anat Is Ana married (a family woman)? a lence aaa Cea as ‘Cemtéiiun sim ca vésn x6pa? Are these people married? om ‘aunt (your ‘eupph daughter ‘On the opposite page is a family tree showing the relationships between paternal cHaxd daugher-in-law different generations. The box below the family tree provides trans- uncle's wie) ony ‘grandson lations of the terms used cocrpa sister enya ‘granddaughter56 Present tense of verbs of the second conjugation You already know that there are three conjugations in Bulgarian and have leamed how to conjugate the verbs of the third conjugation (iowa, exam, Girvan, etc). So, once you are aware of the slight differences between the verbs in the third and the second conjugation, you should rot have any difficulties in learning how to conjugate verbs from the second conjugation. Unlike the verbs of the third conjugation, which end on either a or a (e.g. obf4a, he loves; sami, he remembers), in the 3rd person singular, verbs of the second conjugation end only on in the 3rd person singular: (e.g. $m, he (she) studies) and conjugate as follows: Positive ‘Aa fra I study ‘Tw fram You study Told jum He studies ‘Ta fom She studies Negative ‘As me sua Ido not study Ta we fam You do not study Toit we fom He does not study ‘Tw we fu She does not study To fr It studies To we Gum It does not study Hite ant We study Hite ne fone We do not study Bie jure You study Bie we ssurre You do not study Te sar They study Te ne fuar They do not study Interrogative Negative-Interrogative ‘Aa $a am Do I study? ‘Aa me gua sm Don't I study? ‘Tw Som sm Do you study? ‘Tu we ommn sm Don’t you study? Plural of nouns in the neuter gender ‘You already know how to form the plural of nouns in the masculine and the feminine genders. The reasons why we have to consider the plural for the neuter gender separately are very simple: (a) there is only one rule for the endings of nouns in the masculine (a consonant) and femi- nine (either a or a) singular, while there are several different endings for those in the neuter; (b) there is only one plural form for nouns in the feminine gender (wewd ~ axenti, Géns — Gian) and only three plural forms for nouns in the masculine gender (ma rpisa, Muro rpaioné: ‘but rpu méamna, mn6ro MGB), while there are several different rules 87 for the plural of nouns in the neuter gender. They are not difficult but they have to be leamed and here are all of them: (a) Neuter nouns ending in 0, ne and mme form the plural with the ending a: céx0~ cea village —villages __cwpné— copmi heart — hearts, yeticamme — ysicammta school — schools (b) Neuter nouns ending in we or we form the plural with the ending #: ceamedume — emnedimns magazine ~ magazines ssérene ~ nérennst reading ~ readings (©) Neuter nouns ending in e, e, e, w, 10 oF y form the plural with the endings era or Ta: kagené — xadenéra café — cafés ‘Taxeit — raxeftra taxi taxis -Mowrse — MoMmuéra boy — boys ‘Meu ~ meura menu ~ menus (@)_ Neuter nouns ending in me form the plural with the ending ena: spéme — spemens time — times aée — nemend tribe — tribes ude — snaMend flag — flags (©) A few neuter nouns form the plural with the ending eca: We64 — neBecd sky — skies ‘so — syed miracle ~ miracles (© A few neuter nouns form the plural with the ending m: ‘0x6 — ow eye eyes yx6 — yt ear — ears 2xunéruo — sxunGram animal — animals (g) There are several neuter nouns that have two plural forms, which can be used interchangeably: ‘pdwo — pamend (pamtené) shoulder — shoulders xoatino ~ kostend (sconené) knee ~ knees xxpia6 — pusrd (paid) wing — wings Exceptions: eré — newd child ~ children The definite article with nouns in the plural © The definite article for most masculine and feminine nouns is the ending te added to the plural form of the noun without any other changes: cron a chair créawr the chaireréaone chairs eréaonere the chairs dca a table cara the table sien tables acute the tables pag a town rpaagrthe town paoné towns rpagonére the towns ‘xen a woman wxendra the woman ‘went women -xentire the women yotires a teacher ‘Yee teachers Yolerear the teacher ‘treme the teachers © The definite article for all nouns in the neuter gender is the ending +a used after the plural form of the noun without any other changes: 610p6 ~ Gropa — Gropara a desk ~ desks ~the desks cmcdnme ~ ened — cancénmsra. a magazine ~ magazines — the magazines céao ~ cena - cena a village — villages ~ the villages ex6pdnme evpamea — ceOpsnusra — a meetings — meetings ~ the meetings The plural of adjectives Unlike the plural of nouns, the plural of adjectives should present no problems because the plural of all adjectives in Bulgarian, imespective of their gender, is always formed by the ending w, added after the stem. without any other changes: ye ~ pew pea ~ pycu ico ~ pfeu blond, fair xfGan—xYGann —xyama—xfGasm —_xfGano — xfGanu pretty Gi.arapexu — Gharapeka ~ 6é.arapexo — Gharapex Bulgarian aurick ~ amr-xiiieka — auraiitexo — anraitiexn English Although the ending for the plural -cxm of adjectives whose gender forms end in -ckm (m), -exa (f) or -exo (n) seems identical with that for the masculine gender (eg, rpdseks.— rpibtern), they are easy to distin- auish by the form of the noun they quality péncxn sacésumx a town clock pais wacéemmm town clocks Exercises 1. Answer the questions using the words in brackets Example:Onwwaé e Tow? (Auraua) Toit e or Auras. Kaxéo e Haw? (amaosix) Toi e sunaomar. Orxeaé ¢ Kérpun? (Woraénans) Orxené ¢ Térpux? (Césepna Mpzaniana) Orewa € Jhism? (Amépixa) Orewaé e Xapu? (Kania) Orenaé e Miso? (Buardpus) Kaxéo e Tlarpux O'K6aep? (nixenép) Kaxée ¢ Tom Jlanc? (1éxap) Kaxod e Kérpust Max6it? (aéxapxa) Kaxés e J>xo Bpayn (Gnsnecnés) Kaxnd e Tita Cranes? (xypuamicrea) ‘Kaxés ¢ Xapa Jiéeun? (xypnamtict) 2 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words Example: Iywon e or Aursus. Toll € .. . W ronépu. . - Toit e anrawénnn ronépy aur.aiiicxn, Tlérep e or Bearapus. Toit... w ronépat Xanc ¢ or Fepaauns. Toft e. .. w rosépu Xoeé e or Hendmna. Toit e.. . w rosdpu. ‘Mapuo e or Mraus. Toll e . .. w ronépit Hardua e or Pyciia. Tae... w rosépu Ewir e or @panuna. Tae... u rosdput Kpuc e or Xoaanaus. Toile... w ron6put 3. Use the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets Example: Hise ($a) Obarapeas e3i Hite fous Gé.arapera esi.Tom (pa66ra) » Bunrépus. ‘Aura ne (rox6pa) anrsniiicen esti. Capa u Xapm (fsa) pénees esti. Toss (ronéps) Gharapexn eatin. Biie tyx 3m (pa6618)? Hite (fa) Gtutrapexu esx. Bile (rondpa) 1m Obrrapexs estix? Tu rat (pars)? Keaé (pa6dra) Hindu w Térep? 4 Put the following sentences in the plural Toit ima roaémo aeré. Hamero cenélictao He ¢ roniso. Topé crépo kadené ¢ » rpand. Tona mésiko Momsé rondpi c ToR’ roam Mostt¥e, Ts méma enmid w6n0 Taxi Oniipan » extu6 xf6aB0 oé20. 5 Ask the questions to which the following are the answers Ta, te pa6érar » Benrépns. He, rol ne e anrsmvdmn no napoawocr. Zia, 19 ronépx Obrapexu estix. Te sua Ghrrapexn esiix npemi na sander piGora. Te ca or pasaisant crpant Ta, 1a Hcxa xa fan anrmiiionn esi 6 Read aloud each answer and mark the correct one with 4a Kaxné mitra Tlox? Tod miisko sm napdaHoctH ca? Bile xaxés cre no Hapanoct? Kaxori ca no mpopécnx nom sauitrue? Kaxeé mitra Max? Or xoit crpanti ca m axpit ca uMtendtra uM? Tord miko sm HapéstHocTH ca? Via am x6pa m or apyrm wanmoHdmHocTH? Kaxpé xéssa Moa? Te pa6otar » Bunrépus. 61 Viexane aa $a Gf.trapexu. Te ca or pasa erpan. Kaxn6 xaina Max? Tho npopécus cont mrinen mexenép. Pa66tx » Baardpns. “Te ne rosépar Gunrpeu estix. 7 Read aloud who says what and say who does what Example: Ton xéana: Kaxed e 1a no npopécas fim santrue, Paul is asking about the profession of a woman. Tlon: Kéaxo ca mone xonéri? 1 Asks a woman about her Aua: Kaxie cre no wapémmocr? —_ profession. Tom: Tondpure mm Gésrapexs? 2 Asks a woman about her MAS: Bie xoaé xunéete? smavital status ‘AHA: Mapiia cenéiina me? 3. Asks aman about his nationality. Tivo: Kaxna cre no mpopécus? 4 Asks how many people there are 55 Asks if you speak a given language. 6 Asks you where you live. 8 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian ‘Six people are working for « Bulgarian company in Sofia. Two of them cean speak Bulgarian. The other four do not speak Bulgarian, but they are studying it in Bulgaria now. They come from different countries and they have different professions and occupations. Jane is a joumalist from America. Robert is an engineer from Canada. Vasu is a diplomat from India. Toby is a doctor from Australia and Patrick is lawyer from Ireland, van Dimitrov is the director of the Bulgarian company. He is a Bulgarian from Sofia, married, with three children. Ivan speaks only Bulgarian, But his secretary speaks five languages: Bulgarian, Russian, English, French and German,Additional reading Read and translate the following Bulgarian texts using the glossary at the end of this book. Then retell each of the texts in your own words. 1 Teree: Men: Terr: MBAu: Vide, xord e taéar poxuén nen? ‘Aa wiMaMt poxnéi eH Kax raxd néaut poxnén zen? As coat poaén mpes Homa. Vioware sm wéuo 3a vétene? Tia, fiwante. Kaxed xutira ricKare? Vicxam néwo xj6avo. TIPOAABAY: —Mlexare sm némo néxo 3a aérene? Kawent: Hawa sasénme, A3 coat c xo. 3 Ton: Kaxnd e résu erpaza? Mo: Ton e xbmara na mpesuménra wa néuara xommdss. Toit uma gpexickn roraés, néwcxa wueréska, mpmantexn miogsdp, moraéwacKK MoHTEGp, aHTmiicKM HKOHOM amepuxantexu cexperdip. Tox: Towa we e miixaxna xéma. Tona ¢ cpevéeHa oprannséun. 5 B xotena At the hotel inthis lesson you will learn how to: ‘* Ask and explain about rooms and prices at hotels '* Ask for things you want and for directions * Use all the verbs inthe present tense ‘Understand and use other forms of personal pronouns Bxotena Paul is talking to Nadya, the hotel receptionist, while he is trying to book a room in her hotel Hans: Kaxso xenaere, Mons? Tloa: imate am cpo6oaue cran? Haga: Ha, uwtaMe crac enHo sero, ¢ be mera w anaprane- sem, Kaxna eras scxate? Ton: Weexast ena cras ¢ exumisio sero m eaKa © spofito sera, Haga: 3a chxkanenne HaMaMme caoOouHH cTaH ¢ ABOMHM Jerr, Ton: A xaxen cram MMaTe? Hana: Mora a Bu mpensioxa camo cran ¢ 110 sive sera w anapramentu ¢ Ho exia ex 1 esa OMA cra Tion; — Kontxo erpyna extia eras Ha nevep? Haas: Cras ¢ eto sero erpysa 100 sesa a newep; cras © save sera crpysa 140 sea vom no 70 esa Ha serT0; a ‘cexit anapramenr crpysa no 200 sepa Ha BeYep. Tio: ‘Tasi uewa wkomoyna sur 2aKycka? Hans: He, saxyexara ce mama orgemio ~ no 30 esa wa sioner. Tox: axyckara ¢ eptima m craure we ca exém. Hisar st Gans?Hana: Bonen cra mMar aywione, a B anapramewTiTe HMA H Mion; Torana exam anaprawent 3a rp nouyt, Kora o& mata? Haga: [nama ce npenpaputemuo. Bamara cmerka e 600 sina. Ton: Kaxau apyru yenyrn mpeaarare? HAs: Tipane, raaene, xuMurvecko suicrewe 3aKycKa » Tas ‘ra, Benxa yonyra ce sanzama gomsmmremo. Ero si xmowa, Tlon: — Buaronaps. Knne e pecropasrst? Haga: Pecropanrsr e BaacHo oT peventusta, GapbT € BAABO, a acaiicuoper e #anpaso. Vocabulary xoréa (im), ahotel,hotels. mo 10.aéna na 10 evs per person xorém ()) ond Kaxné wendere, Whatcan do for mews (0, price, prices a you? ent (p) cao6éren, ma, fice Gian (0, ‘bathroom, 0, x Génn () bathrooms exis (9, ‘100m, rooms aya (m), shower, erin (p)) ajmose (pl) showers ceria ceamé ——asingleroom na (, bath, baths eraé dan (9) ceria ¢ ane aerad adouble room rorisa then, after that auapraséar (xm) aflat,asuite a4 xp mum for three nights exmmiemo/ single! Koré ce nna? When do you sanbino ern double bed have to pay? aa coxanéme unfortunately mpemapiresmo in advance nfs (9) bedroom Biwara your bill Kézxo expfan How much docs eaérxa (f) wa pévep? cost per yeafra(, a service, services ‘night? yeagru (pl) amemivaman (3), to include mpeaniran @), —tooffer senba (2) mpeanéxa 2) saxyexa (f) a breakfast pane (n) washing axjewara ce Thebreakfast —radzene(n) ironing xia ispaidfor _xwieexo dry cleaning covaano separately stierene (0) sannimamt (3), 10 pay ‘maupdno, navicno straight on, tothe ‘sandra (2) (ea1m0) right (left) aomesmicreano additionally, extra _acanes6p(m) lift xav0s (on), akey, keys semnove (pl) ; t TIAMIIOPOBO, XOTEI 'CRETA BEA’ 3% fe a he 206, Seeeet— = f= Per irom, XoTEA ROCTOP* *>* ‘een ne pan cs =] ae SHE Asking for things When you want something, the usual ways of asking for it in Bulgarian are: Fisare am erdu Géu? Do you have a room with bath? icxaw exanivaa cran c Géua, I want a single rom witha bath. Méme am a mm nanére Can you give me a single room? eammirana cris? ‘iéitre sm ean an6iina cris. Give me a double room. fe ma aanére sm emérsara? Will you give me the bill? Asking about prices The following questions and answers range from the very polite to casual conversation:How much do Lowe you? What do I owe you? You owe me 260 levs. Kéawco erpfaa xuminwecxoro How much does the ‘sficrene? dry cleaning cost? Tovd erpfaa 100 tna. This costs 100 levs. Kaxsé e uewira ua créara? What isthe price of the room? Llensira na résu cris e 80 aésa The price of this room is a neve. 80 levs per night. Kéamco e cmérwara Mu? How much is my bill? (Corerxara Bu e 564 aéna, Your bill is 564 levs. (Caterxara Bu pen S64 sm. Your bill amounts to 564 levs. Conjunctions Conjunctions are used to link identical parts in a simple sentence or separate simple clauses in a compound sentence. You are already famil- iar with two Bulgarian conjunctions: w and a. For example: et ‘There are two suitcases and three bags. A ocrénamsr Garica? ‘And what about the remaining luggage? can also be used in another sense to mean ‘also, too, as well": Was ce pésmoam. am also glad. Axo w Bie fiexate ... And if you, too, want .. Axo Toit ro frexa w a3 ro fckam. If he wants it, so do I Often, instead ofa it is more appropriate to use wo or o6a%e: Tésm Garsix e moll, wo Susu ne e. ‘This luggage is mine but that isn’t. ‘Aa nosmsam Téan rocnozim, o6fve me nosadnam Té3m sia, know this gentleman but I do not know that lady. Other useful conjunctions are: ‘4e (that), Sico (if), a (to), kiro (as), fam (or), sarod (that is why), m= w (both ~ and), fam — fam (either — of), mitto ~ mm (neither — not), TY ~ Ty (now ~ now), eds (only), éo sam (that is why), sarond (therefore), eaeaosdéreamo (consequently), rorda (then) Parts and word order of the simple sentence ‘You have already seen and used quite afew simple sentences as well as few conjunctions serving to link their parts. It might, therefore, help to know more about the pars ofa simple sentence. These are: Subject (the doer of the action), Predicate (the verb), Object (the receiver of the action), Adverbial Modifier (where, orfand when, or/and how, or/and why, etc the action took place) and Attribute (a word qualifying the object, the subject oF the adverbial modifier). Here is a sentence illustrating them: Maisuar wonéx ama uéno cmicéume ua Kpacinoro momime oe a 6 1 oéxn slew 8 xéaa. 8 9 10 ‘The young man gives @ new magazine to the pretty girl every day in the lounge. ‘This sentence, which contains all parts of a simple sentence ~ attributes (1, 4, 6, 8), subject (2), predicate (3), objects (direct, 5, indirect, 7), adverbial modifiers (for time, 9, for place, 10) ~ also illustrates the usual word order in the Bulgarian simple sentence: subject — predicate object — adverbial modifier. But the word order in Bulgarian is much more flexible than in English and each of the parts (with very few exceptions) of the sentence can be placed at the beginning. Each part (with the exception of the predicate) can have an attribute The present tense of verbs of the first conjugation There are about 600 basic verbs (not their derivatives) in the first ‘conjugation and it could be said that most Bulgarian verbs ending in two vowels — e.g. wea (1 want, I wish), mia (I drink), ampés (I live), ‘uiéa (I know) ~ are in this conjugation, All verbs of the first conjuga- tion end in e in the 3rd person singular ~ e.g. mie (he/she drinks), weré (he/she reads), mame (he/she writes) — and they conjugate as follows:Positive Interrogative _ Negative-Interrogative Aa mima we mima ima sm? we mina zn? Tw mianem ne niment —iauenn sw? we mine cH? Toii wane we mime and soon... and soon ra mime ne mime Hite nanew ne niaent Bie mianete ne mimere Te war — ne niwar Case forms of the personal pronouns In Bulgarian, as in English, there is no regular case system but there are 1 few remnants of the old case forms in the use of some personal and possessive pronouns. There are three case forms for the personal pronouns: nominative, accusative and dative. There are two forms (long and short) for each of the latter cases (accusative and dative) and they are all given below: Nominative case Accusative case Dative case Forms: Longishort Long Short Complex Long. Short Ip. as méne meme ua méwe — méye mtto me 2pm réGe Te you na tée Té6e tutoyou 3 pm) Toit nérorohim ua néro —néro_my to him )™ nia her manéa més it toher @) 10 néro roit —manéro—éro_ my toit Ip. mie mac mus aac mac MH t0 Us 2p. aie pac BHyoU maRac BAC BMtO you 3p. te Tax rmthem wa tsx Tax tothem ‘The long and the short forms are identical in meaning. The only differ- ‘ence between them is the way in which they are used. As a rule, the long forms are used after the verb (Aa mitram nero, I am asking him), while the short ones are used before the verb (A3 ro mitra, I am asking him), Here are a few more examples: As miirast 166¢ (wéro, néa, pac), Tam asking you (him, her, you). As Te (ro, 3, au, ri) nitram, ‘Tw micram méne (nac, THX). ‘Tu me (ro, 5, am, ru) nirrau, As roséps na ré6e (uéro, wes). am asking you (him, her, you, them) You are asking me (us, them), ‘You are asking me (him, her, us, them). Lam talking to you (him, her). ‘As 1m (wy, am, wx) ronspa, Lam talking to you (him, you, them). ‘Tu rowépmu wa Méne (mac, Tax). You are talking to me (us, them). ‘Tw san (an, sty, #) ronépmun. You ae talking tome (us, him, her). Counting from 20 to 1,000,000 ‘There are two ways of expressing the numbers 11 to 20 as well as the numbers 30, 40 and 60 — formal (20, asdaecer) and informal or colloquial (20, awaiicer) They are identical in meaning but belong to ‘two different stylistic levels. Here the colloquial forms are given in brackets: 20 apagecet (qpdiicer) 21 apdiicet H eaHd 30 tprinecer (rpitiicet) 22 apdiicet H apé 40 seTupiiaecer (veTHipcet) 23 aBaiicer w TPH 50 netaecér 24 apaiicet u ¥érupH 60 mecraecér (welfeér) 25 apaiicet # net 70 cenemaecér 26 apaiicet u weet 80 ocemtecér 27 apaiicet 1 cénem 90 nevernecér 28 apaiicer 4 6oeM 100 cro 29 apaiicer néser 200 anéera 101 cro mend 300 rpiicra LIS cro w netwiticer 400 sérupneroti 124 cro andiicer w sérmpx 500 nérerorm 136 cro tpiificer w wect 600 miéerorun 148 cro veriipeer cet 700 cénemerorm 152 cro metaecér i Be 800 dcemctorin 163 cro welicér rp 900 nésercrorms 179 cro cenemaecét # aéser 1000 xnnina 222 apécra mpdticer m ape 1001 xniina w estH6 1345 auvioa Tpicra weripoer u ner 2000 spe xin 6879 weer xivtann SceMeToTH 10,000 aécer xine cenenmecér wt ent 1,000,000 ent saxmdH 100,000 cro xian 1,253,487 enim noummon anécra meraecér a TpH XI-TAAI, ‘érupucrotun ocemectr 1 one70 The imperative (commands or orders): simple forms ‘There are two basic forms of commanding, ordering or asking someone to do something: the 2nd person singular (for one individual) and the 2nd person plural (for more than one person). This holds good for all, Bulgarian verbs. Here are a few examples of commands you might need: Singular Plural English Tonopi Kawi erit 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs Jickam, ctpyeam, obfam, coxanssam, npegndraM, nnéujam 1 Muéro . . ., Ho wémame cpoGéana cris, n Kaxé .. ., més? Kaxed cras... ra Xun? Baie . . . am crs c Gaus? Méas, K6nxo .. . résu cris”? Kord ce. . . emérkara? 2 Choose the correct word from within the brackets 1 Miso (verém, verén, seré) xuira, 2 Hie (nviarar, mite, miinsens) mex. 3 Tom u Cpa (ronépim, ronépiTe, ronépar) 206pé Gistrapcen cent. 4 Biie we (rpeunin, rpeutd, rpeunite) ‘Ava (Gaaronapiine, Gnaronapii, Gnaronapiim) ua Viso. Méns, (nposepére, nposepi, npoveprin) ome pestis! 3 Make sentences according to the models Model 1: A3 nicram Jo. Toit mm orronéps. Tom mitra Xépn. Zo mira Ben 1 Xépu. ‘Aa mitram Tandon. Biie mirare xo. Bent mira Cépa. Xépu mira Jhitn w Cépa. ‘Tn miram Tom a Ben. ‘Te mirar Tow n Ben, ‘Model 2: As exfuast Tom. As cajun nero. A3 ro exfmam. As enjuram Jixo. Tom csrjina Shim, Hite enjmame Hsin. As cavuia Capa. Shim exjuia Tom. Bie cajmare Axa, As cajuram Tom Ana enjura Jtxo. Te exjmat Tom 1 Toxo. u Ana, Twenjmam Ana, Tu onjumam Mindy. Ta enjmaur mene. Tu cnjmam Tom Tu enjuaur Ta cna Tom u méwe, sreréro. uw Ana. ‘Model 3: Ax ronéps wa Jism w Tee. ‘Aa ronéps na mac. A3 ox roséps. ‘As ropéps na Tom Tu ropépmut 11a Tow.‘As roséps Ha Ibxo a Xipn. Toit ronépu wa Tom. ‘As rosdps na Jism, Ta ronopamt na Ana. As rosépa ua Ana una 1é6e. Toli rosépa wa Jim. Aa rovéps na seréro. Tu rosdpaur wa aeréro. ‘Ta ronépx wa Tom. Toit ronop a Jim # Cépa. Tu rondpuu na Tom u Jbxo. Ts ronépi na Mind 1 Bos. Trt ronopmmr wa Bos wna méve, Ta ronépit wa JTiimt m méne. Ta rondpn wa Ibxo w na Té6e, Tu rondpuus Ha Tom 1 JK, Model 4: Aa wirram Minin Bopiic. Tax an witraui? Cran am rw? Aa mitra Boss, Tu mitraur méxe, Toft mitra Shim. Aa mira Jiiom, Tu mitraur uéro. Toit mitra Tost u 1é6e. Aa mitra reGe. Tu mitraurnés. ‘Toft mitra Awa m méne. Asmiram pac. Tu mitra wac. Toft mira Tom Xépu. Aa mitra Bac. Tu mitrau tax. Toit mitra Jim Capa, As mira tax, Tx mitra pac. Hue mitranee Bost Mande, 4 Write out in words: 20+30=50 27432559 300+400=700 40+20=60 17445=62 1234256=379 70-50=20 92-38=54 894-542=352 90-60=30 86-25-61 968-635=333, 5 These are the answers. What are the questions? Tae aéxapka no mpopécus. Aa com ot Anctpéimia. ‘Tigo siexa a fun Gbstrapers este. Zia, sanrara e més. Méra aa ou mpesuiéxa cras ¢ emné nern6. He, Tosa we e kmowir 3a anapraménra, 6 Name five things you want to do using the construction eKam a Example: Wlexawe a fa anr.iiicen exis. Hickam na pa6éra » Buaripus. 7 Write short dialogues for the following scenarios €@ Introducing Mrs Ivanova to Mr Popov © Passing Immigration and Customs control © Explaining that some pieces of luggage belong to a certain lady and not to a certain gentleman. © Booking a hotel room for the night 8 Read aloud the correct answer and mark it with an X Tos mitra: Tlom icra: Kaxeé eras iicrare? cords ¢ 1px sera Kaxoit créu timate? enéreara Vickare sm xmoud? anapraménT Hans mitra: Haas npeandra: rdw ¢ no ead aera6 anapraménr ¢ rpm enim créit ¢ no ape nerd Kaxnd xenéere, més? iexare sm cris c Gina? VAckare am anapramént? 9 Correct the mistakes in this student's work As ce xianame J>xon Carr, As ewe néxap or mpodécis. As ipa © xonéra na Buorépus. Méar xonéra ca oT passant apésnocta. Beisxn fapare 3a paGérn B Cogs. Hike com néve B Buarépus. As sima mdnea Garéox — end xjhap mend sduTa. Mésra npudren sma mudra Gardxa, Toi coxanieam, we visa ‘Ténxona xjbapa m Témxosn wénTH. Hie aibanare emi dma A ‘emtd rocnosint. Tond ¢ Hdmi cexperdpxa u Haima modbép. Hite oviivam ot xovésm, Haute xonérn waxate Tam. 10 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian Ivan is going to the hotel but he has a lot of luggage. He is waiting for his driver. He does not see his driver but he sees his secretary coming. Ivan is not very pleased that she is coming so late and that his driver is ‘ot coming. His secretary wants to say that she is very pleased to see him but she sees the rest of his luggage. Ivan has three suitcases and four bags. The secretary prefers not to see the luggage. She prefers to talk to Ian and to wait for the driver. Ivan is talking to her but he, too, is ‘Waitin for his driver.74 Additional reading Read and translate the following Bulgarian texts using the glossary at the end of this book. Then retell each of the texts in your own words. 1 Emi ra6poseu oriisa w emiu xoréa 8 Céopux m mitra vinta am cnoSoann crn u Késmko crpysar. Xoremméper oTronaps: = Créwre na mépous eréx crpynar 100 néna; Ha stépus — 99 -nésa; Ha TpéTWA— 98 néBa; Ha seTBLpTis — 97 eB PAponewer soicam Méuiko M Tpbrea Ja wossa, ~~ Yaxaii Ge, vouér, xeaé oripaut? ~ mitra xorémeper. = Ile norépes nixoit madro sucéx xorén, ~ xéssa réGposeusr. 2 Kouésrr; — Hioare am rénna w cryaéna aond w 16a xoréa? XoTEMMEP: Ja, Toma mpes sukroro m cTyséHa Mpes 3HiMaTa. 3 MpAH: — Kaxné me xérweur 3a crdute 8 résu xoré? Tere: Créwre ca xjGasx, Ho TpiGsa aa BHHMdpau B Géusra. Mom mjcnem xpina 3a TOnna pond, sanduma a texé pond or xpdwa sa crynéia pond. A wom MAH: Tiere: 4 Xoremer: Kouenr: Xoremmer: Komenr: 15 mjcnem xpéua sa cryséa soni, sanéwpa aa Tevé son or xpdwa sa téniara vos, Ho Tosd wina snanénne. 3ams? 3amdto wina TonuTa Boa, ckare 2m cris ¢ Géus? Ue maéva crésra, no Géurra ne wt TpAGaa x0 cé6ora. Mara aa on sant erés ¢ yu Tipeanowiram craa c neraé — He Méra Ja cna mpaB.6 O6NKHOBeH eH An ordinary day In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘© Ask about and describe ordinary daily activities ‘Ask about the time and tell the time Use the perfective and impertective forms of the verbs Use the future tense Use relative pronouns (e.g. The man who came in was Tom’) Use reflexive verbs (e.g. to wash oneself) O6mKHoBéH eH "aamem wa Bo6 28 nonegensuk 2.00.- Crabane 8.05%, - Usuubane 4 manackuna #30. - Saryona 9.00. - Tpastane sa yroxa no dhasapcen 10.00 - 12.30%. - Spor mo duscapern 12.30 - 19.004. ~ Obegua nowtica - Obag & poctopant “Uma” 14.00 - 16.00. - Fado € bubuomexaa 16.15. ~ Chama e dua € esageapanya “Masna” 12.30 - 19.30%. - Bruno “Cepgura” edna x Kapa 19.30, - Boapa € pechopank “Butoma” 040 22.00%. - Thdapane 6 rams Bob is asking his Bulgarian friend Yana to help him learn a few things in Bulgarian about daily routines Bos: Iva, xaxno me mpanure suc? Sua: Kaxsoto mpansa pcexn tex. 3anio? Bos: Heram a ce Haya sa pas6upam xm oGscuspane oGuxnonenn exeswennn nema. Hanpunep, Kora cranare ceyrpun? Sua: O6uxHoBeHo cyrpu cranam 8 7 waa Bos: xaxno npasirre pao, xoraro craniere? Sis: Koraro craa, mpno ce iamupas, noc ce o6msaN Ho mpesu sa ce o6neka, mpans Mmastko riaacriKa, Bos: Kora saxyesare? SIA: | OSuxnonesio we saxyenant, a weamiman no emo Kade. Tlocae ce mpsrorasM, 13J1K3aM HM TpbrBaM 3a padora ooo 8 uaca, Bos: Kora sanowpare paSora? SIA: 3anowway paGora w 8.30 (oceM 1 lonoBHNA), a oTHRaM tam B 8.15 aca cyrpunta. Ho aHec HaMa a OTHIA Ha pa6ora. Bos: 3auio? Hamu nec € oGukHoBeH paGoreH s1eH? Ana: Ja, anec ¢ oGuKHowen paGoren en 3a BCHIKH XOpa, HO ne 1 3a stewe, nec e Most poxkten eH. Vocabulary Grnonén, ordinary, usual oGxeninam (3), 10 explain hon Gens (2) new (m), day, days emennéann daily, everyday auma/néwa (pl) (meu) (things) pabéren aeu (m) work (working) — mpdm (2) todo day nampioep forexample for nowimen nen (m) a day of instance aholiday —erdmam(@), to stand up Poxaéa nen (m) birthday vd (1) see today obucwonino usually sya (3), to learn woinamt (3), to wash (oneself) uagaa (2) nana (1) PaaGiapam (3), to understand o6.xiras (3), to dress, PaaGepa (1) oG.exa (1) mpeo fistspina doexercises —tpirmam @), tose off rwvmdcraea spina (1) saxjenam (3), tohave breakfast ovina @),—_togo angen 2) risa (1) pmrérex (3), to prepare Aixono 8 tach about 8 o'clock parérex (2) sanéawam (3), tobegin voaioan @), to goout anda (1) oaisa (1) Telling and asking about the time ac anhour,aclass 660 noon, lunch angra aminute pest 666 before noon (a.m.) ccexucia second ene 66 afternoon (p.m) pene time, weather, seep evening tense out night nowinen en a day off cémama aweek pa6éren nen a workday sre aday aépa yesterday paisa holiday samec today ‘wacom ‘a clock, watch rpe tomorrow és a weekday frp ‘moming Koaxo ¢ wacér? (Koso e aca) What isthe time? Ceré sack e Tém0 1. Itis exactly 1 o’clock now. Ysctr e 1.30 (enim u nononia) It is 1.30 (half past one), Wacér e 1.15 (enim m séravpr) _Itis 1.15 (quarter past one) Yacér e 1.45 (ana Ges wérsépt)_Itis 1.45 (quarter to two). B9 wach w 1S smfrm cyrpimerd. At 15 minutes past 9 am. Yacér e 2 Ges 10. Itis 10102. B k6mxo waci/xoré wsaioami? At what time/Wwhen do you go out? Perfective and imperfective aspects of verbs ‘You have already noticed that, unlike English, in Bulgarian the present tense has only one form. The main reasons for this is that most of the functions performed by the tenses in English are exercised by aspects of the verbs in Bulgarian, Aspect is a way of looking at the action and in Bulgarian there are two aspects: perfective (estpmew sw) and imper- fective (necépuren Buz). The main difference between these is thatthe perfective aspect implies completed action while the imperfective aspect implies an uncompleted, habitual or repeated action, In other ‘words, while in English you change the tenses in order to imply these qualities, in Bulgarian you change the verbs themselves. That is why ‘most Bulgarian verbs have two forms: imperfective and perfective. However, even a verb that has only one of these forms can easily acquire its opposite. Since there is no proper infinitive in Bulgarian, each Bulgarian verb is usually shown in its imperfective form (pasGipa, mponinam, avtipam, eic) because imperfective verbs can be used in all tenses, while normally the perfective verbs can be used only in the future and the simple past tenses. In order to help you, both the imperfective and the perfective forms of each verb are given in the glossary atthe end of this book, Here are some examples of the imperfective and perfective forms of verbs: Inperfective Perfective English equivalents wisnam Kowa say, have said pan6ipan pastepa understand, have understood kynfnam kj buy, have bought Gaiam Gen dress, have dressed icxzam ia see, have seen fan as hear, have heard In order to help you understand better the meaning and use of the Jmperfective and perfective forms, it might be helpful to give a short Teview ofthe system of verbal tenses in Bulgarian and the way in which these two forms ft into this system,‘The imperfective and perfective forms are usually used in the following tenses: Tense Imperfective Perfective __English equivalent Present xynjmam ~ buy, Tam buying Future ame kynfoam mye xfnst_—_I shall buy (be buying) Simple Past ~ xjmmx I (have) bought Past Imperfect xymjmax — was buying ast Indefinite xynjuan com xjmua cum have bought (bon buying) Past Perfect = — Gax «jum Thad bought Future in the Past ix si kymfjoas mr sa jet T was going to buy {As you can see, you need to know how to form perfective and imperfec- tive verbs in order to use all tenses. Forming perfective verbs from imperfective verbs Normally, most Bulgarian verbs are used in their imperfective form (amma, vera, raegam). But when you need their perfective form (for instance, to form the future or the simple past), you can easily turn the imperfective into a perfective by using different prefixes or suffixes. Forming perfective verbs from impertective verbs by means Of prefixes (8-, Ha-, AO-, Ws, 32-, NPo-, ete) ‘fama write ‘yerd read saniaua have writen xoniaua finish writing posed read through overs finish reading Forming perfective verbs from imperfective verbs by means of the suffix wa pina to cry out titiua to have a drink nincans to cry ita to drink Forming imperfective verbs from perfective verbs Very often (particularly when you want to use the past imperfect tense) you have to know how to tum a perfective verb into an imperfective fone. There are three basic suffixes (each with a longer version) for forming the imperfective from the perfective: -am asan) ‘empa to have stopped capant to be stopping rngna to have fallen naam tobe falling yaad to show respect, yodoxanam to respect ant (a0) ‘ornépa to have opened orndpaw to be opening nosrépa to have repeated nosrdpan to be repeating nosapani to have greeted oaapansinas tobe greeting nave -ynan) sine to ave said ‘edapant to be saying ‘kgm to have bought ikynnam to be buying ‘Although the concept of perfective and imperfective verbs and how to form them might seem a litle confusing at the beginning, since they are ‘unfamiliar and you are not quite used to them, after a little practice you ‘will be able to cope. The important thing to remember is that you need the imperfective verbs when you want to express habitual, repeated or incomplete action, while you need the perfective forms to express com- pleted action. So you need to know the perfective form of a verb only ‘when you are going to use the future or the simple past (the forms you need are in the glossary), while the future tense is explained below. The future tense (6bqeuWe Bpéme) ‘The simple future tense (I shall go, you will go) in Bulgarian corre- sponds to two future tenses in English (I shall go, I shall be going). It is formed by placing the particle me before the verbal form for the present tense: e.g. A3 me werd (I shall read), 1m me mime (she will rite), Bae me Ablixere (you will come), ete: Positive Negative Interrogative Negaive-Inerrogatve Asme seri mia aa verde werd am? mssea am sa vera? Tame geréan ia ga yeréur me veréu au? iva am sn seréur? Toit me weré mia ya veré and so on... and so on Tame yeré iva aa sere Tome seré iia aa vere 81Positive Negative Interrogative Negative-Interrogative Hie me werém mia ja werent Bie me verére méva a werére ‘Teme verét —wiva na veriir (hall ead) (shall not read) (shall Tread?) (shan’t I read?) If the verb has two forms, imperfective (e.g. erdmam, oTimant, amimant) and perfective (cria, oviia, usmiis), the perfective forms are usually used for the formation of the future tense: Vape me créna pano. shall get up early tomorrow, Ife ora pio wa paGora, I shall go early to work. Ile ce o6nexd nenmira. I shall dress at once. Ife ce waist, kordro méra, I shall wash when I can. Ile ce wépna xéeno. I shall come home late. Structures of the type ‘have to’, ‘like to’, etc In Bulgarian, just as in English, there are structures of the type ‘I have to + (infinitve)’. The difference is, however, that in all these cases: ‘rpiGwa sna (must = have to), exam aa (I want to), oGirvaw sa (I like to), etc the second verb has to be conjugated because there is no proper infinitive in Bulgarian, wpéGsa aa oriua fiekam aa sian o6jiwam a veri ‘pana fa orien iickam aa iy —oGfiwam ya weréut pasa ya ovie fiexa na nium == o6fima aa vere TpaGsa 2a vite fackame sia nist obiivame a weréM ‘pa6ea a oviuere iickare a niviure o6iiware wa veTéTe rpi6ea ya oviuar fickar aa miaer — o6imwaT ja veriir (have to g0) (want to see) (like to read) It is customary to use the verbal form without a pronoun (e.g. tpi6sa aa oriuxa, [have to go) but in many cases itis better to use one to avoid misunderstandings, particularly in the 3rd person singular (e.g. rot ‘rpii6na na oriine, he has to go; 1 rpai6na Jia ortune, she has to g0; TO ‘rpiGna 1a ovine, it has to g0). With the exception of tpéi6na (have to), which is unchangeable, it is ‘possible in al the other cases to use the form for any person in all of the ‘examples given above. Relative pronouns and words Unlike English, in which relative words (e.g. because, while) are rare and, asa rule interrogative words (who, where, when) are used instead, special relative forms are used in Bulgarian. They are formed from interrogative words by adding the ending ro to them: kaxéo70 what —_K6itro who, which —_xordéro when kaxniro Kosiro eabro where KaKp670 oero ‘kikcTo how Kaxei7o ‘oftro aamiéro because ‘xéaxoro as much/many ‘A comma is usually put before such words when writing Boewi, xaxn6ro exams, oss, xéitro a6iine. Kordro suas Awa, roi ce yemixna, ‘Take what you want. ‘The man who came, ‘When he saw Anna, he smiled. Exercises 1 Read aloud each of the answers and put a or He after it, depending on whether it is correct or not Model: Cfrpun Sua criva w: (a) 7 ack (A); (6) 6 sack (HE); (8) 8 acd (HE) B06 ricxa: Tipemit aa nanése Sina: (@) ma ce nagent 2a crésa patio: (a) sagen; (6).xna ce nagsm za ronépu na GhrapeKy; Ome xabe; (8) 1a ce naga 2a oGscnsina exemnénin nem. (8) o6iBa,Koréro ce o62ex, fina: BoG mira Ana: (2) saxjena; (@) xeaé paSén, (@)mpénn rinendcruea; (©) xord ceépumsa pé6ora (8) rpérea 3a pé6ora (©) nord saxjesa. 2 Read aloud who says what and who does what Example: Bob: Kaxo6 manure wcéxu nex? B06 wésna: Kakn6 mpdnure wcéxm sen? Toit mitra 3a ceweanénnm nents. (4) Bosixa cirpm oriinan na paGora. ‘Aa paGors » cama amepaxancxa dhiipwa. Oniinam 1a péGora p aéser wacd. Tlowipan cio wa 660m Méxay 1 2 wacd. Obimam 9 nBaKdiiceT H nonoBKa Hacs. PaGéra 10 6 acd cxen66en. TipuGiipanc ce or péGora 8 céneM acd. Bésep raéaam Tenesiisua go 11 wacd. 5 Complete the following according to the models Bos: Kaxs6 me mpanure mec? 1 Mra 3a wacd. SA: Viswiinam ce u ce oGsiivam. 2 O6acHipa KBAé pabdru. Tom: uec ¢ nonenémimx. 3 O6scuiina xoné ovina, MAs: Kémxo wacd e cerd? 4 Thira 3a nélicrons. Vino: As pa6éra p enna duipma. 5 Obacnéva xaxsé npdpn ‘TOHM: Tpérpaw 3a péGora egrpu. BAua: Crp martina end xadhé. 6 Késpa Koit ew © zee. TAna: Tou wdntra e Moa. 7 Kéana, we Héut0 € nino. HAMA: [ec mie x6 na Tedrsp. 3 Answer the following questions using the clues in brackets Example: Kord crépare (7.10).~ Crémam cénem m aécer acd. Kora wamisate or xéumt cfrpun? (8) Koré orsipare na péGora? (8.30) Kora sandupare paGora? (9) Kora timate d6eana nowitKa? (from 1 to 2 o'clock) Kora cwipumsare paGora? (5.30) Kora ce ppéutate y oma? (6.45) 4 These are the answers. What were the questions? Example: As crésam » césem acd acéxu sen. Kord erdsare neéxm xen? Model 1: Bedaca cfrpun Xépu saxfena, ‘Tésu cf/tpua roi cémo TpiGea aa saxjeu. Bosxa cf/rpux TH saxjenam. _Besixa cfrpma wile saxyesame, Besa cfrpun Tom saxyjena. _Besixa cfrpam nite saxyenare, Bosixa cfrpu Axa saxycea. Bosia cpu Bie saxjesare. Beixa eftpun saxjcaan. Bosixa cfrpan Capa 1 Tio saxgesar. Model 2: Bimarn saxjcnam cfrpa. Cera nian spéste. He mora sia saxyea. ‘Tn iaru saxycoam c/rpum. — Hhie witnart saxjoname ofrpran. los pitnarn saxjcea c/rpun. Bile piarn saxceate cfrpue. Tivo witnarn saxjesa cfrpm, Te imarn saxjenat frp. 6 Explain in Bulgarian what you do, using the model ‘Model: Inthe morning I get up early and wash. Chrpan crizam pino, Caen Kiro créna, saxfenaM. Tn the moming I dress and have breakfast. ‘At lunch time I have lunch and rest. In the afternoon I finish work and leave. In the evening I return home and have supper. Tn the evening I dress and go out7 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian What I do every day Every morning I get up early because I have Bulgarian lessons. After 1 get up, I wash, then do exercises and dress. I have breakfast at 8.30. eave home at 9.30, work from 10 in the morning until 6 in the afteroon. I have a break between 12 and 1 when I have my lunch, Then I walk a litte and go to the office. I work there until 6 o’clock and then I go home. I have supper about 7 o'clock and then I study for a couple of hours. Sometimes 1 watch a little TV or read books, magazines and newspapers. 8 Answer the following questions for yourself Kora crdmare efrputi w xaxeé mpasure cea ToRd? Kord wamisate of oma cu u Tpérsate 3a piGora? Or Kéko 0 K6u1KO Hac paGérurte? Kord o6iasare m nowinare pes ens? Additional reading Read and translate the following Bulgarian text using the glossary at the ‘end of this book. Then retell it in your own words: Tpéuikara Aua Tlasa6sa oritva c Tom » xoréa ‘Bankan’, xpaéto Tpa68a sa ‘iota sandsewa créa 2a Tom. Aasonmetpéropsr » peugmuiaTa Ha xoréaa mira — Cxaxné mora na Bu nomérua? — Tipu sac rpiGsa aa vima pesepainuin sa rocuomin Témac Xi — Cord me npoveps. . — Penepaduuisra e or enn cfm, ~ xéaa Ana, — Coxaninam, roendxuue, Ho Taxisa pesepadwix wisn duis xoréa, Ha ne 6x na sare rpéuxa? — Voxsvoweno ¢ a3 aa isan rpéumxa, — xispa Ana. ~ Ciirypuo Biie rpeusitre. Ménx Bu mposepére Suie nest! — Ero, mporepiinas orHéno — minal Méxe Gu pce nax rpeuuire. Kax raxd wista? Aa simam axe or Bac, we fima pesepnénus. He méxe rpéuixara 1a € MOa. Moxe sm 2a ro niias? ~ mitra anauunerpéroper. Emin moménr, ~ xésna Ana m raga » wintrara cu, ~ A, éro barca, ¢ K6iirO mpdsuM pesepsdnmsra, a ér0 H GiKca oT Bac, © Kéifro mormpxnisate, 4e pesepainnata e HanpépeHa. Sanonéaaiie. Braronapi. Ue niinx Ome semmbx .. . Ja, waiterima iva perepniuns, Camo, 4e Ta € na timero wa Axa Tannépa. ©, wuéro cexanisam. [pémeara e més. Méa na Me spmmiite, Hima wiiwo. Cajwsar ce taxiima pa6otn. Ero xmowd 3a crasra na rocnomist Xun. Ts ¢ wa BrOpus erdx.7 B cnagkapHuyata In the café In this lesson you will learn how to: © Order in a café © Use the longer forms of the imperative mood (commands) © Use the past tense of the verbs ct (Iam) and wwaw (! have) © Use degrees of comparison (¢.g. good, better, best) BenagkapHuyata John is giving his order to Myra, a waitress in a café Tbkou: Tocnoxune, Moxe sm eno Kage? Byepaumoro Geue sysecto. ‘Mura: Kaxso xacbe - TYpcro, ecmpeco, xanysmo, mipapi-Kaie? ZbKor: Tipeanousrran no-ropemto TypeKo xaipe. Mura: Cc saxap nm Ges saxap? Ibkou: C mano saxap. Enna mwa won ema 6ysKa, Mura: C sotsko wut cbc emerasa? Ibkou: Bes msiaxo Ges eMerana. A Kaxno uMmare 3a ameHe? Mura: 3anucn. Axo wckate a ce axpanmre, mwa GaniKn, xin, cryaeHH 1 TORT canton, Midave Ha TOpTH, acta m Apyrm caaaxmu. Tipe Mako mMaxMe it [ApYrW Hemta, Ho cera HAMA. Akon: Bsepa umaxte muoro weuta 3a mueve, Kakso uwate sec? Mura: Waites umame moro ronan ¥9Gop OF HAMINTKH: KOHSK, BOAKa, sUIKBOPH, OMA, KAKTO H Ge3ATKOXOMTHAN RaMUTTKHt KOKA-KOMIA, PAINS IOROBH COKOBE — OT HOPTOKATH, xalicu, rposme, mpackosi, sGbmen, roam, xacuc, {Kamm oa nea JhxoH: | Moxe mm rorana sia nowecere exo Kae, eva resupa- 1a MHKepasa BOWa H e1HO ape MOKOsAIOBA TOpTA? Mura: Hemo apyro aa uckate? Vinu rosa Gemse sewsKo? TbxoH: O, na. Axo oGusare, zoueceTe m cmerxara. Vocabulary pcan jin the cafe ‘witcha (f), roll, bun pamara (f) sediqpumn (pl) Méxe mm ems Canthavea cdma (mm) sandwich agi? coffe? exyaia, a0, cold ropéo, né- hot, hoter, hotest Téa, na, 10, warm ropémo, am ‘ndii-ropémo ‘ropra (f) acake saéro, né- ‘much (many), cama (pl) desserts sro, more, most _mboatot Gop greater choice of birnsro or... ‘rfpexo ape (0) ‘Turkish coffee amir (p!) rinks roxio ‘spoonful (ump) ow cognac brandy (Giuca) séxap of sugar -ameep (mn) liqueur © Gipa (f) beer, lager, ale ania (0) mike Gerancoxéam soft rinks cmerdna (f) cream: ‘mamiericn (pl) am, axe, até toca mxq08 coK (m) fruit juice Qo ‘noprotism (pl) oranges ‘dene (n) eating, meal. ‘alien (pl) apricots Santon it depends pdcxonn (pl) peaches ‘Ao fexare 2a ifyouwantto —s6xanon (pl) apples ‘ce maxpdnmre have a meal rpéaae (pl) grapes: Gimwnca (Q, cheese pie, cheese matin (pl) raspberries Saniencn (pl) pastry Siro (pl) strawberries Talking about things made of something ‘The Bulgarian word for ‘fruit juice’ used in the dialogue is na6aos cox but you can also use the words cox or mu1oi0né (juice of fruits). There fre a lot of similar word pairs in Bulgarian: oproxa.tos cox (cox oT noproxéiml) orange juice xealiciten cox (cOK oT Kaiici) apricot juiceSGnnKOD coK (cox oT AGEIKH) apple juice éroaon cox (cox oT rom) strawberry juice Mazvimon cox (COK OT Matin) raspberry juice Note that this does not hold good for fruit, vegetable or meat products only. It is a model for referring to anything when the materials from which itis made are specified: nopuesséuona sxiuia (xduia oF nopuestin) china cup ceréxnena wana (Kista oT crEKn6) lass jug sippena tchuta (Kbulia OT A4pB6) ‘wooden house ‘xeniana sparé (spard oF xe.1430) iron gate wésenna créiGa (crisi6a oT Kistux) —_stone staircase xaprivena képna (cipna or xapriia) paper tissue éxeno fixe (fixe OT K6xa) Teather jacket ‘whamen nanraaéu (naxtanéH oT Bismta) — woollen trousers namgsna pia (piisa oT many) cotton shirt ‘Konpitneno mid:vae (wsiurse oT Konpiinia) silk scarf aicrmacon rpé6en (rpéGen oF nuicraca) plastic comb The imperative mood: longer forms ‘The negative form of the imperative mood is formed by putting the neg~ ative particle we or the verb weit (sg), ueatitre (pl) before the impera- tive form of the verb: He veri! He werére! Hexéii veri! Heatitre werére! (Don't read!) ‘He maui! He mauére! Henéit mmuit! Heaéitre mauére! (Don't write!) He naasi/naavére! Heaéi maawit! Hexéiire naayére! (Don’t cry!) ‘There is also a slightly different alternative: Hexéii aa naisem! Heaéitre 1a naévere! (Don’t cry!) He ce expat He ce cxpaére! Heaéit ce eépan! (Don't be angry!) Hexéit a ce chpamm! Heaéitre aa ce cépaure! (Don't be angry!) [As we noted earlier, there are special forms for the imperative mood only for the 2nd person singular and plural. There are, however, two almost identical ways of forming the imperative for persons (sg. and pl): By using the particle a (to) Za werd! Let me read! ‘la weréu! You read! ‘2a weré! Let him/berfit read! la serést! Let us read! ‘da werére! You read! ‘la wert! Let them read! 1 By using the adverb mex (let!) Héxa werd! Let me read! Héxa eres! Let us read! Héxa veréu! You read! Héxa werére! You read! Héxa evé! Let him/her/it read! Héxa werd! Let them read! The past tense of com (I am) and “mam (I have) |As we have seen, most Bulgarian verbs have two forms (perfective and perfective) from which the two basic past tenses (simple past and past imperfect) respectively, are formed. There are a few verbs, howev- er, which have only one simple past tense form: for example eum (10 be), fntans (to have), nsivan (10 have not) ‘The verb ena (to be) Positive Negative 1 Aa Gax I was As ne ax I was not 2 Tw Géme You were ‘Tu me Géme You were not 3 Toit Geme He was Toit ne Géme He was not ‘Ta Geme She was ‘Ta me Géme She was not To Geme It was To me Geme It was not Hite we Gixwe We were not Bie ne Gincre You were not Te ne Gixa They were not 1 Hite 6sixme We were 2 Bite Gixre You were 3 Te Gixa They were Interrogative Negative-Interrogative 1 Bax sm Was 1? He 6ax am Wasn't I? 2 Tw Géme am Were you? ‘Tw me Géme am Weren't you? and so on, and so on, ‘The verbs uiax (had) and wantax (had not) Positive Negative Interrogative Negative-Interrogative As iowax wax fowax. sia a? ‘Tu ivame —wsimame fistame am? nsivate aw? Toit ieame wsivame ‘and soon ...and soon Ta fosame — nsimame To fimame nimame Hie imax wimaxme Bie fmaxre wimaxte Te fowaxa — wistaReflexive verbs (B»3BpaTHu rnaronu) Reflexive verbs imply that the doer is performing the action (a) on him/herself, for example wsaiwam ce (I wash myself); or (b) for him/herself, for example miteaa cu (I think to myself). In the first case you simply add the pronoun ce to the verb and in the second, em: uamiipam ce to wash oneself o6aneuam ce to dress oneself mparérasm ce ‘to prepare (get ready) oneself piumam ce to.enjoy oneself mirram ce to ask oneself wigpam CH to tell (say to) oneself ican cx to think to oneself upeacrépsam cH to imagine to onself Adverbs Bulgarian adverbs are formed from nouns (man, dog, stone); adjectives (quick, bad); numerals (first, second); and other parts of speech. There are different kinds of adverbs but the following ones are used most often: For place: rf (here) onion (where from), 60 (neat) For time: cera (now), pdio (early), anee (today) For manner: 6630 (quickly), 16m0 (bay), Také (50) For quantity and degree: nowrii (almost), a6era (rather) For cause and aim: éro sauté (therefore), rordisa (then) As a rule adverbs should be used with the word(s) they qualify, ire- spective of their place in the sentence. But although adverbs do not have a fixed place in the sentence in Bulgarian, because of the flexible word order, they are normally used at either the beginning or the end of the sentence: Tam foaa enim ones. ‘There is a man there. Baiigo no pexiira fma xoréa. There is a hotel near the river. Tpanér e Gaiso. The town is near. Toll zoliné Gips0. He came quickly. Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs Bulgarian adjectives and adverbs, like English, have three degrees of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative: good, better, best), each of which has a diferent form: positive (ocr, small; Ganuo, slowly), comparative (né-méarsx, smaller, n6-Génno, more slowly) and superla- tive (ni-wirox, smallest; méi-Gisuo, most slowly). There is only one ‘way of forming comparative and superlative degres in Bulgarian which is by placing the following prefixes before the positive form of each adjective or adverb: ‘The hyphenated prefix mo- for the comparative degree ‘The hyphenated prefix wail- for the superlative degree Positive Comparative Superlative 2066p (mn) 16-2056 fli 2066p 064 (f) 16-2064 dit 106 pA 20676 (0) 116-1066 nati 206p6 nO pE (adverb) ——_ 6-106 p6 ii 206 pe péinen n-pinent nit-pénen pana né-pésma niii- pana én 16-péio nii-panno ano (adverb) 16-pano wii-pno Exercises 1 Use the correct forms of 62x, imam and Hamam Buépa Toop (6sx) 8 enix xorés. Téau efrpunt » réon cratxapamma (aiman) Kade # TOpTa, Tut (Gxx) sm 8 T63x pectopairr caus? B xaéro wa Ana (naimam) 34xap 1 Ma1iKo. Buépa p tésm coanxdpana (ivan) crynéum TOW canoes, Tans (iam) 1 pascuisann Gesamkoxdoman nartirKn. ‘Auee cyrpmira Vivo n a2 (isan) mixaxno ewoGéano Bpéve2 Play the part of Harry in the following dialogue Vino: Tu 6éwe au B cnagkapaamata? ica Viso: — Vimamie 2m cpo66aua mica? XAPH: Viso: — Kaxp6 simame 3a mitene? APH = Tivo: Kaxn6 aukoxémo shame sa rene? APH: a Vino: Karavi Gesaox6amam warsiraue sane? XAPH: Vino: Kaxaé fimamie 3a snene? XAPHE eesossente Vso: — Kaxsa 6éme cméreara? APH: sseseses ipo: Pondnma sm Géme cmérxara? API 3 You are in a café. Explain that you are going to have the following A coffee without milk and sugar. A tea with milk and sugar. ‘A tea with lemon and sugar. A fruit juice coffee and a cola. A fruit juice and a sandwich. ‘Atea and a roll, ‘Two coffees and two rolls. ‘Two teas and two cheese pies. 4 Correct the waiter. If he offers you something with something, order it without and vice versa Example: Eaw6 waipé eve aéxap? He, esn6 kare Ges sdxap. Exuié xaé ¢ movixo? Ean kahé Ges mutsivo? Eané xaé Ges sixap? Enns xagé exe séxap? Eané xadé Geo nutixo eve séxap? Ean xadé c morixo Gea aéxap? Ean Kadi Ges muuixo u Ges saxap? Ena walt wotsxo u séxap? Ein wail € ntnixo es 2xap? Envi wail exe 3éxap Ges meviKo? Ent wai exe s8xap Ges unc? 5 Ask the waiter to bring you the following things and then not to bring them Example: A cup of tea. Méxe sam na xonecére 4éuna wail? Hexéitre a nécure smn ‘A cup of tea with milk and without sugar. ‘A cup of tea with sugar and without lemon. A cup of coffee and a sandwich A.cup of tea and a roll. A glass of fruit juice anda pie. A glass of coca cola and two rolls. ‘A.cup of coffee and a glass of mineral water ‘Accup of hot tea and a rol A glass of cold fruit juice and a sandwich, Two cups of coffee and two pies. Three cups of tea and three rolls. 6 Use the correct form of the words in brackets Example: Tésu ropra e (ot.nex), Ho € (roast) or apsrara. Taw TOpra e mésnka, Ho € né-roniva or apjrara. 1 Tasu kuira e (x$GaB), Ho apyrara e (x§6an) oF nes, 2 Tosa e emxd oF (npnaren) caamedpranat 8 Cou 3 Masnurre Gansu ca (rdmma), apjrure ca (rémaa) oF TAX, HO ‘Tésu ca (TOmBA) OF BevtHK 4 Pexd Mapiina ¢ (shor) or pexd Vlexsp, Maprina e (xbnor) pexd 8 Boatrdpis $ isin crésa (pao) efrpux, Ana créna (pao) or éro, Ho Mapiis crépa (pinto) oF sciisxu.7 Write down the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs caa6, inno, ropéma, x/Gasn, Hos, cripa, sanéxe, BHCEKO, ummpéxure, Gorarara, xoGpiar, muTepécwitre, passiiNHo. Examples: Ciuxen: né-chvtem, néii-cien. [Bépa0: n6-6éps0, naii-66p30. 8 Translate into Bulgarian Maria and her best friend Elena like to go to the café at the comer because they think that the fea and coffee served there are better than in any other café around. The waitresses know them and they usually give them one of the best tables. But the two friends do not like the same things. Maria likes her coffee with a little milk but without any sugar. Elena prefers her coffee with a little sugar and a lot of milk. Yesterday Maria had to meet Elena at 6 o'clock there. She was in the café at a quarter to six. There were a lot of people but Elena was not there, Maria did not want to order anything before her friend came. She ‘was there for nearly half an hour but Elena was still late. Finally, Maria ‘ordered a cup of coffee, a piece of cake and a glass of mineral water She began to worry that something was wrong. But just before she finished her coffee Maria came in, She had a new hat and that was her only excuse Additional reading ‘Read and translate the following Bulgarian text using the glossary at the ‘end of this book. Then retell it in your own words. Nosnapay Envin vonéx emiisa » emia Gap u ticka némo sa miiene. O6éxe, GépmaxeT orKisea aa My cepsiipa, samt6To © mutt. — Ho aa we cos mii, xisea xanéurer. ~ [éitre xm end dura ¢ Héujo 3a miiene m me piuurTe, Ye Méra ta nosHia noaKa amiirea eke 3aT6peni ou. Bépsannr ce curtacina m My spa mocrenoséreMo pasmitsint amirsu, xoviro Kaménrsr yeniiga na noanée eaxé no ems. Ho ‘ron ue pint ocd6eno enevarnémme na 64pwana. Kéro ibKza ‘rond, Koméursr, xélfro e péve w6cra musi, xéapa: — Bix xaxn6, emecit » sive wim x6nxoTo vickant amiirKHt xo nosHda neviuKn cHcrénKH pEp Bcika OT TAX, UI Me ocrapmur » Gépa ja cu mis cmoxsitxo, Bapmansr namina » end wima yiickw, Mapriinn, Bénka, KOHEK, ToproxduioB cox, c6a, paxils, Macriixa M pom # nossa wawaTa na xomgura, Kanéwrsr sandyea aa mie Mdmkit rrsren oT wéinaTa 4 cxea ncska riérea xéapa iimero na scéxa oT wamireure B ‘wdmara. Haxpas xésna: — Jali Mu erépara sma, Tésn mor Gdpmaier my 2ésa wa pond 1 mira: — Kaxén ¢ xoxréiiner » risw 4éua? Koménror mie ex rarérea, mie propa w xisBa: — He aida xaxed e tion wamitxa, 3a mpos mr mis oF Hés, Ho Méra ja TH Kéxa, Ye TPYsIHO mle MOxeU a x Mponanétt.8 B pectopaHTta In the restaurant In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘© Choose and order food and drinks in a restaurant ‘© Speak about colours and shapes © Use the past imperfect tence (mniano HecsSpuieHo speMe) Bpectopauta Tom and Anna are ina restaurant and she is helping him to order a meal Tom: Ama, wa smcra ¢ Memoro mimeme ‘Mecun acrus’ w ‘Tocrnu scrus’. Kaxpo swavete ToBa? ANA: ‘Mecun scrux’ o3savasa ‘xpana ¢ eco’, a ‘Tlocrum sicvus’ osmavana ‘Bererapnanicka xpatt’. Tow: Towa cu Mucsex m a3. A Bue kaxso mie Mu mpenopoare aa anene m muewe? Hexam sta pasbepa oGuwaute Buatrapus. Awa: OGuxoneno ce sanowsa ¢ HaKaxGB anepirTus — paxits, ‘BORKa, MACTHKA HLT HSKAKBB APY A/IKOXO:L. Tom: Kasnaxa mut, ve una pass paxi? Kaxeu Gaxa re? AHA: Cmpona, rpoazona ium mtosloRa. BaestHo ¢ paKuaTa ce opwina W HaxakBa caraTa, Tom: A xaxsit cazaru npeaarat tyK? AHA: Benewa camara, uomcka camara, pyoxa camara wm casiaTa OF jasten sesewsyx — castara OT OMATH, OF xpacraButit Tow: Kaxpo ce nopwuna exe, Toma? AHA: Sanuci. Axo € oGes, 3anoypa ce c HsKaKBA cya. Tom: A axo nevep? Tlax sm ce nopnyna cya? ‘Ana: He, pevep we ce noppya cyna, a pu6a, ckapa, sanyuteno ‘WK MeYeHO Meco: MHLIEWIKO, arHeUIKO, TENELIKO WI CBA CKO, Vocabulary aera ¢ Memoro the menu noméra (pl) tomatoes pu (aGcrin) meat (vegetarian) wperanuum (pl) cucumbers ‘icrus (pl) dishes pita (f) fish ererapuducea vegetarian food expe (0) gail xpana (f) ‘Bitno (n) wine oGwsdire (pl) the customs, seed (n) seat traditions miiemwo/Srem- chicken/lamb npenopiwmam, —torecommend xo mec6(n) (meal) penopésan (3) ‘ésemco/eniat- —_ veal/pork (eat) ennowa plum (grapes) exo mec (n) (rpés08a) ‘brandy néseH, a, 0, roast pais (f) saayuién, a,0,m stewed nacrinca (f) ansete,anise-—aneparitn(m) appetizer, aperitif flavoured nesépa () dinner, supper ‘brandy ‘sesépam (3) ‘to have dinner noma (f) vodka (supper) candra (f) salad Colours and shapes ‘The Bulgarian words for colours and shapes change according to gender ‘and number. Masculine Feminine Newer Plural usr | = meron colour Gan Gana 6i10 Gem white sépen stp sep sepun back wepoén —veppéna —veppéno = eppémm = red senen senéua seneno seneun green om cima cio. cine100 Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural om fsa cho con grey aerr = okbara—kttro—xbaa—_yellow kag xagiina agin wadhion brown ps0 psosn——pizono-—pésoa pink Gexos Gexonn Gono wae Toa ce népua » Buaripus. Paul came back to Bulgaria. pes pes xnne ino ce aipna » Cogn upes Tad. Ivo came back to Sofia via Plovdiv. Exercises 1 Read aloud each answer and say if itis correct or not (a) ‘néctam sctus’ osuaudsa: — (b) Awa xaspa, ve: xpawa c mecé Béxep ce nopiwsa cyna Gexankoxdsn0u namitrKH Ha 66en ce sanéupa coe cfm pererapudinicka xpéua C pariisra ce nopiusa cfna (©) Tom mitra: (@) Aua oGscusina: Kaxeii wamitran npeadrar yx? Ha micta c memroro mine Kaxaii candra upeandrar tyx? B Boarépus siwa passion Kaxpi cfnm mpenotirar tye? paxiin Béxep ce nopisa sanyiiéHo vo néseH0 Mecé 2 Read aloud who says what and who does what Example: [ouecére 6ytika sino. 7. Micka namitrKa, 105 Tom: Kaxsé sndwn toni? 1 Moxa xa navi, Awa: Ha 66en ce sandama cxe 2 Ihirra xaxné e fuxenero. ofa, 3 Thiva sa nendra na néuo. Tom: Kaxoi paxsiu sia? 4 Thitra 3a cwrictsna wa nemo. MAS: IIle nopésare sm neuéps? 5 OGscriina KaKBS ce ant TrpBO. Tom: Mcxam 6yriaxa yeppévo 6 Titra xaxpii piigoze BHO. aire isa. Sua: Kéxxo crpfsa xaiéro? 7 Micka nanitrxa. Tlon: Jlouecére cméreara, 8 Titra nami me ce nopéua Tom: Kaxnde rapaurgpara? —_éuro. 3 Conjugate the following verbs in ittano KecebpwieHo epéme Vickam, cTasaM, oTHBaM, AdBaM, B3éMaM, NopL4BaM, késeam 4 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form of minano HecetpweHo Bpéme Kaxo6 (sera) Tow? Kaxné (nitram) Tom # Ana. Hile we (pasGuipam) Gé.trapexst esx. Vina ne (sna) xaxn6 (osnaxéna) Tosd. Hile (sien), 4e mie aowecére Hamirxn, Koréro se, Te (an) Mecd, (mitt) Bio x (roBéps). 5 Which is the odd one out? © réneuxo, miinemxo, arHeumKo, GérrapeKo, cBriticKo Macriixa, BOaxKa, paxiia, 16084, BIiHO nopéueam, sanéunam, mpenopispas, anepiriis, nowdcam, sicKan Ha, OT, c, B, CBC, a, BEB, 10 6 Pair off the words on the right with the words on the left Mécu pain rasiipana névexo Gino canira xpawd anepuriis cuuitpona siigoBe BuHa ito106 néxaxne senenay cwiiticKo crus éneKa nécrua ‘remo Boni 7 Ask questions according to the model Model 1: Ceré wista a sanésam wiupécm. A rordsa saxésaue su? Cera Ben nia aa sandea senpécn, Cera Slim winta xa sativa wempéct. Cera Tom u Xépu wiwa 2a sanivar wompéct. Cera mite wina na sanéname ssmpécn, Cera TH nama na sadsami sompécn. Cerd Bie wima 2a saxivare pompéctt. Cera Bie nima 2a sanisare sempécr. Model 2: TpiGna na pa66ra. Hin nowimaue? Tom 1piGva sia paGérH, Capa TpA6na sa paGsru. Tu tpa6na 1a paGéruu. Te rpé6sa aa juar. Bite 1paGaa s1a pa6Stare. As iiekant a. fa Ili m Ben rpa6a 2a paGorar. TH viexau aa yum Hiie rpi6na sta paGérm. Toit ficka na $a. Beiukn tpiOna xa pa6érar. Ta sicka za sum. Hie rpa6na sta fan, Bile rpAGva sa jure 8 Rearrange the words of the dialogue to make sense iene? Héuto sut 3a sicxaTe brino? saa MOxe MAsIKo Yepnéxo oHecéTe JH viexare raaiipana nond He OyTiiaKa sm sitio He cdo OyritaKa npeanowitrast nopiuare ene 3a HEINO, We 1H? ‘rosé Bu? pevisxo Graronapa € opm ee 107 9 Here are the answers. What were the questions? exam eras suse ser. Bandusam paGora » aézer acd. OGmKnonéHo ne saxyicBaMs. Pian 6Geama nowisKa or 12 0 2 wacd. Corea seuépa rnéqant Tenesiisus 4erd wécrHiny. He sicxast xa nopéasam wiinro 3a miiene. Ile cu nopéyant névexo ariemxo 3a sexéps, Tipeanowiiram senéwa cara, 10 Choose the correct words from within the brackets 1 Fipo (crésan, crépa, cravame) » cénem acd cytpusra. 2 Kora (anéypare, sandyname, sanéupaxte) péGora? 3 Hie ne (oGitan, oGiivaxwe, oGitvaMe) aa (rpirva, TpbrBar, ‘pbrBaMe) MHéro pao Ha péGora. 4 As (sms, nominax, nominam) cao eH xadé cfrpmn. 5 Kaxsé (nopian, nopsyar, nopéwaxre) 3a nexéps? 6 Viso # Mas ce (npxiGpa, npiGupaxa, npuGep4), kécuo. 11 Write short dialogues for the following scenarios © Ordering dinner for two in a restaurant © Trying to understand why someone is upset © Describing your day to a friend 12 Tell someone and then a group of people to come in speak read write study ook go.out g0 get up sitdown translate listen open abook sendaletter book a room 13 Tum the following into m”ivano Hecs’puieHo Bpéme Koréro 6ax » Cépus, a3 sero (x68) Ha pecropénr © més Nonéra, Hie (raémame) icra c memioro. Mésr xoséra sat (ipenopésam) ma sandya ¢ nékaxoe anepuriip. Ho a3 He (nckam) asxoxéa. As (upeanowitram) Gyniima ino.108 Obmxnonéxo, Toit cu (nopéymas) paxsia a senéwa canita, a wa Mex mit (WoHdeaM) canéra ¢ aomdrn. Tlécne mike pitnare (eexépans) Héuno BxyHO. 14 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian While they were living in Sofia, Anna and Ivan liked to go to Bulgarian restaurants. Usually, Anna was very busy and sometimes Ivan had to wait a long time for her. He did not like to go to the restaurant very early, so he would go home, where he used to watch a little TV and have a cup of coffee. ‘Anna would usually telephone him when she was ready and Ivan would walk to the restaurant, where he would arrive before Anna. He used to order a small glass of grape-brandy and a tomato salad ‘Anna usually arrived while he was still drinking his brandy, so Ivan ‘would order one for her as well. While they were having their brandies and talking, Anna would read the menu and choose the dishes and the wines they wanted. ‘As arule, they did not like to hurry over their meals. They would order the dishes one by one and would talk and joke. They talked about a lot of things — about their work, their plans and people they knew. The ‘meal would last for two or three hours. Sometimes other people would have dinner with them and then they would stay longer. ‘After the dessert they used to order coffee with milk and then they ‘would walk slowly home. They liked those late walks. Additional reading Read and translate the following Bulgarian texts using the glossary at the end of this book. Then retell each of them in your own words. Técret Cren yonéuma cpéma ¢ mécran s6uptrenm, exit rocrypam rroaurix sia » pectopanra. Koréro winisa néxpaii exith OT done, ot ués crépa emia yoxéx. Tommie, xéiTo et ilcau, we Youéebr créna oT wicaTa cH oT yaaxxéuie KEM HérO, nariiexa péMoTo My waéay m KésBa: Hina myxna aa crépare! Hina wioxna na crdmare! Yoséxer mitra: —3amé? Hud ivan paso sa mséma comminata or cucéawara mca? Wonet Emin mon amisa p eatin rpdickn pecroparr a xémepsr peawira my noxésa suicra c memro, Mémst nornéxna sicta i Tait kéTo cH MiicTm, 4e KEmHepST My HGcH HékaKBa KHtbxKA ga vérene, xéspa: Tu nait-nampéx mn nonecit nemo 9a fineHe, a nécne me npoverd # xisirara. T64epk 4 xapaxtep Youirensr 8 eaxé wénexo céx0 oGscuipa wa céramsTe: —Xapaxtepst Ha sonéxa Méxe 1a ce nosHie MHéTO nécHo no néropus néveps. Exuin or cénaumre Kispa: =A, cvira wi xéra! Ja we vexam na wien, we a3 KéTo He suds ga miima, winant wixaKes xapaxrep? 064g 8 pectopanta Tom w sérosure npusresm cenixa na sticara » pecropawra i raémaxa micta © Memoro. Cepsursépkara Mas xéitxe Tom poséne cata amanér ¢ néx Tom: 3a anepuriia vicxase ase rpéoaiosn paxiin sve pyc MAs: — Mémxn som ronésen? Tom: Ae scoan pani ‘Tépma wane Gyr omepésra 20; MAs: Ile nopiare am némo 3a sexéps? Tom: fla. JIse népuunt néxeno érnewxo, MAs: — C rapunrypa sian Ges rapaurypa? Tom: — Kakad e rapurypara? MAs: Opis, rs6u, Ibpxenm xKaprédy, rpax wm Kiicem xpdcraniies4910. $A Tom: Masi Tom: MAsi Tom: MAs: Tom: Maa: Tom: Maa: Tom: Maa Tom: Méxe sm emécro rapaurypa na mm xowecére ‘uiéncKa candra?™ Ta, pasGiipa ce, Enna iam ase? ‘Tonecére me cairn. le ficxare 2m néuo 3a mene c érueuxoro? Mla, exuia 6yriiaxa sepséxo nino ‘Téa {He stm nosnomirre sm 2a Bu npenopixast apyro seppéio iio? amd we B raxép cayuail, Gux Bu mpenopéyana “Mésmux’ or Xépcoro. Ho Tond piinio ro nina B mexioro Taxi ¢, aaml6To sanéaHaxa a To pastosdpsar, Koréro a3 ce rérsex ia aanéaa paGora. Ho née Méxe sia ce nopiapa. Torama nowecére me Gyriixu “Mésnuu’ Ue sicxare st m wsixaxso mexe? Zia, aowecére mo end népune yxinna, cysoKgx, macrspad, OankéwckH xaukanit m date ciipene. M1 waxpéx — xaié. 9 PasrosBop 3a Helja MUHaNnoToO Talking about things from the past In this lesson you will learn how to: '* Talk about days of the week and the months of the year ‘© Discuss the weather and the seasons ‘© Use the simple past tense (wmnano cempureno speme) Pasrosop 3a Helja MMHanoTo =P Tom and Ellie are talking about Ian's holidays Ean: Tom: Ea: Tom: Em: Tom: To, Kone me XomTe 1a nONHBKa Tas roma? Bee oute He sHas, HO McKaM sla One KATO MuMAATA roam. 3amo? Kaxso mpapuxre santanara rosa? Munanara romuia Xomux Ha nowteKa asa mbt. Fpes suyapw OTHAOX Ha cKH, a mpes aBrycT mpexapax I mecen, a Mope. Hi kax Gem: eryzeno, ropewto, BerpositTo ian IKROBHO? He. Bpemero Geie xy6an0 ium He soo 3a BoeKH OT cesowitTe, FIpes samara mpeKapax Be CeAMMIL Ha TLIAKH- ara: Kapax ckit 1 KBHKH, [Ipe3 s1aTOTO mxyBax B MopeTo, MIpax Ha PAIK MEPH, MEKOX Ce Ha CTBHLIETO, KOHX a pasxOaKH, A axno npanuxre noc? TIpneraraax 8 Bosrapwa npean ex meceu. Tpenw aa samosma paGora, 3anowax sa ya OwstrapeKst HK. , sa6panix sa But xaxka. Bua propane nevepta Gax aK y cemeiicrao Koesn, Morosopuxme a re me Bat saat eras, Kora mora 1a ce npemecta y tax?12 Es: Aa Gax mpi Tax ous ex. Tosa Geme sropxx. Buepa Gewe cpasia, sec e weTBEprak. Te me ce BEpHAT B cuGora WK Henens. Bue moxere ya ce mpeMccTuTe B oneesx. Vocabulary ‘ram (scsanara) this (last) year vronia (f) piss (2) 10,40, to make suas (smi) (1) 10 know ovigam (3), to goto orm (1) isa wir two times tua ex, wa wopé skiing, tothe seaside sméceu (m) amonth smnydpa (m) January dryer (m) August aoa (0 winter iro (0) summer pexipaas, ——_tospend mpexapast (3) ccéavama (9, a week, weeks cceasam (pl) ccryaéa, a, 0, cold ropéu, a, 0, hot nerponit, a, 0, swxnnen, eipast cx (chan) xgaast (3) pin mrp (arp) éxox ce na corkunero xéax na pasxésnen sa6pénmm (3), sa6pinn (2) pemécraan ce (3). mpenéers (2) {eam eH (mn) Days, dates, months, seasons nnowenéamme — Monday srépams Tuesday pia ‘Wednesday seraiprax ‘Thursday nérax Friday ciGora Saturday ext Sunday ceva week suydpa ‘benpydpn apr aupit sak om dryer windy rainy to ski (skate) toswim toplay a game (games) [ sunbathed went for walks to forget fo move (house) the day before yesterday January February Api May Sune July August agua weekday pdms holiday smécent a month ccesbn (npeste) season péaer spring aro summer been ‘autumn, sion winter xasewnip calendar ‘rion (ssinaaara, eatmamara) rosiaa cemréstmpat September oxcrdnpa October tsp November stexéonnpe December ira dae 11 ampiun 1942 11.04.1942 25X.1992r, 25.10.1992 Hoa ronina New Year this last, next) year ‘rian (ssimaaara, caésmsamrra) céanama this (last, next) week -réou (ssimaaaa, enémsamara) npéaer ‘rion (ssiaaara, eaésmamerra) siota ‘rou (ssimaaiara, enésmamara) éoen -r6su (sinter, eaéspanmustr) mécen ‘rosé (siuazoro, caéasamtoro) aéro non nen (sénveps) spa amee ia sapjra ae ance ey tpurrs spa (y1p) cyrpmrra (caezo6ex) this last, next spring this Cast, next) winter this Cast, next) autumn, this Cast, next) month this Gast, next) summer the day before yesteniay yesterday today tomorrow the day after tomorrow this moming, yesterday (tomorrow) ‘moming(aftemoon) 1994 wnazzam ae 12 3aserag| jos a2 3 186 1 eis 2021 aay SE5R5% aoe eB3 a =a senate ES2828 SRSSSR8 Be = =a iFaas via BReguas sasesas PRBS SRRESh 113,114 Talking about the weather and the climate ‘Although Bulgarians are less prone to talk about the weather than some fother nations, itis one of the topics that people discuss pretty often. ‘Among the most useful phrases and expressions in this respect, one ‘could mention the following Kaxné e wpémero sec? What is the weather today? ‘Aimee e sino w ciriveso, Today itis bright and sunny. ‘Kaxné Géate npéwero naépa? What was the weather yesterday? Buépa Géme nerposiro Ttwas windy and rainy 1H Tik6BHO, yesterday. axend me Gite Bpémero frpe? What will the weather be tomorrow? ape me Gée 66narmo. It will be cloudy tomorrow. ‘Kax ¢ (6éme) apémero ® Anrsmst? How is (was) the weather in England? 115 Bulgarian verbs fall into several groups, from which the different forms in Miao cstpuieno ppéme are formed depending on their stems: First conjugation All verbs included here have different stems in the present and the past tense: (@)_ The o stem: verbs whose endings forthe Ist person singular in the present tense consist of a consonant (r, K, 3, €, a) plus a: Nerd, per, paisa, oneed, xéiiaa. The a vowel changes to 0 in the Ist person singular and the Ist, nd and 3rd persons plural and to e in the 2nd and 3rd person singular in aeiasio emipmeno apéne: Mima0 estpueno spéme He 6éme nitro xf6ano, wirro abo. It was neither fine nor bad. Tani me wash ens sec? Is it going to snow today? Hiista sia wai csr, Ho ciirypao It will not snow but it will sme wai mea. certainly rain. Positive Negative _Interrogative Negative-Inerrogative erd sgl As werox ue werox vérox aN? ne sérox aN? ‘2Twsere we were ere aN? we were sm? 3 Toliére we uére ‘and soon ...and soon Tawere we ere Towere ne were The simple past tense (mvHano CB»pweHO Bpeme) ‘The simple past tense usually implies that the action is over or com- pleted by the time in the past implied or referred to: Aa mpovérox nécrumns Toit wamiica nneméro. I read (finished reading) the newspaper. He wrote (finished writing) the leter. ‘The explanations in brackets are intended to show that, although the simple past is usually rendered by the past indefinite (e.g. he wrote), it thas no identical equivalent in English, Endings for the simple past (iano cebpweHo) ‘These are very simple and present no problems: sg lx pl 1 -xme 2 —(no special ending) 2-xre 3 ~ (no special ending) 3-xa However, the forms of verbs in this tense are so varied that they require special attention. pll Hine wéroxme ue séroxme 2 Bue wétoxte we séroxre 3 Tewéroxa ue wéroxa ince the negative, interogative and negative—interrogative forms for all the other verbs ae the same, they will not be given below. _néliza (to come) jomecd (to bring)s.nisa (to enter) o6.eKé (to dress) As péiinox (came) aonécox (brought) sasisox (entered) oGaacox (dressed) ‘Twadiine ——_nonéce anése oGxé4e Toi abiixe —_sowéce ase oue4e Ta a6iine nonce paéae obne4e To ndiine ——_nonéce anése obne4e Hite néitaoxme nouécoxme —asiaoxme ——_o6.nsxoxe Bie néiijoxre nonécoxte —savszoxre o6asixoxte Te aéiinoxa —_nowécoxa suviaoxa, o6.1siKOxA (©) The a stem: verbs which end on a preceded by consonants other than 1, x, 3, ¢, 1 retain the a stem ending in the past tense:116 verbs ending in-wa: erdua, céama, mizina, sande, :xhrua verbs ending in ama (an changes to): mina ~ mea verbs ending in -aca (a changes to 3): xia ~ wiésax verbs ending in -a (w changes to x): massa ~ nadicax verbs ending in -epa (drop the e in past tense) paabepa — panbpix (©). The stem: verbs that change their stem ending in - in sxiaio centputewo npéve, irrespective oftheir ending inthe present tense: © verbs ending in -er in the present tense drop the e in itna.to cwipuieno pene: aunés — xumix © verbs ending in -pa in the present tense: enpa ~ enpéx © verbs ending in -as in the present tense: emis — emis (@)_Verbs without a special stem in wiazio estputeno npése usually end in two vowels in the present tense and the endings for miwa.1o ceovpineno npéwe are added directly tothe root vowel: © fs yx, ay, Hy, fame, were, Hx © ig: mex, mt, mt, mitxMe, mie, mitxa © rp: urpaix, arpa, urpé, urpaxwe, urpéxte, urpéxa verbs ending in -ewa drop -Ma: woéwa — n3ex Second conjugation (@)_ Verbs whose stem vowel does not change: sxpast— BupBix; cram ~ erosx; mares — mbareix; nit — nui (©) Verbs whose stem ending changes to -x: ros6ps — rosdpux (©) Verbs whose stem ending changes to -a: en — enax conjugation ‘These verbs do not change their stems and the endings for mina.zo exipmeno npéme are added directly to the stem for the present tense: nircan — nitrax; paaGipam —pasGiipax; nimscénam — nuuvtiax. In most cases there are changes of stress. ‘The simple past tense (simaao catpmieno spéme) is one of the basic tenses and itis used above all: © As the main narrative tense in fiction: Toi crina, oriize 10 uposépena m noraéaKa Hawi. He stood up, went tothe window and looked out. ‘¢ For rendering consecutive action that took place before the moment of speaking: Tom me and, yewinxa ce, n6iine upa Men me nosapans. ‘Tom saw me, smiled, came to me and greeted me. ‘Although in very rare cases one can also use certain imperfective forms of the verbs, as a rule one should use the perfective forms of the verbs jn the simple past: that is, sfias instead of nioxaam; ya instead of ‘afpas, etc. ‘Most frequently the simple past in Bulgarian corresponds to the past indefinite tense in English (e.g. came, went, wrote, etc, etc), which is the tense normally used to render it and what one should use if in doubt: ‘Hamicax xéaro mem6. wrote a long letter. Oriuox 2a ro Bae, J went to see him, Kjumx cu nna Ko.td. bought a new car. Tlopiax 61120 nino. ordered white wine. Even when the simple past tense in Bulgarian is used in a sentence con- taining some time reference (e.g. 20 pevepré, by the evening, npexit saa Giixe, before she came), itis still preferable to use the past ‘indefinite tense: Do wexepri upovérox xmirara. I read the book by the evening. Exercises 1 Read aloud each answer and put ga after the correct one (a) Vion Géme wa nowinxa: (6) Ha naanunira Vian: Ha Mopé ce nevéure na cxrbaue va nana narjame 8 Mopéro ya Mopé w Ha nnannnd xxipame cst XbsIKH (8) Bpémero Géue: (7) Mion me ce mpeséerm: eryaéno m exn6BHO B nérsx cytpHnTdé Topéuuo # Berposiiro nonexémmmx mpes eH xjGano wm He 510 3a ceséua_B HeTBGPTEK cnenSGea, 17118 2 Read aloud who says what and who does what Example: Honecére naéa08 cox. 11. Tlopésma némo. Ent Keaé ue nowimare? I Tlopéssa némo 32 miexe TibH: Xémumx na mopé nam’, 2 Cuda cH HeULO.. Env Kaxné npamixre suépa? 3 Tira xaxad me nopéva, Viet Mpexipax céasmma na 4 Vlexa aa nari rand. 5 Thira waa we x6am. ‘Esut: Buépa Géme arépmne. 6 OGncusina xn GE Visi: Kori méra aa ce npenécrs? 7 Tia xaxed wépum Ent 3a6pinnx 2a Bu xixa, 8 O6newsina xora xnxé éme. Vigo: Jloxécere kadé c Maiko, 9 OGacwsisa kakbe nen Géure. Awa: Kaxné ue o6sivate? 10 Tira xora me crane Héu0. MAa: Jonecére emétkata. 11 Tlopéasa Hémo, Tom: Moxe sm esd réteurKo néveno, 3 Use the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets for Mivano cBbpueHo epéme Buépa cyrpuuré Awa (oriina) y centiicrno Kéeou. Taam cfrpum Enu (saxncués) Ha paGora. Tu (x68) mm Ma nian winasaTa rosa? Buépa nie (pasGepd), 4e 1piGea na adiinem 8 TésH roms pecropaui. Vindwi n Mapiis we (upans) minmo » weséne. 6 Biie we (iickan) 2a nowinare Bua Bépua mittastoro sro. 4 Rearrange the words in each line to make sense nowéxare, 1pa6pa, tac, Me, emi, sa, we crpana, cexperipxara, Suc, némysa, 2a, ras, MOxe, 8 $rpe, mpemécrue, na, nile, ce, Ste, MéxeTe, TAM ceméiicrpo, fickans, wixoe, aa, ObxrapeKO, y, NOxBER nowiexa, rosiiia, 69x, nannné, nowinxa, Ha, Miinazara, B orioxa, Minin, Ana, nxépa, pecropir, n, 8, 064, na o Turn the verbs in the following sentences into inano cabpuieHo epéme 119 1 PaGéra poo mimara dips. 2 Ficxam na fa Sbarapcen esi, 3 Méxere 11a ce npemécrare mpit Tax Gute mHec. 4 Vicxam na suda méra sm a nbsryBaM Sue TYK. § Ue aétiaa méxay 10 w 12 wacd 6 Ta, HckaMt 2a oTiinem aa Msmitem mo ead Kade. 6 Think of suitable adjectives to fill the gaps. The first has, been done for you. There is no right or wrong answer sine crés aren comednme Gharapexu —roaswa xfGan 6n0 7 Write short dialogues for the following scenarios ‘© You want to find out more about someone you went to a restaurant with last week. © You need to find out your friend’s plans for the next few days. © A business partner wants to use your office fora few hours. © You are discussing with a friend what you have been doing during the last few days. 8 How many ways can you find of saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the following questions? Example: Ue ovivrem am sa niiest no ens Kage? Ala, ¢ yaonéacrone. — Coxainam, wo we Mora. amd ne. He, aaér con. PasGipa ce. Muéro fiexant, wo... ‘Hiewa au nitrane? ‘He jicxam. Me me nowépnuur sm néuto? Jéxeur sm a n6fineun » epi? Wickaus sm na adiinew ¢ wac B caaaxéprnuara? Méxe sm sta noronépa c Ana?Kaxnd ue xéaxeus 3a cb60Ta? Ja oviinem xa xémiem Heo » pectopasra? 9 Pair off the words in the first two columns, then in the ‘second two xwira pecropéur — Gurapexn 60 nanireu — xjGava roma ferns rosépx —-Gesankoxamm eH ceméiicrs0 nécrau = HeoMébxena —cmmicdmme cota ccexperdpxa OGHKHOREH —Mectt Gwarapcen 10 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian ‘An American businessman is to visit Bulgaria. Ivan Petrov calls his sec- retary Maria Ivan: Mr Smith is coming from America. ‘Mania: When is he arriving?” IvaN: He will arrive on Wednesday, 23 March. ‘MaRia: Who is going to meet him? Ivan: You and my driver are to meet him. Magia: At what time will he arrive? IvaN: About 7 o’clock in the evening. You have to take him to the hotel and help him if there are any problems. Magia: With pleasure, Mr Petrov. What if he is late? Ivan: Was he late last time? Mania: He arrived an hour later than expected. Additional reading Read and translate this text using the glossary at the end of this book. Retell it in your own words. Benrépna Buarépus ce wawiipa » rororisrowara act wa Bamkénckns nosyéctpos. Ha sistox Tx rpauiian c Yépo mopé, wa cévep ¢ Pyscbans, wa snag coc Cépnx u Maxeadaus, a tor ¢ Pépuis, a na roroftavox ¢ T9puis. TIpea nés wuidna mbrar or Espo sa Asus. Cripa nannHd pasaéaa ctpanéra wa ape wicrn — Césepna i yOxna Bénrépus. Ha wor, jenopenso wa és e naanunéra Cpémia ropi, a éme Ha tor ca Biroua, Pisa, Posémere a Thipwa. B Césepwa Busrépus ce wawipar Ajnasceara panunn ‘Tyzorépuero » LéGpynxa. B YOxwa Bunrépus, méxay Cripa animé 0 Cpéaiia ropé ce waxsipat MonGamkduckare nonéra, a éxay Cpéana ropa Poxémre ce npocriipa Tpaxiificxara mus. Oceén JIjnas, kosTo pasnéna Baardpus m Pymbans, né-ronésn pexit » Biaripus ca Mapia, Weep, Tjwxa, Apaa, Mécra, Crpjua, Bur, Aurpa u Kamwus. B Buaripua via u MHdro pacion exepé. Hali-ronésurre Gsnrapexn rpaaoné ca: Cédus, Tadsan, Bapwa, Byprac, Pice, Tnésex, Crépa 3arépa u Bemixo TépHono. Buardpus e wiinea erpand c tepiréps 6xos10 111,000 xnxx. 1c macenéane oT dcem M nososiiva MiIMGHA xine, Penébet Ha etpanéra e mméro pasnoobpdsen, no T ¢ 6éqHa Ha nonéoum woxondewn, Enus or Héii-uumure Gordtersa, ¢ Koéro pasnionéra B m0Gime ca pasHooSpisHnTe Munepam somm. Hapéx coe cadure wepaéin 1 Gém Bund, xoviro ca nécta nonysipHH cpen nenitremte Ha xj6a0 witio, Banrdpax Méxe 1a ce HanOKH ‘ucoxdvectnenn oprantisum césicKocrondHcKH mposyxTH. 12110 Hopata ctan The new room rough your bookseller of, n case of| Expiry date In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘© Describe your home and ask others about theirs ‘© Discuss basic household matters with others ‘© Recognise and use past participles '-07964-0) ean be ordered separately igaian, and wal be an invaluable aid to improving your language sls je Ltd, ITPS, Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hants SPIO SBE, prie (1998) £15.99" including VAT, or to inthe form ofa course pack (ISBN 0-415-07965-8) containing this book and two casetes. The cassettes include pronuncia- Ss c 9 uw ri é Q & c c : Hopatacraa ai 3 a i a : Mrs Koeva, Tom's landlady, is showing him round her flat PEE g 4 i Korpa: Haimuar anapramestt we € MHoro TomM, HO € MHOC ui 6 HR ie ya0Gen. ghee RK. 5 i To: — Kono cran umare? ages i 2 3 Korsa: ViwaMe Tpit cnasun, xo m xyxua, Tsprata spata ese gg a sugg0 € a Xosa, ‘TyK mpexapsaMe peyepure ¥ fats § og 2 nrocpeuame roerH, 2 i igi 5 Tom: Ja, TyK HavicTHHa e MHoro yioTHO. met 6 2 i Korwa: Paiwam ce, se Bu xapecsa. A cera uckam a BH Eesy 2 2 . Toxaxka H Apyritre MOMewICHHa, ako He BLSPA3aBATe. gees & 3 32 Tow: — Hanporus, me Bu Geta wtoro sasrbnxen 2283 © ts a3 Korsa: Team ape spati p asco ca anere Hm cnaztin, A TaM, B g2ae t Z 23 [XBHOTO Ha Kopmaopa, ¢ Gansra. i 2g 2 2 . Ee Tom: Tam te Goiizepsr sa Tonia pond? ae 232 = £2 §s i Koepa: Ja, Ho wwe He usnosysame Gofixep, 3am1oTO HMaMe gieis 2 5 = 3 > ge Jonna boda HenpexsenaTo oT ueHTpaaara. A TOBA © ausse y £ 5 2 83 Bamiara cras. Zig, : 2 EF ss 8% Tom: Uypecnia e! Fouan mposopen, xy6as Gastkon, wnPoKO Seeg § 2 de 38 ag itd “nero, yx0GHo 6opo, TossKM raprepob 8 crenata W quia $42 a5 22 : ona eraxepea. gees | | ; Korsa; exare «im a Buqure 1 KyxHaTa? Tam Moxere Ja cH Sieg @ g 32 4 28 B32 > cee 22Sd suey GL aoda1Ln0w soopuy Key, QUON dds Olds asnoy] YOY CNVTONa FOTBITE H Jia ce xpanitTe, Koraro cTe y oma, Mora st 2a nomaypaM xasINMKa W newKaTa? Ecrecrseo! Moxere sla nomsysate u nepamiaTa, Ho Ta B MOMeHTa HeMlo He € B pesl — HSTIeKIa € NOBPesIe- Ha W yrpe me soja aa onpasar. ‘A Moxe Jt 2a cH mpanst wait ns Kathe? Tlo peak apeme, Koraro noxesaere. Kaipesapsara Kapemenaskata ca B Took Wap, @ 4aiiMMKET © Ha neaxara, UNnWNTe Mi MamMTe ca B TOsK uiKad, a SIMUNTE, BHLINUUTE H HOXOBETE Ca B TOBA YeKMCAKC. oY} 40 soIJ9SYOO INOK Woy JPIQ vsn 10001 AN MOK MON, YANG WE ISON 67 “ONI ADGA TLNOU Vocabulary eras (9) room sven an nae Wouldn't ite néerm ce(2) tomovehouse—_eyd6uo? inconvenient? xaséiiea () landlady Hin né-tdaso! Not nthe last! yGen, Gna, comfortable, —_mpos6peu (mt) awindow no, Gan convenient Gaawéu(m) ——_abaleony x03 (mn) ‘lounge, rapaepo6 (mn) a wardrobe siting-room erent (f) awall xx (0) kitchen ‘evaxtpea () bookcase Goruéia(m) —snarmehaie——_nowemémne (0), _ premises as (pl)124 xkwo (0) bottom, an end xpins ce (2) to ea, to have ana (0 bathroom ameal wenperckenar, constant, anism (m) a refrigerator 0m continuous, mepdams (1) washing ‘unending ‘machine rérna (2) tocook He en pea notin ord, ‘xpi (2) tofeed not working Expressing delight and admiration ‘Apart from the expression Uyaéena ef (It is wonderful!) which Tom uses to express his approval of the room, some other similar phrases and expressions include: TIpexpécno et It’s marvellous! Busunritresmo e! It’s delightful! ‘Tésu gnaw ¢ crpinmo xfGan! This film is terribly good! Kéanco e xj6ano! How nicefprety itis! ‘Tésu xaprina e mudro Kpactina! This picture is very beautiful! Beamxoaéawa misma! Splendid music! Explaining that something is out of order ‘When Mrs Koeva explains that her washing machine is not working, she says; Ta we e B pe (Something is wrong with it), which is the usual Bulgarian way of saying that something is out of order, Other use- ful questions and answers in this respect are: PaG6ru am xaasicnomcer? Is the fridge working? He, Toit e nospézeu. No, itis not working, B pex ame xonira? Is the car allright? He, koutéra e nospesieua. No, the car is broken down. Brpoit am vacénumeer? Is the clock working? He, sacnumer ¢ empat. No, the clock has stopped. Past participles With the exception of the future tense, we have dealt so far only with the simple tenses: the present (kispaw), the simple past (éoax) and the past imperfect (ksimax), that is, tenses consisting ofa single verb form. {ll the other tenses, however, are complex, consisting of verbs and par- ticiples, so you will have to lear the latter. Here are the most important participles used in forming complex tenses. The past perfective active participle (uitano cetpuiexo gestrento npuudcrie) This is formed by adding 1 (for the masculine gender), ma (for the feminine gender), -0 (for the neuter gender) and -am (For the plural of all genders) to the stem of the simple past tense, as follows: Present Past Tense Past Perfective Active Participle (m) © @) ©) crina crénax créwan—crinana crinano crésamt suai = Buyix Buia Bunino | BunémH fica —fickax—fickan’ ~—iickaa—iicrano —siexaam imam imax = iman = iana iano sian néMam niMax wimax wimaza iano inal (@)_ Verbs of the first conjugation which end in -ox, preceded by the Consonants T and Jin the past tense, form the past perfective active par- ticiple by dropping the consonant before ~ veri rox. ve én 80a mpeseai mpeséaox mpesé npeséna npeséo pest noaém —noaaox mond nonéna niomino nonin amina —aaaox aioan aistaaafano wads (©) If the consonant before -0x is x, 3 oF ¢, the participle is formed by inserting % between the consonant and ain the form the masculine singular: pexi pékox péxnt pena pesto pe anioa anisox amiss eaisaannisz0 anda mavoa minx imaiswt mnioxa wandano wags owecd stouéeox ouéesn aouécaa aouéeao ones (©) A few verbs form the past perfective active participle in an inregular way: 125126 com ax Gut Gra Gino me ux = miata ino aM fox a ja 10 som ima micax mican —miicana_mvicano mica xéxa xiaaxksat kasama xigamo xia oriiaa ovrizox.onviurs oniimmma ori orm aéiiza —n6HLNOX our §— oud = om §—_ OMI ‘The past perfective active participle is usually used: © As part of a compound tense (ic. having more than one part): Past indefinite tense: Yea com résu keira. Thave read this book. ast perfect tense: Bax wea résu air Thad read that book. Future perfect tense: Ife exst wea résm xtra. will have read this book. The past imperfective active participle (wiinano HéceEpeHO AesTENHO NpuuacTHe) ‘The past imperfective participle is used as a part of some compound tenses and is formed by adding -a to the stem ofthe past imperfect tense: Sarco Present Past Imperfect Past Imperfect Active Partciple @m © @ ow ropépa rosdpex _ron6pen rosépesia ronépesioronépem xénx —_x6nex xonen xOnea x6nen0 _x6xesH Mens mud MTT Meta BIO Mba ragam orngqax rman ragaana ragaano ragqaam AT ee en ea ‘The past imperfect active participle has the same grammatical charac- teristics as the past perfect active participle: that is it can be used as an adjective and has different gender and number forms. The past passive participle (mimano crpagétenvo npauacrne) tis usually formed: @ by adding the sufix -m (na, -mo,-tm) tothe stem of the ia cenépareno pee: Present Past Although it is formed from the verb, the past perfective act hhas all the characteristics of an adjective in that it can be used with adjectival forms of the definite article and agrees in gender and number withthe noun it qualifies: 127 Past Passive Participle (nm) © @ @ wera wérox. were = wérena—wéreno ere méima —mieax ican ~—icana—icano ican pias pix putin Busia BuRMO BHLREHH © by adding the suffix -r (ra, -T0, -mm) to the stem of the mao cebpuieno npénte of some verbs in the first conjugation (ma, sist, Sin, nxirua, etc) is ux our mira miito itt iis ux our Gira Giro. Grit iit Mux rr irra itr air Tn some cases there are doublet forms: want (nam) (sung), warpi/r ©In literary Bulgarian you may also find some forms with - borrowed from Russian or Church Slavonic: mOGR —-OGHX MOGI = mOGIMa TOGO mHOGriN (ae)ppendi (ne)opemiix Heppemiin Henpemina wenpexsivo Heepestinat waxixa wakisax HaKasfen Haxasfewa HaKasfemo HaKasyenin participle amicant powd — wammicauisT ponsdst warsicanure pod amicawa xwiira wamiicawara xwira wamticanirre xeiru amicanto nicmé —wanticaoro nucm6 sariicanure mem © As an adjectival aribure: Toit noraéana exosépuenoro He looked at the unfinished leter weMé.128 Exercises 1 Answer the questions 3amé Tom orsiva mpu r-xa Kéewa? Kaxn6 cea a My rioxéxar? Kaxée anapraméursr na Kéeou? Kaxs6 npdnar » xéna Kéesn? Kaxs6 méxe a mpaont Tom B x62? Kaxnd e crésra wa Town xaxaé saan és? 3amé cemélierno Kéenu we wondsayaa Gditzepa? Kaxné moxe 2a mpds Tost » xjxisra? magueene 2. Form past participles from the following verbs cerdvaw — crina, nioxram ~ nits, noxinam ~ nonin, aaiosam — naisa, wasinam ~ wait, monica — xouecd, orimam — orivxa, raénam, 9rd, wrpés, inna, wi, Mis, sO 3. Match the words on the right with words on the left yad6en ronisara 1680 cet soa anapraménr xpapripa iizeo aca 65a our weyn66ua raéxane 06pe nepasmia sci HOB nospénena 4 Play the part of Mrs Koeva in the following dialogue Tom: — Kéaxo créu sina anaptaménror Bu? KOrpa: : Tom: 34 xaxed usnémsypare x6ma? KOBBA: oseseenee Tom: — Kaxaé sia 8 dara crds? Kora: Tom: —3aué we wanémaypare 6diinep? KOEBA: 129 Tom: — Kaxeé méra aa usnéssysam » xjxuara? KOEBA: = Tom: Keng a xax méxe aa cu piss xabé sum wail? KOEBA: 5 These are the answers. What were the questions? 1 Fimame tpi cra, xox KixHA. 2B x6ma nocpémante récru u riéname renesiisns, 3 Baxscusx, 3amt6To TpAGsame aa aoBépua estHa paGoTa. 4 Cyronéncrane me Bu noxixa Bémara cris. 5 He, anapraméursr we e roxist, Ho © ya6Ger. 6 Mla, » x6na nocpéimame récru. 7 Kordro iimame réctm wsnéz3ysame romistara wéca. 8 Hn naii-domo ima sa € Hey66H0. 9 Ma, Géiineper sa TOnTa Bond © B GansTa. 6 Which Is the odd one out? © Gaus, cras, xsapriipa, cexpeTdpka, anapramént © cuxanénaw, nowinam, wandmynaM, ene © dorsdiin, mca, waura, eréa © yxé6en, xj6an, roi, mitram, yioren 7 Arrange the following in order of size aca, crés, suis, HO, rapTEps, KIXHR, XO 8 Rearrange the words of the dialogue to make sense : anapraménra? Bu fickare noxéxa sa 1H poiisKo a3 sa HeKaM Bia 3 moxioxa cras Bu Bémara me x68? Moke He BYLIA JH TEPBO AA BpEMe Bie x6: cTe w OGPE nesxo ourb.t Ho 5: MeyAS6HO? mm sa HAMA € écta camo fimame Koréro : Bu ve aciisko Gnaronaps mit noxésaxre a 5 a 5 a: 5130 9 Use the correct form for the past tense of the verbs in the brackets 1 Coxansnan, te (oaxncnsinan, saxcnés). 2 ‘Barre xonéra nm (renedoiipas) 3 Hite (npexépnam, mpexapam) pévepuTe » x6za 4 Tlé-péuo re (ianéasysam) rin cr. 5 Tw tx 1m (nocpéman, wocpéuuta) récrure cH? 6 Bie (raéaam) mm tenes exéui? 7 Béve Bu (noxdapa, nloxéoxa) scisxa créu. 10 Write short dialogues for the following scenarios Describing your new flat to a friend, ‘© Finding out fit is possible to make tea or coffee at your new lodgings. ‘© Explaining that you are too busy to go to a café with a friend who insists on your going there. ‘© ‘Trying to explain what you used to do when you lived in your old flat. 11 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian Yesterday Tom went to see his new room. It was in a new block of flats in the centre of Sofia. The apartment was not very big but his room was very comfortable. His landlady was an elderly lady who was glad to show him around the apartment. Tom listened to her explanations and ‘was looking at the various rooms and objects she was showing him. He ‘wanted to see and to know everything. He liked his room and the apart- ‘ment it was in. While they were walking round the apartment, his land lady was telling him about her family. Tom listened carefully to what she was telling him and answered her questions. He had the feeting that he was already living in his new room. Additional reading Read and translate the following text using the glossary at the end of this book. Then retell it in your own words. Tpn aoa Cenéiicrao Pycesu xunée B enw wéuna B Minko cémié. Cén0T0 & saoSuconéHo oT ropiicra ximMone, mion, rpaninn moss. Kpait imaTa sundva xj6an nordx. Kimara e obrpanéna c xj6an HB nner. pen Kimara ima MéKo aB6pye c acwd, Tpésa H sextt C meré, 3a xéuara sia rapéx m ronkma rpamina ¢ oBéuHH awpeéra, senéuuyin w sosm, Kémara e wa sma erdoxa a ima ‘rand mMané. Ha mépoux evéx ca xixnara, crostoséra, récruara 4 xmiépa. Ha stépns eréx sia sérapn cnésmn, Tésm xéma € ocrpoéa or siutoro Ha r-H Pyces 1 ocnéi si10 My # 646 My B sigs ca MBE Ht pomtrTemHTe My. Ceméiicrno Héxesn xnpée » Monépaa rpautexa késna, Ko#TO HéKora ¢ Guid mrina p Kistxeno, xnaprist na Cédus. Kémara tia seco msopse ommpén m Mésika Tpamiinxa ots. T-a Hones morjsa BoéK ‘nen 0 néxTspa nia Cépus, xnnéro padéru. Cendiicrso Hones {Kj Keuara npéza wiKONKO romtinH H GME HE K€ HaTLTATHO, Cemélicrso Hsanésn xunée » ein npycréew anapraménr » emit Buck ‘iimmen GnoK mB -xinMNEN KOMMéKc ‘ThiommH B roxpaiinuuire ua Copia. Te ce mpemécraxa tyx mpeai ner ominn oT enw misma cxajnena komKa ¢ Harm nog, Kénen ndxpms u nnéxuu crew. T-1 Visande ce ontdina, ¥e HdeMBT 3a anapraménra e mudro BHCOK, Ho rocnoxa Visaniéna KésBa, Mpemowira a néua né-nucoK Hem M né-aHCOKA TAKCA, HO 1a ‘iva népxo oTonéane H nocTosiHa Tn Bond. AnapraMenTDT HM € nanéte or nénTspa na Cépus m Tpancnéprer He € MHérO endnex, Ho -xiimMNETO HM € RETO H YI6OHO. 13111 PernctpaymoHHata KapTa The registration card In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘© Talk about your age and family status, give your address and telephone number and ask other people for theirs ‘© Understand and fil in simple registration forms Form nouns from other words ‘© Form verbs from other words Peructpaymounuata kapta OO Mrs Koeva is filling in Tom's registration card while he is answering her questions Korsa: Maaxoro Bu une, Samuio me 1 fiamnmo ume, Hin une, mpesuwe s dpantimin? Tom: Ho a3 umaM camo sive wena, Thinuere npocro - Tomac Xun. Korsa: [lara wa paxaane? Vin: xora cre pores? Tom: — Ha 11 anpwx 1942 roawua. KoEBA: Macro wa paxaane? Van: xmae cre posen? Tom: Poxew com » rpait Jlonnost, AMIS, Korna: Ceweiinio nooxenie: KeHeH, REXCHEH, paspeneH, BAIOBEL? Tom: — Cemee coM mam xenen, c Tpit eu Koesa: Kaxno rpaxaaicrs0 nam nogancrao uMaTe? Tom: Ad CBM Opiranicxa noxannK. KorBa: Kaxbo e crapusr Butt sosusr Bu aapec » Codus? Tom: He noma, Muponte waxoaxo ann Gax B xoresa. Korwa: O, aa, A wosuar Bu anpec © aust: Copus 1680, 2K.x. ‘Kpacto ceo", 60x 11, #xoa “E’ Tom: — Kaxpo surat °x.X."? Koesa: Tosa sna ‘xaunnment xowmtexc’, Hi nocsesen mempoc: ‘Kaxse ¢ tenepommusr Bu noMep” Tom: omanmusr sm reneouen Homep ¢ 59 36 47, a ciyxcGHHAT MH TexedoH € 87 25 64. Bwxre, MHoro mH sa ome? KoEDA: He, ropa e powtro. Ocrasa camo na ce nosmmmere, Vocabulary apie (n) an address Sprrincin a British subject agpécen, cua, address (attr) ‘nésrammx (m) ema, ev0, cam 6a (2) to remember Kaxeé anism What does hat een, cna, cwo, easy oni? mean? om Garda ()——aankform ——cataaamy a, 0, folowing, next omismays (3), to fillin 6.0% (m) block (of flats) noma (2) sxoa (m) entrance perncrpipan (ce) to register sxdemane a residential are, ® onmaéxe (nm) anestate amerjoan (3) to dictate ‘reseaen telephone wicto na place of birth (Pésronop) (m) (conversation) loan (0) odes home telephone poxén cunt Twas bom ‘reaeipéu (m) (number) cemélinio ‘marital status ceaymeben an office telephone ‘monoméune (n) ‘reaeipéu (m) (number) mronéu(m) widower asnénen, a, 0, divorced (man) pfaxzancro (0) citizenship oamicsam (3), to sign ‘moamdana (1) Synonyms of the type HayvoHanHoct and Hapog_HocT As already explained, naumoniiamocr and wap6anocr are full synonyms ‘and both mean ‘nationality’. There is no essential difference between them and either can be used in any context. The only distinction is that ‘atmond:moct might be said to be a little more formal and “educated” While napéanoer is more colloquial. One possible explanation of this is ‘that manmoud.mocr is of a foreign origin, while mapOanocr is a native Slav word. The important point is that there are quite a few such syn- ‘onym pairs in Bulgarian and since there are some English words among134 them, you may find it easier to remember the more familar English (or Latin) word rather than the Slav one. Remember that all such foreign words in Bulgarian have Bulgarian endings: miagerpua — mpossin.ie- ocr industry); mayerpudiien — npowinnses, mxayerpndiana — powiatena, smyerpniano — mpomtinutewo, wuaycrpamm — npowsuzenn (industrial) There are, however, some cases when such parallels might be mislead- ing: for example, the pair upodiécnst— samsirue. Although this seems Tike those above, it is totally different, because mpospécus means ‘profession’, while aaustrue means ‘occupation’, Do not confuse such cases with examples ofthe type xépa — am (people), which are full synonyms, although xépais never used with numbers, Word formation: formation of nouns ‘You already know quite a lot of Bulgarian words but you can increase their number merely by learning how to form new words from words you know. In this lesson we shall go step by step through word- formation in Bulgarian, beginning with noun-formation. Formation of masculine nouns by means of suffixes ‘The suffix a4 (always stressed) is used for persons and objects rérpa to cook rornést a cook, chef iat to sew sumisés a tailor mpoxxénayt to sell mpoaani a sales-person, 1 shop assistant Gpscuis a razor nocd a porter, bearer, cartier Gpécua to shave Ges to carry, bear ‘The suffix ap (always stressed) is used only for persons ‘sacépume a clock, watch pita a fish ‘nesaras to print ssaconmmxiip a watchmaker ‘pwGép a fisherman nesardp a printer ‘The suffix unk (always stressed) is used for persons, objects and places volind war olininc a soldier 135 pAGora work paGérami a worker litea ‘sdiimme a kettle ‘The suffix Ten is used for persons and objects cesnim to create swiss to fill ‘coanirea creator smamieren filler ‘The sutfix ey is used only for persons stersito fly aerén fyer, pilot pau to steal xpanéu thief Fh India sien an Indian TA6pono the town of Gabrovo _r6ponen a Gabrovian ‘The suffixes ni/-aHH/-aHn/4aHMH are used for persons ‘Buardpus Bulgaria Géarapma a Bulgarian pan town, city péxxaamm citizen cao a village ‘én a peasant Aursma England aurawsdnun Englishman Formation of feminine nouns with suffixes With the suffix sua for objects and places coa salt coomiata salt-cellar éxap sugar axapnita sugar-bowl xawoxap a bookseller ‘xacxcipmma a bookshop With the suffix anis/-nnus for places cn to sleep cendamn a bedroom werd to read surré.ms a reading room nepé to wash nepéima a washing room/machine With the suffix usa for abstract nouns A0GEp good noGpmné goodness ‘Téa warm ‘roms warmth136 137 With the sutfix oct for abstract nouns épen loyal aipuocr loyalty rrépa proud rr6paoer pride x§Gan beautiful xfGoer beauty With the suffix xa for persons yuirema a female teacher ‘aexdpka a female doctor ceryaéarrka a female student 6paronuésnka a female cousin ystirres a teacher saéxcap a doctor ceryaénr a student Gparonyéa a cousin With the sutfix nxa/-unka for objects axawiinea a hanger ocrpitnka a sharpener ‘saxsivan to hang Gerpstto sharpen With the sutfix wya for persons and animals nenéu a singer neniia a female singer syonéit a widower sxonima a widow sw alion ruin a lioness With the suffix nia for persons pyckins a Russian woman ‘oasis a Polish woman doMaxcins a hostess pycnfx: a Russian none a Pole woMakcm a host Formation of neuter nouns with suffixes With the sutfix vue for places ccxpiinan to hide cxpund.amme a hiding place aa study yimme a school past to play ‘mpiane a playground With the sutfix exe for abstract nouns ‘werd to read ‘werene reading és to sing. ‘fra to study gene singing ‘fvene studying With the suffix creo for collective nouns and places Gpar a brother Gpérervo a brotheriood sonnéren a publisher woadrestcrno a publishing house samicrsp a minister uncréperao a Ministry Formation of verbs From nouns With the suffixes s/a/yeam/mpam ‘cox (salt) ~ co. (to salt); mys (noise) ~ mrymii (to make noise); rpsX (sin) ~ rpemé (10 sin, to make mistakes); 66vGa (a bomb) — GowGapxiipam (to bomb); resesn (a telephone) ~ Texteomlipam (10 telephone) From adjectives With the suffix s/en ‘mcr (clean) — siters (to clean); rémba (warm) ~ romas (to warm); ‘supas (healthy) ~ osapanéa (to get healthy) Exercises 1 Play the part of Tom Hill in the following dialogue between ‘Tom and a Bulgarian official (cnyxaw)) Covxaut: — Kaxpit ca simero, mpésuatero u axatmara Bu? Tom: — Coykamy A xéaKo umend timate? Tom: : Covkany — Koé sie 2a saminna? Tom: een Caykauy Kora cre poxén?138 Tom: an CavKam —_Keaé cre ponén? Tom: tenes Cayxam: — Cenéen su cre? Tow: a Cavxaut: — Miware am end? Tom: 7 . ConKam: — Kaxée cre no xansonésmocr? Tom: Er Cayxaut Kake6 o6pasosdnne vimare? Tom: a Caypkauy — Kaxée e aapécer Bu 8 Cécpas? Tow: ere Cavam: — Kaxén e aomdumust Bu u cnyxe6unar Bu tenon? Tom: 2 Read aloud each answer and say whether itis true or false Or mominuara sicKar: Ta Kéena npennira: Tom aa oniine 8 nominnsra Tom aa oriize » nominusra Tom aa auxrysa Ta na auxrgea wa To Tom sa nomi enna xapra Tos aa it arya Tom nuute, 4 e Tom ua: camo cayxé6en Teneo cAmo oman Te-1edp6xt cimo ase unten 6purincese nésiann onrésxew © ape nent 2 xorés ‘IIléparon’ 3. Explain in Bulgarian who says what and who does what Tom: Koré rpé6na aa Thiva sa snawénuero Ha méwo. nonisms xiprara? —--OGacusina xaxn6 ce sicxa KOEBA:Tpitre Bu mena? aa nampa. Ana: Kené axunéere né-r6w0? Thira xord pA6na sia WAH: As me mina sécro Bac. Hanpasit Héulo. MAa: Hexare sm a Bu swusryBaM. 4 Form nouns from the following words, giving their meanings Spécua, miu, Méxep, crap, cxsm, Oops, craaKs, 6ézen, Impex, mbmer, rosin, Maa, 5 Form verbs from the following words con, myn, Spoil, renesox, Tenerpap, dpaxe, sHeT 6 Answer the questions according to the models ‘Model 1: Kwxé Géme wvépa? (exe pss) Buépa Gax na excifpsnn, Ksaé Géme asépa Tow? (kit) Kuné 6ixme axépa? (Koxnépr) Koné Gee ovépa Ana? (néxmm) Keaé Gixre nxépa (Tedrep) Kea Géue suépa Vso? (onepa) Kuné 6ixa wuépa re? (pébora) ‘Example: Korea: Fiexave m1 rade? Towa Kéena mira: Vicxave mm rate? Tar ioxa sa npeasoxn Kae Model 2: Buépa Gee 3m wa ypox? He, ne Gax. Buépa Gwe enéas. KOeBa:Viware su spéme? Titra wixoro 3a sivero My/i. Tom: Kaxaé 3uéym axpéewa THitra wsxoro 3a aupéca My/ik xapra? Tipearira sia noMéree. KOrsa:Mecar 1a nonimure — Thitra nami wixott pasnondra ema xépra © ppéme. Buépa Gémne sm na pa6ora? —_Buépa Gfxwe st Ha ypSx? Buépa Hino 6éime mm wa. éxione? Buépa Géxre sm na paGora? Buépa Ana Géwe sm Ha ypox? Buépa Te Gixa mH Ha next? Model 3: Kora Géme ua mopé Maw? Toit Géme ua mopé upes voan. Kora 6éme na mopé Ana? Kora Gime ¢ 1é6e wa Mopé?140 ‘Tw xord Géine Ha Mopé, Tout? Bile ¢ Tom nord Gixte a Mops? Koré 6éwe ua mopé Mino? Koré 6ixa wa mopé Vino u Ara? 7 Ask questions according to the model Model: B wenéaa Gax na xiwo. A xuné Géme B cé6or B neaéas Tom 6éme wa Gnepa. B nenéns Gixme na TEHMC. Benéas Ava Géme wa cau, B wenésx Gixte na xowuépr. B nenéaa 6ax na May. B neaéna Giixa wa récrn. 8 Write down the following details for a Bulgarian official who does not know English ‘Your home address and telephone number ‘Your address and telephone number in Sofia Your full name Your date and place of birth ‘Your nationality ‘Your level of education ‘Your profession or occupation Your marital status 9 You are helping a Bulgarian, who does not speak English, to pass through Immigration Control at Heathrow by translating the following questions for him 1 What are your three names? 2 What is your date of birth? 3 Where were you born? 4 Are you single, married or divorced? 5 Do you have any children? 6 Do you live in Sofia? 7 What was the address of your hotel in Sofia? 8 Were your passport and luggage always with you? ‘9 What will be your address in London’? 10 What is the purpose of your visit to Britain? 11 How long do you intend to spend in Britain? 141 Additional reading Read, translate, and retell the following text, using the glossary at the ‘end of this book. O6céxpane Ha nnéHoBe Visn 0 Em o6ctxxaar nidnovere Ha Mibu 9a morfpane. Vou: Cxanivam, Eu, no apjrata cémmmma ima 2a CbM TYE. EM: 3am6? Kaxn6 cxsérare aa mpasure? Tbe: Apjrara céasea sancunésant wa oGnxd.aKa ves Buardpu Eon: Taxa su? Kone ae x6aure? Vivi: B cé6ota cyrpunré sawmuénam sa Piincxna mauaeviip. [le npexapam ocrénasiara wact oF sews woutré TAM. Eon: Boescéve cut ron xpéxut. Tipes wait a Pose xnsH0.. Vie: 3nda. Tloaréromx ce 3a sciuxn naan: Pina, Thipm, Ponomure a Crapa nutaumt. BILESE/M3TE3E CTATHCTHYECKH_nucT. CTATHCTHUECKHAL ICT STATISTISCHE ANGABEN Hina, opecres, pews Nomi, Vorname Ponen.. Hara powxennn Geburtsdatum. Boon fe} Seen Xow = ve 7 co teens a Taryn Bafosesee foveal ace eee [id saemie ¢ nacnopta fee fap So Dae Voniae SiGe Rn Plugeast pa oe Fp Sais ax mergesVion: ‘A me sare su apéme 3a neitsnat TAX? 0, na. B wenéns we oriiza » Mémnnx 1 wa Tipu, Mées€ cstirant na HoutynaM 8 Bancro. Kat me x6amre nécne? B monenémnn we mina mpes Ponéuurre, we oe ovbiis ® Yémmo me Bian éseporo ‘Kuenrfsa’ a we nposwnxé 98 Tadaan. Kéaxo apéne ute npexépare » TLxéssue? Cémo emi xen — wtépmme. B cpa me ita mpes Byprac me murjsaM xpait Uépro Mopé m we npenouryaam ep Bipua, A cuen Tosa? B verséprox me Maina npea L66pax a PYce, a 8 neroK céGora we upexdpan: » Tipnoso u Té6pono. Buda ue siiaure wéli-ronéwure Gharapexu rpaxoné, rua, pesst w Mopéro? Tla, ToRd ca moute manove 12 Nocetutenute The visitors In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘Ask about people's appearance and describe yourself and other people Talk about ciothes Use the past indefinite tense Use fractions Use particles Nocetutenute PH When Tom enters, Mrs Koeva tells him about his visitors AHA: Tow: Ana: Tom: Ana: Tow: An: Tom, mpeam sasiko Te Tepcwxa apama ayn. He suas KaK ce KARAT, MAIOTO He CH KASAXa UMeHATa, a as He nonurax. Kax wsrnexaxa? Vasa sm can apyr mst? 2Kenava Geue Maaaa a mworo cHMMATHNHa, a MBAxBT Gemie mo-miapacreH, HO wornexsame JocTa qO6pe 3a miapacrra cH A Kak Gixa Ha BAAUIEH BILL TAO, PLET, KOCA, JHILE, OH, ‘ocoBenu Gees u mpowne . . . Birksama su cTe rH pyr mer? He, we chs ru nikiaia, Mwasr Geile BucOK Ha per Ht Mako mien, %Kentara Geue epesiva Wa prcr, caaGa m ctpoiina, Kaxeu Gxxa mara, Kocure u owrre uM? Maur Maite MypraBo, KPBII0 H Ma:IKO MeceeTO se c warbknas crys. MKenara umauie Geno, HexHO H OBA~ ao qmye. MwkBT HMallle TBMHa Koca ~ yepHa HK KecTeHsBa, sexo opeasita u npomapena. Kewara wane Bara, pana, pyca xoca. Ta Geule cue cium, a Toi © aap oun,144 Tom: Yarail, vaxaill Meacsr namie aut wycraun? AWA: Ja, rouo taxa! Mi uname pia Ha voner, Koltro © motypas, Tow: Torana, Tona ca Most wall-aoGsp mpuatest m meta My. Vocabulary aoceries (m) —avisitor sen, sma, mo, stout rhpes (2) 10 look for, to a1 search for cerpéen, poiiua, shapely séspacren, rma, elderly polino, poiimn ‘Ho, 1am sejpran, a0, dark, swarthy waraéxaaM (3) toook ike, to éeecr, a, 0, fleshy appear cvembxuam with high cuvmavives, nice, pleasant exam (pl) cheekbones sma, so, sum likeable myeréim (moustache (éammes) sux (outward) xecrenén, a, 0, brown, chestnut- (m) appearance coloured (hit) pier (n) size, height —_—_éwo opens, slightly thinning, ocd () hair 0m ami (o) aface mpowipen, ——_steaked, greying ‘x6 (a), on (pl) an eye, eyes 0,8 c6Gemn Géresn unusual features mpan, a, 0, straight oD ccréerpeno pyc, natural blonde sw upome... — andsoon on Appearances and features ‘There are, of course, many different ways of describing a person but here are some words that you may find most useful: Pact (size) ‘ued (tall), miesx (shor), epee (medium) Tao (body) ‘©1460 (thin), mano (stout), erpino (slender) Koed (hair) fea (far), wépma (black), xecrenina (brown), récra (thick), ‘opessina (thin) 145 Oni (eyes) cfnm (blue), pum (black), kagyinn (brown), seaéam (green), cam (grey), roaéum (big) Tim (face) xpérao (round), apombaroséro (elongated), oné.mo (oval), cexzecro (bony), sryuisino (freckled), ewsrao (dark, swarthy) Yewinxa (smile) sécesta (joyous), réawa (sad), upomieuna (ironic) Kéxa (skin) wéaia (soft), rpfa (coarse) Hoe (nose) __ Mpausten (regular), smn (snub) Yeram (lips) ‘réane(thin), mba (full), fmerBenn (Sensuous) fam (cheeks) xpéram (round), noxmgxnazm (puffy) Pua, pou (hand, hands) ‘Tham (thin), efi (strong) Kpax, xpaxé (leg legs) sxbatru (long), ken (short), ex46u (thin) “Ydicru ua riixoro (parts of the body) 1 ~ rand; 2 — xocd; 3 — am; 8 — jerna; 9 — GYsa; 10 ~ wéacna; 11 ~ spar; 12 ~ pmo; 13 ~ pKa; 14 — néxor; 15 - mpicr; 16 — uéxer; 17 ~ xpax; 18 — Kozixo; 19 — erento; 20 -nerd 3 5 — yX6; 6 — nbc; 7 — yerd;146 Past indefinite tense (MvHano HéonpefeneHo Bpéme) ‘The past indefinite tense implies actions in the past, the results of which ‘are available at the moment of speaking Thave seen this film (and consequently know what itis about). As com raéaaa 163m um, ‘The two important things to remember about the past indefinite tense are: (a) it does not matter when the action took place (hence its name); (b) what really matters is that there is some result available at the ‘moment of speaking. Formation ‘The past indefinite tense is formed by using the present tense of ebM (Lam) plus the past active participle of the main verb. This might sound bit complicated but you can see from the following examples that it is actually very simple: a3 coat Heat (Ihave read), a3 emt micanaa (I have seen), a3 coo curfaat (I have heard). And remember that, when making statements, you can simply omit the pronoun (I, you, he, etc) and use a shorter form of this tense e.g. wea uM = a3 cbM vex (I have read), cayman com = a3 cum cua ({ have heard), etc. Here is the 147 aie ne cre én you have not read ‘re we ca sé they have not read Interrogative ‘a3 ems co have I read? ‘TH Mest mH cH have you read? ‘roll west mH € hhas he read? ‘ra véma ame hhas she read? ‘ro wés10 mH € has it read? vie wés st cate have we read? aiie és sm cre have you read? re wés st ca have they read? ‘Negative-Interrogative ag He cha JH sem haven't I read? Tu He cH sm ¥en haven't you read? Toll we e sm sen hhasn’t he read? rane eam vena hhasn’t she read? To He e sm 4810 hhasn’tit read?” ie He eme ma uémH aiie we cre sm és Te ne ca sm és haven't we read? hhaven’t you read? hhaven’t they read? ‘conjugation of both forms: Positive a3 CoM He Ihave read TH cH 4e ‘you have read Toff e Hex he has read tae v6 she has read To € éz0 ithas read ie ewe set wwe have read site cre 48m you have read re ca én they have read Negative a3 He CEM Her Ihave not read ‘Ta me cu 4ext you have not read Toll He e-4en he has not read Ta ne € 4ema she has not read To He € 46x10 ithas not read ite He ewe sésmt wwe have not read When you are using reflexive verbs (sain ce, I am washing myself, xynfnamt cu, I am buying for myself, etc), you can also use the two forms in minacio éoupenesteno spéste but note that ce and cn change places: a3 euM ce o6.iie = o6.ina com ce Ihave dressed myself a3 CoM cH kfm = xm cum ca — Ihave bought for myself Ce and eu are used after com in all cases with the exception of the third ‘person singular, when they are used before it: Tolicue Kfa = Kjmacne —_he has bought for himself ‘a on e naéan oéaa cue she has taken for herself ‘The past indefinite tense implies an action that has taken place at an ‘unspecified moment in the past but the result of which is relevant to the present moment. It is used: © When it is important to emphasise that some result is available at the moment of speaking following an action that has taken place at some unspecified moment in the past. This is particularly important ‘when facts are being stated:148 Thave read this book (and therefore know what itis about) Yen com résu xara, ‘© When actions in the past are being described without any reference to the time when they took place (© When actions in the past are referred to in negative sentences containing Smve, oradsua, winxora, Fractions Fractions like 1/2 (eam sr6pa), 1/3 (eam rpéra), 1/4 (exmi séreupt), 7/8 (césaem Gem) and 2/100 (pe exérHu) and percentages, such as 2% (ave ta cro = 18a mpouésrra), are usually used in mathematics. But if you have to write them out — for example wéraspr (1/4), ‘Nosionin./nostonina (1/2) ~ you should remember that ‘© Toon is used before a noun: Aalire mm noaoniat xux6 S6x.0Ku. Give me half a kilo of apples. Tlozoniu aitrsp nino crpfea Half a litre of wine costs 10 aésa, 10levs. Tipowésr cust edo nononiin I managed to read only half expétuma. a page. © Tlosonitia is used only after a noun or another numeral: [Buri ro cea rosinia w nosoaiasa I saw him a year and a half later. le 6iiaa » écem w noaopiua, I shall come at half past eight. © “érmupr can be used before a noun, after a noun and after another ‘numeral: Floxam séravpr cipene. 1 want a quater (ofa kilo) ‘of cheese. Barak me fora cxea séroepr ae. There isa trainin a quarter of an hour. Me x6iiaa w aécer sérpnpr. I shall come at a quarter past ten. Particles Quite a few particles have already been used (aa, we, me, ro, xsiie, wait, etc), 149 ‘They do not change and are used to strengthen or change the meaning, of other words in the sentence. The particles are usually grouped as follows: Particles for creating new grammatical forms (we, Aa, HéKa, HeAgi, no-, Hait-) raéaam = (we raénam) Ta nine romiet (a6-réam) omit (usii-réatmm) (Hea nine! Brame 66p30 (Ja Girame 66p30!) ‘Tu ce cépamm (He ce epi!) Particles that change the meaning of the sentence or of some part of it (He, Hu, HiiTo, nu, ETO, xai\qe) Negative particles (He, HH, Hit70) He ro nuaix wirro nesurise. I didn’t see him a single time. He fickamt wm napit, uu n6vecru! I don’t want either money ‘or honours! Interrogative particles (nv, nani, Han, Huma) Aiasam su? Hai fam? Are you coming? You are coming, aren’t you? Particles tor addressing people (6e, abe, xéiige, wax) Ta am cu, 6e, Hisine? Xéiize, aa tpbreane! Is that you, Ivan? Come on, let's go! Particle for wishing good or bad (flaxo!) Aané netvco e wapést (D wish (hope) everything is all right! Particle for showing (Ero) Ero, eréara Here is your room! Ero, rond e uénara wu xoas. Here is my new ca.150 Particle for confirmation (Qa) Aa, eoraicen com. Yes, Lagree. ‘Aa, pasbipa ce. Yes, of course. Exercises 1 Answer the questions Kaxeé xéspa Ana na Tom? ‘Kaxeii xopa ca ripen Tom? Kax naraéxname xenira? Kax waragxaame Mbxbr? Kaxoit Gaxa na poet soxér u 2xendra? Kaxoit 6ixa mura na Moxcbr m xeHdTa? 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets Xépara we cx xdsaxa (tine) Kendra Géwe (sean u cumarivsen. Muocér 6éme (wéspacren) ot xextéra, Kendra ne Géwe TS.mkova (BHCOK H mbNeH), Ta Géme (cpéen) wa pcr, (C226 u expécx). Mxér siwame (mjpras, xpérim m MézKo Mécect) sme ¢ (wombxiam) cxgnn. Kendra timame (Gnen, wéxew u onder) sa 8 Muar sivame (rises) Koc — (sépen stm xecrenss, s1éK0 opeaiin u mpouapén), 9 Ta Génre cre (cut, @ Toil ¢ (KarpaB) owt. e Make a sentence with the words in each line or, kapra, nomimusa, 2a, sicxar, aapécHa, nomismumTe ampéc, Hos, rpiGsa, ce, perverpiipa, noéxrt, la Ba, iicxate, noméria, 4x0, we a, 23, ile, oTrondpsTe, 3anéBaM, Bile, ssmpécu, Bu, we 151 4 Read aloud each answer and say whether it is true or false Kocdra na sack Géue: STuuéro wa xemdra Géue: agora xpéra0 ‘vixen Mjpraso cera 6né20 Ouitre Ha seirxa Gia Ostiire Ha xendira Gixa: coi coin apéian épun épamt xan 5 Conjugate the following verbs in the past indefinite tense ‘rhpes, andere, Kissa, nomiiram, wariéxaa, vimpame, fimar, mibxnam, morjnare, ieKa 6 Read aloud and write down in words the following 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/24, 1/15, 1/117, 1/1,000 7 Write down the questions to which the following are the answers. He, ne suds xax ce xéspa. He, ne cmt xésaxa nwenéra. He, we rit nomirax sa mMendra u9. Moxér Géme Bucéx Ha peer. Kendra imaine Gxéz0, néxHo w oBdmO smtUé, Ta, iowame wyeréun 8 Pair off the words in the first two columns, then in the second two odunuéines o6neKn6 enéprHo nawrané aémo nar ésa sopénu sino Gemb6 eG piisa enépruo —Kocriom mamjann cad152 9 Tum the following sentences into the negative 1 Bibgsiast co Tésu woséx. 2 Cargusamm ewe 3a Tésn xépa. 3 Beituxu rpiGsaso sa nomismiaT ampécem xépru. 4 Bite cre noméraaam Ha TEs x6pa, 5 Te ca auxrjpan anpécure u uendra ua nanuénrire. 6 Toii otronépast Ha pampécuTe Ha mpodécopa. 10 Describe in Bulgarian what would you say it 1 You want to ask how far it is toa given place, 2 You have to tell someone that his friends are waiting for him at the ccafé of the Sheraton hotel in Sofia. 3. You want to find out more about someone’s nationality, occupation and address in Sofia. 4 You want to book a double room in a hotel and want your suit, rain coat and casual jacket dry-cleaned within 2 days. 5. You want to know what a man looked like. 6 Your friend asks you what you do every day. 7 You want to order something to eat and drink in a Bulgarian café, 11 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian My aunt and I were waiting for one of my cousins at the airport. My aunt said: “Let me give you a description of your cousin. I don’t know whether you will recognise him. He is fair, thin, tall and very pale.” We looked at every person as they came towards us and passed towards the door. “I don’t see him anywhere’, my aunt said again. ‘What shall we do now?” ‘Then I looked to the left and tothe right and I saw a tall thin man wearing ‘a brown macintosh. I did not know him but I thought he might be my cousin, I went towards him and saw that his face was not pale, that his eyes were blue and that he looked like a man who had spent a lot of time in the sun, He smiled and I said: ‘Lam Yana, your cousin. You don't know me." “Oh, I recognise you now,” he said, ‘you liked to dress in my mother's clothes.” So, here you are’, sid my aunt, looking at her son whom she had nearly failed to recognise. Additional reading Read and translate the following dialogue using the glossary atthe end ofthis book. Then retell tin your own words. Kake6 o6neknd Bacy mira Hém xaxost apéxn 1a sséme sa motywaneto cn. BAcy: Hem, xaxeit apéxm tpiGna na wéem 3a cemmmdpa B Bypréc? HEA: Méxe stm emi odmundzen xocriom tian enéprio o6nex 16. BAcy: Ilo ne cx cirypra zai TpaGna ma e cio oxpimmtdnHo Hmm cio endéprio oGnex5, we TpéGEa ma wow u oT ABére HEA: Ho, cesamaper e cimo Tp néwa sdemno c exckpsnsral BAcy: Ero micxam suf) Sud tpS6na 2a cH axéma nowe emit oxhianiines KocTIoM, e7tH6 cnépTHo caxé wa naHTTanéna. HEsM: Ho tond saws, ve rpé6na ja mséwew H rloKé TpH piisH? BAcy: 0, ne! Ie aoésta uérupn pion ~ no end 3a pot nen com » pésépna. Hitwa ma méwan natrd vim unnidep, saiuéro e née TOIWIO, Ho mie waésta EMH neGEIO TON fixe. HEAM: Tordsa me TH TpaGea noné exit xihap 3a Gardoxa, BACY: Hampérus ~ me wu rpéGsar Ba Kiibapa, saméTo ocBeH Topd we sxéwa TpH stihra Yopénn, Ba wkdTa AdzKO Gemmd, HécHn KépmKH, GpscwépeKH u TO&IETRH pH HALIGKHOCTH, aH 34 MaTepHémHITe 9a ceMMHapa Me Mt tpaGna ornéren xibap. HEA: He ce obtbxaait, Bécy, Ho TH cH xéTo Gamid wt. Koréto ‘Tpiraa 3a naxbTe, Toit He BséMa ciMo BawaTa OT duuxra. BAcy: He ce nosurpanail! Tu aa we Ou s1a TpbrHeut Ges Garé? Hes: He, mo me mxéma cémo eand cnépraa winra. Ile motna ¢ néna, Gaya u xaxér. B vdurara ure cn6xa cama wexépua péxna, mond, nantanén, GéncKH KoCTIOM, Tpmt Gayan, sa widra oOfaK u BcitsKO Ap{ro, KoETO sat tpi6a. H nce nax Garéxer Mim ue Text etd éropr sim end Tpéra oT TBR. 15313 Tom He e fo6pe Tom is not well Mpu sb6onekapa At the dentist In this lesson you will learn how t © Ask and talk about health and ines © Use the past perfect tense ‘© Form adjectives trom other words TomHee go6pe Tom is not well and his landiady wants to call a doctor Korba: Tpenw a noamxamt sexap, xaxno Toxo Bu na, Tos? Tom: He sas, rxa Koeva, npocro He ce ¥yBcTByBaM 10Gpe. Korsa: Baxre sm saxycism, xoraro Ba mpioma? Kaxno Ba Som? Tom: Mant rnapoGosme m ce wypcraypam NepaaionoxeH. Koesa: Mare sm naxaxen pyri Gomi? Tom: —Yyscraysas Gomi cronaxa i no rep6a. i reporo Me Apasiu, TexMo ce Gax mpurorei.t, Koraro Me 3aG0.18. Koena: 3nasit e nemo cepnosio. Mpemepuxre 1m texmeparypa- rac? Tom: Ja, Ho TepMoMeTEpBr noKa3Ba, He HaMam TeMmeparypa. Korsa: Torasa nanctama Tpa6pa Jia nosikame s1eKap. Tom: He, we! Mucins, xe mpocto cba Hacranas, Korsa: Ho xaxso me mpasitte Torana? Tom: Ile wom enw ropem wait c sa acmmpmna, me asewa catia Topema Bana W HAMA Ja HS.THSAM HHKE. Korps: Cusrare 1H, ¥e me MoxeTe sa ce wanerysare camo axa? Tom: He sas, Ho ute onan, Bunaru cbM ce sexypan TaKa Korps: Casirare mm, ve waa a nvare nyaa OT spyri seKaperBa? 155 Tom: He, sacera uamam nyxua oF HIIIO Zpyro, Koena: Jlo6pe, wo axo we Bu mune, ie nosuxaMt stekap. [pv 3b6onekapa OH Vasu is being examined by Assya, the dentist ‘Aca: Bantonauaitre Ha crosia WMH KaxETe OT KAKBO Ce OMLTAK- ate? BAcY: Touwona Me Gonsr 9n6nTe, we rapaTa MH ce MeN OT Gomxa. ‘Acs: Koli 366 Bu Go nio-tosno? Bacy: He awas, uma syscrs0ro, ve Me Gomar pewKH 346 ‘Acs: Torana, wera aa ri mperezame nopea, Pope wut aoa? Bacy: Mucas, ve € ropxusr pest 386 Aca: Tlpesunrre, rururre ium xyweursurre 3861? Bacy: Maca, we e usxoit or KBTHNMITe Acs: Hania saver, me nampani pexrrexosa CHANIA Bacy: A nocae? Ie tpsGna sm a wm BamuiTe 3160? ‘Aca: Camo ako € xpaiio neoGxomuMo. Vinase me To seKy- pane. Xa, ero w caumaure! $1 na BHAIMM KaxBO TOKA3- par. Bacy: Muro smi ca ane sx6ure Mar? Acs: Hanpormm, nowrm ncwixire Bu 316q ca watrssxo aupapn, Exuicrsemust npo6nem ca neste BH m exit Bacy: Kaxno nna? Oraanna ne Gxx xox mpi sxComexap. ‘Aca: Benue Bu ca suioro ¥yscrentenmm, a xoramxst Bu usa Mauna sym, Bacy: Kaxso emsrate a upasutre c 19%? Aca: Hail-nanpea me nowiers aynara c Gopmaumnara H me Bu coxa eawa nrow6a. Cre Tosa ue Hawaxka penturTe Bu. Bacy: MI ropa ste pcwsxo? Act: a, Tloese me Bu usmuma sexaperoa.156 Vocabulary (onic aéxap to call doctor —mperatatnamt —_w examine one (Goxrop) nope, by one Goaxa (f) pain, ache péum atu front teeth Gé.necr (f) illness, disease (pest) (pl) (incisors) Goi (2) ‘to hurt, to be ‘sda (ihren) — back teeth: painful -366u (pl) (molars) raano6éame(o) headache freuen 366 canine teeth oan tohaveno @ (cuspids) Temmeparjpa temperature plarren(m), an X-ray wip touake pérrrenona ‘Temnepatypa (someone's) -cwinana (1) temperature dan a06 tocxtract tooth répnoro me mythroatis eo ixoe only in extremity ‘apd ‘nitated pin nacrimax cam Thave acold neo6xonivo wzexfoam (3) tocure,to treat nenéu (m), gum, gums exiperno (o) —amedicine,a drug nema (9) aeGonéxap (m) adentist syperairenm sensitive teed (CxGoaixapcan) dentist's chair 3464 (pl) roa (m) axéwa) ailing raanéra nm ce Thaveaspliting Gopwaumn bore nudum or Géaxa headache The Bulgarian Health Service Although private medical practice is growing rapidly in Bulgaria, most Bulgarians still rely largely on the public health service, which has more resources than the private sector. There is usually a local or district doctor (ywiersicon aéxap) who receives and examines patients in the surgery or visits the homes of seriously ill patients. As a rule, the dis- trict doctors have their surgeries in a local medical centre (nosmnitmasa), which also houses many other medical specialists in intemal diseases (internists) (eneumaatiera no wérpenmmm Gé.iectH), ye diseases (6mm Géntectm) and children’s diseases (nérexm 66:1ecTH) as well a5 surgeons (xapipau), gynaecologists (rumexonésu) and dentists (s860n6KapH). 157 ‘The two dialogues contain most of the words, phrases and expressions you might need if you are unwell. But here are a few more phrases that ‘might also be helpful Kax cn/cre? How are you? Kak ce wfncraynare? How do you feel? Kax ere ene sxpéinero? How is your health? Baarogapsi, 206pé com. ‘Thank you, I am fine. He cua xo6pé (ase eu) Tam not well (am unwell) ‘Bésten cos Tamil, sick. ‘imam /uioias wjaxaa or aap. Inceddon’t need a doctor Onimam 8 amréxara. Tam going to the chemist’s. The past perfect tense (M”Hano npeABapTenHo Bpéme) ‘The past perfect tense implies actions that have taken place in the past not only in relation to the moment of speaking but also in relation to ‘another past moment as well: Koréro oriiiox y Tax, Ta néve Géme mpuréronaa nevépara, When I went to her place, she had already prepared dinner. Formation ‘The past perfect tense is formed from the past imperfect tense of cust (Gxx) plus the past perfect active participle of the main verb: ple, as Osx sux (I had seen). Posit re a3 ax rnéaan tm Géwe raéxa oli Géme rena 7a Géme raéaana 0 Géme rxéqa10 ie 6ixwe rnénam rie Gixre rénam Te Gixa rnéqaam Negative Interrogative we Gax raga ax ut rnénas? ne Géme raéman — Géure sm rnésant? ne Géure raga and so on. xe Géme raénaa we Géure raénat0 ve Gaixre rénasue ne Gfaxre réstasue ne Gixa rnénamn158 Negative-Interrogative a3 we Oax mi née? su me 6éme sm ragga? and so on When no personal pronoun or other subject is used with the forms of Miivato upexnapirreano npéme in declarative sentences, itis possible to change the places of the verb and the participle. For example: a3 Gx suai (own 6x) Thad seen ‘Toll Geme uy. (ay: Géme) he had heard ‘re Gixa wésasm (icésaam Gixa) they had said ‘The past perfect tense is used to describe actions that have taken place (or been completed) before the moment of speaking and before another ‘moment in the past that is specified or implied. That is why this tense is usually connected with other parts of the sentence that serve to denote a particular moment in the past: Bax naniicast mewéro upeai 18 2a ce wipne. Thad written the letter before she came back Forming simple adjectives ‘There are several ways of forming simple adjectives. Using the -oH suffix to form any kind of adjective sésep —wewépen nocturnal nang 66ex Gene noon, lunch en cian chien strong tama nnamgaen cotton cnéet linen ‘pé.mes wool, woolen Using the -we# suffix to form adjectives from nouns, and adverbs asec today vépa yesterday Supe tomorrow _anémen today’s uépauen yesterday's Srpemen tomorrow's, 159 Using the -cxv and -ukn suffixes to form adjectives from nouns rpaa——rpdgexm town. reaé calf rénewxu veal cén0—ekatexm village ire © reno lamb Bypréc —Gypriicxu Burgas Mopix —_ Mopiunsu sailor Using the -os/es suffix to form relative and possessive adjectives and surnames oxo. moKozésos chocolate Min Mnanén ceiame sun cxiaves sunny —-Bérs0 Boren Using the -aneH, -wueH, -wieckn suffixes to form adjectives from foreign words ‘redrep theatre ‘earpaaen theatrical noér poet noericseu poetic amuxferpus industry smayerpaiiten industrial readema classics seaaclovecxu classical Using the -wi suffix to form adjectives that imply possession or family relations from nouns ending in -a or -A, denoting kinship terms and names Gamué father Gum father’s Mpa Marrah Mapua Marrah's (646a granny 646um granny's PAaka Radka Péakam Radka’s aga aunt gam aunt's Mapiis Maria Mapiom Maria's ceerpa sister cectpam sister's Hira Nadya Hama Nadya’s Exercises 1 Answer the questions 1 3amé roenéxxa Kéepa veka 1a nosiixa 2éKap? 2 Kaxné wyectsypa Tom? 3 Kaxa6 noxésea tepmomérepst? 4 Kaxné wiicnm Tom 3a Géaectra cH? 5 3amé Tom me ticka a noniixa néxap? 6 Kax me ce exjna Tow? 7 Or xaxoit nexéipersa fima ajpasia Tos?160 2 Play the part of Anna in the following dialogue Tom: He ce aypersynam n06pe. Ana: .. — Tom: Mian raao6éume. Ana: . Tom: Uyacraysam 66m » croméxa w no rep6i. Ana: ave Tom: Ja, mpemépux 2, no wiam Tesmeparypa Awa: 1. Tom: Ife womia enim ropéur wait ¢ ma acrupiina. Ana: Tom: AHA. Tom: He, niga ujxxaa or miixaxso apjro nexéperno. 3 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets Example: He 62x... . r6su dua, (raésam) He 6ax raéaaa Téam gua, Te Gixa . .. néxap, xordro ortizox. (nosiixaM) Ta dme ne Géme ... résu efrpay. (saxjcnam) Toli 6éie su... G6smKH B CroMaxa? (no¥fcrsysam) Ha trond neré my 6éme . .. cxums. (npw-romdsans) Koréro ro n6iize, a3 néve ce Gax ... (npuréraxm) Tu Géue sm i... TeMmeparypara? (apemépsan) Hine 6ixwe . . no enim walt m 6ixMe (wsmisan, seman) 8 CAwo réau néxapxa ne me Géue ...(nexjpam) Rearrange the words of the dialogue to make sense onndxnare, Mi, oT, KaxéTe, ce, KaKBO? 3461, WYacraoto, Me, imam, Goss, BCHIKH, 4 cHiioka, sHaéune, Hava, Hampdsun, péxrreHona, We 3264, mie, a, Béaure, TpaGwa, am, Mt RR no enim acnupiie. 5 Write down five things you did yesterday Example: Baépa ovinox cynepwdpxera m Kfnwx xpand 3a uudiaa céasmua. 6 Write short dialogues for the following scenarios 1 Explain to your friend that you do not feel well. 2. Tell the dentist about your toothache. Describe what you do every day. Explain what and how to order in a Bulgarian restaurant. ‘Show your friend around your three-bedroom flat Explain how to fill in a Bulgarian police registration form. use 7 Write down the questions to which the following are the answers. He ands kakné Toxo sat sia. Uypcraysam GbmKw B cTOMéxa. He, ne piixaitre néxap. fe smi emit wait w me woéMa escist acnmpit He, wimant nYkaa oT wikaxeH eKdpersa Mnéro me Gonir 3i6ure. Miicas, se me Gomi emtin or mpézuurre 3161. He, wina 2a Bu nas 3366 Hanpétan, s66uTe Bu BxoGme ne ca 326. 8 Form adjectives from the following words ofrpim, 66en, névep, nen, mwec, Bxépa, ciina, naMgx, wivatia kno, rpas, Géarapuy, JIéuron, Bécron, rené, arte © nnoér, maagerpns, Kamrrés, uKoHOMuKa, KoxicmKa, pomderTiKa 9 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian Mrs Petrova always seemed to be very depressed and unhappy. She ‘often had painful headaches, and medicines did not seem to make her ‘any better, so at last she asked her husband to take her to a good doctor. He agreed to accompany her and they went to the best doctor in their town. The doctor examined her carefully and asked her a lot of 161