Flow Process Ch7

7 Thermo of flow process
7 Thermodynamic of flow processes

Equation of Balance
Control surface
X T
dX cv
dt
dt
X G
(system) X
(surroundings)
X
T
T
= net
X
T
instantaneous rate of
transport of X into
control volume
At control surface
(7.1)
= net instantaneous rate of generation of X within control volume

X
G
dX cv
= instantaneous time rate of change of X within control
dt
Balance statement:
Net rateof Net rateof Time rateof

transport of X generation of X changeof X
inntocontrol within control within control

volume volume volume
dX
X T X G cv
dt
(7.2)
(balance equation dalam bentuk rate)

Balance equation dalam bentuk diferensial:
dX T dX G dX cv
(7.3)
where
96
dX T X T dt
dX X dt
G
(7.4a )
(7.4b)
dX
dX cv cv dt
dt
(7.4c)
Balance equation dalam bentuk integral dari t1 ke t2:

X T X G X cv
where
(7.5)
t
XT 2 X
T dt
t1
(7.6a)
t
XG 2 X
G dt
t1
(7.6b)
t X
X CV 2 CV dt X CV ( t 2 ) X CV ( t1 )
t1 dt
(7.6c)
Pada (7.5) LHS mempunyai karakter yang berbeda dengan RHS:

LHS merefleksikan sebab (causes) sedangkan RHS merefleksikan akibat (effects).
dX cv
X T dan X G merupakan laju proses (process rate) sedangkan
adalah laju
dt
akumulasi (accumulation rate).

X T dan X G jika diintegrasikan dalam kurun waktu tertentu menghasilkan jumlah X
dX cv
jika diintegrasikan dalam kurun waktu tertentu
dt
menghasilkan perubahan jumlah X di dalam control volume.
(amount of X) sedangkan
Law of Conservation:
Mass is conserved; energy is conserved.
When the conservation principle applies to quantity X then the generation term X G is zero.
Also no generation of X can occur in the surrounding.
dX
Conservation law X G total 0
dt
(7.7)
X total = banyaknya X di sistem + lingkungan
97
Mass Balance
u2
Control
volume
V, U, H
u1
Recall
dX
X T X G cv
dt
Case: mass balance
m T m G
Ws
(7.2)
dm cv
dt
=> m T
G =0
Mass is conserved m
dm CV
dt
dm CV
m fs 0
dt
(7.8)
fs= flowing stream; = selisih antara titik masuk dan keluar sistem
uA
m
u=velocity
A=cross section
dm CV
uA fs 0
dt
(7.9)
(Continuity Equation)
Case: Steady State: => accumulation = 0
Case: steady state, 1 inlet, 1 outlet:
uA fs 0
m in m out
const 2 u 2 A 2 1u1A1
m
Volum specific V=1/
(7.10)
u A
u A
uA
2 2 1 1
m
V2
V1
V
2 u 2 A 2 1u1A1 0
(7.11)
98
Energy Balance
X T 3
X T 2
Control
volume
dX cv
dt
dt
X T 4
X T 1
Transport term = energi = (heat + shaft work + pressure work + total energy)
u2 P2,V2, U2, H2
Control
volume
d ( mU )CV
dt
P1, V1, U1, H1
u1
Ws
PV m
fs U u 2 zg m
X T Q W
2
fs
Recall H=U + PV
H u 2 zg m
X T Q W
2
fs
d (mU) CV

dt
`(7.12)
1 2

H u zg m
QW
2
fs
d (mU) CV
W
) fs Q
(Hm
dt
(7.13)
(7.14)
99
Energy Balances for Steady-State Flow Processes

Recall
Steady state:
d (mU) CV

dt
1 2

H u zg m
QW
2
fs
H u 2 zg m
Q Ws
2
fs
H u 2 zg m
Q
s
2
(7.15)
(7.16)
W
1
Q
H u 2 zg s Q Ws
2
m
m
H
u 2
gz Q Ws
2
(7.17)
100
Example 7.2
Vol 1.5 m3, m=500 kg
Water addition:
70oC, m=750 kg
H
Hv
Water
100oC, 101,33 kPa
Agar P &T tidak berubah oleh

penambahan air dingin tentukan Q
Hl
Q
d (mU) CV
H u 2 zg m
QW
dt
2
fs
Recall energy balance:

u2 = z = 0 and W=0
out 0 ,
m
in m
let m
',
d(mU) CV
0
H) out (m
H)in Q
(m
dt
Hin=H
Energy balance :
d(mU) tan k
' 0
H' m
dt
Mass balance:
'
m
Combination of A and B:
dm tan k
dt
d (mU) tan k
dm
H' tan k Q
dt
dt
Multiplication by dt:
( mU) tan k H ' m tan k Q
Recall definition of U:
H = U + PV U = H - PV
(mU) tan k (mH) tan k (PmV) tan k

mV = volume tank = konstan
(PmV) tan k 0
( mU) tan k ( mH) tan k
(7.13)
Q (mH) tan k H' m tan k

( m 2 H 2 m1H1 ) tan k H' m tan k
D
E
101
mtank = 750 kg (air yang masuk tank)

From steam table:
H ' 293.0 kJ kg 1 ; saturated liquid at 70 o C
(added water)
H l 419.1 kJ kg 1 ; saturated liquid at 100 o C
(inside tank)
H v 2,676.0 kJ kg 1 ; saturated vapor at 100 o C
(inside tank)
Initial condition:
Vol vapor = (vol tank vol of 500 kg liquid water).
Vol liq water = (mass x specific volume of water)
Specific vol of liquid water at 100 oC = 0.001044 m3/kg
vol vapor
v
Mass of vapor = m1 specific vol of vapor
Specific vol of water vapor at 100 oC = 1,673 m3/kg

v 1.5 ( 500 )( 0.001044 ) 0.5846 kg
m1
1.673
Total enthalpy in the tank:

l Hl m vH v
( m1H1 ) tan k m1
1
1 1
500( 419.1) 0.5846( 2,676.0)

211,114 kJ
At the end of the process (state 2), from mass balance:

m total, state 2 = m2= (m vapor + m liquid)2
v ml
m2
2
= (m vapor + m liquid)1 + m added water

= (500 + 0.5846) + 750 =1250.5846 kg
1250.5846 =
v ml
m2
2
102
Also:
Total volume = (vol vapor + vol liquid water)state 2
= (specific vol vapor x mass vapor)2+ (specific vol vapor x mass vapor)2
v 0.001044 m l
1.5 1.673 m 2
2
Recall
1250.5846 =
v ml
m2
2
2 equation with 2 unknowns:
m l2 1,250.4683 kg
v 0.116 kg
m2
Total enthalpy inside the tank at state 2:

vH v
( m 2 H 2 ) tan k m l2 H l2 m 2
2
Since PT at initial condition = PT at final condition

(m 2 H 2 ) tan k
l
H l2 H1
and
v Hv
H2
1
vH v
m l2 H l1 m 2
1
(m 2 H 2 ) tan k 1,250.4683(419.1) 0.116 (2,676.0) 524,382 kJ
Recall eq E,
Q (m 2 H 2 m1H1 ) tan k H' m tan k
Q 524,382 211,114 750(293.0) 93,518 kJ
103
Example 7.3
water 10 oC, 0,2 kg/s
T1= 60 oC
Electric
heater
190 kg
Power outage, T drop from 60 oC to 35 oC

Find elapse time
water 0,2 kg/s
Let H1 = enthalpi of water entering the tank at T=T1

H = enthalpi of water leaving the tank at, T=T
m cv
Energy balance:
dU
W
(H H1 ) Q
m
dt
No heat loss through wall, no work: Q = W = 0

m cv
dU
( H H1 ) 0
m
dt
Water = incompressible fluid Cv=Cp=C

dU
dT
C
dt
dt
Substitute B into A:
m cv C
T1 = constant dt
Plug in numbers:
and
(A)
dU = CdT
H H1 C(T T1 )
dT
C(T T1) 0
m
dt
m cv d (T T1)
(T T1 )
m
t
& dH = CdT
dt
(B)
m cv dT
T T1
m
m cv T T1
ln
m
To T1
(C)
190kg
35 10
ln
658.5 s
0.2kg / s 60 10
104
Entropy Balance
Q
Tcs
( Sm )
Control
volume
dScv
dt
( Sm )
Q
Tcs
dS
S T S G cv
dt
Q
j
Transport by heat transfer : T

cs, j
j
) fs
Transport by flowing stream: ( Sm

S
T
Transport term:
Q
j
j Tcs, j
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
d (mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
G
dt
j Tcs, j
(7.18)
Tcs sulit ditentukan => Gunakan T lingkungan (T)

Mathematical identity:
Q
j
j Tcs, j
Q
j
j T, j
Q
j
j T, j
Q
j
j Tcs, j
Q
j
j T, j
j T, j
T, j Tcs, j

Q
j
j
T, jTcs, j
T, j Tcs, j

Q
j
j
d (mS) cv
(Sm
) fs S
G
T, jTcs, j
dt
Q
j
S
' d ( mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
G
G
T
dt
j , j
Q
j
T
Tcs, j
, j
dimana S 'G Q
j
T T
j
, j cs, j
(additional entropy-generation term; reflects irreversibility in the surrounding; external

irreversibility)
S
' S
'
S
G
G
G , total
Q
j
(selalu positif atau nol)
d ( mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
G , total
dt
j T, j
(7.19)
105
Q
j
j T, j
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
j T, j
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
T
j
Limiting case:
Case: steady state
Q
j
j T, j
d (mS) cv
S
G , total
dt
, j
d ( mS) cv
0
dt
) fs
(Sm
) fs
(Sm
d ( mS) cv
dt
d (mS) cv
dt
bila completely reversible
Q
j
d (mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
0
G , total
dt
j T, j
Q
j
) fs
(Sm
T
j
Bagi dengan laju massa:
, j
Qj
j T, j
S
G , total
(7.20)
SG , total
(7.21)
106
Example 7.4
T=200oC
Q=?
Uap air jenuh 100 oC,
1 kg/menit
Air 0oC
ALAT
H1=2676 kJ/kg
S1=7,3554 kJ/kg.K
H2=0; S2=0,0
Q=676 kJ/menit
T=0oC
Q' Q H
(A)
Q' Q
SG , total
T' T
Max heat rejection terjadi jika reversible => SG,total=0
Q' Q
S
T ' T
Q'
H H 2 H1 2676 kJ kg 1
Q'
(B)
T'
( H T S) (C)
T 'T
S S 2 S1 7 ,3554 kJ kg 1 K 1
473,15
( 2676 273,15 7 ,3554 ) 1577 ,7 kJ kg 1
200
Q H Q' 2676 1577 ,7 1098,3 kJ kg 1
107
Example 7.5
n=3 mol/s
T=400K
.n =1 mol/s
.n =2 mol/s
B
CV
TA=600K
TB=450K
Tsurrounding= 300K
Q
Find heat transfer rate and entropy generation rate
Solution:
Steady state:
H u 2 zg m
Q Ws
2
fs
(7.15)
Replace mass rate by mole rate:

n H
Q
out n H in
n H (n A H A n B H B )
(A)
n H n A H A n B H B
Note that: n H n A H n B H
substitute into A
n H n H n H n H )
Q
A
B
A A
B B
B (H H B )
n A ( H H A ) n
n A C P (T TA ) n B C P (T TB )
1
7
7
8.314 ( 400 600) 2 8.314 (400 450)
2
2
8,729.7 J s 1
Entropy balance:
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
j T, j
S
G , total
Q
S G, total n S n A S A n BS B
T
Note that: n S n AS n BS
S G , total n A C P ln
(B)
substitute into B and rearrange
Q
S G , total n A (S SA ) n B (S SB )
T
Recall dS=Q/T=CpdT/T
(7.20)
S=CplnT2/T1
(C)
substitute into C
T
T
Q
n BC P ln
TA
TB T
108
400
400 8,729.7
7
1 8.314 ln
2 8.314 ln
600
450
300
2
117986 6.8547 29.0990 10.4457 J K 1
109
Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
2
u1
u2
1-D flow, adiabatic, steady state,

horizontal, tanpa shaft work
2
Recall energy balance H u gz Q Ws
(7.17)
Q=0,Ws=0 dan z=0
=> H u 0
2
dH u du
Dalam bentuk diferensial:
(7.22)
u A
uA
uA
2 2 1 1
Recall continuity equation m
V2
V1
V
(7.11)
d (u A / V) 0
0
Karena laju massa konstan dm
dV du dA
0
V
u
A
dH T dS V dP
Recall fundamental property relation:
(7.23)
(6.8)
Consider V=V(S,P)
V
dV S
V
dP
P S
dS
Pers. tersebut dapat ditulis dalam bentuk lain.

V
V T
S P T P S P
1st, tulis mathematical identity:
1 V
Recall V T
C
T
P
T
S P
dan
VT
S C
P
P
Dari ilmu fisika, kecepatan suara c dalam suatu fluida dinyatakan sebagai:
P
V S
c 2 V 2
=>
V2
V
2
P S
c
110
Recall
V
V
dS
dP
S P
P S
dV
VT
Substititusi S C dan
V
V2
2
P S
c
diperoleh
kemudian bagi dengan V
dV T
V
dS
dP
V
CP
c2
(7.24)
Pers. (7.22), (7.23), (6.8) dan (7.24) adalah 4 ekspresi yang menghubungkan 6 diferensial
dH, du, dV, dA, dS dan dP. Kita dapat memperlakukan dS dan dA sebagai independent
variable dan mengembangkan persamaan-persamaan yang menyatakan hubungan 4 variabel
lainnya sebagai fungsi dari dS dan dA.
Recall
dH T dS V dP
dan dH u du , combine:
T dS V dP u du
Bagi dengan u2:

Substitusi pers tersebut dan (7.24) ke (7.23):
(7.25)
du
1
T dS V dP
u
u2
dV du dA
0 kemudian disusun ulang

V
u
A
diperoleh:
1 u
2
2
VdP 1 u TdS u dA 0
C P
A
Dengan definis Mach number M=u/c pers tersebut menjadi:
1 M 2 VdP 1 CuP2 TdS uA2 dA 0
(7.26)
Pers (7.25): T dS V dP u du dan (7.26) digabung untuk menghilangkan VdP:

u 2
M2
CP
u du
u2
dA 0
1 M2 A
1 M2
T dS
(7.27)
Relates du to dS and dA. Bila gabung dengan (7.22) dH= - udu, pers (7.27) relates dH
dengan dS dan dA. Bila digabung dengan (7.23)
dV du dA
0
V
u
A
maka (7.27)
relates dV dengan dS dan dA.
111
Pers diferensial diatas menyatakan perubahan pada fluida saat fluida mengalir sepanjang
suatu jarak deferential dx. Jika pers (7.26) dan (7.27) dinyatakan dalam per satuan jarak
maka pers tersebut masing-masing dibagi dengan dx diperoleh:
u 2
dP
T 1
dx
CP
V 1 M2
dS u 2 dA
0
dx
A dx
(7.28)
dan
u
u 2
M2
CP
du
T
dx
dS
1
dx 1 M 2
1 M2
u 2 dA
0
A dx
(7.29)
Menurut Hk II, irreversibility karena friksi fluida mengakibatkan entropi meningkat sejalan
dengan arah aliran, dengan kasus pembatas laju peningkatan sama dengan nol bila aliran
mendekati reversibility. Statement tersebut dapat dituliskan:
dS
0
dx
Pipe Flow
2
1 u
CP
dP
T
dx
V 1 M2
dS
dx
u 2
M2
CP
du
T
dx
dP
0
dx
dS
dx
1 M2
du
0
dx
and
Nozzles
dP
u2
1 dA
dx VA 1 M 2 dx
du
u
1

dx
A 1 M2
dA
dx
u du V dP
P2
2
u2
2 u1 2 P1 V dP
1 /
P
2 P1 V1
1 2
1
P1
(7.30)
V S
c2 V 2
112
P
P

V
V S
c 2 P2 V2
P2 2
P1 1
/ 1
(7.31)
Throttling Process
H 0
H 2 H1
H 2 H1 3,052.1 kJ kg 1
113
Turbines (Expanders)
1
H
P1
2
2
WS
Turbine
(H)s
P2
S
m
H
W
S
(7.32)
WS H
(7.33)
WS (isentropic) H S
(7.34)
WS
WS (isentropic)
H
H S
(7.35)
Compressors
WS (isentropic)
WS
H S
H
T2
P2
S Cig
P ln T R ln P
S
1
1
P
T'2 T1 2
P1
H S
R / C' P S
(5.18)
(7.37)
C'P H (T '2 T1)
WS (isentropic) C'P H (T '2 T1)
Ws
(7.36)
Ws (isentropic)
(7.38)
(7.39)
114
CP
T2 T1
C' P
CP
P
T'2 T1 2
P1
C' P
(T2 T1 )
H
CP
(7.40)
H
CP
R / CP
WS (isentropic) C P (T '2 T1 )
R / CP

P2
WS (isentropic) C P T1
1
P1
(7.41)
T2 T1
(7.42)
T ' 2 T1
R CP CV 1
CP
CP
WS (isentropic)
RT1
1
P2
P1
1 /
Pumps
dH V dP
(const S)
WS (isentropic) H S P 2 V dP
1
P
WS (isentropic) H S V ( P2 P1 )
dH C P dT V (1 T )dP
dS C P
dT
V dP
T
H C P T V (1 T ) P
T
S C P ln 2 V P
T1
(7.43)
(6.27)
(6.28)
(7.44)
(7.45)
115

Flow Process Ch7

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Flow Process Ch7

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

7 Thermo of flow process

7 Thermodynamic of flow processes

= net instantaneous rate of generation of X within control volume

Net rateof Net rateof Time rateof

inntocontrol within control within control

(balance equation dalam bentuk rate)

7 Thermo of flow process

Balance equation dalam bentuk integral dari t1 ke t2:

Pada (7.5) LHS mempunyai karakter yang berbeda dengan RHS:

akumulasi (accumulation rate).

X total = banyaknya X di sistem + lingkungan

7 Thermo of flow process

Case: mass balance

Volum specific V=1/

7 Thermo of flow process

P1, V1, U1, H1

7 Thermo of flow process

Energy Balances for Steady-State Flow Processes

7 Thermo of flow process

Agar P &T tidak berubah oleh

Recall energy balance:

( mU) tan k H ' m tan k Q

(mU) tan k (mH) tan k (PmV) tan k

( mU) tan k ( mH) tan k

Q (mH) tan k H' m tan k

7 Thermo of flow process

mtank = 750 kg (air yang masuk tank)

H l 419.1 kJ kg 1 ; saturated liquid at 100 o C

H v 2,676.0 kJ kg 1 ; saturated vapor at 100 o C

Specific vol of water vapor at 100 oC = 1,673 m3/kg

Total enthalpy in the tank:

500( 419.1) 0.5846( 2,676.0)

At the end of the process (state 2), from mass balance:

= (m vapor + m liquid)1 + m added water

7 Thermo of flow process

2 equation with 2 unknowns:

Total enthalpy inside the tank at state 2:

Since PT at initial condition = PT at final condition

(m 2 H 2 ) tan k 1,250.4683(419.1) 0.116 (2,676.0) 524,382 kJ

Q (m 2 H 2 m1H1 ) tan k H' m tan k

Q 524,382 211,114 750(293.0) 93,518 kJ

7 Thermo of flow process

Power outage, T drop from 60 oC to 35 oC

water 0,2 kg/s

Let H1 = enthalpi of water entering the tank at T=T1

No heat loss through wall, no work: Q = W = 0

Water = incompressible fluid Cv=Cp=C

7 Thermo of flow process

Transport by heat transfer : T

Tcs sulit ditentukan => Gunakan T lingkungan (T)

(additional entropy-generation term; reflects irreversibility in the surrounding; external

(selalu positif atau nol)

7 Thermo of flow process

Case: steady state

bila completely reversible

Bagi dengan laju massa:

7 Thermo of flow process

Max heat rejection terjadi jika reversible => SG,total=0

Q H Q' 2676 1577 ,7 1098,3 kJ kg 1

7 Thermo of flow process

Replace mass rate by mole rate:

substitute into B and rearrange

7 Thermo of flow process

117986 6.8547 29.0990 10.4457 J K 1