The Fundamentals of Water Mist Technology: Dr. Jukka Vaari, VTT Fire Technology

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER MIST TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Jukka Vaari, VTT Fire Technology
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
THE SPECTRUM OF DROP SIZES
SMOKE
0.1
SEA FOG
1.0
CLOUDS
MIST
10
AEROSOLS
DRIZZLE
1000
100
SPRAYERS
SPRINKLERS
DROP SIZE, m
AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari
RAIN
WHAT IS WATER MIST - FORMAL DEFINITIONS

NFPA 750:1996
Class 1, Dv0.1=100 m, Dv0.9=200 m
Class 2, Dv0.1=200 m, Dv0.9=400 m
Class 3, Dv0.9>400 m
SMOKE
0.1
SEA FOG
1.0
AEROSOLS
CLOUDS
MIST
10
100
SPRAYERS
DRIZZLE
RAIN
1000
SPRINKLERS
WHAT IS WATER MIST - FORMAL DEFINITIONS

NFPA 750:2003
Dv0.99 < 1000 m
prCEN/TS 14972
Dv0.9 < 1000 m
SMOKE
0.1
SEA FOG
1.0
AEROSOLS
CLOUDS
MIST
10
100
SPRAYERS
DRIZZLE
RAIN
1000
SPRINKLERS
HOW CAN WE MAKE WATER MIST

Usually to atomize water, all that is needed is a high
relative velocity between water and the surrounding air
A few alternative techniques exist to produce low
velocity and very fine (< 10 m) water mist
ultrasonic
THE PLAIN ORIFICE PRESSURE ATOMIZER

DRAG
FORCE
PRIMARY
ATOMIZATION
SECONDARY
ATOMIZATION
W = A
1
FD = C D A air v 2
2
High-velocity water jet atomized due to friction at the air-liquid
interface (drag force)
W = work needed to create an amount of A of new surface area
= surface tension (0.073 N/m)
FD = drag force
CD = drag coefficient
air = density of air
v = velocity of water jet
Taylor & Hoyt: Exp. Fluids, vol.1, p. 113-120

THE SIMPLEX ATOMIZER
SOLID-CONE
HOLLOW-CONE
Lefebvre: Atomization and Sprays, pp. 105-153

WHAT KIND OF DROPLETS DO WE GET
mean drop size

spectrum shape
spectrum width
Probability distribution
spray = a system of drops immersed in a gaseous

continuous phase
for practical nozzles, the atomization process yields a
spectrum of drop sizes
20
15
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
Drop diameter
250
THE DROPLET SIZE SPECTRUM
ROSIN-RAMMLER DISTRIBUTION
D q
q q 1
f ( D) = q D exp
D
D
20
Several analytical functions

exist to represent actual
droplet size spectra
Rosin-Rammler
Log-normal
15
10
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1 ln (D D ) 2
1

f ( D) =
exp
(
)
2
ln
2 D ln ( )
50
100 150
200
Drop diameter
250
D=100 m, q=2.5, =1.545
10
THE MEAN DROP SIZE
1 ( a b )
VOLUME MEAN DIAMETER (D30): a=3, b=0

SAUTER MEAN DIAMETER (SMD): a=3, b=2
SMD
20
Ni D
Dab =
N i D
a
i
b
i
Dpeak
15
D0.1
D0.9
10
D0.99
5
0
0
D0.5
50
100
150
Drop diameter
11
200
250
THERMAL MANAGEMENT
14
10
Q = hA T
1000
13
10
12
11
10
10
10
100
10
Drops per litre
Surface area (m / litre)
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
100
1000
Drop size (m)

12
AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS: WATER MIST

-3
-1
10
60
50
-2
10
40
-3
30
10
20
Terminal velocity (m/s)
70x10
-4
10
10
0
20
40
60
80
Drop size (m)
100
Plain orifice atomizer, d=0.5 mm, p=15 MPa

13
AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS: SPRINKLERS

-3
30x10
10
20
6
15
4
10
2
Terminal velocity (m/s)
25
0
1
2
3
Drop size (mm)
13.5 mm orifice, p=206 kPa

H.-Z. Yu, Proc. 1st Int. Symp. On Fire Safety Science, pp. 1165-1176
14
DROP-PLUME INTERACTION: DIRECT SUPPRESSION

D = 1 mm
Surface wetting
D = 100 m
Flame cooling
15
16
DROP-ROOM INTERACTION: VAPOUR INERTING
Vapor formation
outside flame
P,Flow
Obstruction
plates
Gas sample,
thermocouple
Ventilation
PUMP
17
18
DROP-ROOM INTERACTION: VAPOUR INERTING

0.20
Dry oxygen
True oxygen
Extinction limit
O2 mole fraction
Fire only
text=12 min
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0
10
15
Time (min)
19
1.0
0.8
4.2
0.6
8.4
0.4
12.6
14
0.2
16.8
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
Oxygen concentration (%)
Vapour pressure (bar)
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER VAPOUR
21
100
Temperature (C)
20
DROP-RADIATION INTERACTION: STOPPING FIRE

SPREAD
P()
D
x=
I
D
Attenuation coefficient (1/m)
Scattering cross section

highest for x = 1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
6 8
10
-6
6 8
-5
10
Wavelenght (m)
21
6 8
10
-4
MIST-RADIATION INTERACTION
3
2
I
1
4
II
I+
dx
Radiation
solvers
Two-flux
approximation
22
0.30
1.0
0.25
0.8
0.20
TF=1200C
TF=800C
0.15
0.10
0.05
Transmitted fraction
Transmitted fraction
MIST-RADIATION INTERACTION
Mist 1
Mist 2
Mist 3
SMD
30
100
300
Dv0.1
17.3
57.5
173
0.6
Mist 3
0.4
Mist 2
0.2
Mist 1
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Water film thickness (mm)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
3
Water mist concentration (kg/m )
23
Dv0.9
80.7
269
807
24
SCALE
SMALL
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPRESSION

EFFICIENCY OF A WATER MIST SYSTEM
Water droplets
diameter
velocity with respect to the surrounding gas
Water spray
momentum distribution
penetration of fire fighting water
ability of the spray to capture, transport and circulate the
surrounding gases
LARGE
Water mist system

positioning of the water sprays with respect to the fire, the
room, and each other
interaction with fire detection
25
LARGE
SCALE
SMALL
IN OTHER WORDS ...

Interaction of a droplet with a flame; droplet
vaporization
Atomization, spray dynamics
Large-scale flows with particle tracking; fire

dynamics, fire spread
26
PREDICTING ACCURATELY
WATER MIST SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE IS BEYOND
CURRENT MODELING
CAPABILITIES
27
WHAT IS A WATER MIST SYSTEM

NFPA 750:2006
A system... discharging water mist and demonstrated
to meet the performance requirements... (3.3.20)
Test protocols shall be conducted to verify the working
limits and installation parameters (8.2.5)
PERFORMANCE-BASED TECHNOLOGY
28
FEATURES OF A FIRE TEST PROTOCOL

Represents a simplification of reality
Contains essential features with respect to the
application, such as
fire loads, ignition scenarios, fire scenarios
physical dimensions, ventilation, obstructions
Consists of several individual fire tests, in order to

find performance limits of a system
avoid using a single favourable fire scenario as the
measure for system performance
Quantitatively measures the system performance against

a set of performance requirements
Yields system design and installation parameters
29
30

The Fundamentals of Water Mist Technology: Dr. Jukka Vaari, VTT Fire Technology

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER MIST TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Jukka Vaari, VTT Fire Technology

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

THE SPECTRUM OF DROP SIZES

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

WHAT IS WATER MIST - FORMAL DEFINITIONS

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

WHAT IS WATER MIST - FORMAL DEFINITIONS

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

HOW CAN WE MAKE WATER MIST

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

THE PLAIN ORIFICE PRESSURE ATOMIZER

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

Taylor & Hoyt: Exp. Fluids, vol.1, p. 113-120

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

THE SIMPLEX ATOMIZER

Lefebvre: Atomization and Sprays, pp. 105-153

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

WHAT KIND OF DROPLETS DO WE GET

mean drop size

spray = a system of drops immersed in a gaseous

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

THE DROPLET SIZE SPECTRUM

Several analytical functions

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

D=100 m, q=2.5, =1.545

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

THE MEAN DROP SIZE

VOLUME MEAN DIAMETER (D30): a=3, b=0

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

Drops per litre

Surface area (m / litre)

Drop size (m)

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS: WATER MIST

Terminal velocity (m/s)

Plain orifice atomizer, d=0.5 mm, p=15 MPa

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS: SPRINKLERS

Terminal velocity (m/s)

13.5 mm orifice, p=206 kPa

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

DROP-PLUME INTERACTION: DIRECT SUPPRESSION

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

DROP-ROOM INTERACTION: VAPOUR INERTING

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

DROP-ROOM INTERACTION: VAPOUR INERTING

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

Oxygen concentration (%)

Vapour pressure (bar)

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER VAPOUR

AIIA-SFPE Milan 12.2.2008 Jukka Vaari