VLSI Front End Lab Manual

Department OF
Electronics & Communication Engineering
LABORATORY MANUAL
VLSI LABORATORY 1
VLSI FRONT END DESIGN PROGRAMS
M.Tech I Year I Sem
M.Tech VLSI DESIGN
BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

SCIENCE
Laknepally, Narsampet, Warangal
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering
VLSI LABORATORY 1
VLSI FRONT END DESIGN PROGRAMS
M.Tech VLSI DESIGN I Year I Sem.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PART I :
VLSI FRONT END DESIGN PROGRAMS:
1. HDL code to realize all the logic gates.

2. Design of 2-to-4 decoder.
3. Design of 8-to-3 encoder.(with out and with parity)
4. Design of 8-to-1 multiplexer
5. Design of 4-bit binary to gray converter
6. Design of multiplexer/demultiplexer, comparator
7. Design of full adder using three modeling styles
8. Design of flip flops: SR, D, JK, T
9. Design of 4-bit binary, BCD counter
(Synchronous/asynchronous reset) or any sequence counter
10.
Finite state machine design
PART I :
VLSI FRONT END DESIGN PROGRAMS:
PROCEDURE TO CODE A DESIGN AND VERIFY THE RESULT USING

XILINX ISE SIMULATOR WITH SPARTAN3 FPGA/COLD Implementation
Step1:
File New Project
Enter the Project Name
Top level Source type : HDL
Click Next
Step2:
New Project Wizard Project Properties window opens
Select the Device and the Design flow for the Project:
Product Category
All
Family
Spartan3
Device
XC3S200
Package
FT256
Speed
Synthesis Tool :
XST (VHDL/Verilog)
Simulator
ISE Simulator
-4
(VHDL/Verilog)
Click Next
New Project Wizard Create New Source Window opens
Click on New Source

Select VHDL Module and enter the file name. see that Add to Project is selected.
Click Next
New Source Wizard Design module window opens
Enter the port name and select the direction appropriately
Click Next Finish Next Next Finish.
Step3:
To enter the logic in the program, click the mouse at the place where the logic
needs to be entered.
Go to Edit Language Templates Synthesis Constructs Coding
Examples
Select the design you are coding.
After selection click Edit Use in File
Save the Program.
Step4:To synthesize the Design

Double click Check Syntax in Synthesize XST in Processes window
After checking syntax double click Synthesize XST
Double click View Technology Schematic to view the Schematic diagram of the
design.
Step5: To Implement the Design

Double click Implement Design in Processes window.
Step6: To view the wave forms.

Click Project New Source
New Source Wizard Select Source Type window opens.
Select Test Bench Waveform and type the source file name with _tbw at the end.
See that Add to project has been selected.
Click Next Next Finish.
Initial Timing and Clock Wizard Initialize Timing window opens
Set the timings as required if any clock is needed in the design otherwise no need
of any settings. Click Finish.
Set the waveforms as required. Save and Close the waveforms window.
Select Behavioral simulation as Sources for in sources window and click on the
.tbw file in sources window.
Now double click Simulate Behavioral Model in Xilinx ISE Simulator in
processes window to view the output waveform of the design.
Step7: To assign the package pins:

Double click Assign Package Pins in User Constraints in processes window.
Project Navigator window opens. Click Yes.
Xilinx PACE window opens. Select Package View.
Select appropriate pins and enter them in the Loc in design object lis I/O pins.
Save the Window Bus Delimiter window opens. Select XST default, click OK
and close it.
Implement the design again by double clicking Implement Design in Processes
window.
Step8:
Select Post-Route Simulation as Sources for in sources window.

Select .tbw file in sources window.
Double click Simulate Post-Place and Route Model in processes window.
ISE simulator window opens. Click Yes.
Waveforms with delay appear on the window.
Step9: To dump the code onto the Spartan3 kit:

Double click Generate Programming File in processes window.
Double click Configure Device (iMPACT)
iMPACT window opens.
Select Configure device using boundary-scan (JTAG) and click Finish.
Assign new configuration file window opens. Select .bit file and click open.
For the next assign new configuration window click bypass.
Right click the XC3S200 FPGA and click program.
Programming properties window opens. Click OK.
Program succeeded
Appears on the screen and the leds on the spartan3 kits glow indicating the
success of the design.
Step10:
Verify the result by connecting the digital trainer kit to the pins selected.
EXPERIMENT- 1
VHDL CODE FOR AND GATE
AIM: To implement AND gate using VHDL.
THEORY:
The AND gate performs logical multiplication, more commonly known as
AND function. And gate can have any number of inputs greater than one. The
operation of AND gate is such that output is HIGH only when all of the inputs are
HIGH. When any of the inputs are LOW the output is LOW.
TRUTH TABLE:
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
C=AB
RTL SCHEMATIC:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VHDL
CODE:
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
entity andgate is
Port ( a : in STD_LOGIC;
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end andgate;
architecture Behavioral of andgate is
begin
c<= a and b;
end Behavioral;
TIMING WAVEFOMRS:
VHDL CODE FOR OR GATE

AIM: To implement OR gate using Xilinx procedure.
THEORY: The OR gate performs logical addition, more commonly known as OR
function. OR gate can have any number of inputs greater than one. The operation
of OR gate is such that output is HIGH only when any one of the inputs are HIGH.
TRUTH TABLE:
A
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
C=A+B
RTL SCHEMATIC:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VHDL CODE:
library IEEE;
entity orgate is
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end orgate;
architecture Behavioral of orgate is
begin
c <= a or b;
end Behavioral;
TIMING WAVEFORM:
VHDL CODE FOR NAND GATE

AIM: To implement NAND gate using Xilinx procedure.
THEORY: The term NAND is a contraction of NOT-AND and implies an AND
function with a complemented output. It is a universal gate. the logical operation
of NAND gate is such that a Low output occurs only when all inputs are HIGH.
when any of the inputs are LOW, output will be HIGH.
TRUTH
TABLE:
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
C=A+b= (AB)
RTL SCHEMATIC:
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC:
VHDL CODE:
library IEEE;
entity nandgate is
port ( a : in STD_LOGIC;
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end nandgate;
architecture Behavioral of orgate is
begin
c <= a nand b;
end Behavioral;
TIMING WAVEFORM:
VHDL CODE FOR NOR GATE

AIM: To implement NOR gate using Xilinx procedure.
THEORY: The term NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function
with a complemented output. It is a universal gate. the logical operation of NOR
gate is such that a Low output occurs when any of the inputs are HIGH. when all
of the inputs are LOW, output will be HIGH.
TRUTH TABLE:
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
C= (A+B)=AB
RTL SCHEMATIC:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity norgate is
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end norgate;
architecture Behavioral of norgate is
begin
c <= a nor b;
end Behavioral;
TIMING WAVEFORM;
VHDL CODE FOR XOR GATE

AIM: To implement XOR gate using Xilinx procedure.
THEORY: It recognizes only the words that have an odd number of ones. This
means that for odd number of ones, output of XOR gate is HIGH.
TRUTH TABLE:
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
C=AB+AB
RTL SCHEMATIC:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity xorgate is
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end xorgate;
architecture Behavioral of xorgate is
begin
c <= a xor b;
end Behavioral;
TIMING WAVEFORM:
VHDL CODE FOR XNOR GATE

AIM: To implement XNOR gate sing Xilinx procedure.
THEORY: It recognizes only the words that have an even number of ones/zeros.
This means that for odd number of ones, output of XNOR gate is LOW.
TRUTH TABLE:
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
C=AB+AB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TIMING WAVEFORM:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity xnorgate is
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end xnorgate;
architecture Behavioral of xnorgate is
begin
c <= a xnor b;
end Behavioral;
VHDL CODE FOR NOT GATE

AIM: To implement NOT gate using Xilinx procedure.
THEORY: The inverter (NOT circuit) performs a basic logic function called
inversion or complementation. The inverter changes one logical level to its
opposite level. In terms of bits, it changes logic1 to logic 0 and logic 0 to logic1.
TRUTH TABLE:
A
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
B=A
RTL SCHEMATIC:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity notgate is
b : out STD_LOGIC);
end notgate;
architecture Behavioral of notgate is
begin
b <= not a;
end Behavioral;
TIMING WAVEFORM:
EXPERIMENT- 2
VHDL CODE FOR 2x4 DECODER
AIM: To design a 2x4 decoder and to simulate in VHDL.
THEORY: A decoder is a combinational circuit with multiple input, multiple output
logic circuit that converts coded inputs to coded outputs, where the inputs are
lesser in number than output codes. The input code is generally has fewer bits
than the output code, there is one-to-one mapping from input code words into
output code words. in a one-to-one mapping, each input code word produces a
different output code word.
The general structure of a decoder circuit can be shown as follows. The
enable inputs, if present must be asserted for the decoder to perform its normal
mapping function. Otherwise the decoder maps all the input code words into a
single disabled output code word. The corresponding IC number is 74138.
TRUTH TABLE:
i0
i1
f0
f1
f2
f3
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity decoder2x4 is
Port ( x : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (1 downto 0);

d : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0));
end decoder2x4;
architecture Behavioral of decoder2x4 is
begin
process (x) is
begin
case x is
when "00"=> d <="1000";
when "01"=> d <="0100";
when "10"=> d <="0010";
when others=> d <="0001";
end case;
end process;
end behavioral;
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR 2x4 DECODER:
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR 2x4 DECODER:
VHDL CODE FOR 3x8 DECODER

AIM: To design a 3x8 decoder and to simulate in VHDL.
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR 3-8 DECODER:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity bejoy_3x8 is
port(a,b,c:in std_logic;
d0,d1,d2,d3,d4,d5,d6,d7:out std_logic);
end bejoy_3x8;
architecture arc of bejoy_3x8 is
begin
d0<= (not a) and (not b) and (not c);
d1<= (not a) and (not b) and c;
d2<= (not a) and b and (not c);
d3<= (not a) and b and c;
d4<= a and (not b) and (not c);
d5<= a and (not b) and c;
d6<= a and b and (not c);
d7<= a and b and c;
end arc;
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR 3X8 DECODER:
VHDL CODE FOR DECODER 4X16 USING 2X4

AIM: To design a 4X16 decoder using 2x4 decoder and to simulate in VHDL.
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR 4X16 DECODER:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity decoder4x16 is
Port ( a,b,c,d,e : in STD_LOGIC;
y : out STD_LOGIC_vector(15 downto 0));
end decoder4x16;
architecture Behavioral of decoder4x16 is
signal c1,c2,c3,c4: std_logic;
component decoder16 is
port (p,q,e: in std_logic;
d1,d2,d3,d4:out std_logic);
end component;
begin
P1: decoder16 port map(a,b,e,c1,c2,c3,c4);
P2: decoder16 port map(c,d,c1,y(0),y(1),y(2),y(3));
P3: decoder16 port map(c1,d,c2,y(4),y(5),y(6),y(7));
end Behavioral;
Component declaration of decoder16
library IEEE;
entity decoder16 is
Port ( p,q,e : in STD_LOGIC;
d1,d2,d3,d4 : out STD_LOGIC);
end decoder16;
architecture Behavioral of decoder16 is
begin
d1<= ((not p) and (not q) and e);
d2<= ((not p) and (q) and e);
d3<= (p and (not q) and e);
d4<= (p and q and e);
end Behavioral;
SIMULATION RESULTS OF DECODER 4X16:
EXPERIMENT- 3
VHDL CODE FOR 8 to 3 ENCODER
AIM: To design a 8x3 encoder and to simulate in VHDL.
RTL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR 8x3 ENCODER:
TRUTH TABLE:
input
output
din(
din(
din(
din(
din(
din(
din(
din(
dout(
dout(
dout(
7)
6)
5)
4)
3)
2)
1)
0)
2)
1)
0)
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity encoder8_3 is
Port ( en : in STD_LOGIC;
din : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (7 downto 0);
dout : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (2 downto 0));
end encoder8_3;
architecture Behavioral of encoder8_3 is
begin
process (en,din)
begin
if (en='1') then dout<="000";
else
case din is
when "00000001"=>dout<="000";
when "00000010"=>dout<="001";
when "00000100"=>dout<="010";
when "00001000"=>dout<="011";
when "00010000"=>dout<="100";
when "00100000"=>dout<="101";
when "01000000"=>dout<="110";
when "10000000"=>dout<="111";
when others => null;
end case;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
SIMULATION FOR 8x3 ENCODER:
VHDL CODE FOR PRIORITY ENCODER

AIM: To design a priority encoder and to simulate in VHDL.
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity priorityencoder is
port ( sel : in std_logic_vector (7 downto 0);
code :out std_logic_vector (2 downto 0));
end priorityencoder;
architecture Behavioral of priorityencoder is
begin
code <= "000" when sel(0) = '1' else
"001" when sel(1) = '1' else
"010" when sel(2) = '1' else
"011" when sel(3) = '1' else
"100" when sel(4) = '1' else
"101" when sel(5) = '1' else
"110" when sel(6) = '1' else
"111" when sel(7) = '1' else
"---";
end Behavioral;
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR PRIORITY DECODER:
SIMULATOIN RESULTS OF PRIORITY ENCODER:
EXPE
RIMENT- 4
VHDL CODE FOR 8:1 MULTIPLEXER
AIM: To design a 8:1 multiplexer and to simulate in VHDL.
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity mux8 is
Port ( i : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (7 downto 0);
s : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (2 downto 0);
e : in STD_LOGIC;
o : out STD_LOGIC);
end mux8;
architecture Behavioral of mux8 is
begin
process(s,i)
begin
case s is
when "000" => o <=i(0);
when "001" => o <=i(1);
when "010" => o <=i(2);
when "011" => o <=i(3);
when "100" => o <=i(4);
when "101" => o <=i(5);
when "110" => o <=i(6);
when "111" => o <=i(7);
when others => o <= i(0);
end case;
end process;
end Behavioral;
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF 8:1 MULTIPLEXER:
TIMING DIAGRAM OF 8:1 MULTIPLEXER:

VHDL CODE FOR 16X1 MULTIPLEXER

AIM: To design a 16x1 multiplexer and to simulate in VHDL.
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity mux16 is
Port ( i : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (15 downto 0);
s : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
e : in STD_LOGIC;
o : out STD_LOGIC);
end mux16;
architecture Behavioral of mux16 is
begin
process(s,i)
begin
if e='1' then
case s is
when "0000" => o <=i(0);
when "0001" => o <=i(1);
when "0010" => o <=i(2);
when "0011" => o <=i(3);
when "0100" => o <=i(4);
when "0101" => o <=i(5);

when "0110" => o <=i(6);
when "0111" => o <=i(7);
when "1000" => o <=i(8);
when "1001" => o <=i(9);
when "1010" => o <=i(10);
when "1011" => o <=i(11);
when "1100" => o <=i(12);
when "1101" => o <=i(13);
when "1110" => o <=i(14);
when "1111" => o <=i(15);
when others => o <= i(0);
end case;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC FOR 16X1 MULTIPLEXER:
SIMULATION FOR 16X1 MULTIPLEXER:
EXPERIMENT- 5
VHDL CODE FOR 4 BIT BINARY TO GRAY CONVERTER
AIM: To design a 4 bit binary to gray converter and to simulate in VHDL.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input (Binary)
outputv (Gray)
b3
b2
b1
b0
g3
g2
g1
g0
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity Binary_Gray is
port( B: in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
G: out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0));
end binary_gray;
architecture behavioral of Binary_gray is
begin
G(3)<= B(3);
G(2)<= B(3) xor B(2);
G(1)<= B(2) xor B(1);
G(0)<= B(1) xor B(0);
end behavioral;
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR 4 BIT BINARY TO GRAY CONVERTER
VHDL CODE TO GRAY TO BINARY

AIM: To design a 4 bit gray to binary converter and to simulate in VHDL.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input (Gray)
Output (Binary)
g3
g2
g1
g0
b3
b2
b1
b0
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity gray_binary is
port( G: in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
B: inout std_logic_vector(3 downto 0));
end gray_binary;
architecture behavioral of Binary_gray is
begin
B(3)<= G(3);
B(2)<= B(3) xor G(2);
B(1)<= B(2) xor G(1);
B(0)<= B(1) xor G(0);
end behavioral;
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR 4 BIT GRAY TO BINARY CONVERTER
EXP
ERIMENT- 6
VHDL CODE FOR 1X4 DEMULTIPLEXER
AIM: To design a 1x4 demultiplexer and to simulate in VHDL
TRUTH TABLE:
Input
inp
Output
s1
s0
ut
RTL SCHEMATEIC DIAGRAM:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity dml is
Port ( x : in STD_LOGIC;
sel : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (1 downto 0);
a,b,c,d : out STD_LOGIC);
end dml;
architecture Behavioral of dml is
begin
process(sel,x)
begin
case sel is
when "00"=>a<=x;b<='0';c<='0';d<='0';
when "01"=>b<=x;a<='0';c<='0';d<='0';
when "10"=>c<=x;a<='0';b<='0';d<='0';
when others=> d<=x;a<='0';b<='0';c<='0';
end case;
end process;
end Behavioral;
SIMULATION RESULTS OF 1X4 DEMULTIPLEXER:
VHDL CODE FOR 4-BIT COMPARATOR

AIM: To design a 4-bit comparator and to simulate in VHDL
TRUTH TABLE:
a3
a2
a1
a0
b3
b2
b1
b0
Equa
l
Grea
ter
Lessth
an
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity comparator4bit is
Port ( a : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
b : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
equal : out STD_LOGIC;
greaterthan : out STD_LOGIC;
lessthan : out STD_LOGIC);
end comparator4bit;
architecture Behavioral of comparator4bit is
begin
equal <='1' when a=b else '0';
greaterthan <='1' when a > b else '0';

lessthan <= '1' when a < b else '0';
end Behavioral;
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC FOR 4-BIT COMPARATOR:
SIMULATION FOR 4-BIT COMPARATOR:
EXPERIMENT- 7
VHDL CODE FOR HALF ADDER
AIM: To design and simulate half adder using VHDL.
TRUTH TABLE:
Sum
Carry
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
Sum= A(+)B
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity halfadder is
Port ( a,b : in STD_LOGIC;
sum, carry : out STD_LOGIC);
end halfadder;
architecture Behavioral of halfadder is
begin
process (a,b)
begin
if a<='0' and b<='0' then
sum<='0';
carry<='0';
elsif a<='1' and b<='0' then
sum<='1';
carry<='0';
elsif a<='0' and b<='1' then
sum<='1';
carry<='0';
else
sum<='0';
carry<='1';
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
( or )
library IEEE;
entity halfadder is
port (a,b : in bit ;
s,c : out bit);
end halfadder;
architecture arc of halfadder is
begin
s<= a xor b;
c <= a and b;
end arc;
TIMING WAVEFORM:
VHDL CODE FOR FULL ADDER

AIM: To design and simulate full adder using three modeling techniques using
VHDL.
TRUTH TABLE FOR FULL ADDER:
Cin
Su
Car
ry
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
Sum = A XOR B XOR Cin ;
Carry = (A AND B) OR (Cin AND A) OR (Cin AND B) ;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR FULL ADDER:
VHDL CODE FOR FULL ADDER USING DATA FLOW MODEL

library IEEE;
entity fulladd is
port ( cin, x, y : in std_logic ;
s, cout : out std_logic ) ;
end fulladd ;
architecture beh of fulladd is
begin
s <= x xor y xor cin ;
cout <= (x and y) or (cin and x) or (cin and y) ;
end beh ;
VHDL CODE FOR FULL ADDER USING STRUCTURAL MODEL
library IEEE;
entity bejoy_fa is
port(In1,In2,c_in : in std_logic;
sum, c_out : out std_logic);
end bejoy_fa;
architecture arc of bejoy_fa is
component half_adder
port(a,b : in std_logic;
sum, carry : out std_logic);
end component;
component or_2
port(a,b : in std_logic;
c : out std_logic);
end component;
signal s1, s2, s3 : std_logic;
begin
H1: half_adder port map(a=>In1, b=>In2, sum=>s1, carry=>s3);
H2: half_adder port map(a=>s1, b=>c_in, sum=>sum, carry=>s2);
O1: or_2 port map(a=> s2, b=>s3, c=>c_out);
end arc;
entity half_adder is
sum,carry : out bit);
end half_adder;
architecture arc of half_adder is
begin
sum<= a xor b;
carry <= a and b;
end arc;
entity or_2 is
c : out bit);
end or_2;
architecture arc of or_2 is
begin
c<= a or b;
end arc
VHDL CODE FOR FULL ADDER USING BEHAVIORAL MODEL

library IEEE;
entity fulladd is
port (a,b,c : in std_logic ;
s, cout : out std_logic ) ;
end fulladd ;
architecture beh of fulladd is
begin
process(a,b,c)
begin
if c='0' and b='0' and a='0' then s<= '0' ; cout<= '0';
elsif c='0' and b='0' and a='1' then s<= '1' ; cout<= '0';
end if;
end process;
end beh;
SIMULATION RESULT FOR FULL ADDER:
EXPE
RIMENT- 8
VHDL CODE FOR D-FLIP FLOP
AIM: To implement negative edge D filp flop using xilinx procedure.
THEORY: One way to eliminate the undesirable condition of the indetermined
state in the RS-ff is to ensure that inputs S&r are never equal to 1 at the same
time.this is done in the D-ff.the D-ff has only two inputs:D and CLK.the input goes
directly to the S input and its complement to the R input as long as the CLK input
is at 0.the input is sampled when CLK=1.if D is 1,the Q output goes to 1,placing
the circuit in the set state.If D is 0,the output Q goes to 0 and the circuit switches
to the clear state.
The D-ff receives the designation from its ability to hold data into its internal
storage.this type of flipflop is sometimes called a gated d-latch.the CLK input is
often given the designation gate to indicate that this input enables the gated latch
to make possible data entry into circuit.the binary information present at the data
input of the D-ff is transferred to the Q output when the CLK input is enabled.the
output follows the data input as long as the pulse remains in its 1 state.when the
pulse goes to 0 the binary information that was present in the data input at the
time the pulse transition occurred its retained at the Q output until the pulse input
is enabled again.
The truth table shows that the Q(t+1) of the flip flop is independent of the
presnt state since Q(t+1) is equals to input D whether Q is equal to 0 or 1.
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity negativedff is
Port ( clk : in STD_LOGIC;
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end negativedff;
architecture Behavioral of negativedff is
begin
process (a)
begin
if clk'event and clk='0' then
c <= b;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TIMING WAVEFORM:
AIM: To implement positive edge D filp flop using xilinx procedure.

PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity negativedff is
b : in STD_LOGIC;
c : out STD_LOGIC);
end negativedff;
architecture Behavioral of negativedff is
begin
process (a)
begin
if a'event and a='1' then
c <= b;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TIMING WAVEFORM:
VHDL CODE FOR JK FLIP FLOP
AIM: To design and implement JK filp flop using VHDL.

PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity jkff is
Port ( clk,reset,j,k : in STD_LOGIC;
q : buffer std_logic);
end jkff;
architecture Behavioral of jkff is
begin
process (clk, reset)
begin
if (reset = '1') then q<='0';
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
if ( j='0' and k='0') then q<=q;
elsif (j='0' and k='1') then q<='0';
elsif (j='1' and k='0') then q<='1';
elsif (j='1' and k<='1') then q<= not q;
end if;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR J-K FLIP FLOP:
TIMING WAVEFORM:
VHDL
CODE FOR T-FLIP FLOP
AIM: To design and implement T- filp flop using VHDL.
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity tff is
port (t: in bit;
clk: in std_logic;
q: buffer bit);
end tff;
architecture behavioural of tff is
begin
process (clk)
begin
if (clk'event and clk='1') then
if ( t='0') then q<=q;
elsif (t='1') then q<=(not q);

end if;
end if;
end process;
end behavioural;
TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR T-FLIP FLOP:
EXPERIMENT- 9
VHDL CODE FOR DECADE COUNTER
AIM: To design a decade counter and to simulate in VHDL.

THEORY: A (modulo-10) decade counter is one that counts numbers from 0 to
9.this can be constructed from a modulo-16 counter by resetting the counter at the
10th pulse.
It is shown in below table. We see that each binary number is unique and its
uniqueness can be used for resetting the counter at the desired level. this is
illustrated below consider the Q column of table resetting of the counter at any
desired level is done by taking outputs from the flipflop terminals noted in the
table, and use them to drive a suitable NAND gate for clearing. Thus for the
modulo-10 decade counter we connect output terminals D and B to a NAND gate
and connect the output of the NAND gate to the CLR terminals of all the T-FFs
TRUTH TABLE:
CLK
RST(1)
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
10
0000
PROGRAM CODE:
library IEEE;
entity decadecounter is
Port ( rst : in STD_LOGIC;
clk : in STD_LOGIC;
qout : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0));
end decadecounter;
architecture Behavioral of decadecounter is
signal q:std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
begin
process(clk, rst)
begin
if(rst='1' or cnt="1010")then
q<="0000";
else if(clk='1' and clk'event)then
if(q=1001)then
q<=0000;
else
q<=q+1;
end if;
end if;
end if;
end process;
qout<=q;
end Behavioral;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR DECADE COUNTER:
EXPERIMENT- 10
STATE MACHINE WITH MEALY OUTPUT

AIM: To implement the state machine with melay output using VHDL.
PROGRAM CODE:
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity fsm is
port(x,clk:in std_logic;
y:out std_logic);
end fsm;
architecture mealy_case of fsm is
type state_type is(reset,got1,got10);
signal state:state_type:=reset;
begin
process(clk)
begin
if clk='0' then
case state is
when reset => if x='0' then
y<='0';state<=reset;
else y<='0';state<=got1;
end if;
when got1 => if x='0' then
y<='0';state<=got10;
end if;
when got10 => if x='0' then
y<='0';state<=reset;
end if;
end case;
end if;
end process;
end mealy_case;
SIMULATION RESULTS:
RTL Schematic
STATE MACHINE WITH MOORE OUTPUT:

AIM: To implement the state machine with melay output using VHDL.
PROGRAM CODE:
library ieee;
entity fsm is
port(x,clk : in std_logic; y : out std_logic);
end fsm;
architecture moore_case of fsm is
type state_type is(reset, got1, got10, got101);
signal state:state_type:=reset;
begin
process(clk)
begin
if (clk='0') then
case state is
when reset =>
if x='0' then
state<=reset; else
state<=got1;
end if;
when got1 =>
if x='0' then
state<=got10; else
state<=got1;
end if;
when got10 =>
if x='0' then
state<=reset; else
state<=got101;
end if;
when got101 =>
if x='0' then
state<=got10; else
state<=got1;
end if;
end case;
end if;
if state=got101 then y<='1';
else y<='0';
end if;
end process;
end moore_case;
SIMULATION RESULTS:
EXPERIMENT-11
VHDL CODE FOR SERIAL IN SERIAL OUT SHIFT REGISTER
AIM: To design a serial in serial out shift register simulate in VHDL.

THEORY: Shift registers are used in digital systems for temporary information
storage and for data manipulation or transfer there are two ways to shift data into
register i.e., serial or parallel, and similarly two ways of shift data out of register.
In this type of shift register, data is stored into the register one bit at a
time(serial) and taken out serially .they delay data by one clock time for each
stage they will store a bit of data for each register. A serial in serial out shift
register may be 1 to 64 bits in length, longer if registers or packages are
cascaded.
TRUTH TABLE:
si
clk
sout
rst
0000
0000
1000
0100
1010
VHDL CODE:
library IEEE;
entity shiftregister is

rst : in STD_LOGIC;
si : in STD_LOGIC;
p : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
sout : out STD_LOGIC);
end shiftregister;
architecture siso of shiftregister is

begin
process(rst,clk)
begin
if(rst='1')then
q<="0000";
else if(clk'event and clk='1')
then
q(3)<=si;
q(2)<=q(3);
q(1)<=q(2);
q(0)<=q(1);
sout<=q(0);
end if;
end if;
end process;
p<=q;
end siso;
SIMULATION RESULTS:
VHDL CODE FOR SERIAL IN PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTER

AIM: To design a serial in parallel out shift register and to simulate in VHDL and
verify experimentally in digital IC Lab.
THEORY: shift registers are used in digital systems for temporary information
storage and for data manipulation or transfer there are two ways to shift data into
register i.e., serial or parallel, and similarly two ways of shift data out of register.
In this type of shift register, data is stored into the register one bit at a
time(serial) and taken out in parallel it makes all the internal stages available as
outputs. If four bits are shifted in by four clock pulses via a single wire ,the data
becomes available simultaneously on four outputs.
TRUTH TABLE:
si
clk
pout
rst
0000
0000
1000
0100
1010
VHDL CODE:
library IEEE;
entity shiftregister is
rst : in STD_LOGIC;
si : in STD_LOGIC;
pout : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
end shiftregister;
architecture siso of shiftregister is

begin
process(rst,clk)
begin
if(rst='1')then
q<="0000";
else if(clk'event and clk='1')
then
q(3)<=si;
q(2)<=q(3);
q(1)<=q(2);
q(0)<=q(1);
end if;
end if;
end process;
pout<=q;
end siso;
SIMULATION RESULTS:
VHDL CODE FOR SERIAL IN SERIAL OUT SHIFT REGISTER

AIM: To design a serial in serial out shift register and to simulate in VHDL.
VHDL CODE:
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_arith.all;
entity piso is
generic(x : integer := 8);
port(
din: in std_logic_vector(x-1 downto 0);
clk,ld,r,dir_r,se: in std_logic;
so: out std_logic );
end piso;
architecture rtl of piso is
signal pre_q : std_logic_vector((x-1) downto 0) := (others => 'x');
begin
shift_register_process: process(clk,r)
begin
if (r = '1') then
pre_q <= (others => '0');
elsif (clk'event and (clk = '1') and (clk'last_value = '0')) then
if (ld = '1') then
pre_q <= din;
elsif (se = '1') and (dir_r = '1') then
pre_q(x-1) <= '0';
pre_q((x-2) downto 0) <= pre_q((x-1) downto 1);
pre_q(0) <= '0';
end if;
end if;
end process shift_register_process;
so <= pre_q(0) when dir_r = '1' else
pre_q(x-1) when dir_r = '0' else 'x';
end rtl;
SIMULATION RESULTS:
V
HDL CODE FOR SERIAL/PARALLEL IN SERIAL/PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTER
AIM: To design a serial/parallel in serial/parallel out shift register and to simulate

in VHDL.
VHDL CODE:
library ieee;
entity spispo is
generic(x : integer := 8);
port( din: in std_logic_vector((x-1) downto 0);
dout: out std_logic_vector((x-1) downto 0);
clk,ld,r,dir_r,se,si: in std_logic;
so: out std_logic );
end spispo;
architecture rtl of spispo is
signal pre_q : std_ulogic_vector((x-1) downto 0) := (others => 'x');
begin
shift_register_process: process(clk,r)
begin
if (r = '1') then
pre_q <= (others => '0');
elsif (clk'event and (clk = '1') and (clk'last_value = '0')) then
if (ld = '1') then
pre_q <= din;
pre_q((x-1)) <= si;
pre_q(0) <= si;
end if; end if;
end process shift_register_process;
dout <= pre_q;
so <= pre_q(0) when dir_r = '1' else
pre_q((x-1)) when dir_r = '0' else 'x';
end rtl;
SIMULATION RESULTS:
EXPERIMENT-12
ALU
AIM: To design a ALU performing operations.
PROGRAM CODE:
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;
entity ALU is
port ( A:
in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
B:
Sel:

Res: out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0) );

end ALU;
architecture behv of ALU is
begin
process(A,B,Sel)
begin
case Sel is
when "00" =>
Res <= A + B;
when "01" =>
Res <= A + (not B) + 1;
when "10" =>
Res <= A and B;
when "11" =>
Res <= A or B;
when others =>
Res <= "XX";
end case;
end process;
end behv;
SIMULATION RESULTS:

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Department OF

Electronics & Communication Engineering

BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

VLSI FRONT END DESIGN PROGRAMS:

1. HDL code to realize all the logic gates.

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VLSI FRONT END DESIGN PROGRAMS:

PROCEDURE TO CODE A DESIGN AND VERIFY THE RESULT USING

Click on New Source

Step4:To synthesize the Design

Step5: To Implement the Design

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Step6: To view the wave forms.

Step7: To assign the package pins:

Select Post-Route Simulation as Sources for in sources window.

Step9: To dump the code onto the Spartan3 kit:

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VHDL CODE FOR OR GATE

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VHDL CODE FOR NAND GATE

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VHDL CODE FOR NOR GATE

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VHDL CODE FOR XOR GATE

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VHDL CODE FOR XNOR GATE

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VHDL CODE FOR NOT GATE

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Port ( x : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (1 downto 0);

architecture Behavioral of decoder2x4 is

TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR 2x4 DECODER:

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SIMULATION RESULTS FOR 2x4 DECODER:

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VHDL CODE FOR 3x8 DECODER

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VHDL CODE FOR DECODER 4X16 USING 2X4

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VHDL CODE FOR PRIORITY ENCODER

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TECHNOLOGY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR PRIORITY DECODER:

SIMULATOIN RESULTS OF PRIORITY ENCODER:

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TIMING DIAGRAM OF 8:1 MULTIPLEXER:

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VHDL CODE FOR 16X1 MULTIPLEXER

when "0101" => o <=i(5);

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SIMULATION FOR 16X1 MULTIPLEXER:

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