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Delft University of Technology

FACULTY OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING


Course year: 2

Course:

Aerodynamics I (AE2102)

Date:

Thursday 11 April 2013, 14.00-17.00 h

Answers may be given in either Dutch or English.


The use of extra material during this exam (books, notes, formula sheets, electronic storage, etc.)
is FORBIDDEN.
Do not forget to put your (full) name and student number on your work. Also, do not leave the
exam without handing in at least one sheet of paper with your name on it.
Problem 1
A two-dimensional incompressible flow field is given by the following velocity components:

( is a positive constant)

a. Check whether this flow satisfies the continuity equation.


b. Derive the equation for the streamlines and sketch the resulting streamline pattern. Indicate
clearly the flow direction.
c. Determine the rotation (vorticity) of the velocity field.
d. Calculate the circulation along a contour in the flow, formed by a rectangle with sides of
length 2L and with the centre located at the origin. Determine the value of the circulation
also from integral of the vorticity in the enclosed area (Stokes theorem) and compare the
results.
Problem 2
Air from a stationary large balloon strikes a flat plate through a nozzle that has a diameter, , of
1
(see figure underneath). The air leaves the nozzle in a straight jet. At a given moment the
pressure, , in the balloon is 1.01 times the atmospheric pressure (
10 ). The air density
is
1.2 /
and the flow may be regarded as incompressible.

a. Calculate the air speed, , at the exit using Bernoullis law.


b. Determine the horizontal force on the support that holds the plate, using the linear
momentum equation. Assume that the air is directed normal to the plate (and flows along the
plate).
c. Give a clear drawing of the control volume that was used in b) showing all relevant
parameters.
-1-

Problem 3
Consider a two-dimenssional tandeem configuraation of two
o thin symmetrical airfoi
oils, as sketch
hed in the
figure. Thee incidence angles
a
an
nd
of thee airfoils witth respect to the freestreeam direction
n are small.
The chord llength of thee two airfoills is equal an
and the separration distan
nce x is deffined as bellow.
For each aiirfoil the liftt force is asssumed to actt at the quartter-chord po
oint. A discrrete-vortex
representattion is used to estimatee the interacction betweeen the two airfoils,
a
wheere the circu
ulation of
each airfoil is represennted by a diiscrete vorteex at chorrd of the airrfoil and conntrol pointss are taken
at chordd of each airrfoil.
2

1
V

x
c

a. Discusss how the innteraction beetween the aairfoils will affect


a
their respective
r
liift, in compaarison to thee
situatioon without innteraction (llarger, smalller, remains the same)? Explain youur answer!
b. Evaluaate the inducced velocity
y which the upstream airfoil generates at the ccontrol poin
nt of the
downsttream airfoiil (indicate value
v
and ddirection: up
pwash or downwash), aand relate it to the
value oof the lift cooefficient , of the upsstream airfo
oil.
c. Derive the relationn between
and
foor which thee situation occurs
o
that tthe lift of th
he
downsttream airfoiil is equal to
o zero (takinng the interaaction into account!).
a
d. What ddo you expeect should be the outcom
me of c., in case the sep
paration disstance betw
ween the
airfoilss becomes very
v
large, i..e.: x
? Check if your answeer agrees wiith that.
Problem 4
Consider a slender, unttwisted wing with a straaight quarterr-chord line and an ellipptical planfo
form. The
wing span is
15 m
m and the ro
oot chord
2 m. Thee wing displlays an ellipptical lift distribution:
( ) 0 sin

c
wheree: y 12 b cos

ft angle: L 0 0 .
For all winng sections thhe lift-slopee is: a0 dcl / d eff 2 rad-1 and the zero-lift
Further info
formation: thhe flight speed V = 1000 m/s and th
he wing lift coefficient is:
0.60.
a. Make aan accurate drawing off the wing pllanform and
d compute the
t wing areea and the aspect
a
ratio.
b. Determ
mine 0 (vaalue + units!!).
c. Calculaate for the mid-wing
m
po
osition ( y b / 4) the following lo
ocal propertties:
the circulattion;
the sectionnal lift coeffficient;
the geomettrical angle of attack;
d. Mentioon two aspeccts in which
h an ellipticcal lift distribution is sp
pecial. Motivvate your an
nswer!

The induceed angle off attack:

1
d / d
i ( 0 )
d ;

2bV 0 cos
c cos 0

whhere: y b cos
2

Standard iintegrals: (m
( and n aree positive int
ntegers)

for m n
0
sin n sin m d cos n coss m d / 2 for m n
0
0

-2-

cos n

cos coos 0 d

sin n 0
sin 0

Solution problem 1
a)
The continuity equation is satisfied when:
0
Since
satisfied.

and

we see:

= 0 and

=0. Hence, the continuity equation is

b)
The equation for the streamlines is given by the relation:

=>
.
Hence: / =
/
=>
=>
Apparently the streamlines are circles around the origin (see figure underneath). Please note the
flow direction.
y

c) The vorticity in the x-y plane is given by the z-component of the vorticity vector:

=>

d) Since the flow is symmetric around the origin we only have to calculate the contribution of A-B
in the figure underneath and then multiply by 8.
The definition of the circulation is:
L

B
L

L
L

Hence:
Multiplying by 8 leads to:

The circulation is also given as the surface integral of the vorticity:

. We already found:
2 . Therefore:

4
2
8 .

As expected the results of the two methods are the same.

-3-

Solution p
problem 2
a. The air sspeed

cann be applyin
ng Bernoulllis law betw
ween the baalloon and thhe jet exit:
1
1
2
2
Since the bballoon is veery large wee may safelyy assume th
hat
0. Furthermorre, in case of
o a straight
jet we findd that
. Thus::
2

2 0.01 10
1.2

40.82

b. To applyy the linear momentum


m equation a control volume is needed. An apppropriate on
ne is
sketched uunderneath

Setup off the controll volume.


Here is tthe force accting on the control vollume to keep
p it in placee. Assumingg a symmetrrical flow
over the pllate (
) there willl be no net momentum
m flux in -d
direction. Thherefore wee only have
to regards tthe -directtion:

or
With
0.01
7.85
7
10
the forrce becom
mes:
0.157 . Apparently,
A
the force acting on thee control vo
olume is direected to the left. This means
m
that th
the force on
n the
support is 0
0.157 to the right!
c. The conttrol volumee with the neet force actiing on it is sketched
s
un
nderneath

-4-

Solution Problem 3:
a. Assuming that each airfoil has positive lift (as suggested by the positive incidence angles), they
both have clockwise circulation. The upstream airfoil will then experience the upwash of the
circulation of the downstream airfoil (increase effective angle of attack), hence its lift will be
increased. In contrast, the downstream airfoil experiences the downwash effect created by the
upstream airfoil, and this will reduce its lift.
b. In the control point of the second airfoil, the induced velocity is negative (i.e. in the downwash
G
G1
direction, see above) and equal to: w12 = - 1 = 2p r
2p(Dx + 23 c)
(NB: here r indicates the distance from the vortex of the first airfoil to the control point of the
second airfoil, so: r = 43 c + Dx + 43 c = Dx + 23 c ).
The circulation is related to the lift (coefficient) by: G1 =
we finally obtain: w12 = -

G1
p(2Dx + 3c)

= -V

L '1
rV

cl ,1 21 rV2c
rV

= cl ,1

Vc
2

, so

c
c .
2p(2Dx + 3c) l ,1

c. Let first the situation be explained in words: without interaction, the downstream airfoil
evidently has zero lift in case the angle of attack a2 is zero (see also question d). However, the
downwash of the upstream airfoil decreases the effective angle of attack (see question a), so that
the lift would become negative. To compensate that effect, and again restore the situation of
zero lift for the second airfoil, we have to set it at a positive angle of attack.
Calculation: zero lift means zero circulation, so evaluate the flow-tangency condition in the
control points of the two airfoils, under the restriction that G2 = 0 :
for the first airfoil: Va1 -

G1
2p( 12 c)

= 0 ; for the second airfoil: Va2 -

Combining these two results then leads to the relation:

a2
a1

G1
2p(Dx + 23 c)

= 0.

c
.
2Dx + 3c

d. When the separation distance between the airfoils becomes very large, the interaction effect will
vanish and the lift on each airfoil is fully determined by its angle of attack w.r.t. to the free
stream flow direction, for which we have according to theory: cl = 2pa . This means that the
lift on the second airfoil will become zero when a2 0 , irrespective of the value of a1 . This
agrees with the result of part c. when we let in the answer x .

-5-

Solution Problem 4
a. Sketch of the wing planform: not a pure ellipse, but two semi-ellipses (the quarter-chord line is
straight! see Figs. 5.18 and 5.19 in the book)

15 m

2m

b 2 255 30
Wing area: S cr b 2 15 7.5 23.56 m . Aspect ratio: A

9.55 .
S 7.5
4
4
N.B. If you don't know/remember the expression for the area of an ellipse, you can compute the

b /2

c b

r sin 2 d cr b
2 0
4

b
wing area as: S c( y ) dy cr sin sin d
2
b /2
0

b. wing lift coefficient:


b /2

CL

L
1
2

V S
so:

L ' dy

V S

b /2
1 V 2 S

b /2

2 b
dy V S 2 sin d
0
b /2

b
4

0 sin 60

lift coefficient:

V S

0 sin 2 d
0

b
2 V S

cl

1
3

2
3

; ; sin

3
; c cr sin 3 m.
2

3
30 3 52.0 (m 2 /s) ;
2

V
L'
2
2 0 sin
2 60

0.6 (same as
2
1
q c
V c V c V cr sin 100 2
2

!)

angle of attack: follows from: cl a0 ( eff L0 ) a0 ( L0 ind )


where L 0 0 (given) and ind

2 V S
2
7.5
0.6 60 (m 2 /s)
CL 100
b

15

c. mid-wing position: y ; so: cos 12


circulation:

CL
(elliptical lift distribution):
A

cl
c C
0.6
0.6
ind l L

0.095 0.020 0.115 (rad) 6.59


a0
a0 A 2 (30 / )

d. Two special features of the elliptical lift distributions are (see text book, section 5.3.1):
constant downwash: the downwash velocity, and hence the induced angle of attack is
uniform along the span of the wing;
minimum induced drag: for a wing with given aspect ratio and lift coefficient, the
elliptical lift distribution provides the minimum amount of induced drag.

-6-

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