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Course:
Aerodynamics I (AE2102)
Date:
( is a positive constant)
Problem 3
Consider a two-dimenssional tandeem configuraation of two
o thin symmetrical airfoi
oils, as sketch
hed in the
figure. Thee incidence angles
a
an
nd
of thee airfoils witth respect to the freestreeam direction
n are small.
The chord llength of thee two airfoills is equal an
and the separration distan
nce x is deffined as bellow.
For each aiirfoil the liftt force is asssumed to actt at the quartter-chord po
oint. A discrrete-vortex
representattion is used to estimatee the interacction betweeen the two airfoils,
a
wheere the circu
ulation of
each airfoil is represennted by a diiscrete vorteex at chorrd of the airrfoil and conntrol pointss are taken
at chordd of each airrfoil.
2
1
V
x
c
c
wheree: y 12 b cos
ft angle: L 0 0 .
For all winng sections thhe lift-slopee is: a0 dcl / d eff 2 rad-1 and the zero-lift
Further info
formation: thhe flight speed V = 1000 m/s and th
he wing lift coefficient is:
0.60.
a. Make aan accurate drawing off the wing pllanform and
d compute the
t wing areea and the aspect
a
ratio.
b. Determ
mine 0 (vaalue + units!!).
c. Calculaate for the mid-wing
m
po
osition ( y b / 4) the following lo
ocal propertties:
the circulattion;
the sectionnal lift coeffficient;
the geomettrical angle of attack;
d. Mentioon two aspeccts in which
h an ellipticcal lift distribution is sp
pecial. Motivvate your an
nswer!
1
d / d
i ( 0 )
d ;
2bV 0 cos
c cos 0
whhere: y b cos
2
Standard iintegrals: (m
( and n aree positive int
ntegers)
for m n
0
sin n sin m d cos n coss m d / 2 for m n
0
0
-2-
cos n
cos coos 0 d
sin n 0
sin 0
Solution problem 1
a)
The continuity equation is satisfied when:
0
Since
satisfied.
and
we see:
= 0 and
b)
The equation for the streamlines is given by the relation:
=>
.
Hence: / =
/
=>
=>
Apparently the streamlines are circles around the origin (see figure underneath). Please note the
flow direction.
y
c) The vorticity in the x-y plane is given by the z-component of the vorticity vector:
=>
d) Since the flow is symmetric around the origin we only have to calculate the contribution of A-B
in the figure underneath and then multiply by 8.
The definition of the circulation is:
L
B
L
L
L
Hence:
Multiplying by 8 leads to:
. We already found:
2 . Therefore:
4
2
8 .
-3-
Solution p
problem 2
a. The air sspeed
cann be applyin
ng Bernoulllis law betw
ween the baalloon and thhe jet exit:
1
1
2
2
Since the bballoon is veery large wee may safelyy assume th
hat
0. Furthermorre, in case of
o a straight
jet we findd that
. Thus::
2
2 0.01 10
1.2
40.82
or
With
0.01
7.85
7
10
the forrce becom
mes:
0.157 . Apparently,
A
the force acting on thee control vo
olume is direected to the left. This means
m
that th
the force on
n the
support is 0
0.157 to the right!
c. The conttrol volumee with the neet force actiing on it is sketched
s
un
nderneath
-4-
Solution Problem 3:
a. Assuming that each airfoil has positive lift (as suggested by the positive incidence angles), they
both have clockwise circulation. The upstream airfoil will then experience the upwash of the
circulation of the downstream airfoil (increase effective angle of attack), hence its lift will be
increased. In contrast, the downstream airfoil experiences the downwash effect created by the
upstream airfoil, and this will reduce its lift.
b. In the control point of the second airfoil, the induced velocity is negative (i.e. in the downwash
G
G1
direction, see above) and equal to: w12 = - 1 = 2p r
2p(Dx + 23 c)
(NB: here r indicates the distance from the vortex of the first airfoil to the control point of the
second airfoil, so: r = 43 c + Dx + 43 c = Dx + 23 c ).
The circulation is related to the lift (coefficient) by: G1 =
we finally obtain: w12 = -
G1
p(2Dx + 3c)
= -V
L '1
rV
cl ,1 21 rV2c
rV
= cl ,1
Vc
2
, so
c
c .
2p(2Dx + 3c) l ,1
c. Let first the situation be explained in words: without interaction, the downstream airfoil
evidently has zero lift in case the angle of attack a2 is zero (see also question d). However, the
downwash of the upstream airfoil decreases the effective angle of attack (see question a), so that
the lift would become negative. To compensate that effect, and again restore the situation of
zero lift for the second airfoil, we have to set it at a positive angle of attack.
Calculation: zero lift means zero circulation, so evaluate the flow-tangency condition in the
control points of the two airfoils, under the restriction that G2 = 0 :
for the first airfoil: Va1 -
G1
2p( 12 c)
a2
a1
G1
2p(Dx + 23 c)
= 0.
c
.
2Dx + 3c
d. When the separation distance between the airfoils becomes very large, the interaction effect will
vanish and the lift on each airfoil is fully determined by its angle of attack w.r.t. to the free
stream flow direction, for which we have according to theory: cl = 2pa . This means that the
lift on the second airfoil will become zero when a2 0 , irrespective of the value of a1 . This
agrees with the result of part c. when we let in the answer x .
-5-
Solution Problem 4
a. Sketch of the wing planform: not a pure ellipse, but two semi-ellipses (the quarter-chord line is
straight! see Figs. 5.18 and 5.19 in the book)
15 m
2m
b 2 255 30
Wing area: S cr b 2 15 7.5 23.56 m . Aspect ratio: A
9.55 .
S 7.5
4
4
N.B. If you don't know/remember the expression for the area of an ellipse, you can compute the
b /2
c b
r sin 2 d cr b
2 0
4
b
wing area as: S c( y ) dy cr sin sin d
2
b /2
0
CL
L
1
2
V S
so:
L ' dy
V S
b /2
1 V 2 S
b /2
2 b
dy V S 2 sin d
0
b /2
b
4
0 sin 60
lift coefficient:
V S
0 sin 2 d
0
b
2 V S
cl
1
3
2
3
; ; sin
3
; c cr sin 3 m.
2
3
30 3 52.0 (m 2 /s) ;
2
V
L'
2
2 0 sin
2 60
0.6 (same as
2
1
q c
V c V c V cr sin 100 2
2
!)
2 V S
2
7.5
0.6 60 (m 2 /s)
CL 100
b
15
CL
(elliptical lift distribution):
A
cl
c C
0.6
0.6
ind l L
d. Two special features of the elliptical lift distributions are (see text book, section 5.3.1):
constant downwash: the downwash velocity, and hence the induced angle of attack is
uniform along the span of the wing;
minimum induced drag: for a wing with given aspect ratio and lift coefficient, the
elliptical lift distribution provides the minimum amount of induced drag.
-6-