Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
452
of size P is ebp . For simplicity, the host population in the absence of the parasitoid is
modeled by a simple Beverton-Holt equation N/(1 + kN), where parameters and k are
positive. Since density dependence occurs after parasitism, the interaction between the
host and the parasitoid is governed by the following system of dierence equations:
Nt+1 =
Nt
ebPt ,
1 + kNt ebPt
(2.1)
Pt+1 = Nt 1 ebPt ,
(2.2)
N0 ,P0 0.
Steady state E0 = (0,0) always exists. The Jacobian matrix can be given by
J=
J11
1e
J12
bP
bNebP
(2.3)
where
ebP
J11 =
2 ,
1 + kNebP
bNebP
J12 =
2 .
(2.4)
1 + kNebP
Note that
J(0,0) =
0 0
(2.5)
Thus it can be easily seen that E0 is the only steady state of system (2.1) if < 1 and it is
globally asymptotically stable. Indeed,
Nt+1 =
Nt
Nt
ebPt =
bP
t
1 + kNt e
kNt + ebPt
Nt
< Nt ,
1 + kNt
(2.6)
for t 0 implies limt Nt = 0 as < 1. As a result, we can show that limt Pt = 0 and
hence E0 = (0,0) is globally asymptotically stable.
Suppose now > 1. Then (2.1) has another boundary steady state E1 = (( 1)/k,0) =
(N,0)
and the Jacobian matrix of the system associated with E1 is
=
J(N,0)
J12 E1
1.
b
k
(2.7)
(2.8)
where h(P) = P/(1 ebP ) for P > 0. Since limP0+ h(P) = 1/b, h (P) > 0 for P > 0 and
limt h() = , we see that (2.8) has a positive solution P if and only if
b + k
< i bN > 1.
b
(2.9)
In this case P > 0 is unique and there is a unique interior steady state E1 = (N ,P ) if
bN > 1. We conclude that if > 1 and bN < 1, then E1 is locally asymptotically stable and there is no interior steady state. We show that solutions of (2.1) with N0 > 0 all
converge to E1 .
To this end,
Nt+1 =
Nt
Nt
,
ebPt + kNt 1 + kNt
(2.10)
(2.11)
But then
(2.12)
Nt
Nt
>
,
ebPt + kNt eb + kNt
(2.13)
for t t1 . Hence liminf t Nt > ( eb )/k > 0 and we obtain a contradiction. Therefore
W + (E0 ) lies on Y . Similarly, if there exists a solution (Nt ,Pt ) of (2.1) with N0 ,P0 > 0 such
454
that limt (Nt ,Pt ) = E1 = (( 1)/k,0), then for any > 0 there exists t2 > 0 such that
Nt > ( 1)/k if t t2 . Since bN > 1, we choose > 0 such that b(( 1)/k ) >
1. But then
Pt+1 >
1
1 ebPt ,
k
(2.14)
for t t2 implies liminf t Pt > 0 and we obtain a contradiction. Therefore W + (E1 ) lies
on Y and system (2.1) is uniformly persistent by Hofbauer and So [6, Theorem 4.1].
We summarize the above discussion in the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1. Dynamics of system (2.1) can be summarized below.
(a) If < 1, then solutions of (2.1) all converge to E0 = (0,0).
In addi(b) If > 1, then system (2.1) has another boundary steady state E1 = (N,0).
tion if bN < 1, then solutions of (2.1) with N0 > 0 all converge to E1 . If bN > 1,
then system (2.1) has a unique interior steady state E2 = (N ,P ) and (2.1) is
uniformly persistent, that is, there exists M > 0 such that liminf t Nt M and
liminf t Pt M for all solutions (Nt ,Pt ) of (2.1) with N0 > 0 and P0 > 0.
3. Discussion
In this short chapter we investigated a model proposed by May et al. [10], where parasitism occurs before density dependence and density dependence depends only on the
remaining population that escaped from being parasitized. The model exhibits simple
asymptotic dynamics. Both populations go to extinction if the intrinsic growth rate of
the host is less than 1. When the host intrinsic growth rate is greater than 1, then the host
can stabilize in a positive steady state N in the absence of the parasitoid. Therefore the
parasitoid population becomes extinct if bN < 1, where bN can be interpreted as the
Both populations
growth rate of the parasitoid when the host is stabilized at the level N.